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administrative device in the
Republic, nor an equitable apportioning of offices. The prince, losing himself in the details, made it known that he valued advice, which, however, he usually sent back by return of post without any alterations. For over a dozen years he had been drilled by Brunswick and Fagel to believe that his only job was to sign the documents they placed in front of him (and judging from his signature, he was not very good at that).
30:
579:, and apportioned the blame for all these to Louis Ernest first and foremost. The Patriots argued that Louis Ernest had outrageously neglected the education of the stadholder, so that the stadholder was now unable to take decisions on his own. It would be better if he would leave the country. On 24 May 1782, the duke voluntarily left the Hague and retreated to Government House (the "Gouvernementshuis") in
457:, where the stadholder had had particular influence since 1629. After the death of William IV on 22 October 1751 and Anne's appointment as regent, Louis Ernest was appointed captain-general (commander-in-chief) of the Netherlands, reorganising the higher strata of the army. Britain and Prussia asked him to command the allied armies in the
648:
for a short time. The patriots tried to get hold of his correspondence, using both intrigue and force. Throughout Europe, the nobility came under heavy criticism, and some of the
Patriots (anticipating the fate of the nobility and its privileges) followed suit, making public all records relating to
484:
opposed Louis Ernest. Simultaneously, Louis Ernest began reforming the stadholder system that had previously appointed qualified persons to the regions in reward for their loyalty. Such favorites had been supposed to take care of local disputes independently. As a result, there was no efficient
530:
Louis Ernest's accumulated positions and tangled interests led to problems. As early as 1771 there was talk of an attempt on his life in the Hague, but the bullet fired at him passed between his widespread legs. (Rumour had it that an earlier bullet had hit him in his private parts.)
2020:
Schlözer, A.L. (1786) Lodewijk Ernst, hertog van
Brunswyk en Lunenburg ... Echte bescheiden Van het gedrag ten opzigte zijner aanzienlijke waardigheden, als Veldmaarschalk, Voogd en Reprezentant van ... den Heere Erfstadhouder P.W. de V. van Oranje; in de Vereenigde
374:
in the hope to become emperor. However, upon
Elizabeth's palace coup on 6 December 1741, his nephew Ivan and all Ivan's German advisers lost their positions, resulting in their exile, imprisonment or departure. Louis Ernest lost his
511:, and under this Act Ludwig was to furnish advice by request only. Earlier plans to put in place an advisory council were thus frustrated and in addition, several jealous Dutch noblemen were passed over in favour of the Duke.
480:'s mother Anne in 1759 to William's majority in 1766, he was William's guardian and led the Netherlands' state affairs in his name. The prince called Louis Ernest his second father, but the Frisian nobility under
518:. He immediately observed that the princess craved joint rule, and so was starting to undermine Louis Ernest's dominant position. In long letters she complained about Louis Ernest to her uncle, King
312:
1386:
1861:
M.A.M. Franken (2000) Dienaar van Oranje. Andries
Schimmelpennick van der Oije 1705–1776. Een politieke en bestuurlijke levensbeschrijving van een Gelders luitenant-stadhouder, p. 186-9, 229.
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of Great
Britain. Rarely were royal houses so interrelated other as in his case, and this factor was probably the main reason for his supporting the Dutch policy of neutrality during the
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on 30 September 1745, he was seriously wounded, but seems to have appeared on the military scene in the
Netherlands as early as the spring of 1746. On 11 October 1746, during the
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was made public. Because of the ensuing scandal, on 14 October 1784, Louis Ernest resigned all his offices and left 's-Hertogenbosch to its new governor, Robert
Douglas. The
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as field marshal by request of
William IV, for twenty thousand guilders per annum, although he also retained his position as an Austrian field-marshal and Protestant
649:
the duke so as to broadcast news of his fall right across the continent. The patriots were also energetic that year in organizing provincial armies and exercising
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on the
Republic. The war went badly for the Dutch and many blamed the Duke. The opposition against the stadtholderian system would rise to a crescendo during the
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of Prussia; another sister was married to the brother of Frederick the Great and her son would inherit the Prussian crown. A third sister was married to
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547:(named after the political faction that opposed the stadtholder). But even his partisans knew that things had to change for the better. The Amsterdam
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Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans
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from 1744 as an Austrian field-marshal and therefore fought against his brothers and many of his other relatives, who mostly took the side of
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606:. Louis Ernest was mistrusted due to his family ties with the emperor and accused of high treason and of selling out on the fortress city of
1843:
Wijnen, H. van (1987) Vorst Willem, het is alles uw schuld! Oranje en de ondergang van de Republiek bij de omwentelingen 1787–1795, p. 95.
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240:, and Antoinette Amalie of Brunswick. He had family ties with various European royal houses. Louis's eldest sister was the wife of
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and as a Dutch field-marshal, with the object, it is thought by some, to keep William's older sister Carolina in check. The
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system, in which he blamed the Duke of Brunswick for the abuses of that system. In December 1780 Great Britain declared
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Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living
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721:. His diaries, written by his secretary, the 180 pamphlets and publications in the Niedersächsisches Staatsarchiv in
694:. Both works were soon translated from their original German into Dutch. He was in close contact with the court at
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in Hanover in 1757. In 1759 Louis was used as an intermediary in an attempt to mediate the conflict, but plans for a
1723:
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201:(1741). From 13 November 1750 to 1766 he was the Captain-General of the Netherlands, where he was known as the
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Louis Ernest was instrumental in arranging the marriage of Prince William V with the Duke's niece, Princess
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124:
1852:
Bootsma, N.A. (1962) De hertog van Brunswijk, 1750–1759 – Assen: Van Gorcum, Historische Bibliotheek; 69.
594:(another relative of the Duke), reopened an earlier argument over the Barrier towns, the closure of the
563:'s habit of calling him "Fat Louis") recognised the decline of the fleet, the growing importance of the
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1947:
1834:
Klein, S.R.E. (1995) Patriots Republikanisme. Politieke cultuur in Nederland (1766–1787), p. 12.
1981:
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Schama, S. (2005) Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813, p. 55-9.
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The anti-stadholder party, which gave him the nickname of "the Bulky Duke" (consistent with
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362:, Ludwig was elected his successor on 27 June 1741 with the support of his cousin
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and commander of the Alt-Wolfenbüttel infantry regiments. He took part in the
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2040:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 51.
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After 1766, the Duke was kept on at the irresolute William's request as his
311:, a grandson of Louis's own brother Charles. Later, in 1764, Louis's nephew
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He was probably one of the first victims of the media in Dutch history.
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Braunschweig-Bevern: Ein Fürstenhaus als europäische Dynastie 1667–1884
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Patriots and Liberators. Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1830
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in 1773 gained national recognition through his book about the
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was initially sceptical about his appointment and opposed it.
1884:
The Princes of Orange: The Stadholders in the Dutch Republic
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Louis Ernest died in Eisenach in 1788 and was buried in the
1942:
The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806
1271:
24. Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (=8)
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against France. In the following year, he fought in the
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Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1413:
Elisabeth Juliana Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Nordborg
1387:
Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Norburg
346:. He entered the Netherlands in May 1740 as an Austrian
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In 1751 he became the governor of the garrison city of
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was Louis's first cousin (their mothers were sisters).
503:(Act of Advisorship) had been set up in secret by the
370:, and seems to have been interested in marriage with
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Ancestors of Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg
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Countess Palatine Eleonora Catherine of Zweibrücken
624:was seen by the Patriots as the emperor's revenge.
209:, who succeeded to their father's title of Duke of
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1971:Ludwig August Schlözer (1787) Ludwig Ernst, p. 793
1915:The Ideological Origins of the Batavian Revolution
422:, then involved in border battles against France.
2171:Generals of the Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)
2113:Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren
1888:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.
379:due to the coup and returned to Germany in 1742.
1623:Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen
1326:25. Elisabeth Sophia of Mecklenburg-Gustrow (=9)
792:Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
636:Ludwig, right, with his Scottish-born successor
556:pleaded for an advisory council for the prince.
221:who led the Allied Anglo-German army during the
987:Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
238:Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
205:or (to distinguish him from his eldest brother
1296:Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
858:Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
248:and would have illustrious progeny, including
246:Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
299:was his niece (her mother was Louis's sister
8:
189:) was a field-marshal in the armies of the
2079:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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446:of the Holy Roman Empire. William's wife
280:, a Russian princess and niece of Empress
34:Ludwig Ernst van Brunswick-Lüneburg-Bevern
28:
17:
2103:Biografisch Woordenboek van Noord en Zuid
1351:Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
297:Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange
179:Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Bevern
155:Ferdinand Albert II of Brunswick-Lüneburg
22:Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Bevern
1917:. The Hague: Nijhoff. pp. 111–112.
1231:Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1147:John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg
415:or supreme artillery commander, and met
315:(son of his eldest brother) would marry
264:(great-granddaughter). A fourth sister,
2059:(in German). Braunschweig. p. 68.
1982:Post van den Neder-Rhijn, Issue no. 314
1827:
921:Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg-Gustrow
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1551:Albert Ernest I of Oettingen-Oettingen
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640:, painted in 1786 by Jacobus Vrijmoet
7:
1946:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp.
1478:Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
330:In the year 1737, Louis entered the
113:Alt-Wolfenbüttel Infantry Regiment,
2000:. New York: Knopf. pp. 55–56.
1685:Christine Friederike of Württemberg
894:John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg
682:from 1786, where, with the help of
2151:18th century in the Dutch Republic
1027:Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
954:Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch
160:Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg
14:
1659:Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg
663:, but also to the occupation of
293:Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
766:Henry III of Brunswick-Lüneburg
2181:Burials at Brunswick Cathedral
2156:18th-century Dutch politicians
1724:Anna Catherine of Salm-Kyrburg
708:Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
706:. Louis Ernest's nephew, the
401:War of the Austrian Succession
383:War of the Austrian Succession
342:from September 1739 until the
215:Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
133:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
488:
303:). In addition, Wilhelmina's
2118:Ernst Ludwig on the website
1938:Israel, Jonathan I. (1995).
434:Dutch caricature of the Duke
420:William IV, Prince of Orange
644:In 1785, the duke lived in
613:De Post van den Neder-Rhijn
610:. In the Patriot magazine
219:Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick
2207:
1632:
1495:
1487:
1360:
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996:
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753:
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684:August Ludwig von Schlözer
592:Austrian Emperor Joseph II
2161:House of Brunswick-Bevern
2146:Field marshals of Austria
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426:Regent of the Netherlands
272:in 1752. Louis's brother
27:
2101:Text on Ludwig Ernst in
1807:27 June–6 December 1741
1452:Eleanor of Anhalt-Zerbst
1085:Juliane of Nassau-Siegen
825:Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg
602:, and free trade on the
364:Maria Theresa of Austria
236:He was the third son of
2166:Princes of Wolfenbüttel
678:Louis Ernest stayed in
656:exercitiegenootschappen
520:Frederick II of Prussia
500:Acte van Consulentschap
489:William's coming of age
438:In 1749 he entered the
1796:Ernst Johann von Biron
641:
618:Acte of Consulentschap
569:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
567:, the outbreak of the
444:Generalfeldzeugmeister
435:
403:, he took part in the
270:Frederick V of Denmark
258:Albert, Prince Consort
217:. Another brother was
1880:Rowen, H. H. (1988).
673:Stadtholderian troops
635:
516:Wilhelmina of Prussia
433:
309:Charles George August
88:Years of service
2191:18th-century regents
1913:Leeb, I. L. (1973).
690:and its sequel, his
585:Noordbrabants Museum
577:Austrian Netherlands
571:and the loss of the
509:Pieter van Bleiswijk
482:Onno Zwier van Haren
387:He took part in the
360:the duke of Courland
358:After the arrest of
250:Leopold I of Belgium
181:(25 September 1718,
1813:Council of the Duke
1205:Catherine of Sweden
719:Brunswick Cathedral
675:in September 1786.
561:Frederick the Great
409:battle of Lauffeldt
389:Second Silesian War
377:Dukedom of Courland
372:Elizabeth of Russia
366:. He then went to
319:, eldest sister of
242:Frederick the Great
145:Battle of Lauffeldt
129:Second Silesian War
2055:Römer, C. (1997).
642:
590:The disputes with
583:. (It is now the
526:Problems and exile
476:From the death of
436:
344:Treaty of Belgrade
291:Nor was this all.
211:Brunswick-Lüneburg
2176:Dukes of Courland
2109:Kornelis ter Laan
2105:(Wassenaar, 1941)
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1818:
1810:Succeeded by
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604:Dutch East Indies
565:Dutch States Army
473:came to nothing.
467:Anglo-German army
440:Dutch States Army
405:battle of Roucoux
262:Carlota of Mexico
203:Duke of Brunswick
191:Holy Roman Empire
176:
175:
165:Ivan VI of Russia
141:Battle of Roucoux
115:Dutch States Army
68:Holy Roman Empire
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276:was married to
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348:major-general
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318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:Louise Amalie
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
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268:married King
267:
266:Juliana Maria
263:
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100:Field marshal
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59:
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26:
19:
16:
2119:
2102:
2056:
2049:Bibliography
2037:
2032:
2026:
2021:Nederlanden.
2016:
1997:
1988:
1977:
1966:
1941:
1933:
1914:
1908:
1883:
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1857:
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1830:
1801:
1230:
723:Wolfenbüttel
712:
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558:
550:burgemeester
548:
529:
513:
498:
492:
475:
452:
437:
386:
357:
340:Ottoman Wars
334:military as
329:
290:
284:. Their son
260:and Empress
252:(grandson),
235:
227:
214:
202:
183:Wolfenbüttel
178:
177:
125:Ottoman Wars
121:Battles/wars
46:Wolfenbüttel
15:
2141:1788 deaths
2136:1718 births
1727: [
1688: [
1593: [
1554: [
1521: [
1416: [
957: [
828: [
700:Anna Amalia
455:Bois-le-Duc
2130:Categories
2120:Die Welfen
2066:3927939382
2007:0394485165
1994:Schama, S.
1957:0198730721
1924:9024751578
1899:0521345251
651:free corps
622:Kettle War
608:Maastricht
537:stadholder
417:stadholder
395:. In the
321:George III
307:, married
162:(brother)
64:Allegiance
2075:cite book
478:William V
151:Relations
91:1737–1784
1996:(1977).
896:-Gustrow
729:Ancestry
680:Eisenach
332:imperial
193:and the
187:Eisenach
172:(nephew)
167:(nephew)
157:(father)
110:Commands
78:Service/
58:Eisenach
1950:–1093.
692:Defence
671:by the
661:Utrecht
600:Antwerp
596:Scheldt
393:Prussia
317:Augusta
207:Charles
2097:in ADB
2063:
2004:
1954:
1921:
1896:
1892:–197.
696:Weimar
669:Hattem
665:Elburg
646:Aachen
616:, the
336:Oberst
232:Family
80:branch
2095:Entry
2036:[
1822:Notes
1731:]
1692:]
1597:]
1558:]
1525:]
1420:]
961:]
923:(=25)
832:]
794:(=24)
628:Exile
2081:link
2061:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1948:1092
1919:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1722:31.
1683:15.
1657:30.
1588:29.
1549:14.
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892:18.
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764:16.
715:Welf
667:and
653:and
448:Anne
286:Ivan
282:Anna
96:Rank
83:Army
52:Died
43:1718
40:Born
2107:by
1890:196
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1476:3.
1349:6.
1229:1.
1109:5.
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541:war
411:as
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2073:{{
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256:,
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143:,
139:,
135:,
131:,
127:,
102:/
70:,
2083:)
2069:.
2010:.
1960:.
1927:.
1902:.
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