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641:, where it was reported that he celebrated Mass every day "with great devotion and tears". When the dying Philip III was presented with a list of prisoners and exiles to be forgiven, he granted grace to all except the cardinal-duke of Lerma. When Lerma learned the news, he started from Valladolid to Madrid but was intercepted on the road and commanded by Olivares, favorite of the heir to the throne, who professed an implacable hatred for the cardinal, to return to Valladolid. The Cardinal was in
760:
573:, Moors who had converted to Christianity, from 1609–14, a decision affecting over 300,000 people. A policy motivated by religious and political considerations, in which no economic consideration played a part, the expulsion secured him the admiration of the clergy and was popular with the masses of people. It also provided a short-term boost to the royal treasury from the impounded property of the Moors, but would ruin the economy of
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433:, heir to the Spanish throne. The dying King Philip II foresaw that Lerma was one of those nobles who were likely to mislead the new sovereign. The old king's fears were, it is claimed by some, fully justified after his death. Others however, claim that Lerma was a fully capable favourite, as he led
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that provided his grand title, the duke built a palace (1606–1617, by
Francisco de Mora) capped with corner towers, on the site of a fortification, ranged round a double-arcaded courtyard facing an arcaded square and linked to the rebuilt church of San Pedro with a private passageway. Lerma was
733:(d. 1621), who as Lerma's agent was made a scapegoat. Calderón was tortured and executed on trumped up charges of witchcraft and other crimes, which demonstrated what would likely have been Lerma's fate, if a cardinal's hat hadn't protected his head.
728:
When Lerma fell from power in 1618, his status as cardinal (which he had acquired for exactly this purpose 6 months earlier) gave him immunity from prosecution by his numerous enemies, who instead turned on Lerma's trusted and unscrupulous secretary,
464:(1599), pressured the papacy to make his uncle Bernardo a Cardinal and delegated to him governorship of certain public offices and management responsibility of particular lands, authorized by the King and Queen, of the Kingdoms of Castile and
622:. It is probable that he would never have lost the confidence of Philip III, who divided his life between festivals and prayers, if not for the domestic treachery of his son, who allied himself with the King's confessor,
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lived, the nobles had little effective share in the government, with the exception of a few who were appointed viceroys or commanded armies abroad. Lerma passed his time as a courtier, and made himself a
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for generations. Lerma's financial horizons remained medieval: his only resources as a finance minister were the debasing of the coinage and edicts against luxury and the making of silver plate.
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At a time when the state was practically bankrupt, he encouraged the King in extravagance, and accumulated for himself a fortune estimated by contemporaries at forty-four million ducats.
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As chief minister Lerma's ideas of foreign policy were firmly grounded in feudal ideas about royal patrimony. He cemented
Spanish rule by many marriage alliances with the Austrian
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Under the reign of Philip IV, which began in 1621, Lerma was despoiled of part of his wealth. The
Cardinal was sentenced, on 3 August 1624, to return to the state over a million
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to reform royal finances, but who instead managed to embezzle enough funds to purchase the title of Count of
Villalonga. He was placed on trial and forfeited his riches.
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The history of Lerma's tenure of office is in vol. xv. of the
Historia General de Espana of Modesto Lafuente (Madrid, 1855)—with references to contemporary authorities.
626:, whom Lerma had introduced. After a long intrigue in which the King remained silent and passive, Lerma was at last compelled to leave the court, on 4 October 1618.
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till 1604, when Spain was forced by exhaustion to make peace. Lerma used all his influence against a recognition of the independence of the Low
Countries.
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from
Scotland, but not to Lerma. The poet painted an imaginary portrait of the "Duke of Lerma" and created some other works featuring Spaniards.
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Believed to have been born in 1552, Francisco de
Sandoval was the son of Francisco de Rojas de Sandoval, Count of Lerma and Marquis of
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and remained there until he learned of the death of the King. Then he went back to
Valladolid to celebrate the requiem in the
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defended him, considering his banishment an attempt against ecclesiastical freedom and the prestige of the cardinalate.
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associated his surname with Lerma's title, which is an obvious fiction; even the family legend traced back the name to
493:. It had been made for a Medici garden, and though it had recently been in storage, it was a princely gift (now in the
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No sooner was Philip III king than he entrusted all authority to his favourite, who amassed power unprecedented for a
924:. Vol. XIII– Genealogical tables and lists and General Index. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 90.
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As a protection, and as a means of retaining some measure of power in case he fell from favour, he had persuaded
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A fictionalized, more treasonous version of Lerma, renamed the "Duke of Lorca," is the villain of the 1948 film
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or favorite and became the "king's shadow", the filter through whom all information passed, as he was appointed
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on a more modest and economically viable course of peace than both
Phillip II and Olivares during the reign of
1101:
Biographical dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church; illuminating backstory on the cardinalate.
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Francisca de Sandoval (died 1663), married Diego López de Zúñiga Avellaneda, 2nd Duke of Peñaranda de Duero.
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359:. Eventually, he was deposed in 1618 under a palace intrigue orchestrated by his son and political rival,
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The great favourite: The Duke of Lerma and the court and government of Philip III of Spain, 1598–1621
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Though in 1607 the monarchy declared itself bankrupt, Lerma carried out the ruinous measures for the
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Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma, 5th Marquess of Denia, 1st Count of Ampudia
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The family of Sandoval was ancient and powerful. The future duke of Lerma was born and raised at
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Histoire de Saint François de Borgia, duc de Gandie, troisième général de la Compagnie de Jésus
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Anachronistically, a "Duke of Lerma" features as one of the minor characters in the 1867 opera
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1090:, Ashgate, 2009. Discusses his patronage of churches, paintings, architects and painters.
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Catalina de Sandoval (died 1648), married Pedro Fernández de Castro, 7th Count of Lemos.
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1049:(in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos. p. 364.
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1066:(Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History), New York: Cambridge U. Press. 2000.
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Diego de Sandoval (died 1632), married Luisa de Mendoza, VII Condesa de Saldaña.
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to the King. Philip III, preoccupied with piety and indolence, soon created him
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In the end, Lerma was deposed by a palace intrigue carried out by his own son,
445:– both figures that have received far more positive recognition by historians.
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510:(it was a little old-fashioned), which Lerma passed on to the Dominicans of
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976:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 484.
707:(1613–1666), married John II, 8th Duke of Braganza, later crowned King
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Bankrupt or not, the war with the Dutch dragged on till 1609, when the
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497:, London). Lerma assembled a vast collection of paintings. Duke Mario
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to create him cardinal, the previous March (1618). He retired to the
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892:(in French). Paris: Ambroise Bray, Libraire-éditeur. pp. 93–4.
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was signed with them. There was constant anti-Spanish agitation in
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ruled. His administration was marked by costly wars, including the
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Portrait of a young nobleman: a knight of the Order of Calatrava
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1073:. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2006.
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Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III, 1598–1621
862:
Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III, 1598-1621
30:"Duke of Lerma" redirects here. For the peerage title, see
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Manuel Pérez de Guzmán y Silva, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia
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El Greco to Velazquez: Art during the Reign of Philip III
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The Religious Patronage of the Duke of Lerma, 1598–1621
649:. He was ordered by the count of Olivares to reside in
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Gifts poured in from outside the royal court. From the
1022:. Sintra: Parques de Sintra-Monte da Lua. p. 55.
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Lerma was also responsible for the appointment of Don
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865:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
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Fictional "Duke of Lerma", 19th century painting by
554:. Lerma's administration began by making peace with
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371:but faced financial penalties and died in 1625 at
152:Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma
355:, financial mismanagement, and the controversial
562:in 1598, but he persisted in costly and useless
49: and the second or maternal family name is
751:pious, spending lavishly on religious houses.
968:Lerma, Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of
771:Lerma is mentioned in the early 18th century
8:
1106:The Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma
1078:The Picture Collection of the Duke of Lerma
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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682:Juan de la Cerda, 4th Duke of Medinaceli
479:in 1601 came an over-lifesize marble of
69:This article includes a list of general
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697:Juana de Sandoval (died 1624), married
343:('most worthy') through whom the later
329:(1552/1553 – 17 May 1625), was a
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689:Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda
668:. Lerma died in 1625 at Valladolid.
653:but he did not obey and appealed to
616:Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda
987:Medrano, Juan Fernandez de (1602).
676:The Duke of Lerma married in 1576
75:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1046:Historia de Sanlucar de Barrameda
518:, Madrid. The political treatise
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731:Rodrigo Calderón, Count of Oliva
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678:Catalina de la Cerda y Portugal
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588:, which had been dynastically
27:Spanish politician (1553–1625)
1:
1217:17th-century Spanish nobility
1212:16th-century Spanish nobility
1192:Government ministers of Spain
1016:Montesinos, Fernando (2017).
393:. His mother was Isabelle de
1043:Guillamas, Fernando (1858).
921:The Cambridge Modern History
886:Daurignac, J. M. S. (1863).
139:Cardinal-priest of San Sisto
41:, the first or paternal
795:Thomas Learmonth the Rhymer
691:(1577–1624), his successor.
482:Samson Slaying a Philistine
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526:Tomás Fernández de Medrano
495:Victoria and Albert Museum
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680:(1551–1603), daughter of
571:expulsion of the Moriscos
550:and then with the French
367:and was succeeded by the
357:expulsion of the Moriscos
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1197:Spanish royal favourites
564:hostilities with England
524:(1602) was dedicated by
1112:, (1603) Prado, Madrid.
973:Encyclopædia Britannica
859:Feros, Antonio (2006).
684:. They had 5 children:
624:Luis de Aliaga Martínez
605:Colegio de San Gregorio
603:statue of Lerma at the
162:(1603). Located in the
90:more precise citations.
1207:Spanish Baroque people
816:Adventures of Don Juan
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429:with the young prince
369:Count-Duke of Olivares
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635:Ducal Palace of Lerma
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383:Further information:
363:. Lerma retired as a
361:Cristóbal de Sandoval
288:17 May 1625 (aged 72)
32:Duke of Lerma (title)
659:College of Cardinals
397:, daughter of Saint
385:Palacio de la Ribera
904:John, Dalberg-Acton
840:The Great Favourite
709:John IV of Portugal
647:church of San Pablo
582:Twelve Years' Truce
349:Twelve Years' Truce
337:, the first of the
335:Philip III of Spain
1069:Patrick Williams,
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672:Marriage and issue
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514:and is now at the
439:Habsburg dominions
127:The Most Excellent
1116:The Duke of Lerma
1110:Peter Paul Rubens
989:"República Mista"
791:Mikhail Lermontov
782:Alain-Rene Lesage
765:Mikhail Lermontov
618:, manipulated by
560:Treaty of Vervins
489:, presented as a
458:Caballerizo mayor
454:Sumiller de Corps
345:Habsburg monarchs
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192:Giambattista Leni
160:Peter Paul Rubens
132:The Duke of Lerma
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258:Personal details
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208:Previous post(s)
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651:Tordesillas
643:Villacastín
631:Pope Paul V
487:Giambologna
418:Tordesillas
305:Nationality
270:Tordesillas
242:Pope Paul V
188:Predecessor
183:17 May 1625
88:introducing
1176:Categories
847:References
819:played by
803:Don Carlos
755:In fiction
639:Valladolid
512:Valladolid
373:Valladolid
291:Valladolid
230:March 1622
227:Ordination
180:Term ended
175:March 1621
71:references
1142:Biography
548:Habsburgs
443:Philip IV
427:favourite
422:Philip II
379:Biography
351:with the
331:favourite
198:Successor
172:Installed
96:June 2019
1003:"Iframe"
918:(eds.).
906:(1911).
828:See also
789:A young
777:Gil Blas
657:and the
620:Olivares
586:Portugal
575:Valencia
552:Bourbons
477:Florence
437:and the
365:cardinal
37:In this
1128:Portals
1080:, 2002.
961::
599:Golden
499:Farnese
450:privado
435:Castile
409:of the
407:General
340:validos
309:Spanish
214:of the
156:Spanish
84:improve
43:surname
1026:
955:
869:
666:ducats
601:bronze
556:France
473:Medici
466:Aragon
431:Philip
395:Borgia
222:Orders
212:Valido
73:, but
1166:Spain
607:, by
540:Lerma
516:Prado
391:Denia
299:Spain
278:Spain
164:Prado
51:Rojas
1024:ISBN
867:ISBN
456:and
405:and
285:Died
266:1552
263:Born
248:Rank
1108:by
970:".
806:by
538:at
485:by
475:in
333:of
240:by
45:is
1178::
930:^
914:;
910:;
701:.
468:.
413:.
401:,
375:.
297:,
293:,
276:,
272:,
154:,
1130::
1122:"
1032:.
1005:.
991:.
875:.
823:.
810:.
784:.
711:.
542:.
166:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
80:.
53:.
34:.
20:)
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