Dunmanway killings - Knowledge (XXG)

922:, comments that Hart could "not offer any evidence of the IRA's motivations" for the killings of suspected informers in Cork other than their occupation. Meehan notes Borgonovo's detailed analysis of the IRA in Cork, and that Borgonovo disagreed profoundly with Hart's discounting the IRA's intelligence-gathering capability. Borgonovo described it as "irresponsible" of Hart to discount IRA claims of the Dunmanway victims' guilt in the killing of suspected or known informers without offering an analysis of IRA intelligence-gathering operations. Commenting on Hart's work on the IRA in Cork, he wrote that "While Dr. Hart's conclusions can be suspected, I do not believe they can be sufficiently documented." 778:, ten miles south. Nagle had been shot in place of his father Thomas, caretaker of the Masonic Hall in Clonakilty whose name was on an IRA list of enemy agents and who had gone into hiding, along with Alexander McKinley's uncle. John Bradfield was shot in place of his brother Henry. Henry Bradfield had been "wanted" by the IRA as they believed he had been providing information leading to IRA "arrests, torture and deaths". 1009:, argued that the killings might be best understood in light of purported IRA fears that the British were planning a reoccupation of the south of Ireland and was a preemptive move against people believed to have been informers. Regan argued that the selective use of evidence by Peter Hart in an attempt to emphasize a sectarian dimension to the killings highlights a wider problem in the politicization of Irish history. 704:) that had been removed by Thomas Hornibrook to prevent such theft. Hornibrook refused to give them the part, and after further efforts, some of the IRA party entered through a window. Herbert Woods then shot O'Neill, wounding him fatally. O'Neill's companion, Charlie O'Donoghue, took him to a local priest who pronounced him dead. The next morning O'Donoghue left for 984:, and that all four were involved in espionage. Ryan claimed to have seen, during a 1981 interview with a surviving Cork IRA flying column volunteer named Dan Cahalane, all thirteen names of the Dunmanway victims listed as "helpful citizens" in Auxiliaries' documents found by republicans after the departure of the British forces from southern Ireland. 502:. Under the terms, British units were withdrawn to barracks and their commanders committed to "no movements for military purposes" and "no secret agents noting descriptions of movements". For its part, the IRA agreed that "attacks on Crown forces and civilians to cease", and to "no interference with British Government or private property". 893:, returned to the county and ordered that armed guards be put at the homes of Protestants to prevent further violence. Barry, who had returned immediately from Dublin upon hearing of the killings, ensured that some of those who attempted to take advantage of the situation by stealing livestock owned by Protestants were firmly discouraged. 963:

landlord, landgrabber, loyalist, imperialist, Orangeman, Freemason, Free Stater, spy, and informer" and continues, "these blanket categories made the victims' individual identities ... irrelevant." Coogan concurred, writing, "the latent sectarianism of centuries of ballads and landlordism claimed ten Protestant lives" that week.

1020:, shown on RTÉ on 5 October 2009, dealt with the Dunmanway killings. The programme was produced by Sean O Mealoid, and included interviews with two descendants of two of the Protestants executed. It included a dialogue between two local historians, Donald Woods and Colum Cronin, and featured Prof. John A. Murphy and 1392:; "In April he declared, "we shall certainly not able to withdraw our troops from their present positions until we know that the Irish people are going to stand by the Treaty, neither shall we be able to refrain from stating the consequences which would follow the setting up of a Republic." (pp. 52-53) 996:. Meehan and Rev. Murphy conclude "the IRA killings in the Bandon area were motivated by political and not sectarian considerations. Possibly, military considerations, rather than political, would have been a more fitting way to describe the reason for the IRA response to those who informed." because: 723:

was "exaggerated". Peter Hart writes that the Hornibrooks and Woods surrendered on condition their lives be spared. When Woods admitted it was he who fired the shot that killed O'Neill, he was beaten unconscious, and the three hostages were "driven south into hill country", where they were shot dead.

513:(Irish Parliament established in January 1919) narrowly accepted the Treaty, by 7 votes. The Dáil was then split into two factions, those who accepted and those who rejected the Treaty. Under the terms of the treaty, a Provisional Government was set up to transfer power from the British regime to the 762:

Over the next two days, ten Protestant men were shot dead in the Dunmanway, Ballineen and Murragh area. In Dunmanway on 27 April, Francis Fitzmaurice (a solicitor and land agent) was shot dead. That same night, David Gray (a chemist) and James Buttimer (a retired draper) were shot in the doorways of

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His aunt and uncle had been subject to a lot of persecution and feared an attack, so young Woods went to stay with them. At 2:30 am armed men ... broke in ... Woods fired on the leader and shot him ... They caught Woods, tried him by mock court martial and sentenced him to be hanged ... The brothers

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and affiliated to a loyalist vigilante group. The local IRA killed fifteen suspected informers from 1919–21, nine Catholics and six Protestants. They responded to the British burning of republican homes by burning those of local loyalists. British intelligence wrote that "many" of their informers in

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County Cork, stating: "O'Neill is stated to be a very unscrupulous individual and to have taken part in such operations as lotting of Post Offices, robbing of Postmen and the murder of several Protestants in West Cork in May 1922. A brother of his was shot dead by two of the latter named, Woods and

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whose house was being raided on 26 April. Some historians have claimed there were sectarian motives; others claim that those killed were targeted only because they were suspected of having been informers during the Anglo-Irish War, and argue that the dead were associated with the so-called "Murragh

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and loyalists, while four others were relatives killed in the absence of the target. Three other men were kidnapped and executed in Bandon as revenge for the killing of an IRA officer Michael O'Neill during an armed raid. One man was shot and survived his injuries. Recent evidence confirms that the

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Events, such as the terrible murders at Dunmanway ..., require the exercise of the utmost strength and authority of Dáil Éireann. Dáil Éireann, so far as its powers extend, will uphold, to the fullest extent, the protection of life and property of all classes and sections of the community. It does

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For two weeks there wasn't standing room on any of the boats or mail trains leaving Cork for England. All loyalist refugees who were either fleeing in terror or had been ordered out of the country ... none of the people who did these things, though they were reported as the rebel IRA faction, were

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has written that the killers were identified by several eyewitness sources as local IRA men. Hart concludes that from two to five separate groups must have done the killing, and writes that they were likely "acting on their own initiative – but with the connivance or acquiescence of local units".

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Paul McMahon wrote that the British Government had authorised £2,000 to re-establish intelligence in southern Ireland, especially in Cork, in early April 1922. On 26 April, the day after the raid on Hornibrook home, three British intelligence officers (Lts Hendy, Drove and Henderson) and a driver

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he truth was that, as British intelligence officers recognised in the south, the Protestants and those who supported the Government rarely gave much information because, except by chance, they had not got it to give. An exception to this was in the Bandon area where many Protestant farmers gave

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recognise", and that her Grants Committee statement was similar. Meehan wrote that Frank Busteed, the person identified and later omitted without explanation, would have undermined Hart's sectarianism thesis as Busteed, although raised by his Catholic nationalist mother, had a Protestant father.

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based in Bandon during the conflict, supplying information on the local IRA and that it was "firmly established" later that Fitzmaurice and Gray had been informers, and that their information had done a great deal of damage to the IRA. In Gray's case—as a woman who had been a ten-year-old girl

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Hart posits these were primarily revenge killings, perpetrated without a clear rationale by "angry and frightened young men acting on impulse". He suggests the targets were local Protestant men whose status as enemies in the eyes of the killers was codified in "political language of the day ...

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The motive(s) for the targeting of the victims also remains a point of contention. Niall Meehan and Rev. Brian P. Murphy (OSB) have each written that the victims were killed because they were informers on behalf of Crown forces, citing an intelligence diary left by Auxiliaries as they evacuated

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A local jury found Woods responsible and said O'Neill had been "brutally murdered in the execution of his duty". O'Donoghue and Stephen O'Neill, who were present on the night of the killing, both attended the inquest. Some days later, Woods and both Hornibrook men went missing, and in time were

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and a gun attack on government buildings in Dublin. According to historian Michael Hopkinson, "the transitional government lacked the resources and the necessary acceptance to supply effective government". In this situation, some IRA anti-Treaty units continued attacks on the remaining British

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Hart reported that Clarina Buttimer, a relative of one of those killed (James Buttimer), based on newspaper reports and her 1927 Irish Grants Committee statement, "seem to have recognised at least one of her husband's attackers". Meehan pointed out that these newspapers reported Buttimer as

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The letter was forwarded to Lionel Curtis, Secretary of the Cabinet's Irish Committee, on which he appended the comment "this is rather obsolete". Matilda Woods later testified before the Grants Committee, while applying for £5,000 compensation in 1927, that her husband had been

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was used as a form of "generic abuse" and found "no evidence whatsoever" that they had been active in opposing the IRA. Meehan writes that the killings were not "motivated by either land agitation or by sectarian considerations". Rev. Murphy agrees, citing a British document,

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information. Although the Intelligence Officer of the area was exceptionally experienced and although the troops were most active it proved almost impossible to protect those brave men, many of whom were murdered while almost all the remainder suffered grave material loss.

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before being killed and that the Hornibrooks were taken to a remote location, forced to dig their own graves and shot dead. Both Ryan and Hart note that Matilda Woods was not in Ireland when her husband disappeared and there is no record of his body ever being located.

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who saw those who had left go through the city noted that, "so hurried was their flight that many had neither a handbag nor an overcoat." Hodder reported that Protestants in the area were being forcibly evicted from their farms by republicans on behalf of the

638:. The IRA found confidential documents and a diary they left behind: these included a list of names. The information – according to historian Meda Ryan – was so precise "only a very well informed spy system could account for some of the entries in the book". 718:

newspaper reported that "about 100" IRA men returned from Bandon with O'Neill's comrades and surrounded the house. It reported that a shootout ensued until the Hornibrooks and Woods ran out of ammunition and surrendered. Meda Ryan claims the report in the

649:, adding "for those who are bigots" that the religious breakdown was nine Catholics and six Protestants. Ryan writes, by way of justification, that the Auxiliaries' files showed that some Protestants in Murragh had formed a group known as the 879:

on 28 April under the headline "Protestants Slain" spoke of "ghastly crimes of the night" and the existence of an appalling state of affairs in the south and west Cork area "where a general massacre of Protestants appears to be in progress".

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in early January 1921. The discovery of documents in Dunmanway by republicans later supposedly confirmed the existence of counter-insurgency espionage in the area, which resulted in many purported informers getting safe passage to England.

593:. The local IRA was almost unanimously anti-Treaty and not under the control of the Provisional Government in Dublin in April 1922. At the time of the Dunmanway killings, none of the leaders of the Anti-Treaty Cork IRA were in the county. 975:

told Ryan—he had allegedly sought out "information from children in their innocence", hence children were warned against talking to him. According to Ryan, Fitzmaurice, Gray, Buttimer, and Harbord were associated with the above-mentioned

2021:, historyireland.com. Retrieved 9 September 2015; " showed me the documents he had received on loan. He studied them carefully and was able to pinpoint names plus details regarding the thirteen men killed between 26 and 29 April 1922." 763:

their homes in Dunmanway. The next evening, 28 April, in the parish of Kinneigh, Robert Howe and John Chinnery were both shot dead. In the nearby village of Ballineen, sixteen-year-old Alexander McKinley was shot dead in his home.

812:, Commandant of O'Neill's Brigade (3rd Cork), ordered that all arms be brought under control while issuing a statement promising that "all citizens in this area, irrespective of creed or class, every protection within my power." 621:

with the intention of gathering intelligence in west Cork, where they entered an inn. There, the officers were drugged and taken prisoner by IRA men, taken out of the country to Kilgobnet and then shot and their bodies dumped.

642:, who analysed the diary, said "it was the work of a man who had many useful 'contacts' not merely in one part of the area but all over it." The list, however, did not contain any of the names of the Protestants killed. 744:

of the murdered man then gouged out his eyes while he was alive and then hanged him ... When will the British Government realise that they are really dealing with savages and not ordinary normal human beings?

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on 1 May wrote that "it is a matter of notoriety that the murders, far from being unprecedented, are only the last in a long series which began as far back as 1641." Local Cork IRA commanders Tom Barry,

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on the outskirts of Cork City), seeking to seize his car. Hornibrook was in the house at the time along with his son, Samuel, and his nephew, Herbert Woods (a former Captain in the British Army and

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In Murragh, Reverend Ralph Harbord was shot in the leg but survived; he was the son of Rev. Richard C.M. Harbord, also from the Murragh area, who was the target for his connections to the supposed

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in May 1922 told him there was, "nothing to prevent the peasants expropriating every last Protestant loyalist" and that they feared a repeat of the massacres that Protestants had suffered in the

774:. Later, west of Ballineen, John Buttimer and his farm employee, Jim Greenfield, were both shot dead. The same night, sixteen-year-old Robert Nagle was shot dead in his home on MacCurtain Hill in 498:

The Irish War of Independence was brought to an end by negotiations in mid-1921. The truce between British Forces and the IRA came into effect on 11 July 1921, after talks between the British and

541:(RIC), leaving 12 dead. Between January and June 1922, twenty-three RIC men, eight British soldiers and eighteen civilians were killed in West Cork, part of the area which would become the 959:

Dunmanway, however the diary contains none of the names of the thirteen murdered men. In 2013, that list was located in the Florence Begley collection in the Bureau of Military History.

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Ryan claims, by way of justification, that all of those killed were described as "committed loyalists" and "extremely anti-Republican". She says that they had been in contact with the

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Recent evidence confirms that the killings were carried out by the IRA even if it is not clear who precisely ordered their execution as no member ever claimed responsibility. Historian

1233: 951:. Tim Pat Coogan suggests that O'Neill's death precipitated the Dunmanway murders. Hart wrote that the killing of O'Neill "provided the spark" which was inflamed by the "Belfast 517:. British troops began to be withdrawn from the Free State in January 1922, though they retained the option to intervene in Irish affairs should the Treaty be rejected and the 263: 174:

in 1998. Of the fourteen dead and missing, thirteen were Protestants including one Methodist and one was Roman Catholic, which has led to the killings being described as

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Apart from this incident, hostility to Protestants by reason of their religion, has been almost, if not wholly unknown, in the 26 counties in which they are a minority.

735:. Collins said that while some of the coverage was "fair newspaper comment", the "strain of certain parts is very objectionable". Alice Hodder, a local Protestant from 827:

not know and cannot know, as a National Government, any distinction of class or creed. In its name, I express the horror of the Irish nation at the Dunmanway murders.

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On 26 March 1922, part of the IRA repudiated the authority of the Provisional Government on the basis that it had accepted the Treaty and disestablished the

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Hart's analysis of the identity of the killers has been challenged by other historians, including Rev. Brian Murphy (OSB), Niall Meehan and John Borgonovo.

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Loyalist Action Group", and that their names may have appeared in captured British military intelligence files which listed "helpful citizens" during the

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to report the incident to his superiors, returning with "four military men", meeting with the Hornibrooks and Woods, who admitted to shooting O'Neill.

294: 605:, along with much of the Third and Fourth Cork IRA Brigades, trying to prevent the occupation of that city's military barracks by Pro-Treaty troops. 589:

British forces were withdrawn from west Cork in February 1922. The only British forces left in the county were two battalions of the British Army in

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The motivation of the killers remains unclear. It is generally agreed that they were provoked by the fatal shooting of IRA man Michael O'Neill by a

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echoed Hales' sentiments, although Hales was actively engaged in armed defiance of Griffith's government at this time. Speaking on 28 April in the

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were in Dublin attending an Anti-Treaty IRA meeting. They returned to Cork on 28 April, purportedly with a view to stopping any more killings.

808:, on the basis that they were bringing down wages, although she conceded that the local Pro-Treaty IRA reinstated them after it was informed. 2243: 2181: 1868: 1159: 51: 955:" Ryan wrote "The outrages were 'sparked' when Capt. Woods shot IRA man Michael O'Neill in the hallway of Thomas Hornibrooke's house". 528:

declared in 1919. April saw the first armed clashes between pro and anti-Treaty IRA units, including the anti-Treaty occupation of the

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Republicans suspected the involvement of a local "Loyalists civil wing" in the killing of two republicans, the Coffey brothers, in

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in June 1922. The massacre became a matter for historical controversy and debate following the publication of Peter Hart's book

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On 26 April 1922, a group of anti-Treaty IRA men, led by Michael O'Neill, arrived at the house of Thomas Hornibrook, a former

2229: 728: 244: 2068: 1154:. Rev. Brian P. Murphy (OSB), Brendan Clifford, Nick Foley & John Martin. Cork: Aubane Historical Society. p. 234. 1457:, p. 50; "Cork by far the most violent county in Ireland", with 523 killed and 513 wounded between 1920–1921", p. 87. 2339: 658: 2319: 1363: 809: 661:. The IRA suspected the group of passing information to British forces during the War of Independence. These included a 646: 606: 594: 44: 943:, stated that the killings at Dunmanway were in reprisal for the ongoing killings of Catholics in Belfast, such as the 446: 215:

and IRA representatives, from both the pro-Treaty side, which controlled the Provisional Government in Dublin and the

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newspaper, from 23 October to 27 November 1971, in consecutive editions. Photographs of the diary were published in

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families fled West Cork in the aftermath of the killings. Alice Hodder in the same letter cited above wrote:

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condemned the killings. A general convention of Irish Protestant churches in Dublin released a statement:

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West Cork, where these killings took place, had been one of the most violent parts of Ireland during the

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forces. Between December 1921 and February 1922, there were 80 recorded attacks by IRA elements on the

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was signed on 6 December 1921, after negotiations between British and Irish leaders. On 7 January the

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and Bandon Valley, between 26–28 April 1922. This happened in a period of truce after the end of the

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side, which controlled the area the killings took place in, immediately condemned the killings.

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It is unclear who ordered the attacks or precisely who carried them out. However, in 2014 the

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Spies, Informers and the 'Anti-Sinn Féin Society', The Intelligence War in Cork City, 1920–21

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Spies, informers and the 'Anti-Sinn Féin Society', the Intelligence War in Cork City, 1920–21

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Spies informers and the 'Anti-Sinn Féin Society', the Intelligence War in Cork City, 1920–21

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had complained about British newspaper reports on attacks against Protestants in Ireland to

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Sometime later the Hornibrook home was burned, the plantation cut down and the land seized.

701: 570: 542: 514: 471: 456: 401: 154:, refers to the killing (and in some cases, disappearances) of fourteen males in and around 739:

some 23 miles to the southeast, wrote to her mother shortly afterwards about Herbert Woods,

1964:"After the War of Independence: Some further questions about West Cork, April 27–29, 1922" 815: 574: 441: 431: 426: 396: 386: 376: 356: 341: 311: 240: 228: 216: 167: 2115: 645:

The IRA's Third Cork Brigade had killed 15 informers between 1919 and 1921, according to

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According to Niall Harrington – a Pro-Treaty IRA officer at the time – more than 100

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West Cork "were murdered and almost all the remainder suffered grave material loss".

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asserting, "Though there were a number of men there, she only saw one, whom she did

972: 714: 693: 639: 212: 1323: 933: 598: 529: 188: 159: 886: 775: 736: 685: 610: 499: 822:, Griffith, President of the Pro-Treaty Irish Provisional Government, stated: 573:) and also a sizeable Protestant population – roughly 16%, some of whom were 66: 53: 1811:

The Widening Gulf: Northern Attitudes to the independent Irish state 1919–49

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released a confidential memo from the then-Director of Intelligence Colonel

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British Spies and Irish Rebels – British Intelligence and Ireland 1916–1945

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Troubled History: A 10th anniversary critique of The IRA and its Enemies

873:. Churchill remarked that the events were "little short of a massacre". 557:. It was the scene of many of the conflict's major actions, such as the 1762:. Office of the Houses of the Oireachtas. 28 April 1922. Archived from 819: 618: 533: 510: 2205:

The I.R.A. and Its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork, 1916–1923

1339:, p. 196; "De Valera agreed to a Truce, the terms were negotiated by 952: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1963: 1853: 1106: 1104: 2069:"John Dorney, Peter Hart and the Dunmanway killings controversy" 1234:"Intimidation and murder of Protestants by elements of the IRA" 252: 2136:

Massacre in West Cork: The Dunmanway and Ballygroman Killings

200:) in September 1925 in relation to a pension claim by former 1980:

Florence Begley collection in the Bureau of Military History

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diary. This diary was reproduced with the names excised in

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The Month, a Review of Christian Thought and World Affairs

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Killings in Dunmanway, Kinneigh, Ballineen, and Clonakilty

2303:, The “Bandon Valley Massacre” as a historical problem’, 2098:"Exorcising the dark, bloody secrets of IRA in West Cork" 1184: 1182: 1180: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1066: 700:). O'Neill demanded a part of the engine mechanism (the 241:

Irish Civil War § Split in the Nationalist movement

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killings were carried out by unnamed local IRA members.

2157:

Kerry Landing, August 1922: An Episode of the Civil War

1982:, bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie. Retrieved 23 August 2014. 1545:

Kerry Landing, August 1922: An Episode of the Civil War

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Heaney, Paddy; Pat Muldowney; Philip O'Connor (2008).

1122:"Bishop remembers Bandon Valley Killings 100 years on" 1051:"Bishop remembers Bandon Valley Killings 100 years on" 839:" in the Dáil with Griffith's sentiments. Speaking in 532:

in Dublin, the killing of a pro-Treaty IRA officer in

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Coogan (at pg. 359) says this occurred on 25 April.

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ever brought to book by the Provisional Government.

126: 118: 110: 98: 90: 82: 43: 28: 23: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 657:, affiliated to the Anti-Sinn Féin League and the 2040:A Record of the Rebellion in Ireland in 1920–1921 2019:Meda Ryan commentary re challenge by Eve Morrison 1733: 1731: 1729: 994:A Record of the Rebellion in Ireland in 1920–1921 831:Speaking immediately afterwards, anti-treaty TD 1854:Rev. Brian P. Murphy (OSB) & Niall Meehan, 2114:Letters from Harris, Murphy and Bielenberg in 2071:, theirishstory.com. Retrieved 19 August 2014. 1314:, westcorktimes.com. Retrieved 19 August 2014. 1280:The Anglo-Irish War, The Troubles of 1913–1922 209:Hornbrooke , who were subsequently murdered." 166:(in July 1921) and before the outbreak of the 1539: 1537: 688:, at Ballygroman, East Muskerry, Desertmore, 264: 8: 2305:History',' 97/ 325 (Jan., 2012), pp. 70-98. 980:, based in Murragh and known locally as the 1370:, Mercer Press, Cork, 1997, pp. 214, 223-24 271: 257: 249: 20: 16:Series of killings in County Cork, Ireland 2190:, (Mercier, 2005) (paper back edition); 1390:Green against Green, the Irish Civil War 1359: 1357: 1221:"1922–1933 Cork Fatality Register Index" 1749:, 1 May 1922, cited in Hart at pg. 277. 1041: 2086:, academia.edu. Retrieved 9 July 2014. 1958: 1956: 630:In Dunmanway itself, a company of the 1813:, pp. 116–17, Blackstaff Press, 1988. 1760:"Debate of 28 April, see pp. 332–333" 1343:on behalf of the British Army and by 925:At the time the press, including the 7: 2083:The Bandon Valley Massacre Revisited 1120:O'Sullivan, Jennie (30 April 2022). 1049:O'Sullivan, Jennie (30 April 2022). 1024:(who later debated the issue in the 1007:The Bandon Valley Massacre Revisited 1005:Historian John Regan, in his paper, 843:on 30 April, the Anti-Treaty leader 2207:, Oxford University Press (1999); 2121:, Aubane Historical Society, 2009. 204:(IRA) volunteer Daniel O'Neill of 114:14 including three who disappeared 14: 2118:An affair with the bishop of Cork 2096:Harris, Eoghan (4 October 2009). 1305:Info re alleged informers in Cork 1270:, 28 April 1922, Tim Pat Coogan, 1110:Coogan, p. 359, Hart, pp. 282-85. 835:said he wished to associate the " 2138:, Mercier Press, 2014, 288 pp., 1547:, Anvil Books, 1992, pp. 8, 12; 634:evacuated their barracks in the 196:(later managing director of the 1891:, Irish Academic Press (2007); 1657:, 14 April 1923 and 5 May 1928. 178:. Six were killed as purported 2350:Violence against men in Europe 2188:Tom Barry, IRA Freedom Fighter 1276:Tom Barry, IRA Freedom Fighter 245:IRA and the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1: 659:Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland 2042:, Jeudwine Papers, 72/8212, 1496:, Vol 20, No. 7, July 2005; 1408:. Retrieved 19 August 2014. 1240:. Retrieved 19 August 2014. 1032:historian Andy Bielenberg. 799:One Cork correspondent for 2366: 2275:, Vol 20 No. 7 July 2005; 1970:, Vol. 23, No. 3, p. 1008. 1968:The Irish Political Review 987:Hart writes that the term 238: 144:the Bandon Valley Killings 2325:Irish War of Independence 2150:Guerrilla Days in Ireland 1950:Ryan (2003), p. 158. 1861:Aubane Historical Society 1791:, p. 705; reprinted 1999. 1368:Guerrilla Days in Ireland 1337:Irish War of Independence 1278:, p. 158; Peter Cotrell, 857:However, a deputation of 555:Irish War of Independence 290: 282:Irish War of Independence 164:Irish War of Independence 2269:Rev. Brian Murphy, OSB, 2266:, September–October 1998 2262:Rev. Brian Murphy, OSB, 2222:Myth and the Irish State 1927:. Retrieved 9 July 2014. 565:. It contained a strong 539:Royal Irish Constabulary 2159:, Anvil Books, 1992:8; 1723:Peter Hart, pp. 285-87. 1455:The IRA and its Enemies 1295:Ryan, pp. 212-213, 448. 1284:The IRA and its Enemies 1217:University College Cork 1188:Peter Hart, pp. 280-84. 982:Protestant Action Group 877:The Belfast News-Letter 867:Irish Rebellion of 1641 772:Protestant Action Group 680:Killings in Ballygroman 655:Protestant Action Group 500:Irish political leaders 467:Bloody Sunday (Belfast) 172:The IRA and its Enemies 2335:History of County Cork 2272:Irish Political Review 2176:, Arrow Books (1991); 2056:Irish Political Review 2009:Ryan, pp. 210-12. 2000:Ryan, pp. 213-14. 1714:Hart, pp. 275, 284–86. 1494:Irish Political Review 1379:Neeson, pp. 57, 66–67. 1351:on behalf of the IRA". 1080:Tim Pat Coogan, p. 359 1003: 855: 829: 797: 746: 347:Bloody Sunday (Dublin) 152:the Dunmanway massacre 2288:The Civil War 1922–23 2155:Niall C. Harrington, 1543:Niall C. Harrington, 1444:Paul MacMahon, p. 71. 1282:, p. 78; Peter Hart, 1274:, p. 359; Meda Ryan, 1140:Meda Ryan, pp. 211-13 998: 978:Loyalist Action Group 949:Arnon Street killings 937:(29 April 1922), and 849: 824: 806:Irish Transport Union 792: 768:Loyalist Action Group 741: 712:presumed killed. The 666:military intelligence 651:Loyalist Action Group 567:Irish Republican Army 477:Arnon Street killings 202:Irish Republican Army 148:the Dunmanway murders 131:Irish Republican Army 2340:Massacres in Ireland 1800:McMahon, pp. 75, 86. 1522:Paul McMahon, p. 66. 1310:4 September 2013 at 1018:Cork's Bloody Secret 194:Michael Joe Costello 67:51.72083°N 9.11278°W 2320:Mass murder in 1922 2238:, (Boydell, 2008); 2044:Imperial War Museum 1600:Ryan, pp. 164, 219. 1388:Michael Hopkinson, 1335:Michael Hopkinson, 1206:Hart, pp. 113, 277. 1013:TV programme on RTÉ 751:drawn and quartered 569:(IRA) Brigade (the 563:Crossbarry ambushes 198:Irish Sugar Company 63: / 37:Bandon, County Cork 1925:The New York Times 1831:Hart, p. 282. 1789:The Irish Republic 1406:The New York Times 940:The New York Times 931:(1 May 1922), the 928:Belfast Newsletter 918:John Borgonovo in 733:Desmond Fitzgerald 632:Auxiliary Division 507:Anglo-Irish Treaty 482:Dunmanway killings 317:Sack of Balbriggan 140:Dunmanway killings 72:51.72083; -9.11278 24:Dunmanway killings 2345:April 1922 events 2290:, (Dublin 1989); 2244:978-1-84383-376-5 2224:, Salins (2013); 2182:978-0-09-968580-7 2102:Irish Independent 2030:Hart, pp. 285-87. 1871:, pp. 17, 45, 47. 1869:978-1-903497-46-3 1696:Hart, pp. 274-75. 1636:Ryan, pp. 211-12. 1591:Ryan, pp. 209-10. 1582:Ryan, pp. 154-56. 1573:Ryan, pp. 160-61. 1475:Ryan, pp. 210-11. 1435:Harrington, p. 8. 1426:Hopkinson, p. 52. 1197:Ryan, pp. 153-55. 1174:Ryan, pp. 211–13. 1161:978-1-903497-48-7 882:The Northern Whig 863:Winston Churchill 859:Irish Protestants 674:The Southern Star 670:The Southern Star 494:Political context 490: 489: 180:British informers 136: 135: 94:British informers 2357: 2252:(Kildare 2007); 2248:John Borgonovo, 2122: 2116:Jack Lane, ed., 2112: 2106: 2105: 2093: 2087: 2078: 2072: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1960: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1928: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1899:, pp. 84-85, 97. 1887:John Borgonovo, 1885: 1872: 1851: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1809:Dennis Kennedy, 1807: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1785:Dorothy Macardle 1782: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1669:Hart p. 279 1667: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1541: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1399: 1393: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1361: 1352: 1341:Neville Macready 1333: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1287: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1241: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1186: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1147: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1099: 1098:Meda Ryan p. 212 1096: 1081: 1078: 1061: 1060: 1046: 837:anti-treaty side 571:3rd Cork Brigade 543:Irish Free State 521:re-established. 515:Irish Free State 472:McMahon killings 285: 283: 273: 266: 259: 250: 142:, also known as 86:26–28 April 1922 78: 77: 75: 74: 73: 68: 64: 61: 60: 59: 56: 21: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2330:1922 in Ireland 2310: 2309: 2174:Michael Collins 2131: 2126: 2125: 2113: 2109: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1991:Coogan, p. 349. 1990: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1931: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1886: 1875: 1852: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678:Coogan, p. 360. 1677: 1673: 1668: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1542: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417:Hopkinson, p.75 1416: 1412: 1400: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1362: 1355: 1334: 1330: 1322: 1318: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1272:Michael Collins 1266: 1262: 1257: 1244: 1238:The Irish Times 1232: 1228: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1162: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1102: 1097: 1084: 1079: 1064: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1015: 899: 845:Éamon de Valera 833:Seán T. O'Kelly 816:Arthur Griffith 801:The Irish Times 784: 760: 729:Michael Collins 682: 628: 551: 496: 491: 486: 357:Burning of Cork 286: 281: 279: 277: 247: 239:Main articles: 237: 229:Anglo-Irish War 168:Irish Civil War 101: 71: 69: 65: 62: 57: 54: 52: 50: 49: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2363: 2361: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2298: 2284: 2267: 2260: 2246: 2234:Paul McMahon, 2232: 2215: 2198: 2184: 2170:Tim Pat Coogan 2167: 2153: 2146: 2144:978-1781172032 2130: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2107: 2088: 2073: 2060: 2048: 2032: 2023: 2011: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1972: 1962:Niall Meehan, 1952: 1943: 1929: 1919:New York Times 1910: 1901: 1873: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1802: 1793: 1777: 1766:on 7 June 2011 1751: 1739: 1737:Coogan, p. 359 1725: 1716: 1707: 1698: 1689: 1680: 1671: 1659: 1647: 1638: 1629: 1620: 1602: 1593: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1533: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1459: 1446: 1437: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1394: 1381: 1372: 1353: 1328: 1316: 1297: 1288: 1268:New York Times 1260: 1242: 1226: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1176: 1167: 1160: 1142: 1133: 1112: 1100: 1082: 1062: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1014: 1011: 968:Essex Regiment 898: 897:Responsibility 895: 871:1798 Rebellion 783: 780: 759: 756: 681: 678: 663:Black and Tans 627: 624: 550: 549:In County Cork 547: 526:Irish Republic 519:Irish Republic 495: 492: 488: 487: 485: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 298: 297: 291: 288: 287: 278: 276: 275: 268: 261: 253: 236: 233: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 102: 99: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 47: 41: 40: 30: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2362: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2302: 2301:John M. Regan 2299: 2297: 2296:1-85371-013-X 2293: 2289: 2286:Eoin Neeson, 2285: 2283:, pages 10–11 2282: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2258:0-7165-2833-9 2255: 2251: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2213:0-19-820806-5 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2196:1-85635-480-6 2193: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2165:0-947962-70-0 2162: 2158: 2154: 2152:, (Cork 1997) 2151: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134:Barry Keane, 2133: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2119: 2111: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2046:, London, UK. 2045: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1941:Hart, p. 291. 1938: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1897:0-7165-2833-9 1894: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1822:Ryan, p. 217. 1819: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1705:Hart, p. 275. 1702: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1687:Ryan, p. 447. 1684: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1627:Ryan, p. 211. 1624: 1621: 1618:Ryan, p. 213. 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1564:Ryan, p. 154. 1561: 1558: 1554: 1553:0-947962-70-0 1550: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1531:Hart, p. 112. 1528: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1513:Ryan, p. 157. 1510: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1484:Ryan, p. 164. 1481: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1466:Hart, p. 289. 1463: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349:Eamonn Duggan 1346: 1345:Robert Barton 1342: 1338: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1312:archive.today 1309: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1286:, pp. 282-85. 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1261: 1258:Ryan, p. 215. 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1163: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1045: 1042: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1028:), alongside 1027: 1023: 1022:Eoghan Harris 1019: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1002: 997: 995: 990: 985: 983: 979: 974: 969: 964: 960: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941: 936: 935: 930: 929: 923: 921: 916: 913: 907: 904: 896: 894: 892: 888: 883: 878: 874: 872: 868: 864: 861:who met with 860: 854: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 828: 823: 821: 817: 813: 811: 807: 802: 796: 791: 789: 781: 779: 777: 773: 769: 764: 757: 755: 752: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 727:On 13 April, 725: 722: 717: 716: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 679: 677: 675: 671: 667: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 625: 623: 620: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 584: 579: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 548: 546: 544: 540: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 501: 493: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 452:Carrowkennedy 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 337:Piltown Cross 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 296: 293: 292: 289: 284: 274: 269: 267: 262: 260: 255: 254: 251: 246: 242: 234: 232: 231:(1919–1921). 230: 225: 220: 218: 214: 210: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 190: 184: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 132: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 106: 105:Mass shooting 103: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 76: 48: 46: 42: 38: 34: 31: 27: 22: 19: 2304: 2287: 2270: 2263: 2249: 2235: 2221: 2218:John M Regan 2204: 2187: 2173: 2156: 2149: 2135: 2129:Bibliography 2117: 2110: 2101: 2091: 2082: 2076: 2067:John Regan, 2063: 2058:, pp. 10-11. 2055: 2051: 2039: 2035: 2026: 2014: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1975: 1967: 1946: 1924: 1918: 1913: 1908:Hart, p. 277 1904: 1888: 1855: 1827: 1818: 1810: 1805: 1796: 1788: 1780: 1768:. Retrieved 1764:the original 1754: 1746: 1742: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1683: 1674: 1654: 1650: 1641: 1632: 1623: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1569: 1560: 1544: 1527: 1518: 1509: 1504:, pp. 10-11. 1493: 1489: 1480: 1471: 1462: 1454: 1453:Peter Hart, 1449: 1440: 1431: 1422: 1413: 1405: 1397: 1389: 1384: 1375: 1367: 1336: 1331: 1319: 1300: 1291: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1237: 1229: 1211: 1202: 1193: 1170: 1151: 1145: 1136: 1125: 1115: 1054: 1044: 1025: 1017: 1016: 1006: 1004: 999: 993: 988: 986: 981: 977: 973:the Troubles 965: 961: 957: 938: 932: 926: 924: 919: 917: 911: 908: 900: 881: 876: 875: 856: 851: 850: 836: 830: 825: 814: 800: 798: 793: 785: 771: 767: 765: 761: 747: 742: 726: 721:Morning Post 720: 715:Morning Post 713: 710: 694:Ballincollig 683: 673: 669: 654: 650: 644: 640:Flor Crowley 629: 626:In Dunmanway 615: 588: 580: 552: 523: 504: 497: 481: 447:Custom House 362:Pickardstown 221: 211: 187: 185: 171: 151: 147: 143: 139: 137: 18: 2186:Meda Ryan, 2148:Tom Barry, 2080:John Regan, 1770:20 February 1747:Irish Times 1655:Irish Times 1324:Eoin Neeson 1152:Coolacrease 1026:Irish Times 934:Irish Times 891:Seán Moylan 599:Sean Moylan 530:Four Courts 462:Coolacrease 437:Tourmakeady 412:Selton Hill 302:Soloheadbeg 217:anti-Treaty 189:Irish Times 160:County Cork 127:Perpetrator 100:Attack type 70: / 45:Coordinates 2314:Categories 2230:0716532123 2201:Peter Hart 1921:(May 1922) 903:Peter Hart 887:Liam Deasy 788:Protestant 776:Clonakilty 737:Crosshaven 686:magistrate 611:Liam Deasy 559:Kilmichael 422:Crossbarry 392:Coolavokig 367:Drumcondra 352:Kilmichael 332:Ballinalee 235:Background 206:Enniskeane 55:51°43′15″N 2281:0790-7672 1502:0790-7672 1364:Tom Barry 841:Mullingar 810:Tom Hales 782:Aftermath 647:Tom Barry 636:workhouse 617:drove to 607:Tom Barry 595:Tom Hales 591:Cork City 583:Enniskean 575:loyalists 457:Rathcoole 402:Clonbanin 307:Knocklong 213:Sinn Féin 176:sectarian 156:Dunmanway 39:, Ireland 33:Dunmanway 1863:(2008); 1308:Archived 989:informer 947:and the 869:and the 603:Limerick 601:were in 442:Kilmeena 432:Scramoge 427:Headford 397:Sheemore 387:Clonmult 377:Dromkeen 312:Holywell 295:Timeline 224:loyalist 58:9°6′46″W 29:Location 1402:Archive 1326:, p. 53 971:during 953:pogroms 945:McMahon 702:magneto 619:Macroom 534:Athlone 417:Burgery 407:Kilfaul 372:Clonfin 327:Tooreen 119:Injured 2294: 2279: 2256: 2242: 2228: 2211: 2194: 2180: 2163: 2142: 1895: 1867: 1551: 1500: 1158: 1127:RTÉ.ie 1056:RTÉ.ie 706:Bandon 692:(near 690:Bandon 342:Tralee 322:Rineen 243:, and 111:Deaths 91:Target 1036:Notes 382:Upton 2292:ISBN 2277:ISSN 2254:ISBN 2240:ISBN 2226:ISBN 2209:ISBN 2192:ISBN 2178:ISBN 2161:ISBN 2140:ISBN 1893:ISBN 1865:ISBN 1772:2009 1549:ISBN 1498:ISSN 1347:and 1156:ISBN 889:and 820:Dáil 609:and 597:and 561:and 511:Dáil 505:The 138:The 83:Date 1030:UCC 912:not 770:or 653:or 150:or 2316:: 2220:, 2203:, 2172:, 2100:. 1966:, 1955:^ 1932:^ 1923:, 1876:^ 1859:, 1836:^ 1787:, 1728:^ 1662:^ 1605:^ 1536:^ 1404:, 1366:, 1356:^ 1245:^ 1236:, 1219:. 1179:^ 1124:. 1103:^ 1085:^ 1065:^ 1053:. 698:MC 545:. 158:, 146:, 2104:. 1774:. 1555:. 1223:. 1164:. 1130:. 1059:. 272:e 265:t 258:v 122:1 35:/

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