37:
1998:
66:
1977:
48:
2086:
2040:
2118:
1914:, are adapted towards pollination via hummingbirds, while short, spreading, yellow flowers favor pollination by insects. Despite the evolution of long flowers towards hummingbirds, the long flowers also show no performance disadvantage in pollination environments exclusively composed of insects. While the long flowers may provide an evolutionary advantage for more effective pollination, more energy is required to produce the larger amounts of floral tissue.
2065:
85:
2530:
2208:
2019:
55:
2174:
235:
629:
4001:
2319:
678:, have a clear, sticky layer on their foliage. This adhesive layer ultimately helps the plant protect its leaves from the sun, much like ones with "white" wax. It accomplishes this solar protection by allowing dust to adhere to the sticky layer on the leaves, which coats the foliage with dust and debris, blocking solar radiation.
2286:
requires is dependent on the location. Plants growing in coastal regions may require little shade at all, whilst plants growing in the deserts, inland valleys and mountains will require shade. The majority of plants in the genus will appreciate north-facing sites and shade during the heat of the day.
2402:
When the underground portion of the plant is lost to root rot, but the rosette and part of the caudex survive, the parts above the decayed roots can be removed cleanly, and planted provided they send out roots. Conversely, should the top of the rosette die but the lower stem still live, the deceased
2220:
During the late fall to early spring period of growing, watering should be done frequently in order to promote good growth and flower development. Plants grown with exposure to rainfall, provided they are in a
Mediterranean climate, they may obtain optimum moisture. In contrast, plants grown indoors
1961:
have noticeably smaller seeds; this is likely a result of an evolutionary tradeoff. The investment in growing large allows plants to retain moisture in periods of drought, at the cost of energy placed into reproduction. Other reasons for smaller seeds may also be due to allocation of resources into
2113:
species are widespread and diverse in their range, but are typically found in rock outcroppings, cliff faces, or road cuts, where their leaves help them store water in a setting too dry for most types of plants. Most are small and inconspicuous when not in bloom. The two predominant habitats where
2114:
plants of this genera may be found are by the coast or mountains. Dudleya favor moderate temperatures, summer dormancy, winter precipitation, and rocky habitats, which means they may be found in diverse, disjunct locales from oceanic bluffs on the
California coast to sky islands in Arizona.
1945:, the petals begin to fuse at the base, with the flowers becoming tubular and red, due to an association with hummingbird pollinators. This shift in pollinators corresponds to larger nectar volumes and higher energy contents in accordance with the demands of hummingbird pollinators.
2577:, to facilitate the poaching and shipping of the plants. The species was seriously threatened after Mexican soldiers discovered poachers taking nearly 5,000 rosettes in a tractor-trailer. It was suspected the poachers rappelled onto the succulent's location via helicopter, as
3874:
In 2020, posts on social media pointed to shipments of
Dudleya candelabrum (candleholder liveforever) harvested from California and destined for sale in Korea. Candleholder liveforever is restricted to San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz Islands off the coast of Ventura
659:. The wax on the giant chalk dudleya is a surface with some of the highest ultraviolet reflectivity ever discovered in plants. When exposed to water, the wax may coat drops on leaves, preventing their evaporation. The farina is mostly composed of pentacyclic
743:). The differing generic placements of these early descriptions suggest that taxonomic disagreements over the genus had an early start, with some of these generic placements persisting even after the proper description of the genus by Britton and Rose.
3562:
In a recent greenhouse study, conducted in Santa Cruz, California, by
Stephen McCabe and Rachel Ormes, D. parva was rooted from the leaves of the plant, making it the only known species in the Dudleya subgenus to exhibit this behavior (McCabe in litt.
2224:
During the dormant period, from late spring to fall, watering should be limited to bi-weekly intervals, but not completely cut out. In nature, plants may completely desiccate themselves during the dormant period. Deciduous members of the genus in the
3904:
In 2020, for example, posts on social media suggested that shipments of candleholder dudleya (Dudleya candelabrum), a species restricted to San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz
Islands off the coast of Ventura County, were destined for sale
967:. In the book, Thompson made numerous changes and adjustments to species, and described several new species. The book included a large number of photographs, extensive descriptions, and horticultural practices for the care of
2339:
seeds are crescent shaped and near-microscopic, and can be collected by taking the dried flower buds and crushing the ovules inside, which can contain hundreds of seeds. Seeds can be sown into a soilless medium, such as
1997:
2241:
are very susceptible to mold and fungi. How quickly the medium drains should be determined by the amount of shade in the location, which affects the rate of evaporation that the soil will go through. Thus, well-shaded
1976:
972:
3621:
Margulies, J. D. (2020). Korean ‘Housewives’ and ‘Hipsters’ Are Not
Driving a New Illicit Plant Trade: Complicating Consumer Motivations Behind an Emergent Wildlife Trade in Dudleya farinosa.
2611:) was also targeted by poachers in numerous large-scale operations. Although not particularly rare, the size of the poaching operation pose a serious ecological threat. Starting in 2017, the
3156:
The green "form" of this species should likely be recognized as a separate species but the description by P.H. Thomson apparently lacks a designated type and may be invalidly published.
1941:
are broad, white to yellow, and spreading, with bumblebees and bees as primary pollinators, and hummingbirds as occasional pollinators. As these species grade towards the subgenus
2237:
Growing mediums should attempt to imitate the preferred soil of each species in nature. The most essential element for the medium is good drainage. Good drainage is important, as
36:
2380:
Rosettes emerge out of a long, horizontal root. This is commonplace when the plant has been decapitated on a cliff face, leaving only the long roots, which send out rosettes.
3028:
4573:
2252:
Clay is preferable to plastic pots when growing the plants due to the advantages with water drainage. Plastic pots may also kill the plants by overheating the roots.
4483:
4364:
4193:
3810:
65:
4219:
3420:
840:. These conclusions were widely accepted by botanists for the first half of the 20th century, until proper molecular and phylogenetic analyses began to appear.
2039:
1068:
that evolved recently with the formation of the summer-dry climate in
California. This was evidenced by the similarities of seed-surface ornamentation between
2377:, when the plant has its main rosettes burned off, new ones will emerge from either the stem or the roots, forming a new plant within a single growing season.
2085:
2616:
1966:-type members produce the largest seeds in the genus. These larger seeds are not distributed very far, which contributes to the restricted ranges of the
3667:
1902:, although this has been inferred in some species only from flower morphology. The genus exhibits a wide array of diverse flower varieties, even within
3538:
3290:
Dudleyas are also known as "liveforevers" due to their individual longevity and hardiness, a somewhat deceptive name given the rarity of many species.
4444:
4325:
4141:
3792:
At the edge of
California and the edge of existence: How siemprevive de Isla de Cedros (Dudleya pachyphytum ) was poached ever closer to extinction.
2691:
from state or private lands without a permit. The
California Native Plant Society and conservationists have also initiated propagation programs to
538:
also the type species for this subgenus). The flowers have the petals spreading at the middle, and are not arranged connately like in the subgenus
4457:
4338:
4206:
4154:
2064:
4245:
3466:
3443:
2200:
should be planted at an angle. This allows accumulated water to drain from the nestlike center of the plant, thus preventing microbial decay.
47:
4578:
2480:, in their early stages, were used as food, with a sweet flavor and juicy texture. The roots were pounded up and soaked in water, used as an
530:, the plants of this group usually have narrow leaves, often elliptic to round in cross-section, resembling fingers; hence common names like
2403:
portion may be removed, a depression will remain in the caudex where the decayed rosette was removed, and at the edges new buds will sprout.
515:). When the flowers go to fruit, they retain the tight and tubular character. The most recognizable plants of this first group would be the
3663:
3765:
3397:
2204:
should not be watered from directly above, as this may damage their chalky coating known as farina, which is present on numerous species.
387:
is a relatively obscure genus, in comparison to other, more widely-cultivated succulents; converging interests, by succulent collectors,
2954:
2612:
2018:
1395:
1214:
3836:
3791:
3988:
3981:
3504:
Henricot, B. (2008). Occurrence of powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.) on
Echeveria spp., Crassula spp., Cotyledon and Dudleya in the UK.
3489:
1190:
781:
was characterized by a different vegetative structure and more niche adaptations, primarily corm-like stems and deciduous leaves.
3052:
Spectral Properties of Heavily Glaucous and Non-Glaucous Leaves of a Succulent Rosette-Plant, Thomas W. Mulroy, Oecologia, 1979,
2676:
1443:
1419:
1371:
1154:
592:
3690:
3017:
4470:
4351:
4180:
3797:
3638:
Carlson, Cheri (April 18, 2019). "First a wildfire, then poachers. How a rare Ventura County plant has been nearly wiped out".
3534:
2684:
1661:
1166:
459:
The genus is traditionally divided into three subgenera, two of which were formerly their own genera. The subgenera consist of
3945:"Governor Newsom signs CNPS-sponsored AB 223 into law, providing important new protections for California's imperiled dudleya"
3918:
2770:"Linnaeus's folly -phylogeny, evolution and classification of Sedum (Crassulaceae) and Crassulaceae subfamily Sempervivoideae"
1121:, although it may not be the true sister taxon, as larger samplings are needed. Berger's hypothesis of a relationship between
4211:
2991:
1673:
1910:, although some individuals may have sterile anthers. Plants with long, tubular, reddish flowers, mostly in the subgenus
4568:
2662:
1685:
1455:
1407:
996:
1431:
1383:
4063:
2680:
2291:
is grown during a freeze or snow, it should be shaded as not to damage the plant, as a quick thaw may be detrimental.
1178:
3888:
761:
containing 60 species, of which 41 were newly described by Britton and Rose. The two also defined the related genera
2972:
Amoroso, D. M., & Wilson, P. (2018). Ten Cases of Divergence in the Seedling Ecology of Dudleya (Crassulaceae).
1202:
4509:
4377:
4258:
3412:
2582:
4224:
4583:
2672:
1962:
vegetative reproduction via pup rosettes, instead of sexual reproduction. In contrast, the small, inconspicuous,
4514:
3862:
377:
research is still at an early stage in the genus, and is complicated by the fact that many species are becoming
84:
3121:
Uhl, Charles H. (1994). "INTERGENERIC HYBRIDS IN THE MEXICAN CRASSULACEAE: II. DUDLEYA (AND PLATE TECTONICS)".
1133:-type taxa could be basal to the genus. However, no truly conclusive evidence of significant divergence within
935:
far enough that intergeneric reproductive success was unlikely. Despite Uhl's research, he still believed that
716:
647:, or farina. This waxy coating is usually white, chalky, and mealy, and is the namesake in many epithets, like
4382:
4263:
2399:) sprout roots out of stoloniferous plantlets, yet this can be difficult or impossible to induce in captivity.
852:, a botanist with a longstanding interest in the genera, offered a new revision of the taxa. Moran recognized
3655:
4128:
2942:
2356:
1907:
960:
3526:
971:
derived from a long interest growing, visiting and collecting the plants. However, he failed to follow the
4115:
4016:
2734:
1117:
in Oregon and California, has been shown in multiple phylogenetic reconstructions to be a sister taxon to
746:
362:
192:
4068:
907:, citing the karyological uniformity and the formation of hybrids between the genera. In contrast, while
585:
before flowering, and widely spreading flowers and fruit. The spreading flowers, which resemble those of
4496:
4133:
4120:
3198:
2601:
revealed that two fishermen were killed after a dispute emerged over the trafficking of the rare plant.
1770:
1526:
420:
338:
3274:
3063:
Manheim Jr, B. S., & Mulroy, T. W. (1978). Triterpenoids in epicuticular waxes of Dudleya species.
308:. Yet, despite their dramatic variations in appearance, most species readily hybridize. The flowers of
4462:
4343:
3739:
3197:
Yost, J. M.; Bontrager, M.; McCabe, S. W.; Burton, D.; Simpson, M. G.; Kay, K. M.; Ritter, M. (2013).
899:
As Moran and Uhl conducted more cytological and taxonomic research on the genus, it became clear that
4159:
4089:
3560:. Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office, Ventura, California: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. March 2015.
3554:
Dudleya abramsii ssp. parva ( = Dudleya parva )(Conejo Dudleya) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation
3353:
2825:
Thiede, J. (2004). The genus Dudleya Britton & Rose (Crassulaceae): its systematics and biology.
2423:
2363:
The rosette of the plant divides into two, eventually branching off to develop two separate rosettes.
1808:
1622:
1109:
729:
701:
648:
516:
341:, in the California region, five million years ago. Early botanists classified the larger species as
2426:
methods are also available, and becoming more advanced. Currently, plant tissue culture is used for
4005:
3944:
3640:
3435:
2695:
as a means to deter poachers. On September 28, 2021, governor Gavin Newsom signed AB-223 into law.
2692:
2654:
2598:
2581:
occupies a nearly inaccessible habitat. In 2019, the deaths and injuries of several fishermen from
2574:
2558:
2392:
2163:
1774:
1700:
1638:
1590:
1566:
1348:
1341:
1325:
1317:
1281:
976:
558:
453:
2885:
4535:
4403:
4284:
4250:
3993:
3458:
3221:
3107:
2791:
2738:
2728:
2497:
1740:
1614:
1550:
1470:
1309:
1289:
849:
750:
739:
706:
610:
378:
370:
358:
212:
196:
79:
3389:
2117:
4501:
4488:
4369:
4232:
4198:
4076:
3984:
3977:
3485:
2950:
2323:
2178:
1716:
1582:
1542:
1301:
1269:
1261:
1237:
1229:
656:
614:
601:
520:
511:
is characterized by broad, flattened leaves, and tight petals on the flower that form a tube (
349:
3552:
923:
have failed. Uhl came to the conclusion that there are probably no intergeneric hybrids with
4563:
4237:
3587:
3361:
3213:
2781:
2643:
2604:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2473:
2453:
1842:
1831:
1708:
1574:
1558:
1486:
1356:
1253:
1148:
652:
644:
544:
449:
408:
400:
392:
293:
277:
265:
175:
3239:
2543:
2516:
2461:
2308:
2212:
2207:
2167:
2135:
1903:
1868:
1852:
1755:
1748:
1724:
1598:
1518:
1502:
1494:
1333:
1245:
1104:
943:, probably some time before the formation of the summer-dry climate of California, making
674:
668:
281:
165:
122:
3140:
1042:
formed two distinct lineages within Echeverioideae. Joachim Thiede instead proposed that
3811:"Plant smugglers take 'massive toll' on California's Dudleya farinosa succulent species"
3580:"In-vitro cultivation of liveforevers (genus Dudleya) to reduce poaching and extinction"
3357:
2590:
2501:
2249:
Fertilizers may be used to maintain good color and growth, but they should be diluted.
1812:
1732:
1654:
1646:
1630:
1534:
1478:
1364:
980:
720:
531:
388:
109:
3682:
2665:, was reported to have been poached, with the thieves shipping plants to South Korea.
391:
enthusiasts and gardeners alike, have led to the wider cultivation of many species as
4557:
4054:
3366:
3337:
2795:
2769:
2570:
2477:
2449:
2412:
2287:
During the summer months, 50% shade may be beneficial for plants. If a cold-tolerant
2122:
1606:
1510:
1056:
984:
948:
660:
424:
374:
301:
289:
247:
3225:
880:. With assistance from cytologist Charles H. Uhl, Moran came to the conclusion that
4540:
4408:
4289:
3609:
2594:
2551:
2484:
to "tighten the gums." The roots were also boiled whole as a decoction for asthma.
2367:
2173:
1028:
1024:
785:
754:
285:
234:
221:
204:
155:
145:
54:
4081:
820:
radiating northward from Mexico, evidenced by the similar tubular corollas, while
4435:
4316:
2857:
Uhl, C. H., & Moran, R. (1953). The cytotaxonomy of Dudleya and Hasseanthus.
2420:
will not reproduce from leaves, with the leaves simply dying after being severed.
757:
upended many of the early taxonomic classifications, with the newly-minted genus
4167:
4048:
2627:
2457:
2345:
2312:
1895:
1065:
1004:
628:
416:
365:, created three genera; these initial genera were all eventually subsumed into
324:
317:
2307:
cannot be propagated through leaf cuttings. Propagation is mostly achieved via
2221:
or in greenhouses should be watered to ensure that the plant maximizes growth.
915:
freely hybridize within themselves and each other, all attempts at hybridizing
3098:"Growing and Appreciating California Succulents in the Garden and in the Wild"
3097:
2481:
2370:
of old leaves around the primary rosettes, forming as many as 10 new rosettes.
1000:
428:
4039:
3217:
1099:. Phylogenetic analysis has given weight to this hypothesis, concluding that
320:
forms and, when fruiting, are filled with tiny, ovoid-crescent-shaped seeds.
4102:
2717:
2513:
1012:
798:
777:
were between the leaf shape, floral structure and petal orientation, whilst
635:, which has the highest ultraviolet reflectivity ever discovered in a plant.
582:
512:
412:
343:
313:
305:
297:
4527:
4395:
4276:
1293:– Short-leaved liveforever, short-leaved dudleya. Formerly a subspecies of
959:
Around 1993, one of the only literary treatments of the genus was written,
595:
feature. The seeds are among the largest in the genus. The type species is
4000:
3795:
CNPS 2018 Conservation Conference: Horticulture as a Part of Conservation.
3766:"Reconoce Marina extracción y tráfico de "siempre viva" en Isla de Cedros"
2573:. In 2016, Korean nationals began moving to Bahia Tortugas, a locality in
4522:
4429:
4390:
4310:
4271:
4033:
3837:"A poaching conspiracy is playing out on Northern California's coastline"
2647:
2509:
2445:
2391:
may send out stoloniferous rosettes, but they do not root. Only does the
2374:
2267:
2255:
1789:
988:
983:, which invalidated his treatment. His treatment also contains extensive
643:
is their waxy coating. Numerous species have their foliage covered in an
404:
135:
2318:
1129:
may still prove true, as in addition to morphological similarities, the
4449:
4330:
4146:
3141:"Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Baja California, Mexico"
3102:
3053:
2758:
Britton, N. L. & Rose, J. N.: Dudleya Britton & Rose, gen. nov.
2139:
992:
2786:
4172:
2642:, buyers in Asia desired plants directly from the wild, owing to the
2469:
2465:
2384:
2341:
2155:
2147:
2143:
1781:
may refer to the longevity and hardiness of some plants in the wild.
1008:
548:, and some have campanulate flowers that appear intermediate between
419:, where hybridisation and cultivation of succulents is very popular.
4475:
4010:
3579:
3244:(Crassulaceae), a new species from northern Baja California, Mexico"
3199:"Phylogenetic relationships and evolution in Dudleya (Crassulaceae)"
3591:
4356:
4185:
4107:
3712:
2705:
2631:
2528:
2317:
2259:
2206:
2172:
2116:
1137:
exists, and it remains unclear which groups are basal or derived.
808:
627:
587:
329:
273:
96:
2126:, which grows on Miocene volcanic substrates on Santa Rosa Island
876:
as a separate genus, but realized that it was closely related to
2992:"Meet the Endangered Plant Named after Rock Legend Jimi Hendrix"
2406:
Propagation via leaves. Only certain species, like those of the
2151:
578:
542:. However, some plants in this subgenera have flat-leaves, like
4014:
3683:"Planta endemica: movil sobre supuestos pescadros desparecidos"
3342:
species complex: can generalization promote floral divergence?"
2327:, one of the few species that can be propagated from the leaves
4094:
2638:
According to nursery owners responsible for legally exporting
2348:, after which germination can occur within a week to 10 days.
1899:
1091:
Research in the 21st century has supported the hypothesis of
3584:
Orange County Chapter of the California Native Plant Society
2768:
Messerschmid, Thibaud; Klein, Johannes T. (September 2020).
581:-like stems, with small, inconspicuous leaves that usually
435:
poaching through propagation programs and protection laws.
411:
populations of plants. Poached plants are often shipped to
3259:
Said to have been published in the December 2016 issue of
1360:– Knife-leaved liveforever, maritime succulent liveforever
312:
have parts numbered in fives, with the petals arranged in
987:
material, including references to the lost continents of
2504:
wildfires. However, one of the most critical threats to
577:
this grouping is typically distinguished by underground
2731:, who contributed greatly to the taxonomy of the genus.
2229:
grouping should not be watered at all during dormancy.
3480:
Bornstein, Carol; Fross, David; O'Brien, Bart (2005).
2634:
nationals have both been arrested in the smuggling of
2585:
who were on Cedros Island was allegedly the result of
3338:"Variation in pollination performance gradients in a
3324:
An Ethnobotany of Baja California's Kumeyaay Indians.
3170:
Thiede, J., & Eggli, U. (2007). Crassulaceae. In
1490:– Bluff lettuce, powdery liveforever, powdery dudleya
832:
was believed to occupy a transitory position between
2430:
propagation in commercial and conservation settings.
888:
were related closer to each other than they were to
4419:
4300:
4023:
3919:"Plant poachers threaten California's biodiversity"
3174:(pp. 83-118). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Chicago
3018:"Two species of Dudleya were named in recent years"
1921:also corresponds with the aforementioned groups of
828:, primarily flowers with broadly-spreading petals.
711:The same species would later be described again as
3902:: 30 – via California Native Plant Society.
1273:– Arizona chalk dudleya. Formerly a subspecies of
844:Reid Moran, Charles H. Uhl and early phylogenetics
769:, with 4 species. The primary differences between
1792:to the pencil-shaped leaves of the type species,
1626:– Chalk lettuce, chalk dudleya, chalk liveforever
296:. The species come in many forms, some large and
2315:by seed, or in nurseries, plant tissue culture.
955:Modern classifications and phylogenetic research
696:The earliest species of the genus described was
353:, while the geophytic species were placed under
3870:California State Senate Public Safety Committee
1811:, a surgeon and collector of California flora.
605:. Perhaps the most widely known members of the
2550:), which was nearly wiped out during the 2013
288:, consisting of about 68 taxa in southwestern
3527:"Defeat Dudleya Poaching Through Propagation"
3411:Wilson, Bert; Wilson, Celeste (9 July 2013).
3275:"Proposed Bill Would Stop Succulent Poaching"
3185:Evolution and systematics of the Crassulaceae
1773:, the first head of the botany department at
1482:– Fingertips, lady fingers, San Diego dudleya
8:
3139:Rebman, J. P.; Gibson, J.; Rich, K. (2016).
1285:– Blochman's liveforever, Blochman's dudleya
1265:– Orcutt's liveforever, tapertip liveforever
1103:is much closer to North American members of
973:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
3917:Jensen, Nick; Foy, Patrick (23 July 2021).
570:, but still remain tight towards the base.
4011:
3390:"Native Succulents for Water-Wise Gardens"
2617:California Department of Fish and Wildlife
1313:– Coast dudleya, sea lettuce, sand lettuce
1034:Later research challenged the notion that
233:
20:
3484:. Los Olivos, California: Cachuma Press.
3365:
3238:Dodero, M. W. and M. G. Simpson. (2012).
3123:Cactus & Succulent Journal of America
2785:
1080:, and the reproductive isolation between
327:, from ancestors in the stonecrop genus,
2182:, found on the Baja California peninsula
1305:– Britton's dudleya, giant chalk dudleya
812:. This was in part due to a belief that
639:One of the most famous features of some
566:are more spreading than in the subgenus
469:
333:. The ancestors radiated southward from
4574:Flora of the Southwestern United States
3713:"Militares decomisan plantas endemicas"
3482:California Native Plants for the Garden
3446:from the original on 30 September 2021.
3440:Henry Shaw Cactus and Succulent Society
3400:from the original on 27 September 2015.
2751:
2687:, which would make it illegal to poach
2496:are threatened by urban development in
1972:
939:had evolved northward from Mexico with
704:in 1803, which would later be known as
3134:
3132:
3110:from the original on 13 December 2021.
2565:) is a rare and extremely specialized
1175:– San Bernardino Mountains liveforever
1046:evolved completely independently from
3835:Robertson, Michelle (20 March 2019).
3693:from the original on 10 December 2019
3681:Vargas, Elizabeth (9 December 2019).
3573:
3571:
3520:
3518:
3469:from the original on 25 October 2007.
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3183:Hart, H. T., & Eggli, U. (1995).
3166:
3164:
3016:McCabe, Stephen W. (9 January 2017).
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2270:has also been recorded in cultivated
1953:Seed morphology also differs between
1736:– Alabaster plant, Island liveforever
1050:, evolving from relatives within the
7:
3740:"CJNG en desaparición de pescadores"
3664:University of California, Santa Cruz
3541:from the original on 17 August 2021.
3148:San Diego Society of Natural History
3034:from the original on 28 January 2021
2968:
2966:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2522:paying lucrative prices for certain
2512:, partially caused by a demand from
1538:– Baja liveforever, rock liveforever
868:(which was changed to just subgenus
824:possessed aesthetic similarities to
609:group are the critically endangered
448:This genus is the only taxon of the
3943:Bryant, David (28 September 2021).
3423:from the original on 16 March 2015.
3279:the Northcoast Environmental Center
3273:Griffith, Caroline (28 June 2021).
3086:. Desert Plant Life. 14: 191. 1942.
2464:leaves were chewed on to alleviate
2452:region utilized the genus for both
1474:– San Gabriel Mountains liveforever
4515:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30012235-2
3623:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
3457:Hodgkiss, R.J. (5 February 2021).
3025:International Crassulaceae Network
2990:Platt, John R. (12 January 2017).
2626:being shipped out of the country.
2613:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
2538:, which was threatened by poachers
1712:– Santa Barbara Island liveforever
1107:than to Echeverioideae. The plant
765:, which contained 12 species, and
753:'s revision of the North American
373:'s investigations into the genus.
14:
3729:McCabe, S.W. (September 24, 2019)
3670:from the original on 22 May 2019.
3654:Townsend, Peggy (25 April 2019).
3394:San Joaquin UCCE Master Gardeners
2827:Cactus and Succulent Journal (US)
2589:trafficking, a conflict with the
2282:The amount of shade a species of
1886:Pollinators and flower morphology
1634:– Sierra de la Laguna liveforever
526:Formerly segregated as the genus
4383:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:298178-2
4264:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:297170-2
3999:
3994:Treatment from the Jepson Manual
3974:Dudleya and Hassenthaus Handbook
3367:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01009.x
3302:Britton, N. L. & Rose, J. N.
2947:Dudleya and Hasseanthus Handbook
2084:
2063:
2038:
2017:
1996:
1975:
1440:– Santa Monica Mountains dudleya
1027:and the scientifically accepted
965:Dudleya and Hasseanthus Handbook
796:into a sectional ranking within
357:. Taxonomic efforts, started by
284:plants in the stonecrop family,
83:
64:
53:
46:
35:
3949:California Native Plant Society
3872:– via California Senate.
3809:Callahan, Mary (9 March 2019).
3798:California Native Plant Society
3535:California Native Plant Society
2685:California Native Plant Society
2668:In response to the poaching of
1586:– Santa Cruz Island liveforever
1562:– San Benito Island liveforever
1464:– Transverse ranges liveforever
562:. The flowers and fruit of the
395:. In the wild, many species of
3976:. Bonsall Publications. 1993.
3889:"New Protections for Dudleya?"
3578:Alison, Kevin (25 June 2020).
3525:Chesnut, John (October 2018).
2619:, discovered large amounts of
2444:The indigenous peoples of the
2246:must have excellent drainage.
2158:. The diversity of species of
979:new taxa, forgoing designated
381:and over-harvested (poached).
16:North American succulent genus
1:
3388:Zane, Nadia (9 August 2015).
3096:Heiple, Paul (9 March 2021).
444:Characteristics and subgenera
4579:Flora of Northwestern Mexico
3887:Jensen, Nick (Spring 2021).
2554:, was targeted by poachers.
2359:may occur in multiple ways:
2299:Unlike their related genera
1223:– Santa Clara Valley dudleya
573:Formerly known as the genus
407:often threaten particularly
2890:Jepson Flora Project (eds.)
2886:"Dudleya, in Jepson eFlora"
2366:Plantlets will form in the
1650:– Red flowering liveforever
1404:– Pierpoint Springs dudleya
1392:– San Gabriel River dudleya
337:during the creation of the
4600:
3322:Wilken, Michael A. (2012)
3172:Flowering Plants· Eudicots
2859:American Journal of Botany
2741:, who described the genus.
2661:), native to the northern
1803:The name of the subgenera
1784:The name of the subgenera
1704:– Laguna Beach liveforever
1329:– Candleholder liveforever
1249:– Todos Santos liveforever
1241:– White-flower liveforever
872:). Moran still recognized
864:as a subgenera along with
3861:Bradford, Steven (2021).
3326:Retrieved 13 October 2021
2798:– via ResearchGate.
2673:California State Assembly
2559:Cedros Island liveforever
2410:subgenus and others like
1917:The flower morphology of
1906:. The flowers are mostly
1821:is also named after him.
1769:The genus is named after
1670:– Gila County liveforever
1642:– Playa Maria liveforever
1321:– Punta Banda liveforever
599:, which is a synonym for
474:
241:
232:
227:
220:
210:
203:
80:Scientific classification
78:
28:
23:
3660:UC Santa Cruz Newscenter
3606:Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany
3463:The Succulent Plant Page
3459:"Dudleya - Crassulaceae"
3218:10.1600/036364413X674760
2949:. Bonsall Publications.
2593:, or both. In 2020, the
2393:Laguna Beach Liveforever
2106:Distribution and habitat
1720:– Variegated liveforever
1618:– Few-flower liveforever
1554:– Lanceleaf liveforever.
903:was also a subgenera of
717:Joseph Franz von Jacquin
3610:San Diego Museum of Man
2693:oversaturate the market
2357:Vegetative reproduction
1658:– Panamint liveforever
1594:– Cedros Island dudleya
1546:– Hendrix's liveforever
1530:– Guadalupe liveforever
1498:– La Mision liveforever
1337:– Coronados liveforever
1257:– Anthony's liveforever
1113:, which co-exists with
856:as being distinct from
666:Other members, such as
617:, famous for its name.
3863:"AB 223 Bill Analysis"
3413:"Dudleya pulverulenta"
3336:Aigner, P. A. (2005).
2884:McCabe, Stephen Ward.
2735:Nathaniel Lord Britton
2650:and weathered leaves.
2646:quality of their long
2539:
2460:purposes. The tender,
2328:
2217:
2183:
2127:
1728:– Verity's liveforever
1694:– Panamint liveforever
1602:– Palmer's liveforever
1570:– Many-stemmed dudleya
1452:– Diablo range dudleya
1380:– Agoura Hills dudleya
1233:– Vizcaino liveforever
788:revised the status of
747:Nathaniel Lord Britton
725:Echeveria pulverulenta
636:
597:Hasseanthus variegatus
452:tribe to have evolved
363:Nathaniel Lord Britton
4497:Paleobiology Database
4008:at Wikimedia Commons
2721:, a genus similar to
2709:, a genus related to
2532:
2502:anthropogenic-induced
2321:
2210:
2176:
2134:can be found include
2120:
1848:iempreviva, mezcalito
1771:William Russel Dudley
1744:– Colonet liveforever
1527:Dudleya guadalupensis
1416:– Coast Range dudleya
1368:– Canyon liveforever
1163:– Abrams' liveforever
1007:directly induced the
719:in 1811, and in 1840
631:
461:Dudleya, Stylophyllum
323:The genus evolved as
3770:Investigaciones Zeta
3744:Investigaciones Zeta
3434:Kasten, Roy (2004).
2655:candleholder dudleya
2544:Verity's liveforever
2424:Plant tissue culture
2385:stoloniferous growth
2383:Plants multiply via
2352:Asexual reproduction
1881:Reproductive biology
1837:Dudleya, liveforever
1807:was in honor of Dr.
1682:– Desert liveforever
1623:Dudleya pulverulenta
1506:– Gates' liveforever
1428:– Marcescent dudleya
1352:– Thick-leaf dudleya
1275:Dudleya pulverulenta
1211:– Mouse-gray dudleya
1110:Sedum spathulifolium
802:, while merging the
735:Echeveria lanceolata
730:Dudleya pulverulenta
702:Adrian Hardy Haworth
698:Cotyledon caespitosa
611:short-leaved dudleya
369:, proper, following
260:, commonly known as
4569:Crassulaceae genera
3641:Ventura County Star
3604:Hedges, K. (1986).
3594:– via Zenodo.
3417:Las Pilitas Nursery
3358:2005FuEco..19..681A
3242:Dudleya crassifolia
2996:SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
2683:, sponsored by the
2659:Dudleya candelabrum
2599:Second Naval Region
2575:Baja California Sur
2563:Dudleya pachyphytum
2492:Several species of
2468:, or used to treat
2440:Kumeyaay and Paipai
2397:Dudleya stolonifera
2332:Sexual reproduction
2164:Southern California
2078:Dudleya blochmaniae
1890:The pollinators of
1775:Stanford University
1701:Dudleya stolonifera
1639:Dudleya rigidiflora
1591:Dudleya pachyphytum
1567:Dudleya multicaulis
1349:Dudleya crassifolia
1342:Dudleya cedrosensis
1326:Dudleya candelabrum
1318:Dudleya campanulata
1282:Dudleya blochmaniae
1199:– limestone dudleya
1023:, and criticism of
1005:divine intervention
657:giant chalk dudleya
653:powdery liveforever
559:Dudleya campanulata
521:giant chalk dudleya
471:
454:sympodial branching
399:are vulnerable, as
316:, star-shaped, and
3815:The Press Democrat
3790:Uhler, M. (2018).
3656:"Succulent savior"
3644:. August 16, 2021.
3346:Functional Ecology
3306:Britton & Rose
2892:. Jepson Herbarium
2739:Joseph Nelson Rose
2542:The population of
2540:
2498:Coastal California
2416:, will root. Most
2329:
2262:are main pests of
2218:
2184:
2128:
1990:Dudleya caespitosa
1794:Stylophyllum edule
1741:Dudleya viridicata
1615:Dudleya pauciflora
1578:– Cape liveforever
1551:Dudleya lanceolata
1522:– Greene's dudleya
1514:– Munchkin dudleya
1471:Dudleya densiflora
1310:Dudleya caespitosa
1290:Dudleya brevifolia
1076:, which is unlike
751:Joseph Nelson Rose
740:Dudleya lanceolata
707:Dudleya caespitosa
637:
470:
359:Joseph Nelson Rose
339:dry summer climate
213:Dudleya lanceolata
4551:
4550:
4233:Open Tree of Life
4017:Taxon identifiers
4004:Media related to
3772:. 20 January 2021
3746:. 9 December 2019
3206:Systematic Botany
2974:Systematic Botany
2787:10.1002/tax.12316
2615:, along with the
2324:Dudleya variegata
2196:In horticulture,
2179:Dudleya albiflora
2099:Dudleya variegata
2097:- The flowers of
2076:— The flowers of
2051:— The flowers of
2030:— The flowers of
2009:— The flowers of
1988:— The flowers of
1933:. The flowers in
1904:species complexes
1717:Dudleya variegata
1583:Dudleya nesiotica
1543:Dudleya hendrixii
1302:Dudleya brittonii
1270:Dudleya arizonica
1262:Dudleya attenuata
1238:Dudleya albiflora
1230:Dudleya acuminata
1187:– Betty's dudleya
1009:chromosome counts
927:, believing that
816:had evolved from
687:Taxonomic history
633:Dudleya brittonii
621:
620:
615:Hendrix's dudleya
602:Dudleya variegata
393:ornamental plants
253:
252:
199:
4591:
4584:Succulent plants
4544:
4543:
4531:
4530:
4518:
4517:
4505:
4504:
4492:
4491:
4479:
4478:
4466:
4465:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4412:
4411:
4399:
4398:
4386:
4385:
4373:
4372:
4360:
4359:
4347:
4346:
4334:
4333:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4293:
4292:
4280:
4279:
4267:
4266:
4254:
4253:
4241:
4240:
4228:
4227:
4215:
4214:
4202:
4201:
4189:
4188:
4176:
4175:
4163:
4162:
4150:
4149:
4137:
4136:
4124:
4123:
4111:
4110:
4098:
4097:
4085:
4084:
4072:
4071:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4012:
4003:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3893:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3867:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3806:
3800:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3717:MAS Noticias BCS
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3651:
3645:
3636:
3630:
3619:
3613:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3522:
3513:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3385:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3333:
3327:
3320:
3309:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3270:
3264:
3257:
3251:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3212:(4): 1096–1104.
3203:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3093:
3087:
3084:(Davidson) Moran
3078:
3072:
3071:(10), 1799-1800.
3061:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3022:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2987:
2981:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2943:Thomson, Paul H.
2939:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2881:
2862:
2855:
2834:
2823:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2609:Dudleya farinosa
2535:Dudleya farinosa
2500:and Mexico, and
2095:
2088:
2074:
2067:
2049:
2042:
2028:
2021:
2011:Dudleya anthonyi
2007:
2000:
1986:
1979:
1809:Hermann E. Hasse
1759:– Sticky dudleya
1709:Dudleya traskiae
1610:– Conejo dudleya
1575:Dudleya nubigena
1559:Dudleya linearis
1487:Dudleya farinosa
1357:Dudleya cultrata
1254:Dudleya anthonyi
1216:Dudleya abramsii
1204:Dudleya abramsii
1192:Dudleya abramsii
1180:Dudleya abramsii
1168:Dudleya abramsii
1156:Dudleya abramsii
1149:Dudleya abramsii
1141:Selected species
1029:age of the Earth
999:, a belief that
985:pseudoscientific
645:epicuticular wax
624:Epicuticular wax
545:Dudleya traskiae
472:
421:Conservationists
401:land development
294:Guadalupe Island
242:Distribution of
237:
191:
88:
87:
68:
57:
50:
39:
21:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4539:
4534:
4526:
4521:
4513:
4508:
4500:
4495:
4487:
4482:
4474:
4469:
4461:
4456:
4448:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4415:
4407:
4402:
4394:
4389:
4381:
4376:
4368:
4363:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4337:
4329:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4296:
4288:
4283:
4275:
4270:
4262:
4257:
4249:
4244:
4236:
4231:
4223:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4197:
4192:
4184:
4179:
4171:
4166:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4119:
4114:
4106:
4101:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4075:
4067:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4019:
3969:
3967:Further reading
3964:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3637:
3633:
3620:
3616:
3603:
3599:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3506:Plant Pathology
3503:
3499:
3492:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3387:
3386:
3375:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3304:: Stylophyllum
3300:
3296:
3283:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3258:
3254:
3237:
3233:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3178:
3169:
3162:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3081:Dudleya anomala
3079:
3075:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2941:
2940:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2865:
2856:
2837:
2824:
2803:
2780:(45): 892–926.
2767:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2701:
2663:Channel Islands
2548:Dudleya verityi
2490:
2442:
2437:
2354:
2334:
2297:
2280:
2235:
2213:Dudleya candida
2194:
2189:
2168:Baja California
2162:is centered in
2150:, and southern
2136:The Californias
2108:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1951:
1888:
1883:
1827:
1796:, now known as
1767:
1762:
1756:Dudleya viscida
1749:Dudleya viridis
1725:Dudleya verityi
1599:Dudleya palmeri
1519:Dudleya greenei
1503:Dudleya gatesii
1495:Dudleya formosa
1433:Dudleya cymosa.
1334:Dudleya candida
1246:Dudleya anomala
1143:
1095:'s relation to
1025:paleontologists
975:guidelines for
961:Paul H. Thomson
957:
931:had split from
846:
723:described both
713:Sedum cotyledon
694:
689:
684:
626:
536:Dudleya edulis,
446:
441:
216:
190:
166:Sempervivoideae
82:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
69:
60:
59:
58:
51:
42:
41:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4597:
4595:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4556:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4541:wfo-4000037012
4532:
4519:
4506:
4493:
4480:
4467:
4454:
4441:
4425:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4409:wfo-4000017003
4400:
4387:
4374:
4361:
4348:
4335:
4322:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:wfo-4000012706
4281:
4268:
4255:
4242:
4229:
4216:
4203:
4190:
4177:
4164:
4151:
4138:
4125:
4112:
4099:
4086:
4073:
4060:
4045:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4015:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3935:
3909:
3879:
3853:
3827:
3801:
3783:
3757:
3731:
3722:
3719:. 28 May 2017.
3704:
3673:
3646:
3631:
3614:
3597:
3592:10.7280/D1NH4W
3567:
3544:
3514:
3497:
3490:
3472:
3449:
3426:
3403:
3373:
3352:(4): 681–689.
3328:
3310:
3294:
3265:
3252:
3250:59(4) 223–229.
3231:
3189:
3176:
3160:
3128:
3113:
3088:
3073:
3065:Phytochemistry
3056:
3045:
3008:
2982:
2962:
2956:978-0960206650
2955:
2903:
2863:
2835:
2801:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2726:
2714:
2700:
2697:
2679:proposed Bill
2591:Sinaloa Cartel
2583:Bahía Tortugas
2579:D. pachyphytum
2489:
2486:
2478:inflorescences
2476:. The budding
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2404:
2400:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2353:
2350:
2333:
2330:
2296:
2293:
2279:
2276:
2268:Powdery mildew
2234:
2233:Growing medium
2231:
2216:in cultivation
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2130:Regions where
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2053:Dudleya virens
2044:
2037:
2035:
2032:Dudleya edulis
2023:
2016:
2014:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1981:
1974:
1950:
1947:
1908:hermaphroditic
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1866:
1850:
1839:
1826:
1823:
1814:Dudleya virens
1798:Dudleya edulis
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1733:Dudleya virens
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1687:Dudleya saxosa
1683:
1675:Dudleya saxosa
1671:
1663:Dudleya saxosa
1655:Dudleya saxosa
1651:
1647:Dudleya rubens
1643:
1635:
1631:Dudleya rigida
1627:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1535:Dudleya ingens
1531:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1479:Dudleya edulis
1475:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1457:Dudleya cymosa
1453:
1445:Dudleya cymosa
1441:
1429:
1421:Dudleya cymosa
1417:
1409:Dudleya cymosa
1405:
1397:Dudleya cymosa
1393:
1385:Dudleya cymosa
1381:
1373:Dudleya cymosa
1365:Dudleya cymosa
1361:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1295:D. blochmaniae
1286:
1278:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1060:. This places
981:type specimens
956:
953:
845:
842:
784:In the 1930s,
721:Thomas Nuttall
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
625:
622:
619:
618:
571:
524:
500:
499:
492:
485:
477:
476:
445:
442:
440:
437:
251:
250:
239:
238:
230:
229:
228:About 68 taxa
225:
224:
218:
217:
208:
207:
201:
200:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
76:
75:
63:
62:
61:
52:
45:
44:
43:
34:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4596:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4002:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:9780960206650
3986:
3983:
3982:0-9602066-5-5
3979:
3975:
3972:Thompson, P.
3971:
3970:
3966:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3828:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3493:
3491:0-9628505-8-6
3487:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3009:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2980:(4), 889-900.
2979:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:Bluff lettuce
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:Cedros Island
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2413:Dudleya parva
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:axillary buds
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2166:and northern
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2123:Dudleya gnoma
2119:
2115:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:(narrow-leaf)
1864:
1861:(wide-leaf);
1860:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:Dudleya parva
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:Dudleya gnoma
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1057:Sedum moranii
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
954:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:, and merged
859:
855:
851:
843:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:
805:
801:
800:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
742:
741:
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
708:
703:
699:
692:Early history
691:
686:
681:
679:
677:
676:
671:
670:
664:
662:
661:triterpenoids
658:
654:
650:
649:chalk dudleya
646:
642:
634:
630:
623:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
594:
593:plesiomorphic
590:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
561:
560:
555:
554:Stylophyllum,
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
518:
517:chalk dudleya
514:
510:
506:
503:The subgenus
502:
501:
498:
497:
493:
491:
490:
486:
484:
483:
479:
478:
473:
468:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
443:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:, especially
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
331:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:North America
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:
249:
248:North America
245:
240:
236:
231:
226:
223:
219:
215:
214:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:Tracheophytes
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
86:
81:
77:
67:
56:
49:
38:
27:
24:Liveforevers
22:
19:
4421:Stylophyllum
4420:
4301:
4024:
3998:
3973:
3952:. Retrieved
3948:
3938:
3926:. Retrieved
3922:
3912:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3882:
3873:
3869:
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3840:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3814:
3804:
3794:
3786:
3774:. Retrieved
3769:
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3743:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3695:. Retrieved
3687:Ensenada.net
3686:
3676:
3659:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3605:
3600:
3583:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3530:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3481:
3475:
3462:
3452:
3439:
3429:
3416:
3406:
3393:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3282:. Retrieved
3278:
3268:
3260:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3209:
3205:
3192:
3184:
3179:
3171:
3155:
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3147:
3122:
3116:
3101:
3091:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3024:
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2995:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2946:
2894:. Retrieved
2889:
2858:
2830:
2826:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2754:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2688:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2652:
2639:
2636:D. farinosa.
2635:
2628:South Korean
2623:
2620:
2608:
2603:
2595:Mexican Navy
2586:
2578:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2552:Springs Fire
2547:
2541:
2533:
2523:
2505:
2493:
2491:
2488:Conservation
2458:agricultural
2443:
2427:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2396:
2388:
2355:
2336:
2335:
2322:
2304:
2300:
2298:
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2283:
2281:
2271:
2263:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2187:Horticulture
2177:
2159:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2056:
2052:
2048:Stylophyllum
2046:
2031:
2027:Stylophyllum
2025:
2010:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1942:
1939:Stylophyllum
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:Stylophyllum
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1896:hummingbirds
1891:
1889:
1874:
1869:
1863:milh kajmila
1862:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1825:Nomenclature
1817:
1813:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1786:Stylophyllum
1785:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1401:costatifolia
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1020:
1016:
968:
964:
958:
949:paleoendemic
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:Stylophyllum
861:
857:
853:
847:
837:
833:
830:Stylophyllum
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
807:
806:genera into
803:
797:
794:Stylophyllum
793:
789:
786:Alwin Berger
783:
778:
775:Stylophyllum
774:
770:
766:
763:Stylophyllum
762:
758:
755:Crassulaceae
745:
738:
734:
728:
724:
712:
705:
697:
695:
673:
667:
665:
640:
638:
632:
606:
600:
596:
586:
575:Hasseanthus,
574:
567:
564:Stylophyllum
563:
557:
553:
549:
543:
539:
535:
528:Stylophyllum
527:
508:
504:
495:
494:
489:Stylophyllum
488:
487:
481:
480:
464:
460:
458:
447:
432:
396:
389:native plant
384:
383:
375:Phylogenetic
366:
354:
348:
342:
334:
328:
322:
309:
286:Crassulaceae
270:siemprevivas
269:
262:liveforevers
261:
256:
255:
254:
243:
211:
205:Type species
186:
185:
156:Crassulaceae
146:Saxifragales
129:
116:
103:
18:
4302:Hasseanthus
4168:iNaturalist
4049:Wikispecies
3308:, gen. nov.
3187:. Backhuys.
2569:endemic to
2508:species is
2435:Ethnobotany
2408:Hasseanthus
2346:vermiculite
2313:germination
2295:Propagation
2227:Hasseanthus
2094:Hasseanthus
2073:Hasseanthus
1968:Hasseanthus
1964:Hasseanthus
1935:Hasseanthus
1923:Hasseanthus
1894:are mostly
1805:Hasseanthus
1779:liveforever
1777:. The term
1389:crebrifolia
1131:Hasseanthus
1123:Hasseanthus
1054:clade like
1017:Hasseanthus
1001:cosmic rays
901:Hasseanthus
886:Hasseanthus
874:Hasseanthus
838:Hasseanthus
822:Hasseanthus
804:Hasseanthus
779:Hasseanthus
767:Hasseanthus
607:Hasseanthus
591:, may be a
496:Hasseanthus
465:Hasseanthus
439:Description
429:governments
417:South Korea
325:neoendemics
318:bell-shaped
162:Subfamily:
123:Angiosperms
4558:Categories
4476:30012235-2
3954:25 October
3923:CalMatters
3284:18 October
2861:, 492-502.
2833:, 224-231.
2746:References
2729:Reid Moran
2677:Chris Ward
2520:collectors
2514:East Asian
2482:astringent
2142:, coastal
1859:milhka’mey
1449:paniculata
1437:ovatifolia
1425:marcescens
1377:agourensis
1220:setchellii
1066:neoendemic
1052:Leucosedum
977:describing
850:Reid Moran
675:D. anomala
669:D. viscida
532:fingertips
509:Eududleya,
475:Subgenera
379:endangered
371:Reid Moran
4436:Q15733393
4317:Q87176181
3928:16 August
3905:overseas.
3846:16 August
3820:16 August
3776:21 August
3750:21 August
3697:2 January
3436:"Dudleya"
3038:5 October
3001:5 October
2796:225261669
2718:Echeveria
2644:aesthetic
2517:succulent
2462:succulent
2454:medicinal
2301:Echeveria
2256:Mealybugs
1970:subgenus.
1957:. Larger
1875:awi mielh
1765:Etymology
1667:collomiae
1196:calcicola
1105:Sedoideae
1082:Echeveria
1078:Echeveria
1048:Echeveria
1040:Echeveria
1013:evolution
941:Echeveria
933:Echeveria
921:Echeveria
909:Echeveria
890:Echeveria
866:Eududleya
858:Echeveria
848:In 1942,
818:Echeveria
799:Echeveria
583:disappear
513:connation
507:, or the
425:nurseries
413:East Asia
350:Cotyledon
344:Echeveria
306:deciduous
302:geophytic
300:, others
298:evergreen
282:succulent
280:-forming
222:Diversity
93:Kingdom:
4528:40007654
4523:Tropicos
4430:Wikidata
4396:40021598
4391:Tropicos
4357:298178-2
4311:Wikidata
4277:40036253
4272:Tropicos
4186:297170-2
4034:Wikidata
3691:Archived
3668:Archived
3539:Archived
3531:CNPS-SLO
3467:Archived
3444:Archived
3421:Archived
3398:Archived
3226:15715233
3108:Archived
3029:Archived
2945:(1993).
2699:See also
2670:Dudleya,
2648:caudices
2624:farinosa
2526:species.
2510:poaching
2470:calluses
2446:Kumeyaay
2375:wildfire
2373:After a
2192:Watering
1790:allusion
1184:bettinae
1160:abramsii
989:Atlantis
969:Dudleya,
682:Taxonomy
405:poachers
152:Family:
136:Eudicots
4564:Dudleya
4489:1301294
4450:7333965
4370:1064817
4331:7334672
4199:1039287
4147:2985872
4055:Dudleya
4040:Q138291
4025:Dudleya
4006:Dudleya
3875:County.
3563:2008a).
3354:Bibcode
3340:Dudleya
3261:Madroño
3248:Madroño
3103:YouTube
2723:Dudleya
2711:Dudleya
2689:Dudleya
2675:member
2640:Dudleya
2632:Chinese
2597:in the
2587:Dudleya
2567:Dudleya
2524:Dudleya
2506:Dudleya
2494:Dudleya
2428:Dudleya
2418:Dudleya
2389:Dudleya
2387:. Many
2337:Dudleya
2309:offsets
2305:Dudleya
2303:, many
2289:Dudleya
2284:Dudleya
2272:Dudleya
2264:Dudleya
2244:Dudleya
2239:Dudleya
2202:Dudleya
2198:Dudleya
2160:Dudleya
2140:Arizona
2132:Dudleya
2111:Dudleya
2055:subsp.
2006:Dudleya
1985:Dudleya
1959:Dudleya
1955:Dudleya
1943:Dudleya
1931:Dudleya
1919:Dudleya
1912:Dudleya
1892:Dudleya
1843:Spanish
1832:English
1816:subsp.
1689:subsp.
1679:aloides
1677:subsp.
1665:subsp.
1459:subsp.
1447:subsp.
1435:subsp.
1423:subsp.
1411:subsp.
1399:subsp.
1387:subsp.
1375:subsp.
1218:subsp.
1206:subsp.
1194:subsp.
1182:subsp.
1172:affinis
1170:subsp.
1158:subsp.
1135:Dudleya
1119:Dudleya
1115:Dudleya
1101:Dudleya
1093:Dudleya
1086:Dudleya
1070:Dudleya
1062:Dudleya
1044:Dudleya
1036:Dudleya
1021:Dudleya
993:Lemuria
945:Dudleya
937:Dudleya
929:Dudleya
925:Dudleya
917:Dudleya
905:Dudleya
882:Dudleya
878:Dudleya
870:Dudleya
854:Dudleya
834:Dudleya
814:Dudleya
790:Dudleya
771:Dudleya
759:Dudleya
641:Dudleya
568:Dudleya
550:Dudleya
540:Dudleya
505:Dudleya
482:Dudleya
433:Dudleya
431:combat
397:Dudleya
385:Dudleya
367:Dudleya
314:tubular
310:Dudleya
278:rosette
272:) is a
266:Spanish
257:Dudleya
246:within
244:Dudleya
193:Britton
187:Dudleya
182:Genus:
172:Tribe:
142:Order:
97:Plantae
4246:PLANTS
4238:437858
4212:195811
4134:111029
4121:111029
4069:423052
3987:
3980:
3841:SFGATE
3629:, 367.
3488:
3224:
2953:
2896:8 June
2794:
2681:AB-223
2466:thirst
2450:Paipai
2342:pumice
2260:aphids
2156:Nevada
2148:Oregon
2144:Sonora
2091:subg.
2070:subg.
2057:hassei
2045:subg.
2024:subg.
2003:subg.
1982:subg.
1929:, and
1870:Paipai
1854:Tiipai
1818:hassei
1788:is an
1691:saxosa
1461:pumila
1413:cymosa
1208:murina
733:) and
655:, and
613:, and
463:, and
450:Sedeae
195:&
176:Sedeae
4484:IRMNG
4463:16658
4365:IRMNG
4344:17298
4251:DUDLE
4225:23003
4194:IRMNG
4173:51891
4108:1DUDG
4095:38024
3896:Flora
3892:(PDF)
3866:(PDF)
3558:(PDF)
3222:S2CID
3202:(PDF)
3144:(PDF)
3032:(PDF)
3021:(PDF)
2792:S2CID
2774:Taxon
2706:Sedum
2474:corns
2278:Shade
1949:Seeds
1127:Sedum
1097:Sedum
1074:Sedum
1064:as a
919:with
913:Sedum
894:Sedum
826:Sedum
809:Sedum
700:, by
588:Sedum
556:like
409:niche
355:Sedum
335:Sedum
330:Sedum
274:genus
130:Clade
117:Clade
104:Clade
4510:POWO
4502:6903
4471:IPNI
4458:GRIN
4445:GBIF
4378:POWO
4352:IPNI
4339:GRIN
4326:GBIF
4259:POWO
4220:NCBI
4207:ITIS
4181:IPNI
4160:4026
4155:GRIN
4142:GBIF
4103:EPPO
4082:48MW
4064:BOLD
3985:ISBN
3978:ISBN
3956:2021
3930:2021
3848:2021
3822:2021
3778:2021
3752:2021
3699:2022
3512:(4).
3486:ISBN
3286:2021
3040:2021
3003:2021
2951:ISBN
2898:2020
2737:and
2653:The
2630:and
2557:The
2472:and
2456:and
2448:and
2258:and
2154:and
2152:Utah
2146:and
1937:and
1900:bees
1898:and
1125:and
1084:and
1072:and
1038:and
1019:and
1011:and
1003:and
995:and
911:and
884:and
836:and
792:and
773:and
749:and
672:and
579:corm
552:and
519:and
427:and
403:and
361:and
347:and
304:and
292:and
197:Rose
4536:WFO
4404:WFO
4285:WFO
4129:FoC
4116:FNA
4090:EoL
4077:CoL
3588:doi
3362:doi
3214:doi
2782:doi
2344:or
1846:: s
1015:of
963:'s
892:or
715:by
276:of
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4525::
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4499::
4486::
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4447::
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4287::
4274::
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4248::
4235::
4222::
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4170::
4157::
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4092::
4079::
4066::
4051::
4036::
3947:.
3921:.
3898:.
3894:.
3868:.
3839:.
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3768:.
3742:.
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3582:.
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3537:.
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3508:,
3465:.
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3396:.
3392:.
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3348:.
3344:.
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3288:.
3277:.
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3204:.
3163:^
3154:.
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3150:.
3146:.
3131:^
3106:.
3100:.
3069:17
3067:,
3027:.
3023:.
2994:.
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2976:,
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2866:^
2838:^
2831:76
2829:,
2804:^
2790:.
2778:69
2776:.
2772:.
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2274:.
2266:.
2170:.
2138:,
1925:,
1873::
1857::
1835::
1800:.
1088:.
1031:.
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951:.
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663:.
651:,
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456:.
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2713:.
2657:(
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2395:(
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534:(
264:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
