359:
519:. In this chaos, Duke Huan could not be buried and his corpse was left unattended in his bedchamber for between seven days and three months. By the time he was finally encoffined, the corpse had begun to rot. With Duke Huan's sons fighting for the throne, Qi was severely weakened and lost its status as China's predominant state. Although Zhao, by then ruling as Duke Xiao of Qi, eventually attempted to regain his father's hegemony, he failed and
38:
318:, to ascend the throne. After just one month in office, however, Wuzhi was also murdered. With these two dead, Xiǎobái returned to Qi with the goal of becoming the next duke. He faced opposition in the form of his older brother Jiu however. Prince Jiu, by then also in exile, managed to gain the support of several high-ranking officials in Qi, his tutor
496:. Shortly before his death, Guan Zhong had advised that they should be sent into exile. Duke Huan did so, but he found himself missing their particular talents at the court and allowed them to return. They then conspired against him, and locked him in his room, secretly starving him to death. Other notable sources for these events, such as the
326:. Before Jiu could be installed as new duke of Qi, however, Xiǎobái managed to seize control of Qi's government as well as its army, and was crowned as "Duke Huan of Qi" in 685 BC. The army of Lu under Duke Zhuang promptly invaded in order to install Prince Jiu on the throne, but the invading force suffered a crushing defeat at
349:
system of governance. This greatly strengthened Qi, as it allowed the state to "mobilize human and material resources more effectively than other Zhou states, which remained loosely structured." As Qi had already been a powerful polity in a favorable strategic situation before, these reforms managed
344:
Though he was now secure on the throne, the question that remained for Duke Huan was what to do with Guan Zhong who had so prominently supported his rival brother. Bao Shuya asked his newly crowned ruler to not just spare Guan Zhong, but to even employ him as chief minister due to his great talents.
426:
Over the following years, Duke Huan convened numerous interstate meetings under the auspices of the Zhou royal family. Points of discussion during these meetings ranged from military matters to economics to general orders concerning governance and laws. Overall, the ruler of Qi managed to restore
286:
of China. In this position, he fought off invasions of China by non-Zhou peoples and attempted to restore order throughout the lands. Toward the end of his more than forty-year-long reign, however, Duke Huan's power began to decline as he grew ill and Qi came to be embroiled in factional strife.
458:
in 645 BC. Guan Zhong also died in that year, depriving the ruler of Qi of his most important advisor. Having grown ill, Duke Huan was increasingly ignored by the leaders of other states, and even his authority over Qi itself declined as various political factions began to vie for power.
423:, and defeated it. The alliance then proceeded to invade Chu itself, and eventually a pact was concluded. Chu stopped its northward expansion and agreed to take part in an compulsory interstate meeting at Shaoling. This meeting, the first of its kind, set a precedent.
449:
After almost forty years on the throne, however, Duke Huan's dominance began to gradually decline. His efforts to completely stop Chu's expansion failed, as the southern state had simply shifted its attention from the north to the east. There, along the
386:) with the authority to operate militarily in the name of the royal court. Duke Huan and Guan Zhong envisioned the office of "hegemon" not just as mere position of military power, but rather as one that was supposed to "restore the authority of the
482:, and Yong, were all the children of different concubines, as Duke Huan's three main wives bore him no sons. As a result, all of them felt themselves entitled to the throne. Though Qi's ruler had designated Prince Zhao as his heir and even charged
393:
Consequently, Duke Huan intervened in matters that concerned the interstate relationships of the Zhou polities, both on behalf of King Hui as well as to assert his own position as hegemon. Such interventions included a punitive expedition against
350:
to bring Qi to "an unprecedented status of leadership in the entire Zhou world". Together, Duke Huan and Guan Zhong worked toward achieving dominance over the other Zhou states, and as time went on ever more of them became followers of Qi.
345:
Duke Huan followed this advice, and Guan Zhong became his most important and capable advisor. The two went on to reorganize Qi's government and society, dividing both the land as well as the people into regulated units and enforcing a
1327:
330:
and had to retreat. Qi's army under Bao Shuya in turn invaded Lu, and demanded Jiu and his supporters be handed over. To appease Duke Huan, Duke Zhuang then executed the rogue prince and delivered Guan Zhong to Qi as a prisoner.
398:
in 671 BC, because this state had defied King Hui, as well as involvement in a power struggle in Lu in order to cement Qi's power. Another major concern for Duke Huan was the threat that outside powers (derogatorily called the
1182:
1512:
have noted that it was customary to prepare the corpse for burial during the day. In Duke Huan's case, however, the ceremony took place in the night, which "clearly indicates that the situation was anomalous".
358:
454:, Chu conquered or invaded several states allied with Qi. The last major anti-Chu military alliance assembled by Duke Huan failed to stop this development, and was even defeated during the
2306:
492:, the elderly duke had also to deal with four powerful officials: Tang Wu, the court sorcerer; Yiya, the chief cook; Shu Diao, the chief of the eunuchs; and Gongzi Kaifang, a leading
307:" but his reign was fraught with internal conflicts and scandals. Recognizing this and fearing for his pupil's life, Bao Shuya took Xiǎobái and fled with him to the state of
1769:
282:
managed to transform Qi into China's most powerful polity. Duke Huan was eventually recognized by most of the Zhou states as well as the Zhou royal family as
515:
quickly descended into violence. His six sons, supported by various officials, took up arms against each other in order to size the throne, starting a
299:'s sons, though not in line of succession for the throne as he had at least two older brothers: Zhu'er and Jiu. In his youth, Xiǎobái was tutored by
2316:
2032:
1762:
403:") posed to the Zhou states, and he would launch numerous campaigns to fend off these "barbarians". Most notably, he saved the states of
486:
with ensuring that he would ascend the throne, this did not stop the other five from plotting their own rise to power. According to the
1662:
1547:
2208:
1681:
1636:
1603:
1574:
1755:
2050:
1618:
1498:
504:
241:
2321:
435:
leadership to set up a new order for an interstate community that was to be guarded by consensus rather than authority."
1566:
1539:
2025:
516:
444:
1628:
271:
2213:
2311:
2018:
263:
182:
2140:
1974:
1969:
1913:
1624:
20:
1964:
1848:
843:
462:
These factions were formed by high officials as well as six of the duke's sons. These six, namely
390:" or, more practically, restabilize the old realm of the Zhou dynasty under the leadership of Qi.
2271:
2238:
2193:
2160:
2114:
2079:
2069:
483:
1677:
1658:
1632:
1599:
1570:
1543:
327:
323:
188:
128:
51:
278:'s former vassal states fought each other for supremacy, Duke Huan and his long-time advisor
1994:
1893:
1858:
1843:
1803:
1584:
817:
785:
773:
713:
475:
455:
379:
304:
157:
2276:
2228:
2188:
2150:
2109:
2074:
1984:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1883:
1878:
1823:
1798:
700:
687:
520:
471:
463:
416:
400:
378:
to a conference in 667 BC, where they elected him as their leader. After hearing of this,
152:
147:
1530:(1999). "The Spring and Autumn Period". In Michael Loewe; Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.).
2266:
2233:
2183:
2155:
2064:
1989:
1979:
1928:
1898:
1838:
1808:
781:
766:
674:
479:
211:
142:
2300:
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2119:
2041:
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1828:
1818:
1813:
1654:
1589:
1486:
897:
606:
512:
488:
387:
375:
296:
283:
221:
1532:
The
Cambridge History of ancient China – From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C
37:
2281:
2096:
637:
536:
408:
371:
367:
275:
2253:
2170:
1646:
1527:
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1113:
746:
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428:
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404:
395:
346:
1999:
1863:
1793:
1779:
1729:
1722:
1699:
549:
451:
411:
and Wey from invasions by non-Zhou groups, and tried to stop the expansion of
319:
315:
308:
279:
267:
79:
61:
1613:
1535:
1509:
1504:
1492:
1332:
1187:
777:
498:
300:
1651:
The
Gongyang Commentary on The Spring and Autumn Annals: A Full Translation
1888:
1562:
493:
2243:
2124:
1923:
206:
1595:
1490:
claims his corpse was left to rot for seven or eleven days. Both the
415:
in the south. In 656 BC he led an alliance of eight states against a
249:
1674:
Zuo
Tradition/Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals"
287:
Following his death in 643 BC, Qi completely lost its predominance.
427:
some stability in the volatile and fractious Zhou realm. Historian
1873:
1739:
655:
467:
303:. When Duke Xi eventually died, Zhu'er became Qi's next ruler as "
136:
89:
1747:
1247:
1245:
314:
Duke Xiang was assassinated in 686 BC, which allowed his cousin,
2010:
1592:: Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China
2014:
1751:
1368:
1366:
1353:
1351:
511:
Duke Huan of Qi finally died in late 643 BC, and the capital
1232:
1230:
1446:
1444:
19:
For the later Duke Huan of Qi from the House of Tian, see
1676:(1st ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1419:
1417:
1672:
Durrant, Stephen; Li, Wai-yee; Schaberg, David (2016).
2252:
2207:
2169:
2133:
2095:
2088:
2048:
1957:
1786:
227:
217:
205:
173:
127:
107:
99:
95:
85:
75:
67:
59:
28:
1508:record three months. Whatever number was correct,
1621:: The Hereditary Houses of Pre-Han China, Part 1
1559:Defining Chu: Image And Reality In Ancient China
664:; d. 642 BC), ruled as the Duke of Qi in 642 BC
366:Eventually Duke Huan invited the rulers of Lu,
2307:Monarchs of Qi (state) from the House of Jiang
270:from 685 to 643 BC. Living during the chaotic
2026:
1763:
1173:
1171:
1169:
757:
740:
729:
720:
707:
694:
681:
668:
659:
641:
628:
619:
610:
597:
584:
566:
553:
540:
508:do not mention this purported assassination.
8:
1557:Cook, Constance A.; Major, John S. (1999).
1462:
1357:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1236:
1221:
1209:
2092:
2033:
2019:
2011:
1770:
1756:
1748:
1690:
1616:(2006). William H. Nienhauser, Jr. (ed.).
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
799:
36:
25:
1450:
1408:
1384:
1372:
776:(d. 651 BC), and had issue (Crown Prince
739:Seven sons who served as Grand Masters (
357:
1477:
1435:
1423:
1396:
1165:
1021:
1017:
1007:
914:
808:
804:
170:
1117:
1111:
1101:
1089:
1079:
1075:
1063:
1061:
1051:
1039:
1029:
1025:
1005:Duke Huan of Qi (d. 643 BC)
1004:
994:
982:
972:
968:
956:
954:
944:
932:
922:
918:
902:
896:
886:
874:
864:
860:
848:
842:
832:
816:
812:
311:where they went on to live in exile.
7:
431:summarizes that Duke Huan "used his
1502:report sixty-seven days, while the
615:), the mother of Crown Prince Zhao
14:
618:Ge Ying, of the Ying clan of Ge (
633:), the mother of Prince Shangren
2317:7th-century BC Chinese monarchs
636:Song Hua Zi, of the Zi clan of
592:Shao Wey Ji, of the Ji clan of
579:Wey Gong Ji, of the Ji clan of
16:Ruler of Qi (r. 685 to 643 BCE)
1499:Records of the Grand Historian
1399:, pp. 387, 388, 431, 432.
545:), a princess of Zhou by birth
505:Records of the Grand Historian
258:; died 643 BC), personal name
254:
245:
1:
627:Mi Ji, of the Ji clan of Mi (
589:), the mother of Prince Wukui
548:Xu Ying, of the Ying clan of
382:appointed Duke Huan hegemon (
1649:(2015). Harry Miller (ed.).
1598:: Cheng & Tsui Company.
646:), the mother of Prince Yong
605:Zheng Ji, of the Ji clan of
602:), the mother of Prince Yuan
291:Early life and rise to power
728:Granted the fiefdom of Gu (
624:), the mother of Prince Pan
535:Wang Ji, of the Ji clan of
295:Xiǎobái was born as one of
262:(小白), was the ruler of the
2338:
1619:The Grand Scribe's Records
1567:University of Hawaii Press
1540:Cambridge University Press
1019:
908:
806:
561:Cai Ji, of the Ji clan of
442:
439:Decline in power and death
18:
1736:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1693:
1095:
1077:
1069:
1045:
1027:
1023:
988:
970:
962:
938:
920:
916:
880:
862:
854:
826:
810:
758:
741:
730:
721:
708:
695:
682:
669:
660:
642:
629:
620:
611:
598:
585:
567:
554:
541:
523:became the next hegemon.
178:
169:
35:
1629:Indiana University Press
1336:(in Chinese and English)
1191:(in Chinese and English)
272:Spring and Autumn period
194:Given name: Xiaobai (小白)
712:; d. 609 BC), ruled as
699:; d. 613 BC), ruled as
686:; d. 633 BC), ruled as
673:; d. 599 BC), ruled as
1657:: Palgrave Macmillan.
445:War of Qi's succession
363:
1183:"Book 3. Duke Zhuang"
780:, Mu Ji (the wife of
443:Further information:
361:
2322:Deaths by starvation
2244:Goujian, King of Yue
2141:Duke Zhuang of Zheng
2125:Goujian, King of Yue
1625:Bloomington, Indiana
1542:. pp. 545–586.
1278:, pp. 556, 557.
1254:, pp. 555, 556.
1212:, pp. 553, 554.
21:Duke Huan of Tian Qi
1224:, pp. 553–555.
844:Duke Zhuang I of Qi
680:Crown Prince Zhao (
2282:Fuchai, King of Wu
2272:Duke Xiang of Song
2239:King Zhuang of Chu
2194:King Zhuang of Chu
2161:King Zhuang of Chu
2115:King Zhuang of Chu
2080:King Zhuang of Chu
2070:Duke Xiang of Song
2049:Traditional List (
1463:Cho-yun Hsu (1999)
1375:, pp. 80, 81.
1358:Cho-yun Hsu (1999)
1300:Zuo Qiuming (2015)
1290:, pp. 15, 16.
1288:Cook; Major (1999)
1276:Cho-yun Hsu (1999)
1264:Cook; Major (1999)
1252:Cho-yun Hsu (1999)
1237:Cho-yun Hsu (1999)
1222:Cho-yun Hsu (1999)
1210:Cho-yun Hsu (1999)
716:from 612 to 609 BC
703:from 632 to 613 BC
690:from 641 to 633 BC
677:from 608 to 599 BC
484:Duke Xiang of Song
364:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2089:Alternative Lists
2008:
2007:
1746:
1745:
1737:Succeeded by
1585:Rickett, W. Allyn
1387:, pp. 79–81.
1328:"Book 5. Duke Xi"
1157:
1156:
706:Prince Shangren (
517:war of succession
324:Duke Zhuang of Lu
235:
234:
201:
200:
52:Wu family shrines
2329:
2217:
2199:Helü, King of Wu
2120:Helü, King of Wu
2093:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2012:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1749:
1720:Preceded by
1710:
1695:Duke Huan of Qi
1691:
1687:
1668:
1642:
1609:
1580:
1553:
1514:
1482:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1451:Sima Qian (2006)
1448:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1412:
1409:Sima Qian (2006)
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1385:Sima Qian (2006)
1382:
1376:
1373:Sima Qian (2006)
1370:
1361:
1355:
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1343:
1341:
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1303:
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1255:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1175:
818:Duke Cheng of Qi
800:
786:Duke Kang of Qin
774:Duke Xian of Jin
761:
760:
744:
743:
733:
732:
724:
723:
711:
710:
698:
697:
685:
684:
672:
671:
663:
662:
645:
644:
632:
631:
623:
622:
614:
613:
601:
600:
588:
587:
570:
569:
557:
556:
544:
543:
456:Battle of Loulin
380:King Hui of Zhou
256:
247:
171:
42:Duke Huan of Qi
40:
26:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2277:Duke Wen of Jin
2262:Duke Huan of Qi
2248:
2229:Duke Wen of Jin
2224:Duke Huan of Qi
2211:
2203:
2189:Duke Wen of Jin
2179:Duke Huan of Qi
2165:
2151:Duke Wen of Jin
2146:Duke Huan of Qi
2129:
2110:Duke Wen of Jin
2105:Duke Huan of Qi
2084:
2075:Duke Wen of Jin
2060:Duke Huan of Qi
2044:
2039:
2009:
2004:
1953:
1782:
1776:
1742:
1733:
1725:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1684:
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1639:
1612:
1606:
1583:
1577:
1556:
1550:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1496:as well as the
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1403:
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1349:
1339:
1337:
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1321:
1306:
1298:
1294:
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1282:
1274:
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1262:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1158:
797:
701:Duke Zhao of Qi
688:Duke Xiao of Qi
529:
521:Duke Wen of Jin
447:
441:
417:satellite state
401:Four Barbarians
362:Duke Huan of Qi
356:
342:
340:Rise to hegemon
337:
293:
238:Duke Huan of Qi
197:
165:
153:Duke Zhao of Qi
148:Duke Xiao of Qi
123:
55:
46:and Guan Zhong
30:
29:Duke Huan of Qi
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Duke Mu of Qin
2264:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:Duke Mu of Qin
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:Duke Mu of Qin
2181:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2156:Duke Mu of Qin
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:Duke Mu of Qin
2062:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:Duke Zhuang II
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
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1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1787:House of Jiang
1784:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1715:Regnal titles
1712:
1711:
1700:House of Jiang
1697:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1669:
1664:978-1137497635
1663:
1643:
1637:
1610:
1604:
1581:
1575:
1554:
1549:978-0521470308
1548:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1465:, p. 558.
1455:
1440:
1438:, p. 432.
1436:Rickett (2001)
1428:
1426:, p. 388.
1424:Rickett (2001)
1413:
1401:
1397:Rickett (2001)
1389:
1377:
1362:
1360:, p. 557.
1347:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1241:
1239:, p. 555.
1226:
1214:
1202:
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1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
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1128:
1125:
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1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
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1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
993:
990:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
971:
969:
967:
964:
963:
961:
958:
957:
955:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
943:
940:
939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
895:
892:
891:
888:
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885:
882:
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
863:
861:
859:
856:
855:
853:
850:
849:
847:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
831:
828:
827:
825:
822:
821:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
798:
796:
793:
792:
791:
790:
789:
784:and mother of
782:Duke Mu of Qin
770:
767:Duke Wu of Jin
750:
749:
737:
736:
735:
717:
704:
691:
678:
675:Duke Hui of Qi
665:
648:
647:
634:
625:
616:
603:
590:
573:
572:
559:
546:
528:
525:
440:
437:
355:
352:
341:
338:
336:
333:
292:
289:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
212:House of Jiang
209:
203:
202:
199:
198:
196:
195:
192:
186:
183:Ancestral name
179:
176:
175:
167:
166:
164:
163:
160:
155:
150:
145:
143:Duke Hui of Qi
140:
133:
131:
125:
124:
122:
121:
118:
115:
111:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
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92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
57:
56:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2334:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:643 BC deaths
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
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2192:
2190:
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2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
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2139:
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2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
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2111:
2108:
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2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2042:Five Hegemons
2036:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:House of Tian
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:Duke Zhuang I
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
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1773:
1768:
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1754:
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1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1692:
1685:
1683:9780295999159
1679:
1675:
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1666:
1660:
1656:
1655:New York City
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1638:0-253-34025-X
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1605:0-88727-324-6
1601:
1597:
1593:
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1578:
1576:0-8248-2905-0
1572:
1568:
1564:
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1520:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1453:, p. 81.
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1411:, p. 80.
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
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1363:
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1335:
1334:
1329:
1325:
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1309:
1305:
1302:, p. 98.
1301:
1296:
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1277:
1272:
1269:
1266:, p. 15.
1265:
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1067:
1066:
1059:
1058:
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1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
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1001:
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997:
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986:
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980:
979:
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951:
948:
947:
942:
941:
936:
935:
930:
929:
926:
925:
912:
911:
906:
905:
899:
898:Duke Xi of Qi
894:
893:
890:
889:
884:
883:
878:
877:
872:
871:
868:
867:
858:
857:
852:
851:
845:
840:
839:
836:
835:
830:
829:
824:
823:
819:
814:
802:
801:
794:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:
764:
763:
755:
754:
753:
748:
738:
727:
726:
719:Prince Yong (
718:
715:
714:Duke Yì of Qi
705:
702:
692:
689:
679:
676:
667:Prince Yuan (
666:
657:
653:
652:
651:
639:
635:
626:
617:
608:
604:
595:
591:
582:
578:
577:
576:
564:
560:
551:
547:
538:
534:
533:
532:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
457:
453:
446:
438:
436:
434:
430:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
391:
389:
388:Son of Heaven
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
360:
353:
351:
348:
339:
334:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Duke Xi of Qi
290:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
251:
243:
239:
230:
226:
223:
222:Duke Xi of Qi
220:
216:
213:
210:
208:
204:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
172:
168:
161:
159:
158:Duke Yì of Qi
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
132:
130:
126:
119:
116:
113:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
58:
54:stone-relief.
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
27:
22:
2261:
2223:
2178:
2145:
2134:Ci Tong (辭通)
2104:
2059:
1868:
1778:Monarchs of
1728:
1706:
1698:
1673:
1650:
1617:
1588:
1558:
1531:
1521:Bibliography
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1458:
1431:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1338:. Retrieved
1331:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1217:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1186:
751:
693:Prince Pan (
649:
575:Concubines:
574:
530:
510:
503:
497:
487:
461:
448:
432:
425:
392:
383:
365:
347:meritocratic
343:
313:
294:
276:Zhou dynasty
259:
255:Qí Huán Gōng
253:
237:
236:
139:, Duke of Qi
50:depicted on
47:
43:
2254:Book of Han
2212: [
2171:Bai Hu Tong
1734:685–643 BC
1647:Zuo Qiuming
1528:Cho-yun Hsu
1324:Zuo Qiuming
1179:Zuo Qiuming
900:(d. 698 BC)
846:(d. 731 BC)
820:(d. 795 BC)
769:(d. 677 BC)
752:Daughters:
734:) in 634 BC
429:Cho-yun Hsu
185:: Jiang (姜)
76:Predecessor
2301:Categories
1995:King Xiang
1859:Duke Xiang
1844:Duke Cheng
1730:Duke of Qi
1510:historians
1195:10 October
1161:References
1112:Wey Ji of
756:Qi Jiang (
452:Huai River
320:Guan Zhong
305:Duke Xiang
280:Guan Zhong
71:685–643 BC
1985:King Xuan
1975:Duke Huan
1949:Duke Kang
1944:Duke Xuan
1939:Duke Ping
1934:Duke Jian
1919:Duke Jing
1909:Duke Ling
1904:Duke Qing
1884:Duke Zhao
1879:Duke Xiao
1869:Duke Huan
1824:Duke Xian
1799:Duke Ding
1614:Sima Qian
1536:Cambridge
1505:Han Feizi
1493:Zuo Zhuan
1340:27 August
1333:Zuo Zhuan
1188:Zuo Zhuan
778:Shensheng
499:Zuo Zhuan
301:Bao Shuya
274:, as the
189:Clan name
86:Successor
60:Ruler of
1990:King Min
1980:King Wei
1965:Duke Tai
1929:Duke Dao
1899:Duke Hui
1839:Duke Wen
1809:Duke Gui
1794:Duke Tai
1587:(2001).
1563:Honolulu
795:Ancestry
772:Married
765:Married
502:and the
494:courtier
476:Shangren
419:of Chu,
354:Hegemony
191:: Lü (呂)
162:Qi Jiang
44:(middle)
1924:An Ruzi
1894:Duke Yì
1854:Duke Xi
1834:Duke Li
1829:Duke Wu
1819:Duke Hu
1814:Duke Ai
1804:Duke Yǐ
654:Prince
531:Wives:
328:Qianshi
284:Hegemon
260:Xiǎobái
242:Chinese
117:Xu Ying
114:Wang Ji
48:(right)
1709:643 BC
1705:
1680:
1661:
1635:
1602:
1596:Boston
1590:Guanzi
1573:
1546:
1487:Guanzi
650:Sons:
643:宋華子 子姓
599:少衛姬 姬姓
586:衛共姬 姬姓
527:Family
489:Guanzi
374:, and
252::
250:pinyin
244::
231:Wey Ji
228:Mother
218:Father
120:Cai Ji
108:Spouse
103:643 BC
2216:]
2209:SZJDL
2097:Xunzi
1874:Wukui
1864:Wuzhi
1740:Wukui
1723:Wuzhi
1707:Died:
1472:Notes
745:) of
656:Wukui
630:密姬 姬姓
621:葛嬴 嬴姓
612:鄭姬 姬姓
607:Zheng
568:蔡姬 姬姓
555:徐嬴 嬴姓
542:王姬 姬姓
513:Linzi
468:Wukui
376:Zheng
335:Reign
316:Wuzhi
264:State
207:House
174:Names
137:Wukui
129:Issue
90:Wukui
80:Wuzhi
68:Reign
2000:Jian
1678:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1484:The
1342:2017
1197:2017
709:公子商人
661:公子無虧
638:Song
537:Zhou
480:Yuan
464:Zhao
409:Xing
372:Chen
368:Song
322:and
100:Died
1970:Yan
1889:She
1114:Wey
747:Chu
722:公子雍
696:公子潘
683:太子昭
670:公子元
594:Wey
581:Wey
563:Cai
472:Pan
421:Cai
413:Chu
405:Yan
396:Wey
266:of
246:齊桓公
31:齊桓公
2303::
2214:zh
2051:SJ
1780:Qi
1653:.
1631:.
1627::
1623:.
1594:.
1569:.
1565::
1561:.
1538::
1534:.
1443:^
1416:^
1365:^
1350:^
1330:.
1326:.
1307:^
1244:^
1229:^
1185:.
1181:.
1168:^
788:))
762:)
759:齊姜
742:大夫
725:)
550:Xu
478:,
474:,
470:,
466:,
433:Ba
407:,
384:ba
370:,
309:Ju
268:Qi
248:;
62:Qi
2053:)
2034:e
2027:t
2020:v
1771:e
1764:t
1757:v
1686:.
1667:.
1641:.
1608:.
1579:.
1552:.
1344:.
1199:.
731:谷
658:(
640:(
609:(
596:(
583:(
571:)
565:(
558:)
552:(
539:(
399:"
240:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
