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died and civil war broke out. Henry claimed to be the overlord of
Brittany, on the basis that the duchy had owed loyalty to Henry I, and saw controlling the duchy both as a way of securing his other French territories and as a potential inheritance for one of his sons. Initially Henry's strategy was
368:
While local Breton nobles began to rebel against Conan IV, Henry had begun to alter his policy of indirect rule in
Brittany and started to exert more direct control. In 1164 Henry intervened to seize lands along the border of Brittany and Normandy, and in 1166 invaded Brittany to punish the local
502:
Two charters made by
Constance and her son Arthur towards 1200 mention a brother of Constance, William. As a boy, William should have inherited the duchy after Conan. According to Everard, Henry II's forcing Constance's father into abdicating in 1166 was meant to prevent any son of the duke from
369:
barons. Henry then forced Conan to abdicate as duke and to give
Brittany to his daughter Constance; Conan also betrothed Constance to Henry's son Geoffrey. This arrangement was quite unusual in terms of medieval law, as Conan might have had sons who could have legitimately inherited the duchy.
467:
Historian Judith
Everard's research into Brittany has shifted academic discussion of this period, stressing the indirect way that Henry expanded his power; earlier works had tended to describe Henry as conquering Brittany through a sequence of invasions; see, for example, John Gillingham's
331:
When
Geoffrey of Anjou died in 1158, Conan attempted to reclaim Nantes but was opposed by Henry who annexed it for himself. Louis took no action to intervene as Henry steadily increased his power in Brittany. Conan's control of Nantes had the effect of reuniting Brittany.
503:
inheriting the duchy. According to her, the fact that
Constance's brother was called William seems to indicate that he was not an illegitimate son of Conan IV, as William was the name of Margaret's brother, the King of Scots. (Everard, Judith (2000).
360:
Conan faced several revolts from his own nobles, rebellions possibly covertly supported by
England. To put down the unrest, the Duke appealed for help to Henry II, who, in return, demanded the betrothal of Constance to Henry's younger son
379:. Henry never claimed the Dukedom of Brittany. After Conan IV abdicated, Henry II held guardianship over Brittany for Conan's daughter Constance, until such time as Henry II's fourth legitimate son, Geoffrey Plantagenet, could marry her.
324:
to rule indirectly through proxies, and accordingly Henry supported Conan IV's claims over most of the duchy, partly because Conan had strong
English ties and could be easily influenced. Conan's uncle, Hoel, continued to control the
528:
Henry never formally became Duke of
Brittany as he was only holding the duchy on behalf of Geoffrey and Constance. According to the English Heritage Website history of Richmond Castle and the Earldom of Richmond, Henry
489:). This would seem to be a reference to at least one son of the marriage who did not survive infancy, leaving Constance as heiress in 1166." (Everard and Jones,
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as a weak ruler, unable to protect his duchy against the powerful Angevin king, although historian Eric Borgnis-Desbordes has recently qualified this opinion.
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160:
1722:
277:. With the death of his mother in early 1156, Conan IV expected to inherit the ducal throne. However, he was denied his inheritance by his stepfather,
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779:
Gillingham, John (2007b). "The Cultivation of History, Legend and Courtesy at the Court of Henry II". In Kennedy, Ruth; Meechan-Jones, Simon (eds.).
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and culture. The Breton dukes held little power across most of the duchy, which was mostly controlled by local lords. In 1148, Duke
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The English Heritage Website's history of Richmond Castle and the Earldom of Richmond describes the abdication as Conan's
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Margaret of Huntingdon made a donation for the souls of "herself, Duke Conan IV, and 'our boys', or 'our children' (
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According to the histories that record the abdication of Conan IV, he died in 1171 sometime after his abdication.
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from his father Alan, which made him subject to both the King of England and the King of France.
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Constance de Bretagne (1161-1201), Une duchesse face à Richard Cœur-de-Lion et Jean san Terre
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Tales from the Long Twelfth Century: The Rise and Fall of the Angevin Empire
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The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and Her Family (1171-1221)
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The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and Her Family, 1171-1221
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Henry II had claimed to be Overlord of Brittany, as would his son
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and his mother's heir as Duke of Brittany. Conan and his daughter
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The Charters of Duchess Constance and Her Family (1171-1221)
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Brittany and the Angevins: province and empire, 1158-1203
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Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire, 1158-1203
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Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire, 1158-1203
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Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire 1158–1203
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Everard, Judith; Jones, Michael C. E., eds. (1999).
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806:(2nd ed.). Harlow, England: Longman.
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253:would be the only representatives of the
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518:"wise surrender the duchy to Henry II."
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387:Conan is usually remembered in Breton
394:Conan IV is mentioned in the tragedy
237:from 1156 to 1166. He was the son of
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245:. Conan IV was his father's heir as
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396:Jean sans Terre ou la mort d'Arthur
838:National Heritage List for England
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27:Duke of Brittany from 1156 to 1166
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1723:Earls of Richmond (1136 creation)
493:, The Boydell Press, 1999, p 94).
229:1138 – 20 February 1171), called
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1674:François de Bourbon (1973–1984)
296:Conan also inherited the title
1708:12th-century dukes of Brittany
785:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
745:France in the Making, 843-1180
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173:Constance, Duchess of Brittany
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756:. Cambridge University Press.
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239:Bertha, Duchess of Brittany
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770:Huscroft, Richard (2016).
747:. Oxford University Press.
730:, (Yorann Embanner, 2019).
623:Hallam and Everard, p.161.
596:Everard (2000), pp.32, 34.
468:description of the period.
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774:. Yale University Press.
726:Eric Borgnis-Desbordes,
704:Everard (2000), pp.43-44
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765:. The Boydell Press.
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768:
764:
759:
755:
750:
746:
741:
740:
736:
729:
723:
720:
716:
710:
707:
701:
698:
692:
690:
686:
680:
677:
673:
667:
664:
660:
654:
651:
647:
641:
638:
634:
633:Dunbabin 1985
629:
626:
620:
617:
611:
608:
602:
599:
593:
590:
584:
581:
575:
572:
566:
563:
557:
554:
548:
545:
539:
532:
525:
522:
519:
513:
510:
506:
499:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
474:
471:
464:
461:
457:
451:
448:
441:
437:
434:
433:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Devil's Brood
409:
405:
402:, the novels
401:
397:
392:
390:
382:
380:
378:
373:
370:
366:
364:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
329:
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
303:
301:
299:
294:
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288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
264:
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252:
248:
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236:
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224:
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185:
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159:
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138:
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127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1698:1130s births
1656:1547–present
1520:(1341–1345)
1513:disputed by
1327:
1043:Alain II Hir
954:
920:
889:
867:
860:
853:
836:
802:
781:
771:
762:
753:
744:
727:
722:
714:
709:
700:
679:
671:
666:
658:
653:
645:
640:
628:
619:
610:
601:
592:
583:
574:
565:
556:
547:
530:
524:
517:
512:
504:
498:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
463:
450:
419:
411:
407:
403:
395:
393:
386:
374:
371:
367:
359:
330:
307:
295:
268:
230:
222:
221:
29:
1703:1171 deaths
1671:(1707–1712)
1665:(1704–1705)
1635:(1536–1547)
1629:(1524–1536)
1627:Francis III
1623:(1514–1524)
1593:(1488–1514)
1587:(1458–1488)
1581:(1457–1458)
1575:(1450–1457)
1569:(1442–1450)
1563:(1399–1442)
1557:(1365–1399)
1527:(1345–1365)
1510:(1341–1364)
1501:(1341–1364)
1471:(1312–1341)
1465:(1305–1312)
1459:(1286–1305)
1453:(1221–1286)
1423:(1213–1221)
1414:(1203–1221)
1384:(1196–1203)
1354:(1199–1201)
1345:(1181–1186)
1343:Geoffrey II
1336:(1166–1201)
1330:(1156–1166)
1300:(1148–1156)
1291:(1148–1156)
1285:(1112–1148)
1279:(1072–1112)
1251:(1066–1072)
1242:(1066–1072)
1236:(1040–1066)
1230:(1008–1034)
1224:(1008–1040)
410:(2005) and
103:Predecessor
64:Predecessor
1692:Categories
1585:Francis II
1579:Arthur III
1218:(992–1008)
1216:Geoffrey I
1180:Alan (III)
1093:Gourmaëlon
960:1146–1166
915:Geoffrey I
899:1156–1166
737:References
540:References
422:(2009) by
414:(2008) by
398:(1791) by
233:, was the
187:Penthièvre
1614:1514–1547
1567:Francis I
1548:1365–1514
1492:1341–1365
1463:Arthur II
1444:1221–1341
1405:1203–1221
1375:1196–1203
1334:Constance
1321:1156–1196
1283:Conan III
1270:1072–1156
1212:(990–992)
1182:(988–990)
1176:(981–988)
1170:(960–981)
1164:(952–958)
1158:(938–952)
1125:Rognvaldr
1073:Pascweten
966:Constance
905:Constance
487:nostrorum
456:Conan III
350:Constance
321:Conan III
265:Accession
251:Constance
231:the Young
151:Monastery
116:Constance
113:Successor
98:1146–1166
82:Constance
78:Successor
59:1156–1166
1573:Peter II
1469:John III
1382:Arthur I
1328:Conan IV
1234:Conan II
1222:Alan III
1203:958–1072
1083:Judicael
1053:Wihomarc
1009:Brittany
1005:Monarchs
483:puerorum
430:See also
406:(2002),
363:Geoffrey
342:Margaret
334:Henry II
259:Brittany
257:to rule
223:Conan IV
35:Conan IV
1555:John IV
1525:John IV
1508:Charles
1457:John II
1421:Peter I
1277:Alan IV
1249:Hoël II
1210:Conan I
1174:Guerech
1156:Alan II
1149:938–958
1116:907–938
1078:Gurvand
1068:Salomon
1063:Erispoe
1058:Nominoe
1026:578–907
176:William
1621:Claude
1561:John V
1451:John I
1298:Odo II
1289:Bertha
1240:Hawise
1168:Hoël I
1122:Hroflr
1088:Alan I
1048:Morman
1033:Waroch
884:Bertha
866:
810:
789:
287:Nantes
203:Mother
193:Father
157:Spouse
149:Bégard
144:Burial
95:Tenure
72:Bertha
70:&
68:Odo II
1633:Henry
1349:later
1228:Odo I
1162:Drogo
1128:Incon
932:Henry
926:1158
868:Died:
861:Born:
442:Notes
182:House
168:Issue
56:Reign
1591:Anne
1505:with
1499:Joan
1418:with
1412:Alix
1340:with
1295:with
1246:with
863:1138
808:ISBN
787:ISBN
485:...
481:...
136:Died
131:1138
125:Born
107:Alan
1522:and
1007:of
1694::
1114:c.
1024:c.
835:.
831:.
688:^
426:.
365:.
261:.
227:c.
129:c.
997:e
990:t
983:v
841:.
816:.
795:.
458:.
225:(
20:)
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