191:
1686:", the Dulafids began to act increasingly as independent rulers, prompting the Abbasid government to launch two punitive campaigns in 867, one of which sacked the Dulafid stronghold of Karaj. The fate of Abd al-Aziz is unclear, but he likely remained in his post until his death in 873/74, after which the Abbasids recognized Abd al-Aziz's son Dulaf, and, after Dulaf's death at Isfahan in 878/79, his brother Ahmad, as governors.
1682:, "the two fiefs"—in perpetuity, ruling almost independent of the caliphal government, except for an annual tribute, and with the right to coin their own money. After Abu Dulaf's death, his son Abd al-Aziz succeeded him in his position as governor of Jibal, while another brother, Hisham, served the caliphal court as a general in ca. 865/66. As Abbasid authority in the peripheral provinces broke down in the 860s during the "
1728:
After Ahmad's death in 893, however, al-Mu'tadid swiftly intervened in the succession disputes between Ahmad's sons, Bakr and Umar, to re-establish caliphal authority: in 894, the Caliph visited Jibal in person, and divided the
Dulafid territories, giving the governorship of Rayy,
1749:, was installed at Isfahan. Umar's brothers launched a guerrilla war against the Abbasids for a while, but without success. The last Dulafid, Abu Layla al-Harith, was killed accidentally with his own sword in a battle in 897/98, bringing the dynasty to an end.
1505:
1577:. The exact line of descent of the family is disputed among various sources, but the first members that can be reliably dated were the trader Idris and his brother Isa, sons of Ma'qel, residing in
1498:
2084:
1605:, was originally a servant of the Dulafids until he was purchased by the Abbasid family, but these claims may well be later inventions to enhance their standing.
1689:
Ahmad had a precarious and ambivalent relationship with the central
Abbasid government, and played a major role in its relationship with the rising power of the
1491:
1632:. Over time their holdings around Karaj became extensive, and by the 9th century they possessed large tracts of cultivated land, palaces and fortresses.
1745:, while confining Umar to the Dulafid core region around Karaj and Isfahan. Finally, in 896 the Dulafids were deposed outright and a caliphal governor,
1713:
in 886, but then faced an invasion of his territory by al-Muwaffaq in 889/90, and was defeated by Amr in the next year. Later, the new
Abbasid caliph,
1589:(ruled 724–743). The brothers were imprisoned by the Umayyad authorities, but the exact reason is unclear: either a trade dispute, or, according to
1643:(r. 786–809). Abu Dulaf was distinguished for his learning, competence and integrity, so that although he sided with Harun al-Rashid's successor
1678:
Abu Dulaf's long rule firmly established his family's authority in Jibal; the
Dulafids received hereditary possession of their domains—known as
1659:
beliefs, he was pardoned after the defeat of al-Amin and retained his post. He maintained especially good relations with al-Ma'mun's successor
1675:
in 839/40. His brother Ma'qel was also a member of the
Abbasid court, serving as a military commander and earning some distinction as a poet.
2013:
1989:
1557:. In the last decade of the 9th century, however, they were defeated by the Abbasids who proceeded to reincorporate Jibal into their empire.
1959:
1937:
457:
165:
140:
1137:
2025:
702:
2079:
632:
2043:
1929:
1570:
2089:
1947:
1911:
1381:
2074:
1586:
1127:
1621:
1232:
1177:
1222:
1697:
since 879, Ahmad sided with the
Abbasids after the break between the Saffarids and the Abbasid regent,
1366:
1247:
1456:
772:
467:
2005:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
1683:
1602:
1550:
1162:
927:
812:
672:
397:
332:
752:
2053:
2009:
1985:
1955:
1933:
1765:
1722:
1636:
1272:
1117:
722:
362:
352:
342:
227:
158:
145:
1710:
1694:
1629:
1609:
1426:
1422:
1411:
1392:
1037:
1017:
937:
732:
612:
537:
527:
477:
407:
307:
257:
55:
45:
190:
1999:
1977:
1919:
1706:
1640:
1554:
1527:
1362:
1332:
1192:
1097:
1087:
997:
977:
867:
802:
762:
742:
652:
577:
567:
517:
487:
427:
297:
247:
557:
2094:
2038:
2034:
1746:
1742:
1714:
1660:
1437:
1347:
1291:
1067:
957:
887:
587:
2068:
2030:
1702:
1566:
1317:
822:
682:
1668:
1648:
1590:
1553:, their rule in Jibal became increasingly independent of the central government in
1321:
792:
547:
75:
1652:
2003:
1973:
1923:
1915:
1969:
1698:
1664:
1181:
947:
857:
642:
497:
447:
65:
1925:
The
Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1656:
1598:
1467:
1107:
1077:
907:
712:
277:
2057:
1718:
1690:
1452:
1407:
1377:
1302:
1287:
692:
662:
507:
267:
207:
1625:
1236:
1007:
967:
917:
877:
782:
437:
387:
287:
17:
1738:
1672:
1644:
1617:
1613:
1594:
1582:
1546:
1543:
1396:
1306:
1276:
1211:
1057:
1047:
1027:
987:
897:
832:
622:
237:
1628:(r. 775–785), they adopted a more legitimate lifestyle and settled in
1984:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 476–477.
1730:
1471:
1351:
1207:
217:
1952:
The New
Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
1539:
1441:
1196:
1166:
1671:), and even became the Caliph's drinking companion, and dying in
1663:(r. 832–842), serving him both as military commander against the
1616:
and settling there. His son Isa, however, moved with his sons to
1578:
1574:
1535:
1336:
1734:
1608:
Idris eventually amassed some wealth, and later moved to the
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1635:
The first
Dulafid to become governor of Jibal was Isa's son
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1701:, in 884/85. He was appointed to the governorships of
1620:, where they resorted to highway robbery according to
1982:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/5: Divorce IV–Drugs
1551:
weakening of the authority of the caliphs after 861
103:
93:
81:
71:
61:
51:
41:
29:
2024:
1639:, who was appointed to the position by the caliph
1667:and as governor (with a possible appointment to
1499:
8:
1954:. New York City: Columbia University Press.
1565:The Dulafids belonged to the Arab tribe of
2044:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1506:
1492:
180:
26:
1655:(r. 813–832), and despite his well-known
1895:
1871:
1859:
1780:Umar ibn Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz (893–896)
1597:cause. Various sources report even that
1883:
1792:
1624:. Eventually, sometime in the reign of
183:
2085:Vassal rulers of the Abbasid Caliphate
1826:
1771:Abd al-Aziz ibn Abu Dulaf (c. 840–874)
1847:
1717:(r. 892–902) charged him with taking
102:
92:
88:
7:
2052:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 623.
2008:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
1569:, who was among the vanguard of the
1538:dynasty that served as governors of
184:Historical Arab states and dynasties
1531:
1693:. A subject of the Saffarid ruler
25:
1709:, and dealt a heavy defeat onto
605:Western dynasties and caliphates
189:
163:
138:
1777:Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz (879–893)
1774:Dulaf ibn Abd al-Aziz (874–879)
1549:in the 9th century. During the
1:
1783:Abu Layla al-Harith (896–897)
1651:against the latter's brother
1601:, the eventual leader of the
1916:"The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids"
1612:, buying land at Mass near
325:Arab empires and caliphates
2111:
1930:Cambridge University Press
1721:from the renegade general
1759:The New Islamic Dynasties
117:
113:
89:
36:
633:Umayyad state of Córdoba
1587:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
105:• Disestablished
1757:From C. E. Bosworth,
1223:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1138:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
52:Common languages
1647:(r. 809–813) in the
2080:9th century in Iran
1932:. pp. 90–135.
1886:, pp. 182–183.
1862:, pp. 118–120.
1829:, pp. 476–477.
1581:in the time of the
200:Ancient Arab states
95:• Established
2023:Marin, E. (1965).
1684:Anarchy at Samarra
1603:Abbasid Revolution
1593:, support for the
1265:Current monarchies
928:Sharifate of Mecca
398:Emirate of Tbilisi
388:Emirate of Armenia
238:Kingdom of Osroene
2015:978-0-582-40525-7
1991:978-1-56859-023-3
1766:Abu Dulaf al-Ijli
1723:Rafi ibn Harthama
1637:Abu Dulaf al-Ijli
1516:
1515:
1481:
1480:
1256:
1255:
1248:Tippu Tip's State
1146:
1145:
1118:Emirate of Beihan
850:Arabian Peninsula
841:
840:
596:
595:
380:Eastern dynasties
371:
370:
316:
315:
228:Nabataean Kingdom
218:Kingdom of Lihyan
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
159:Abbasid caliphate
151:
150:
146:Abbasid caliphate
16:(Redirected from
2102:
2061:
2028:
2019:
1995:
1978:Yarshater, Ehsan
1965:
1943:
1920:Frye, Richard N.
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1830:
1824:
1711:Amr ibn al-Layth
1695:Amr ibn al-Layth
1533:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1269:
1268:
1233:Nabahani dynasty
1178:Nabahani dynasty
1163:Makhzumi dynasty
1159:
1158:
854:
853:
609:
608:
408:Emirate of Crete
384:
383:
329:
328:
308:Kingdom of Kinda
258:Kingdom of Hatra
208:Kingdom of Qedar
204:
203:
193:
181:
167:
166:
155:
154:
142:
141:
135:
134:
119:
118:
56:Classical Arabic
27:
21:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2090:Sunni dynasties
2065:
2064:
2022:
2016:
1998:
1992:
1970:Donner, Fred M.
1968:
1962:
1946:
1940:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1833:
1825:
1794:
1790:
1755:
1741:to his own son
1641:Harun al-Rashid
1571:Muslim conquest
1563:
1524:Dolafid dynasty
1512:
1483:
1482:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1193:Mahdali dynasty
1156:
1148:
1147:
1088:Muscat and Oman
858:Imamate of Oman
851:
843:
842:
606:
598:
597:
381:
373:
372:
326:
318:
317:
248:Emesene Dynasty
201:
164:
139:
106:
96:
32:
31:Dulafid dynasty
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2075:Arab dynasties
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2020:
2014:
1996:
1990:
1966:
1960:
1948:Bosworth, C.E.
1944:
1938:
1912:Bosworth, C.E.
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1898:, p. 153.
1888:
1876:
1874:, p. 120.
1864:
1852:
1850:, p. 623.
1831:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:(until c. 840)
1754:
1751:
1747:Isa al-Nushari
1743:Ali al-Muktafi
1562:
1559:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1479:
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1460:
1449:
1448:
1445:
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1344:
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1292:Ras al Khaymah
1284:
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1244:
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1208:Mazrui dynasty
1204:
1203:
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1188:
1185:
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1170:
1157:
1154:
1153:
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629:
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623:Fihrid Emirate
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24:
14:
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10:
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6:
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3:
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2017:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
2000:Kennedy, Hugh
1997:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1961:0-231-10714-5
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1939:0-521-20093-8
1935:
1931:
1928:. Cambridge:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1896:Bosworth 1996
1892:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:Bosworth 1975
1868:
1865:
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1860:Bosworth 1975
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1610:Zagros region
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1401:
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1390:
1386:
1383:
1382:Umm al-Quwain
1379:
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1368:
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1361:
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1346:
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1031:
1029:
1026:
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1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
991:
989:
986:
985:
981:
979:
976:
975:
971:
969:
966:
965:
961:
959:
956:
955:
951:
949:
946:
945:
941:
939:
936:
935:
931:
929:
926:
925:
921:
919:
916:
915:
911:
909:
906:
905:
901:
899:
896:
895:
891:
889:
886:
885:
881:
879:
876:
875:
871:
869:
866:
865:
861:
859:
856:
855:
847:
846:
836:
834:
831:
830:
826:
824:
821:
820:
816:
814:
811:
810:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
794:
791:
790:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
761:
760:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
744:
741:
740:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
714:
711:
710:
706:
704:
701:
700:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
684:
683:Muslim Sicily
681:
680:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
664:
661:
660:
656:
654:
651:
650:
646:
644:
641:
640:
636:
634:
631:
630:
626:
624:
621:
620:
616:
614:
611:
610:
602:
601:
591:
589:
586:
585:
581:
579:
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571:
569:
566:
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561:
559:
556:
555:
551:
549:
546:
545:
541:
539:
536:
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531:
529:
526:
525:
521:
519:
516:
515:
511:
509:
506:
505:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
489:
486:
485:
481:
479:
476:
475:
471:
469:
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459:
456:
455:
451:
449:
446:
445:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
429:
426:
425:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
409:
406:
405:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
389:
386:
385:
377:
376:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
354:
351:
350:
346:
344:
341:
340:
336:
334:
331:
330:
322:
321:
312:450 AD–550 AD
311:
309:
306:
305:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
289:
286:
285:
281:
279:
276:
275:
271:
269:
266:
265:
261:
259:
256:
255:
252:64 BC–300s AD
251:
249:
246:
245:
242:132 BC–244 AD
241:
239:
236:
235:
232:400 BC–106 AD
231:
229:
226:
225:
222:600 BC–100 BC
221:
219:
216:
215:
212:800 BC–300 BC
211:
209:
206:
205:
197:
196:
192:
188:
187:
182:
162:
160:
157:
156:
153:
147:
144:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
116:
112:
108:
98:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
37:c.800–897/898
35:
28:
19:
2049:
2042:
2004:
1981:
1951:
1924:
1891:
1884:Kennedy 2004
1879:
1867:
1855:
1758:
1756:
1727:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1634:
1607:
1591:al-Baladhuri
1564:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1477:1921–present
1462:1900–present
1447:1868–present
1432:1833–present
1417:1810–present
1402:1783–present
1387:1775–present
1372:1761–present
1357:1752–present
1342:1749–present
1327:1744–present
1322:Saudi Arabia
1312:1727–present
1297:1727–present
1282:1631–present
417:
292:300s–500s AD
128:Succeeded by
127:
122:
2039:Schacht, J.
2035:Pellat, Ch.
1827:Donner 1995
1715:al-Mu'tadid
1699:al-Muwaffaq
1680:al-Igharayn
1665:Khurramites
1661:al-Mu'tasim
1182:Pate Island
1155:East Africa
948:Sulaymanids
888:Ukhaidhirds
673:Sulaymanids
643:Muhallabids
548:Munqidhites
448:Shirvanshah
302:300s–602 AD
272:196–1100 AD
262:100s–241 AD
123:Preceded by
66:Sunni Islam
2069:Categories
2048:Volume II:
2026:"Dulafids"
1974:"DOLAFIDS"
1848:Marin 1965
1788:References
1622:al-Sam'ani
1599:Abu Muslim
1468:Hashemites
1423:Al Maktoum
1393:Al Khalifa
1078:Upper Yafa
1068:Ya'arubids
908:Qarmatians
793:Sumadihids
282:220–638 AD
278:Ghassanids
72:Government
2058:495469475
2031:Lewis, B.
1691:Saffarids
1653:al-Ma'mun
1649:civil war
1567:Banu 'Ijl
1534:) was an
1453:Al Sharqi
1408:Al Nuaimi
1378:Al Mualla
1367:Abu Dhabi
1363:Al Nahyan
1303:Al Qasimi
1288:Al Qasimi
1252:1860–1887
1242:1858–1895
1227:1856–1964
1217:1746–1828
1202:1277–1495
1187:1203–1894
1142:1926–1970
1132:1906–1934
1122:1903–1967
1112:1858–1967
1108:Qu'aitids
1102:1836–1921
1098:Rashidids
1092:1820–1970
1082:1800–1967
1072:1624–1742
1062:1597–1872
1052:1463–1521
1042:1454–1526
1032:1395–1967
1028:Kathirids
1022:1305–1487
1018:Jarwanids
1012:1253–1320
1002:1229–1454
992:1159–1174
982:1154–1624
978:Nabhanids
972:1083–1174
962:1076–1253
952:1063–1174
942:1047–1138
938:Sulayhids
837:1837–1969
833:Senussids
827:1554–1659
817:1230–1492
807:1049–1078
797:1041–1091
787:1039–1110
777:1031–1091
773:Jawharids
767:1027–1063
763:Muzaynids
757:1026–1057
753:Hammudids
747:1023–1062
743:Yahsubids
737:1023–1091
727:1020–1086
717:1013–1039
707:1012–1051
697:1004–1412
663:Aghlabids
592:1697–1842
582:1517–1865
572:1480–1677
562:1517–1697
552:1025–1157
542:1024–1080
538:Mirdasids
528:Numayrids
508:Jarrahids
498:Mazyadids
478:Hamdanids
468:Hashimids
428:Habbarids
418:Dulafids
268:Tanukhids
62:Religion
2041:(eds.).
2002:(2004).
1972:(1995).
1950:(1996).
1914:(1975).
1669:Damascus
1626:al-Mahdi
1542:for the
1532:الدلفيين
1457:Fujairah
1438:Al Thani
1348:Al Sabah
1237:Wituland
1172:896–1279
1128:Idrisids
1058:Qasimids
1038:Tahirids
1008:Usfurids
998:Rasulids
968:Zurayids
932:968–1925
918:Wajihids
912:899–1077
902:897–1962
892:865–1066
878:Yufirids
872:819–1138
868:Ziyadids
862:751–1970
803:Tahirids
733:Abbadids
713:Tujibids
687:831–1091
653:Idrisids
637:756–1031
617:710–1019
613:Salihids
578:Harfushs
568:Turabays
532:990–1081
522:990–1096
518:Uqaylids
512:970–1107
502:961–1150
492:955–1071
488:Rawadids
482:890–1004
472:869–1075
452:861–1538
438:Kaysites
432:854–1011
402:736–1122
367:909–1171
363:Fatimids
357:750–1258
353:Abbasids
343:Umayyads
333:Rashidun
298:Lakhmids
288:Salihids
18:Dulafids
1980:(ed.).
1922:(ed.).
1905:Sources
1739:Hamadan
1673:Baghdad
1657:Shi'ite
1645:al-Amin
1618:Isfahan
1614:Hamadan
1595:Abbasid
1585:caliph
1583:Umayyad
1561:History
1555:Samarra
1547:caliphs
1544:Abbasid
1520:Dulafid
1397:Bahrain
1333:Al Said
1318:Al Saud
1307:Sharjah
1277:Morocco
1273:'Alawis
1212:Mombasa
1048:Jabrids
988:Mahdids
958:Uyunids
922:926–965
898:Rassids
882:847–997
823:Saadids
813:Nasrids
723:Amirids
703:Bakrids
693:Kanzids
677:814–922
667:800–909
657:788–974
647:771–793
627:745-757
588:Shihabs
558:Ma'nids
462:864–928
458:Alavids
442:860–964
422:840–897
412:824–961
392:654–884
347:661–750
337:632–661
109:897/898
82:History
76:Emirate
42:Capital
2056:
2037:&
2012:
1988:
1958:
1936:
1753:Rulers
1731:Qazvin
1707:Kirman
1528:Arabic
1472:Jordan
1352:Kuwait
783:Hudids
85:
2095:Jibal
2029:. In
1976:. In
1918:. In
1630:Karaj
1540:Jibal
1442:Qatar
1427:Dubai
1412:Ajman
1197:Kilwa
1167:Shewa
99:c.800
46:Karaj
2054:OCLC
2010:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1737:and
1719:Rayy
1705:and
1703:Fars
1579:Kufa
1575:Iraq
1536:Arab
1518:The
1337:Oman
2050:C–G
1735:Qum
1573:of
1522:or
2071::
2046:.
2033:;
1834:^
1795:^
1761::
1733:,
1725:.
1530::
2060:.
2018:.
1994:.
1964:.
1942:.
1526:(
1507:e
1500:t
1493:v
1474:)
1470:(
1459:)
1455:(
1444:)
1440:(
1429:)
1425:(
1414:)
1410:(
1399:)
1395:(
1384:)
1380:(
1369:)
1365:(
1354:)
1350:(
1339:)
1335:(
1324:)
1320:(
1309:)
1305:(
1294:)
1290:(
1279:)
1275:(
1239:)
1235:(
1214:)
1210:(
1199:)
1195:(
1184:)
1180:(
1169:)
1165:(
20:)
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