306:
Pattent, dated the 2d of May, Anno 14. Caroli Primi of ever
Blessed Memory, not only for the making of Iron into cast-works, and bars, but also for the Melting, Extracting, Refining and Reducing of all Mines, Minerals and Mettals, with Pit-cole, Sea-cole, Peat, and Turf, for the Preservation of Wood and Timber of this Island; into which Pattent, the Author, for the better support and management of his Invention, so much opposed formerly at the Court, at the Parliament, and at the Law, took in David Ramsey, Esquire, Resident at the Court; Sir George Horsey, at the Parliament; Roger Foulke, Esquire, a Counsellour of the Temple, and an Ingenious Man; and also an Iron Master, my Neighbour, and one who did well know my former Sufferings, and what I had done in the Invention of making of Iron with Pit-cole, &c.
265:
the greatest quantity of Pit-cole-Iron that ever yet was made in Great
Brittain; near which Furnace, the Author discovered many new Cole-mines 10 yards thick, and Iron-mine under it, according to other Cole-works; which Cole-works being brought unto perfection, the Author was by force thrown out of them, and the Bellows of his new Furnace and Invention, by riotous persons cut in pieces, to his no small prejudice, and loss of his Invention of making of Iron with Pit-cole, Sea-cole, &c.
248:
161:, including Dudley, was already a major centre of iron manufacture in England ("Within ten miles of Dudley Castle there were 20,000 smiths of all sorts and many iron works at that time within that circle decayed for want of wood"). With such an obvious abundance of coal, some places being found in seams up to ten feet thick, and ironstone four feet in depth immediately under the coal, and with limestone adjacent to both, the ability to make
401:
459:, where he had a house derived from his first wife's family. He may have practised as a doctor there. He married again and had a son in his old age. He died in 1684, at age 85. He was buried in the parish church St. Helen's, Worcester (25 October 1684), where he had erected a monument to his first wife, bearing the following Latin inscription (see illustration):
169:) held out the prospect of great profits, but Dudd Dudley failed to obtain them. As water power was the main means of driving bellows for furnaces, as well as drop hammers, rolling and sharpening mills, iron production and working in Staffordshire and Worcestershire was concentrated along the small rivers: the
193:," according to Dudd, "although the author sent with speed to preserve the people from drowning, and one resolute man was carried from the bridge there in the day time, the nether part of the town was so deep in water that the people had much ado to preserve their lives in the uppermost rooms of their houses".
468:
Dodo Dudley chiliarchi nobilis
Edwardi nuper domini de Dudley filius, patri charus et regiae Majestatis fidissimus subditus et servus in asserendo regem, in vindicando ecclesiam, in propugnando legem ac libertatem Anglicanam, saepe captus, anno 1648, semel condemnatus et tamen non-decollatus, renatum
264:
The
Authour Erected a new large Furnace on purpose, 27-foot square, all of stone for his new Invention, at a place called, Hasco Bridge, in the parish of Sedgley, and County of Stafford; the Bellows of which Furnace were larger than ordinary Bellows are, in which work he made 7 Tuns of Iron per week,
74:
by him, as well as four legitimate daughters and numerous grandchildren) seemed to have attended to the up-bringing of his natural children by
Elizabeth Tomlinson; he educated and provided for them. On the other hand, he failed to support his wife and legitimate children, even after he was imprisoned
475:
Colonel Dud Dudley, son of the late noble Edward of Dudley, dear to his father and most faithful subject and servant to His
Majesty the King, in vindicating the church, in fighting for English law and liberty; often captured, in the year 1648 once condemned nevertheless not beheaded; born again, as
269:
Dudley was economical with the truth. Hasco furnace was built in 1626, but in
November 1627 he let it to Roger Hill, who assigned it to Foley. After Foley had used it for nine months he heard that Lord Dudley was claiming it and "durst not bring any stock" there, but continued to pay the rent. Dudd
498:
and others in smelting iron with coke in the 18th century. However it remains unclear to what extent he was its technological ancestor rather than a mere precursor. For example, in the 1950s it was shown by chemical analysis that the coal that Dud Dudley used was not suitable as a raw material for
305:
So that being with Law-Suites, and Riots, wearied and disabled to prosecute his Art and
Invention at present, even untill the first Patent was extinct: Notwithstanding the Author his sad Sufferings, Imprisonments wrongfully for several thousand pound in the Counter in London, yet did obtaine a new
274:, but Lord Dudley discharged the workmen from the mines, and stopped Foley's horses carrying the ironstone until Foley paid for it (again) to Lord Dudley. Ultimately, his father "entered" the furnace in 1631, and cut the dam. The bellows were probably cut without Lord Dudley's approval, but his
573:
The text of the patent may be found in a standard legal source book of 1844, Webster's
Reports on Patents, p. 14. It provides both the standard legal date, 19 Jac. 1, and its equivalent historical date of 1622. Webster's is available as free download from Google
499:
coke while the coal used by
Abraham Darby was suitable, leading Richard Kirby to state in 1990 that "The consensus among experts is that Dudley was a wishful thinker ... and that he never did what he set out in his youth to do".
251:
The Staits Brook at Askew Bridge. Extant banks around this marshy area suggest it was formerly a small reservoir. Below this, the brook runs with considerable force even in dry weather, making this a good spot for water-driven
235:
However, this favourable report on his iron did not prevent him being "outed of his works and inventions ... by the Iron-masters and others wrongfully". This certainly applies to his second furnace, at
122:
Dudley probably modified his furnace to accommodate the new process, but the quantity of iron initially produced was reduced to about three tons a week from a furnace. Dudd wrote to his father, then in
1227:
185:
The new works had been in successful operation little more than a year, when a flood swept away Dudley's principal works at Cradley, and otherwise caused considerable damage downstream.
227:
for shipping; which iron", records Dudd, "being so tried by artists and smiths, the iron masters and iron-mongers were all silenced until the 21st year of King James's reign".
428:
Metallum Martis may be regarded as a prospectus, seeking investors to exploit his invention of coke smelting. This appears to have been successful as a furnace was built at
506:, Dudley named a relative of his first wife to whom he would leave his knowledge, but nothing came of that. However, there are two possible linkages to later developments:
197:
Dudd, undaunted and with a passion, set to work repairing his furnaces and forges at some great cost; and in a short time was again back in full production. However, the "
59:. Dudd was the fourth of Lord Dudley's eleven children by his "concubine" Elizabeth, the daughter of William Tomlinson (she died 3 July 1629). Strictly, he was called
956:
Dud Dudley's Metallum Martis: or, Iron made with pit-coale, sea-coale, &c: and with the same fuell to melt and fine imperfect mettals, and refine perfect mettals
290:
Dudley "claimed" the manor of Himley, because his father had at one point put this in his name, probably to avoid it being seized by his creditors. This led to
382:
and the first known use of such for this purpose. This did not work out, but it is possible that he was associated with a later venture at Stockley Slade (now
91:. His speculations in the improvement of iron production were encouraged by his father, who gave him an education intended to enhance his practical abilities.
328:
154:. Under the King's command, many experiments were made with it: its qualities were fairly tested, and it was pronounced "good merchantable iron".
63:. His eldest brother was Robert Dudley of Netherton Hall. Dudd married Eleanor Heaton, (1606–1675), on 12 October 1626, at St. Helen's Church,
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359:. He and his fellow conspirators were condemned to death, but escaped during "sermon time" from the Gatehouse, the prison at
529:
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and lived in hiding as "Dr Hunt", a medical doctor. In 1651, shortly before the 1638 patent was due to expire, he set up
1237:
207:
In order to ascertain the quality of the product by testing it on a large scale, the King commanded Dudd to send to the
119:
made from bituminous coal, and later claimed to have perfected the use of coal instead of charcoal for iron production.
150:, and a year after the patent was granted he was able to send a considerable quantity of the new iron for trial to the
170:
1148:
Rethinking the Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England
241:
374:
smelting works in partnership with connections of a medical patient, using an "old belhouse for the bloomery" at
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324:
494:
meant that many historians have noted his achievements. Dud has been seen as the forerunner of later success by
1132:
421:(1665—quoted above) is Dudd Dudley's personal view of his discovery, after he had unsuccessfully petitioned
100:
143:
111:
growing then scant and pit-coles ... abounding", and so began to use the latter. He turned the coal into
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as a soldier, military engineer, and supplier of munitions. He was one of the first Englishmen to
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in 1709, was descended from Dudd's older full sister (also the daughter of Elizabeth Tomlinson).
247:
139:, dated 22 February 1622, was taken out by (and in the name of) his father Edward, Lord Dudley.
83:. As a youth, he began his study on the various processes of iron manufacturing at his father's
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This melted down "ironstone with charcoal made of wood and pitcoal". Such a horsemill-powered
432:(whose existence is recalled by the street name "Furnace Road". In subsequent litigation, Sir
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Afterwards he built a new furnace, Hasco or Hascod Furnace, near what is now Askew Bridge at
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to be blown or set on work by the strength of men and horses without the help of water.
204:... did him much prejudice, not only by detaining his stock, but disparaging the iron".
524:. He and his son Talbot Clerke then applied this method to copper smelting and to iron
517:
433:
104:
25:
1048:
King, P. W. (2001–2002), "Sir Clement Clerke and the Adoption of coal in Metallurgy",
301:
metals with pitcoal, but was probably unable to exploit it. Of this period, he wrote:
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412:, Dudd's lands reverted to him, having been sold by "usurping powers" in about 1652.
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599:"chiliarch" is some kind of military title, literally "commander of a thousand men"
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1093:(illustrated, unabridged, reprint ed.), Courier Dover Publications, p.
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323:. He served as a colonel in the Royalist Army and was general of the ordnance to
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proceedings, which he lost, spending a time in prison for contempt of court.
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1138:
The Civil War In Worcestershire, 1642-1646: And the Scotch Invasion of 1651
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in 1625, and may well apply to Cradley, which was later in Foley's hands.
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33:
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Mott, R. A. (1 December 1934), "Dud Dudley and the Coal-Iron Industry",
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1011:"Dudley, alias Sutton, Edward (1567-1643), of Dudley Castle, Staffs."
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Dud Dudley did heretofore build a furnace for making iron or melting
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Dudley's last years are obscure. He probably lived in Friar Street,
127:, informing him of his success, desiring him to immediately seek a
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84:
1076:
King, P. W. (2002), "Dud Dudley's contribution to metallurgy",
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is almost certainly unique, and only operated for a few years.
142:
Dudley proceeded with the manufacture of iron at Pensnett, and
520:, a partner in the Dudley furnace, developed lead smelting in
351:) woods, while they were planning a Royalist rising to seize
752:
750:
482:
The date of Dudley's death does not appear on the monument.
959:(reprint ed.), London: Printed by T. M. for the author
586:: His Civil War service is described in A. Bedford-Smith,
469:
denuo vidit diadaema hic inconcussa semper virtute senex.
1022:
King, P. W. (January 2008) , "Dudley, Dud (1600?–1684)",
1015:
The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558-1603
590:(typescript in Birmingham Central Library, class L78.1).
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work. Associates in the latter business, floated as the
103:, to take charge of his father's furnace and forges on
689:
687:
28:
metallurgist, who fought on the Royalist side in the
1228:
Royalist military personnel of the English Civil War
1123:
White, M. (2006), "Yet another side of Dud Dudley",
767:
765:
70:Lord Dudley (though he had a legitimate son, and a
552:, and it may have used coal at another furnace at
343:in 1646. In 1648, he and others were captured by
339:of 1643, and was taken prisoner at the end of the
331:. He may have supervised the modernisation of the
270:and Foley had an oral agreement for the supply of
978:"Dud Dudley and Abraham Darby; Forging New Links"
540:in the 1690s. That company had some dispute with
465:
404:Memorial to Dud Dudley in St Helen's, Worcester
303:
278:to forfeit the lease was lawful and thus not a
262:
187:
177:, and many smaller streams in their catchment.
953:Dudley, Dudd (1854) , Bagnall, John N. (ed.),
827:
510:Abraham Darby, who took over the ironworks at
1141:, Birmingham: The Midland Educational Company
425:, to restore his public offices and patents.
8:
1028:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
355:Castle. He was sent to London and tried for
347:(a Parliamentary captain) in "Bosco Bello" (
1127:, vol. 39, no. 22, pp. 70–72
930:Iron and Steel in the Industrial Revolution
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476:an old man he sees an unshakeable crown.
932:, Manchester University Press, pp.
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319:and on the Royalist side throughout the
115:, a hard, foam-like mass of almost pure
1025:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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211:quantities of all the various sorts of
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297:He obtained a new patent in 1638 for
7:
1050:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
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530:Company for Making Iron with Pitcoal
315:He served as an army officer in the
215:made by him, fit for the "making of
99:In 1618, at the age of 20, Dud left
928:Ashton, Thomas Southcliffe (1968),
51:Dudley was the illegitimate son of
14:
1000:Hughes, P.; Molyneux, N. (1984),
964:Grazebrook, Henry Sydney (1873),
107:. Later he referred to "wood and
943:"Dud Dudley, English ironmaster"
16:English metallurgist (1600–1684)
1146:Žmolek, Michael Andrew (2013),
1089:Kirby, Richard Shelton (1990),
1002:Worcester Streets: Friar Street
976:Higgs, Carl (13 January 2012),
548:, who was casting shot for the
240:, which his father let this to
61:Dudd Dudley otherwise Tomlinson
53:Edward Sutton, 5th Baron Dudley
966:The heraldry of Worcestershire
436:(one of the partners) stated,
1:
1041:UK public library membership
79:in 1597. Dudd was raised at
75:and ordered to do so by the
941:EB staff (1 January 2016),
386:) on the other side of the
189:"At the market town called
1254:
828:Hughes & Molyneux 1984
532:, built a coke furnace at
173:, its main tributary, the
1133:Willis-Bund, John William
1013:, in Hasler, P.W. (ed.),
47:Background and early life
1203:(subscription required)
947:Encyclopædia Britannica
333:Worcester City defences
101:Balliol College, Oxford
1116:Industrial Biographies
1091:Engineering in History
522:reverberatory furnaces
446:
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378:. This was probably a
363:where they were held.
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181:The great Mayday flood
1233:British metallurgists
1118:, London: John Murray
1078:Historical Metallurgy
1034:10.1093/ref:odnb/8146
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403:
380:reverberatory furnace
250:
223:, and iron for great
1062:10.1179/tns.2001.002
1017:, Boydell and Brewer
171:Worcestershire Stour
1238:English ironmasters
1189:1934Natur.134R.842.
1125:The Blackcountryman
988:on 19 February 2009
982:The Blackcountryman
24:(1600–1684) was an
866:, pp. xi–xii.
518:Sir Clement Clerke
406:
384:Nightingale Valley
341:Siege of Worcester
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1150:, BRILL, p.
1039:(Subscription or
842:, pp. 70–72.
798:, pp. 35–36.
786:, pp. 92–93.
744:, pp. 12–13.
732:, pp. 45–46.
681:, pp. 11–12.
550:Board of Ordnance
490:The existence of
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30:English Civil War
22:Dudd (Dud) Dudley
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242:Richard Foley
239:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
200:
194:
192:
186:
180:
178:
176:
175:River Smestow
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:Black Country
155:
153:
149:
148:Staffordshire
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
94:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:Privy Council
73:
72:granddaughter
68:
66:
62:
58:
57:Dudley Castle
54:
46:
44:
42:
38:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1180:
1176:
1147:
1137:
1124:
1115:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1056:(1): 33–52,
1053:
1049:
1023:
1014:
1004:, p. 22
1001:
990:, retrieved
986:the original
981:
965:
955:
946:
929:
907:
895:
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:
830:, p. 22
819:
803:
791:
779:
737:
725:
713:
701:
674:
669:, p. 7.
662:
657:, p. 5.
650:
638:
622:
610:
595:
587:
579:
569:
542:Shadrach Fox
503:
501:
491:
489:
481:
454:
447:
439:
427:
416:
414:
407:
394:
365:
314:
304:
296:
289:
268:
263:
255:
234:
206:
196:
188:
184:
156:
141:
121:
98:
69:
60:
50:
21:
20:
18:
1223:1684 deaths
1218:1600 births
992:15 November
914:, p. .
864:Ashton 1968
824:Dudley 1854
742:Dudley 1854
718:Dudley 1854
694:Dudley 1854
679:Dudley 1854
667:Dudley 1854
655:Dudley 1854
643:J.E.M. 1981
584:Smiles 1901
410:Restoration
361:Westminster
329:Lord Astley
327:, and then
317:Bishops War
202:ironmasters
191:Stourbridge
165:with coal (
135:. Dudley's
87:works near
81:Himley Hall
1212:Categories
1084:(1): 43–53
1043:required.)
968:, p.
922:References
900:Higgs 2012
888:Žmolek2013
876:Kirby 1990
840:White 2006
538:Cumberland
408:After the
252:machinery.
131:from King
95:Ironmaster
1070:112533187
852:King 2002
808:King 2002
772:King 2008
730:King 2002
706:King 2002
627:King 2008
554:Wombridge
486:Posterity
457:Worcester
442:ironstone
415:His book
311:Civil War
272:ironstone
65:Worcester
1135:(1905),
1114:(1901),
349:Boscobel
299:smelting
292:Chancery
276:re-entry
221:carbines
213:bar iron
199:charcoal
109:charcoal
37:iron ore
1185:Bibcode
534:Cleator
526:foundry
368:Bristol
357:treason
217:muskets
144:Cradley
26:English
1177:Nature
1158:
1101:
1068:
1037:
574:Books.
430:Dudley
353:Dawley
258:Gornal
238:Himley
137:patent
129:patent
125:London
117:carbon
89:Dudley
39:using
1066:S2CID
561:Notes
225:bolts
133:James
34:smelt
1156:ISBN
1099:ISBN
994:2013
936:–xii
631:ODNB
388:Avon
372:lead
280:riot
167:coke
163:iron
157:The
113:coke
85:iron
41:coke
1193:doi
1181:134
1152:324
1095:192
1058:doi
1030:doi
970:178
544:of
536:in
502:In
260:.
146:in
55:of
1214::
1191:,
1179:,
1154:,
1097:,
1082:36
1080:,
1064:,
1054:73
1052:,
980:,
945:,
934:xi
764:^
749:^
686:^
629:,
390:.
282:.
219:,
67:.
43:.
1195::
1187::
1060::
1032::
902:.
774:.
645:.
633:.
617:.
556:.
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