109:
1082:
revealed that he had used flesh from his own thigh to prepare it. Upon the prince's restoration in Jin, he proclaimed that "awards may be divided into three grades: the first-grade award goes to those followed me into exile; the second-grade award goes to those who donated money; and the third grade goes to those who welcomed the return of my dukedom" and that even "those who have supported me in other ways but not yet been rewarded may report their names for awards". Jie, however, was overlooked and felt so sad that he retired to the countryside, carrying his mother on his back. Recalling his loyal follower months or years later, Chong'er personally wandered the forests and ridges looking for them. His new advisors suggested using a
32:
989:
1184:
decided to let Yong succeed the throne, since he was elder and had a good reputation. Therefore, Yong was returning to Qin guarded by Qin troops. However, when Yong and the Qin troops were at border, Dun changed his mind and created Yigao (夷皋) as Duke Ling of Jin and attacked the Qin troops. Yong was
1081:
Later legends embellished this story: after the retinue of exiles were robbed by bandits while traveling through the
Chinese countryside, they ran so low on food that Chong'er was at risk of starvation. Jie prepared him a hearty soup of meat and wild herbs that revitalized him and, under questioning,
892:
With this army, as well as his considerable prestige, Duke Wen was able to absorb many of the states around Jin, greatly increasing its extent, while also subjecting others as vassals; its vassal states included Cao, which he attacked in reprisal for the rude treatment afforded him during his exile.
888:
Duke Wen undertook several major reforms of the state's military and civil institutions, partly in order to fill the gaps that had been caused by the slaughter of the ducal house previously. These included the formation of a three-army system, with an upper, middle and lower army each commanded by a
1247:
Duke Wen's military and civil reforms created a framework of government which helped ensure the stability and preeminence of the Jin for subsequent decades. At the same time, though, it laid the framework for the political situation in the later years of Jin, when several houses of nobles came to
1192:
to avoid the probable conflict among his brothers. When Duke Xiang died, another noble minister, Hu Shegu (狐射姑), wanted to make Le the duke and secretly fetched him from Chen. However, he was ambushed and killed on the way by fellows led by
Gongsun Chujiu, one of the men of Zhao Dun.
1125:
in the depths of winter. The hardship this caused—including death among infants and the elderly—caused it to be repeatedly banned over a period of centuries. The regulations succeeded in moving the festival to the end of spring (by
Chinese reckoning), but it never died out in
1090:
would overwhelm any other concerns. The fire was started on one or three sides, and men waited on the open end to welcome the official back into public service. Instead, the fire raged for three days and nights and the mother and son were found burnt to death beneath a
955:
set banquets for him and afforded him good treatment. At one meal, he asked Chong'er how he intended to repay this debt. Chong'er replied that, should Jin and Chu meet on the battlefield in the future, he would order his own troops to retreat three
1882:
1177:(趙衰), and was praised highly for returning the wifehood to the first wife Shu Wei (叔隗), thereby making herself a concubine. She bore three sons named Zhao Yingqi (趙嬰齊), Zhao Tong (趙同) and Zhao Kuo (趙括). Also known as Zhao Ji (趙姬) and Junjishi.
917:
in 632 BC. This battle checked Chu's northern expansion for decades, while cementing Duke Wen's position; the next year, he convened a large coalition of rulers at Jiantu, and was confirmed as hegemon over the other states, becoming one of the
873:. Over this 19-year period of exile, Chong'er gained both prestige and talented followers; a lady of a foreign court once commented that "When I look at the followers of the prince of Jin, every one of them is fit to be a premier of a state".
842:, Chong'er fled to the north. In 651 BC, after the death of Duke Xian led to a succession crisis, Chong'er was invited to return to Jin and assume the duchy, but declined; the throne passed instead to his half-brother Yiwu, who became
108:
1467:
1057:
and were never seen again. Chong'er was distracted during this time by the chaos of his installation, as Yu's partisans started riots and even burnt down the ducal palace. He was eventually reminded of Jie by a poem about a
908:
was also resisted by Duke Wen; the two states' conflict was mostly played out among the smaller states which lay between their territories and formed alliances with one state or another. In 633 BC, Chu invaded the
1323:, Global Hao Xiang Television Media and Shenzhen Yucong Cultural Media Co., Ltd.. The television series follows the story of the Duke Wen of Jin from exile to later ascending the throne to become hegemon.
1248:
dominate the ducal court. The houses of Wei and Zhao, for example, were consolidated by their military appointments in Duke Wen's court, setting the ground for their eventual domination and the
889:
General and a
Lieutenant-General. The state was further invigorated by the many capable leaders Duke Wen had gathered from his wanderings, who were given senior military and governmental posts.
2249:
1180:
Yong (雍). Born by Du Qi (杜祁). He was initially sent to the State of Qin to be a minister in Qin to avoid the probable conflict among his brothers. When Duke Xiang of Jin died,
818:, who desired her son Xiqi to be heir instead. As such, she plotted to discredit Shensheng before his father, eventually leading to Shensheng's suicide in 656 BC.
2242:
2848:
2843:
2235:
1049:, he declined to present himself at court for reward and insulted those who did so. He and his mother left to become hermits in the forests around
2569:
913:, which was an ally of Jin; Duke Wen led his coalition, including troops from Qin, Qi and Song, and won a decisive victory over Chu forces at the
1515:
1592:
1988:
1843:
901:. When in 635 BC King Xiang was deposed and driven out by his brother, Duke Wen led a coalition of states which re-installed him as King.
53:
780:
192:
2745:
2096:
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2041:
1954:
75:
1999:
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Heitun (黑臀). Born by Zhou Nü (周女). He was initially sent to Zhou. When Duke Ling was murdered, he succeeded the throne and became
830:, where Duke Xian led several campaigns against his own sons, forcing them to flee Jin. With a retinue of capable men, including
1095:. In his sorrow and guilt, Chong'er renamed the mountain after Jie. (The surrounding territory would also later take the name "
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and some snakes that was posted on his new palace's main gate; unable to find or reward him, he set aside the fields of
46:
40:
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notes that "his ribs were all grown together," a sign of strength and leadership. Chong'er's half-brothers included
2562:
2122:
2027:
220:
57:
1902:
1146:
eventually overshadowed the stories of Chong'er and Jie Zhitui, however, causing it to develop into the modern
722:
1162:. He was regarded as a good successor as he defeated Qin and Di, but died too early in 621 BC. His son became
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1541:
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2467:
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853:. He remained there until yet another succession crisis in Qi in 639 BC, whereupon he fled first to the
1037:
relates that Jie was among those who followed the prince through all his years of exile but, crediting
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2288:
1292:
1139:
814:. While Shensheng was the original crown prince, in his later years Duke Xian favoured the concubine
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to endow sacrifices in his honor. This later developed into a temple, and Jie became regarded as a
718:
127:
745:
of his time. He is a figure in numerous
Chinese legends, including those about his loyal courtier
2808:
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729:. He was exiled from Jin for approximately 20 years before finally being restored to power (r.
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Le (Yue?) (樂). Born by Chen Ying (辰嬴) from the State of Qin. He was initially sent to the
880:
escorted Chong'er back to Jin with an army, and Chong'er was installed as the Duke of Jin.
2798:
2760:
2715:
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972:, he did meet Chu in battle. Remembering his promise, he ordered his men to retreat three
843:
768:
726:
775:. It literally means the "Cultured Duke of Jin". Duke Wen's given name was Chong'er. His
564:
377:
2007:
2803:
2770:
2720:
2692:
2601:
2472:
2417:
2397:
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929:; his son also inherited the hegemony, which would stay with Jin for nearly a century.
877:
862:
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658:
651:
471:
464:
247:
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1780:
2837:
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1312:
1280:("kung fu") scenes. Other dramatizations of his life include the 2011 Chinese series
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A Traditional
Chinese website about Jie Zhitui and the origin of Qingming Festival
849:
In 644 BC, after failed assassination attempts by Duke Hui, Chong'er moved to the
2079:
2055:
2031:
1978:
1944:
1833:
1103:
in Jie's honor, forcing the people to eat cold food during three days around the
968:) or about 30 km (20 mi). After Chong'er was restored to his throne by
2790:
2707:
2110:
2106:
1974:
1857:
1415:
1308:
1131:
1118:
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1083:
1075:
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948:
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672:
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1897:
Holzman, Donald (June 1986), "The Cold Food
Festival in Early Medieval China",
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1024:
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839:
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1285:
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1222:
1063:
1034:
807:
802:
595:
408:
1760:
1964:
Lan Peijin; et al. (1996), "Carrying His Mother into the
Mountain",
1926:
1809:
1497:
1273:
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831:
616:
429:
1262:
made a television drama series about Duke Wen in the early 1990s called
1158:
Huan (驩). Born by Bi Ji (逼姞). He succeeded his father and was known as
2780:
2661:
2051:
2023:
1918:
1878:
1483:
1050:
1423:
1295:
was directed by Lai
Shuiqing and Zhao Jian and starring Wang Longhua,
1291:
In 2019 a
Chinese historical romantic comedy television series called
1099:" or " Jie's Rest".) He also ordered a period of prohibition against
963:
525:
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330:
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324:
308:
305:
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1127:
1096:
1004:
1000:
835:
1910:
988:
2278:
2227:
2078:& al. (2006), Nienhauser, William H. Jr.; et al. (eds.),
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987:
893:
At the same time, he took the political stance of supporting the
663:
476:
2547:
2427:
1226:
1100:
1038:
811:
2551:
2231:
2146:
A simplified Chinese website depicting Duke Wen life and story
1276:. The series was semi-fictional, with many episodes featuring
1259:
1121:
and began as a month-long popular observance to placate Jie's
25:
1884:
The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzŭ with Collected Commentaries
642:
455:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1495:
Apart from the other sources mentioned, Jie appears in the
976:. He used the occasion, however, to lure the Chu commander
1838:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 468–493,
684:
621:
607:
497:
434:
420:
1173:
Bo Ji (伯姬). Also born by Bi Ji (逼姞). She was married to
1977:& al. (2000), Knoblock, John; et al. (eds.),
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
925:
Duke Jin died in 628 BC, and was succeeded by his son
583:
569:
555:
396:
382:
368:
2006:, Beijing: China Radio International, archived from
1567:
1033:
or Zitui circulated by at least the 4th century BC.
980:
into an ambush at Chengpu and won the battle there.
2789:
2744:
2706:
2670:
2632:
2625:
2585:
2511:
2410:
2380:
2339:
2332:
2266:
1029:Accounts of Chong'er and his retainer and musician
838:, Wei Chou (魏犨), Jia Tuo (賈佗), Xian Zhen (先軫), and
826:This event led to a civil war in Jin, known as the
678:
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636:
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1448:
1937:, No. 20, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
904:At the same time, the northward expansion of the
1891:, Nos. XXV & XXVI, London: Arthur Probsthain
2109:(1891), "The Writings of Kwang Tse, Pt. 2", in
1968:, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, p. 115
1822:"Festival and Ritual Calendar: Selections from
1665:
1479:
1170:was the grandson of his another son named Jie.
1130:and spread through the rest of China under the
1045:'s willingness to install Chong'er in place of
749:, whose death is said to have inspired China's
1873:, Vol. V, Hong Kong: Lane, Crawford, & Co.
2563:
2243:
1638:
1267:
961:
520:
322:
300:
8:
1946:Along the River during the Qingming Festival
1905:: Harvard University Press, pp. 51–79,
1661:
1659:
1185:killed in the attack from the State of Jin.
1943:Huang, Julie Shiu-lan; et al. (2016),
2629:
2570:
2556:
2548:
2336:
2250:
2236:
2228:
2155:
2132:, Vol. XL, Oxford: Oxford University Press
534:
347:
107:
87:
2091:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
1966:Long Corridor Paintings at Summer Palace
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
2085:The Hereditary Houses of Pre-Han China,
876:In 636 BC, after the death of Duke Hui,
771:bestowed on him as part of his family's
39:This article includes a list of general
2060:, New York: Columbia University Press,
1983:, Stanford: Stanford University Press,
1744:
1732:
1704:
1692:
1619:
1594:Collected Biographies of the Immortals
1425:Master Lü's Spring & Autumn Annals
1336:
2054:& al. (2017), Sukhu, Gopal (ed.),
2047:, reprinted by Penguin Classics, 1985.
1680:
1358:
717:), was a member of the royal house of
585:
398:
282:
238:
1863:The Ch'un Ts'ew, with the Tso Chuen,
1394:
1343:
947:When Chong'er stayed at the court of
7:
1650:
1516:Master Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals
1463:
114:Duke Wen of Jin Recovering His State
940:Ordering the Army to Retreat Three
1935:Michigan Papers in Chinese Studies
1899:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1835:Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook
1007:, the supposed site of Chong'er's
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2033:Ch'u Tz'u: The Songs of the South
1252:two and a half centuries later.
30:
2849:7th-century BC Chinese monarchs
2844:Monarchs of Jin (Chinese state)
1722:(in Chinese), vol. 9, §521
737:BC) and rapidly leading Jin to
685:
664:
643:
622:
608:
498:
477:
456:
435:
421:
16:Ruler of Jin from 636 to 628 BC
1547:Records of the Grand Historian
1371:"Grieving at the Eddying Wind"
584:
570:
556:
521:
397:
383:
369:
323:
301:
1:
1881:(1959), Liao Wên-kuei (ed.),
1519:, and the collected works of
2129:The Sacred Books of the East
2081:The Grand Scribe's Records,
1321:China Film Group Corporation
1319:. It is produced jointly by
796:Prince Chong'er was born to
2036:, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1931:Hsin-lun and Other Writings
1683:, pp. 122 & 136–7.
1568:Nienhauser & al. (2006)
1399:"Alas for the Days Gone By"
1225:, Hereditary Duke of Jin /
1117:is not attested before the
2875:
1929:(1975), Pokora, T. (ed.),
1284:, with the duke played by
1018:
18:
2216:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2158:
2123:The Sacred Books of China
1814:, Denver: Rice Paper Kite
1789:(in Chinese). 2017-08-31.
1769:(in Chinese). 2017-08-28.
1449:Knoblock & al. (2000)
1282:Song of Spring and Autumn
1268:
1142:added to it from the old
962:
696:
533:
346:
290:
246:
237:
106:
97:
1998:Ning Yan (30 Dec 2007),
1781:
1761:
1086:to drive Jie out, since
723:Spring and Autumn period
296:Traditional Chinese
19:Not to be confused with
1782:《重耳传》骊姬剧照曝光 麦迪娜一袭红衣貌美倾城
1379:"Lament for the Worthy"
767:"Duke Wen of Jin" is a
318:Simplified Chinese
60:more precise citations.
2113:; et al. (eds.),
1804:Bardeen, Tara (2016),
1762:《重耳传》曝剧照 王龙华麦迪娜相拥花海度七夕
1666:Huang & al. (2016)
1480:Legge & al. (1891)
1264:The Legend of Duke Wen
1148:Tomb-Sweeping Festival
1088:his duty to his mother
1072:power over the weather
1016:
2115:The Texts of Taoism,
1820:Chapman, Ian (2014),
1363:"Embittered Thoughts"
1200:. He died in 600 BC.
1144:Double Third Festival
991:
857:, then the states of
499:*Tsi-s Mə C.qˤong
2781:Goujian, King of Yue
2678:Duke Zhuang of Zheng
2662:Goujian, King of Yue
2170:Cadet branch of the
1871:The Chinese Classics
1806:"Qing Ming Festival"
1639:Lan & al. (1996)
1140:ancestral veneration
773:ancestral veneration
680:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
493:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
342:Cultured Duke of Jin
1949:, Cosmos Classics,
1828:Seasons of Jing-Chu
1468:Bk. VIII, Ch. xxvii
1420:"An Account of Jie"
177:628 BC (aged 68–69)
2819:Fuchai, King of Wu
2809:Duke Xiang of Song
2776:King Zhuang of Chu
2731:King Zhuang of Chu
2698:King Zhuang of Chu
2652:King Zhuang of Chu
2617:King Zhuang of Chu
2607:Duke Xiang of Song
2586:Traditional List (
2026:& al. (1959),
1824:Record of the Year
1542:The Dynasty of Jin
1115:Cold Food Festival
1021:Cold Food Festival
1017:
984:Cold Food Festival
899:King Xiang of Zhou
755:Qingming Festivals
21:Marquis Wen of Jin
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2626:Alternative Lists
2545:
2544:
2406:
2405:
2393:Zhuang Bo of Quwo
2226:
2225:
2220:Duke Xiang of Jin
2217:Succeeded by
1990:978-0-8047-3354-0
1845:978-0-231-15987-6
1293:Chong Er's Preach
1198:Duke Cheng of Jin
1160:Duke Xiang of Jin
1015:& his mother.
927:Duke Xiang of Jin
915:Battle of Chengpu
700:
699:
692:
691:
686:*-trong C.nəʔ
603:Yale Romanization
544:Standard Mandarin
505:
504:
416:Yale Romanization
357:Standard Mandarin
281:
280:
259:
258:
156:Duke Xiang of Jin
86:
85:
78:
2866:
2754:
2736:Helü, King of Wu
2657:Helü, King of Wu
2630:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2388:Huan Shu of Quwo
2337:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2202:Duke Huai of Jin
2199:Preceded by
2189:
2182:
2160:Duke Wen of Jin
2156:
2133:
2101:
2070:
2057:The Songs of Chu
2046:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2000:"Mount Mianshan"
1993:
1969:
1959:
1938:
1921:
1901:, vol. 46,
1892:
1874:
1848:
1815:
1791:
1790:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1757:
1751:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1707:, pp. 54–9.
1702:
1696:
1695:, pp. 52–5.
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1623:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1534:
1528:
1493:
1487:
1477:
1471:
1461:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1412:
1406:
1392:
1386:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1271:
1270:
1250:partition of Jin
1237:Duke Huai of Jin
1229:, Duke of Jin /
1211:Duke Xian of Jin
1164:Duke Ling of Jin
1054:
996:
967:
966:
869:and finally the
798:Duke Xian of Jin
736:
732:
708:
688:
687:
667:
666:
646:
645:
625:
624:
611:
610:
590:
589:
588:
573:
572:
559:
558:
535:
529:
528:
501:
500:
480:
479:
459:
458:
438:
437:
424:
423:
403:
402:
401:
386:
385:
372:
371:
348:
334:
333:
312:
311:
283:
268:Duke Xian of Jin
239:
146:Duke Huai of Jin
111:
88:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
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2814:Duke Wen of Jin
2799:Duke Huan of Qi
2785:
2766:Duke Wen of Jin
2761:Duke Huan of Qi
2748:
2740:
2726:Duke Wen of Jin
2716:Duke Huan of Qi
2702:
2688:Duke Wen of Jin
2683:Duke Huan of Qi
2666:
2647:Duke Wen of Jin
2642:Duke Huan of Qi
2621:
2612:Duke Wen of Jin
2597:Duke Huan of Qi
2581:
2576:
2546:
2541:
2507:
2411:Reunited period
2402:
2376:
2328:
2262:
2256:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2142:
2137:
2105:
2099:
2074:
2068:
2050:
2044:
2022:
2013:
2011:
1997:
1991:
1973:
1963:
1957:
1942:
1925:
1911:10.2307/2719075
1896:
1889:Oriental Series
1877:
1852:
1846:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1626:
1618:
1607:
1601:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1494:
1490:
1478:
1474:
1462:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1393:
1389:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1245:
1231:Duke Hui of Jin
1206:
1168:Duke Dao of Jin
1156:
1068:Taoist immortal
1052:
1027:
1019:Main articles:
994:
986:
970:the duke of Qin
945:
935:
886:
844:Duke Hui of Jin
824:
800:in 697 BC. The
794:
789:
769:posthumous name
765:
741:over the other
734:
730:
727:Chinese history
706:
703:Duke Wen of Jin
478:Tsìn Mjun Kuwng
339:Literal meaning
286:Duke Wen of Jin
251:
230:
224:
218:
214:
212:
196:
190:
121:
92:
91:Duke Wen of Jin
82:
71:
65:
62:
52:Please help to
51:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:Duke Mu of Qin
2801:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2771:Duke Mu of Qin
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Duke Mu of Qin
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2693:Duke Mu of Qin
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Duke Mu of Qin
2599:
2593:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2381:Rulers of Quwo
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2367:Marquis Xiaozi
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2340:Marquis of Jin
2334:
2333:Divided period
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:Shu Yu of Tang
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2194:Regnal titles
2191:
2190:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2140:External links
2138:
2136:
2135:
2103:
2097:
2072:
2066:
2048:
2042:
2020:
2010:on 17 May 2016
1995:
1989:
1971:
1961:
1955:
1940:
1923:
1894:
1875:
1850:
1844:
1817:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1772:
1752:
1745:Chapman (2014)
1737:
1733:Holzman (1986)
1725:
1709:
1705:Holzman (1986)
1697:
1693:Holzman (1986)
1685:
1673:
1655:
1643:
1624:
1620:Bardeen (2016)
1605:
1575:
1560:
1552:, vol. 39
1529:
1488:
1472:
1456:
1441:
1407:
1387:
1351:
1335:
1333:
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1328:
1325:
1244:
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1240:
1239:
1233:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1202:
1155:
1152:
985:
982:
944:
938:
934:
931:
885:
882:
878:Duke Mu of Qin
823:
820:
793:
790:
788:
785:
764:
761:
743:Chinese states
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
682:
676:
675:
669:
668:
661:
659:Middle Chinese
655:
654:
652:Middle Chinese
648:
647:
640:
634:
633:
627:
626:
619:
613:
612:
605:
599:
598:
596:Yue: Cantonese
592:
591:
581:
575:
574:
567:
561:
560:
553:
547:
546:
540:
539:
538:Transcriptions
531:
530:
518:
512:
511:
507:
506:
503:
502:
495:
489:
488:
482:
481:
474:
472:Middle Chinese
468:
467:
465:Middle Chinese
461:
460:
453:
447:
446:
440:
439:
432:
426:
425:
422:Jeun Màhn Gūng
418:
412:
411:
409:Yue: Cantonese
405:
404:
394:
388:
387:
380:
374:
373:
366:
360:
359:
353:
352:
351:Transcriptions
344:
343:
340:
336:
335:
320:
314:
313:
298:
292:
291:
288:
287:
279:
278:
275:
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265:
261:
260:
257:
256:
248:Ancestral name
244:
243:
235:
234:
209:
203:
202:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
158:
153:
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148:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
123:
122:
112:
104:
103:
95:
94:
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2871:
2860:
2859:628 BC deaths
2857:
2855:
2854:697 BC births
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
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2800:
2797:
2796:
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2792:
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2769:
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2764:
2762:
2759:
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2752:
2747:
2743:
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2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2579:Five Hegemons
2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
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2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
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2421:
2419:
2416:
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2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:Marquis Cheng
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:United period
2265:
2261:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2098:9780253340252
2094:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2067:9780231166065
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2043:9780141971261
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:Hawkes, David
2025:
2021:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1956:9789869212564
1952:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
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1900:
1895:
1890:
1886:
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1876:
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1788:
1784:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1735:, p. 60.
1734:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:Pokora (1975)
1677:
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1662:
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1500:
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1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:Bk. XXIX, §10
1481:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:Lǚshì Chūnqiū
1427:[《呂氏春秋》,
1426:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:Hawkes (1959)
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:Shen Mengchen
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
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1275:
1265:
1261:
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1234:
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1228:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1190:State of Chen
1186:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:. Aspects of
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:In fact, the
1111:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1074:by the early
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1014:
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983:
981:
979:
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971:
965:
959:
954:
950:
943:
939:
937:
932:
930:
928:
923:
921:
920:Five Hegemons
916:
912:
911:State of Song
907:
902:
900:
896:
890:
883:
881:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
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837:
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829:
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819:
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805:
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799:
791:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
762:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:"Double Ears"
712:
704:
695:
683:
681:
677:
674:
670:
662:
660:
656:
653:
649:
641:
639:
635:
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582:
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552:
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545:
541:
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532:
527:
524:
519:
517:
513:
508:
496:
494:
490:
487:
483:
475:
473:
469:
466:
462:
457:Tsìn Bûn Kong
454:
452:
448:
445:
441:
436:Zeon Man Gung
433:
431:
427:
419:
417:
413:
410:
406:
400:
395:
393:
389:
384:Chin Wen Kung
381:
379:
375:
367:
365:
361:
358:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
329:
326:
321:
319:
315:
310:
307:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
284:
276:
272:
269:
266:
262:
254:
249:
245:
240:
236:
233:
228:
222:
219:Prince Yong (
217:
210:
208:
204:
200:
194:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
124:
119:
115:
110:
105:
102:
101:
96:
89:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
2813:
2765:
2725:
2687:
2671:Ci Tong (辭通)
2646:
2611:
2447:
2352:Marquis Xiao
2347:Marquis Zhao
2309:Marquis Xian
2299:Marquis Jing
2258:Monarchs of
2207:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:Legge, James
2088:
2084:
2080:
2056:
2032:
2012:, retrieved
2008:the original
2003:
1979:
1965:
1945:
1934:
1930:
1898:
1888:
1883:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:Legge, James
1834:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1797:Bibliography
1786:
1775:
1766:
1755:
1740:
1728:
1719:Qimin Yaoshu
1718:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1646:
1602:(in Chinese)
1596:
1593:
1578:
1563:
1556:(in Chinese)
1549:
1546:
1540:& al., "
1532:
1514:
1510:Songs of Chu
1508:
1502:
1496:
1491:
1475:
1459:
1444:
1438:(in Chinese)
1432:
1428:
1424:
1410:
1402:
1395:Sukhu (2017)
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1354:
1344:Legge (1872)
1339:
1317:Gan Tingting
1305:Madina Memet
1301:Zhang Yishan
1290:
1281:
1272:), starring
1263:
1254:
1246:
1215:Stepmother:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1172:
1157:
1112:
1080:
1028:
973:
957:
946:
941:
936:
924:
906:State of Chu
903:
895:Eastern Zhou
891:
887:
875:
871:State of Qin
855:State of Cao
848:
828:Li Ji Unrest
825:
801:
795:
766:
759:
714:
710:
702:
701:
631:Southern Min
551:Hanyu Pinyin
444:Southern Min
364:Hanyu Pinyin
113:
98:
72:
63:
44:
2791:Book of Han
2749: [
2708:Bai Hu Tong
2324:Marquis Wen
2214:636–628 BC
2173:House of Ji
2165:House of Ji
2126:, Vol. VI,
2107:Zhuang Zhou
2014:21 December
2004:CRI English
1651:Ning (2007)
1589:"Jiezi Tui"
1570:, pp.
1525:Zhuang Zhou
1464:Liao (1959)
1451:, pp.
1418:& al.,
1375:Bēi Huífēng
1346:, pp.
1309:Purba Rgyal
1084:forest fire
884:Duke of Jin
851:State of Qi
721:during the
713:(literally
673:Old Chinese
486:Old Chinese
370:Jìn Wéngōng
213:Shuliu (叔劉)
211:Botiao (伯鯈)
197:Huai Ying (
142:Predecessor
100:Duke of Jin
58:introducing
2838:Categories
2463:Duke Cheng
2453:Duke Xiang
2362:Marquis Ai
2314:Marquis Mu
2304:Marquis Xi
2294:Marquis Li
2284:Marquis Wu
1980:The Annals
1747:, p.
1668:, p.
1327:References
1297:Baby Zhang
1108:solar term
1031:Jie Zhitui
1025:Jie Zhitui
1013:Jie Zhitui
1009:immolation
897:court and
840:Jie Zhitui
792:Early life
747:Jie Zhitui
709:BC), born
665:ɖjuwng-nyí
609:Chùhng-yíh
571:Ch‘ung-êrh
565:Wade–Giles
378:Wade–Giles
255:: Chong'er
253:Given name
232:Duke Cheng
225:Prince Le(
216:Duke Xiang
191:Qi Jiang (
137:636–628 BC
41:references
2537:Duke Huan
2522:Duke Jing
2514:Partition
2498:Duke Ding
2493:Duke Qing
2488:Duke Zhao
2483:Duke Ping
2468:Duke Jing
2458:Duke Ling
2443:Duke Huai
2423:Duke Xian
2357:Marquis E
2319:Shang Shu
2076:Sima Qian
1903:Cambridge
1854:Confucius
1585:Liu Xiang
1538:Sima Qian
1504:Huainanzi
1403:Xī Wǎngrì
1377:), &
1332:Citations
1286:Gallen Lo
1256:Hong Kong
1223:Shensheng
1221:Brother:
1154:Offspring
1150:instead.
1064:Mianshang
1035:Sima Qian
822:Wandering
808:Shensheng
803:Zuo Zhuan
777:clan name
751:Cold Food
152:Successor
126:Ruler of
2532:Duke Lie
2527:Duke You
2503:Duke Chu
2478:Duke Dao
2448:Duke Wen
2438:Duke Hui
2208:Duke of
1975:Lü Buwei
1927:Huan Tan
1856:(1872),
1811:Holidays
1498:Zuozhuan
1416:Lü Buwei
1274:Leon Lai
1235:Nephew:
1209:Father:
1182:Zhao Dun
1175:Zhao Cui
1105:Qingming
953:its king
832:Zhao Cui
739:hegemony
711:Chong'er
705:(697–628
617:Jyutping
557:Chóng'ěr
510:Chong'er
430:Jyutping
185:Ji Kui (
66:May 2015
2473:Duke Li
2418:Duke Wu
2398:Duke Wu
2083:Vol. V:
2052:Qu Yuan
2030:(ed.),
2024:Qu Yuan
1919:2719075
1879:Han Fei
1860:(ed.),
1787:163.com
1587:(ed.),
1583:Pseudo-
1521:Han Fei
1383:Xī Xián
1367:Yuàn Sī
1047:Duke Yu
933:Legends
733:636–628
644:Tîng-ní
623:Cung-ji
516:Chinese
118:Li Tang
54:improve
2512:After
2433:Zhuozi
2188:628 BC
2184:
2181:697 BC
2117:Pt. II
2095:
2064:
2040:
1987:
1953:
1917:
1842:
1767:qq.com
1507:, the
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1401:(昔往日,
1373:(悲回風,
1315:, and
1243:Legacy
1204:Family
1166:, and
1128:Shanxi
1123:spirit
1097:Jiexiu
1093:willow
1060:dragon
1053:
1039:Heaven
1005:Shanxi
1001:Jiexiu
995:
836:Hu Yan
735:
731:
707:
638:Tâi-lô
451:Tâi-lô
274:Mother
264:Father
227:zh:公子樂
221:zh:公子雍
182:Spouse
169:697 BC
120:, 1140
43:, but
2753:]
2746:SZJDL
2634:Xunzi
2279:Xiefu
2186:Died:
2179:Born:
2087:Pt. 1
1915:JSTOR
1865:Pt. I
1572:331–5
1453:263–4
1431:]
1381:(惜賢,
1365:(怨思,
1348:191–2
1278:wuxia
1269:晉文公傳奇
1217:Li Ji
1070:with
1041:with
999:near
863:Zheng
816:Li Ji
763:Names
277:Hu Ji
242:Names
207:Issue
199:zh:懷嬴
193:zh:齊姜
187:zh:季隗
134:Reign
2428:Xiqi
2093:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2016:2017
1985:ISBN
1951:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1826:and
1670:82–3
1523:and
1227:Xiqi
1136:Tang
1134:and
1101:fire
1055:Mian
1023:and
997:Mian
978:Ziyu
859:Song
812:Xiqi
810:and
787:Life
779:was
753:and
250:: Ji
174:Died
166:Born
2372:Min
2260:Jin
2210:Jin
1907:doi
1749:484
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1369:),
1260:TVB
1258:'s
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1119:Han
1076:Han
1043:Qin
1011:of
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958:she
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942:She
867:Chu
725:of
719:Jin
579:IPA
392:IPA
128:Jin
116:by
93:晉文公
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2751:zh
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2002:,
1933:,
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325:晋
309:公
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303:晉
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