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150:, he is known for his innovations in modernizing art markets, and is generally considered to be the most important art dealer of the 19th century. An ambitious entrepreneur, Durand-Ruel cultivated international interest in French artists by establishing art galleries and exhibitions in London, New York, Berlin, Brussels, among other places. Additionally, he played a role in the decentralization of art markets in France, which prior to the mid-19th century was monopolized by the
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289:. Durand-Ruel played an active role in the collection of these painters' art in the 1860s and 70s. By 1874, having purchased 432 works by Delacroix, Corot, and Rousseau, Durand-Ruel was in a state of financial distress. It was during this time that Durand-Ruel developed seven innovative principles for supporting and increasing the value of art. Through organizing international exhibitions and curating an active public discourse around his art, Durand-Ruel's investment in
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Furthermore, both Paul Durand-Ruel and his father attempted to separate their own political views from the subject matter of the art they supported; despite being conservatives, the Durand-Ruels invested in the progressive École de 1830. As a result of his approach to art-dealing, Durand-Ruel is considered as the first dealer to show an appreciation for
Impressionist art.
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public does not laugh. It buys!" "Without
America," he said, "I would have been lost, ruined, after having bought so many Monets and Renoirs. The two exhibitions there in 1886 saved me. The American public bought moderately . . . but thanks to that public, Monet and Renoir were enabled to live and after that the French public followed suit."
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proceeds from their own sales, and the success of an exhibition relied upon the market demand for the art, rather than the reviews of the state. The emergence of the dealer-artists relationship and independent exhibitions beginning in the 1870s broke down the monopoly power of the Salon, and began a new era of art markets.
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In London, Durand-Ruel pioneered many new strategies for exhibiting art such as providing a catalogue for each exhibition, charging an entrance fee, and strategically placing unknown works next to high-priced art to increase its value. During this time, he acquired iconic paintings of the early 19th
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Durand-Ruel's business in
Germany came soon after his success in the United States. Germany hosted its first exhibition of the Impressionists in 1883, with the help of Durand-Ruel. With his main focus in the United States in the 1880s, Paul Durand-Ruel's presence in Germany came through the help of
369:
Part of the success of
Impressionism was due to the international demand. Durand-Ruel established a network of galleries and exhibitions in many countries, with hubs in London, New York, and Berlin. Regarding the Americans' open-mindedness towards Impressionism, Durand-Ruel once said, "The American
463:
Durand-Ruel & Sons was the official name of his
American venture, which included his sons Joseph, Charles, and Georges by 1893. With the help of his sons, Durand-Ruel was able to have a permanent presence in the United States. In addition to the permanent gallery in New York City, he organized
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While Paul Durand-Ruel has the legacy of bringing art to the free market, he viewed the pursuit of art as an end in itself. By seeking out the most authentic art, and investing in artists that he believed showed talent above all else, Durand-Ruel pioneered what it meant to be a modern art dealer.
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who lived in London), at his Paris and London galleries. During the final three decades of the 19th century, Durand-Ruel became the most important commercial advocate of French
Impressionism in the world. He succeeded in establishing the market for Impressionism in the United States as well as in
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His business dealings with
American collectors began during the 1860s, but were initially kept to short-term ventures, such as exhibitions in Boston and Philadelphia, as well as client visits in Paris. Durand-Ruel opened his first permanent gallery in the United States in 1887. The New York City
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He had three sons who worked with him in the business, Joseph Durand-Ruel (1862–1928), Charles Durand-Ruel (1865–1892), and
Georges Durand-Ruel (1866–1931). After 1888 Joseph and his brothers began to take over the running of the family business from their father. They expanded into the American
437:
It was during this time that Durand-Ruel began to introduce paintings by the then unknown Monet and
Pissarro in his exhibitions. From 1872, he began making large purchases of Impressionist paintings. Durand-Ruel hosted London's first exclusively Impressionist exhibitions in 1882 and 1883. These
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were the first group of artists excluded from the Salon to successfully launch a series of art exhibitions outside of the state-sponsored system, and they did so with the assistance of Paul Durand-Ruel and other dealers. The exhibitions relied on a business model where artists would retain the
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He recognized the artistic and fashionable potential of
Impressionism as early as 1870, and his first major exhibition of their work took place at his London gallery in 1872. Eventually Durand-Ruel had exhibitions of Impressionism and other works (including the expatriate American painter
210:, with a branch at 111 rue Le Peletier. During the 1860s and early 1870s, Durand-Ruel was an important advocate and successful art dealer of the Barbizon School but he is best known for his relationship with a group of painters who would become known as the Impressionists.
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Through these principles, Durand-Ruel transformed art markets into a system where artists are monetarily supported by financiers impressed by their work. Between 1891 and 1922, Durand-Ruel purchased nearly 12,000 paintings. In 1920, at the age of 89, he declared:
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The brothers held exhibitions of the work of Odilon Redon in 1894, Pierre Bonnard in 1896 and Paul Gauguin in 1903. In 1911 Joseph and Georges took over control of the business, specializing particularly in works by the Impressionists.
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At last the Impressionist masters triumphed just as the generation of 1830 had. My madness had been wisdom. To think that, had I passed away at sixty, I would have died debt-ridden and bankrupt, surrounded by a wealth of underrated
241:' was the primary institution for exposing art to the public sphere. While the French Salon was an effective tool for funding and marketing new artists, it was completely centralized and relied on the state and the
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in Paris, son of Jean Marie Fortuné Durand and Marie Ferdinande Ruel. His parents, who opened an art shop in 1839, used the Durand-Ruel name for the family business. In 1851, Paul enrolled at the military school
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contained 315 paintings from Manet, Boudin, Pissarro, Renoir, and Monet. While the show only provided 13 direct sales for Durand-Ruel, it sparked an interest among international art collectors in
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exhibitions in Boston, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Chicago, among other locations. The family-run American enterprise continued operating after Paul Durand-Ruel's death until 1950.
402:. In December 1870, he opened the first of ten Annual Exhibitions of the Society of French Artists at his new London gallery at 168 New Bond Street, under the management of Charles Deschamps.
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Prior to his support of the Impressionists, Durand-Ruel began his career in a campaign to raise the value of 'the beautiful School of 1830'. This group of artists were known for their work in
1583:
Galenson, David, and Robert Jensen. 2002. "Careers and Canvases: The Rise of the Market for Modern Art in the Nineteenth Century." National Bureau of Economic Research, doi:10.3386/w9123.
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but was forced to leave shortly after for health reasons. Paul Durand-Ruel married Jeanne Marie Eva Lafon in 1862; the couple's first child was born shortly thereafter.
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market, buying works by Eugène Delacroix, the Barbizon school and the Old Masters, and later by the Impressionists. But Charles is cited as having died in 1892.
543:, shown at the Daumier Exhibition on April 17, 1878. It was Delacroix's work that first captivated Durand-Ruel in 1855, and inspired him to pursue art dealing.
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In 1905, Durand-Ruel returned to London to showcase a massive exhibition of Impressionist paintings originating mostly from his private collection.
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1898:, exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art fully available online as PDF, which contains material on Paul Durand-Ruel (see index)
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Original poster designed by Carlos Schwabe for the First Rosecrucian Exposition, which took place at the Galerie Durand Ruel, Paris, in 1892
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1938:
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1983:
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are among the important Impressionist artists that Durand-Ruel helped to establish. He represented many lesser known artists including
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Joseph had a son he named Charles Durand-Ruel, who eventually took over the running of the Paris branch of the family firm.
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of 1870–71, Durand-Ruel left Paris and escaped to London, where he met up with a number of exiled French artists including
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led to exhibitions in Dresden, Berlin, and Hamburg of both French Impressionism and later work by Liebermann himself.
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From 1899, Durand-Ruel's business in Germany was focused in Berlin, through a collaboration with German art dealer
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once hung in Durand-Ruel's personal apartment, where he received clients and hosted dinners in a home setting.
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Durand-Ruel was the subject of a major temporary exhibition titled "Inventing Impressionism" held at the
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was purchased by Durand-Ruel on a visit to the artist's studio in 1872. It was later featured in the
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477:, who purchased and sold many paintings between 1880 and 1896. His connection with German painter
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proved immensely profitable, and helped finance his later support for Impressionist artists.
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based enterprise is seen as a cornerstone to Durand-Ruel's success with Impressionism.
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1993:
1595:"Careers and Canvases: The Rise of the Market for Modern Art in the Nineteenth Century"
1558:"The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler :: Biography of Georges Durand-Ruel"
1534:"The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler :: Biography of Charles Durand-Ruel"
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1507:"The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler :: Biography of Joseph Durand-Ruel"
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Documenting the Gilded Age: New York City Exhibitions at the turn of the 20th Century
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in 1955. The violin is offered on sale at 2023 October Auction of Ingles and Hayday.
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was acquired by Durand-Ruel in 1872, who believed it to be Millet's 'masterpiece'.
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exhibitions proved unsuccessful and almost bankrupted Durand-Ruel's enterprise.
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was one of the first paintings by Monet purchased by Paul Durand-Ruel, in 1872.
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2019:
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In 1865, Paul took over the family business which represented artists such as
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1831:
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1632:"Durand-Ruel: The Art Dealer Who Liked Impressionists Before They Were Cool"
166:"The Brothers" (Charles and Georges Durand-Ruel) by Pierre Auguste Renoir (
17:
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school of French landscape painting. In 1867, he moved his gallery from 1
1923:
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1617:
Inventing Impressionism: Paul Durand-Ruel and the Modern Art Market
245:, making it difficult for artists to gain attention otherwise. The
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1867:
Biography of Paul-Luis Durand-Ruel and timeline of important dates
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project. Two exhibition catalogs from the Durand-Ruel Galleries.
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1399:"Durand-Ruel, Paul", The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists
1816:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 49.
1920:
exhibition devoted to Durand-Ruel 4 March – 31 May 2015.
1738:
Paul Durand-Ruel, Memoirs of an Impressionist Art Dealer
1679:"Paul Durand-Ruel, the man who saved the impressionists"
1879:
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Portrait of Joseph Durand-Ruel by Pierre Auguste Renoir
108:
Art Dealing, Impressionist Movement, Modern Art Markets
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to showcase in his exhibitions and enhance publicity.
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2012:
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Paul Durand-Ruel and Renoir: 47 Years of Friendship
1373:in 1810 until his death. He bought the violin from
496:His strategy followed seven innovative principles:
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80:
61:
32:
305:Paul Durand-Ruel in his gallery in 1910. Photo by
126:; 31 October 1831 – 5 February 1922) was a French
512:Free access to his galleries and to his apartment
237:Until the turn of the 20th century, the French '
1478:The Invention of Paris: A History in Footsteps
1350:Durand-Ruel died on 5 February 1922 in Paris.
518:Associate the art world with the finance world
488:, who operated a permanent art gallery there.
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1939:
316:Durand-Ruel and Claude Monet in Giverny, 1900
138:. Being the first to support artists such as
8:
1844:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1475:Eric Hazan, David Fernbach (trans.) (2011).
1813:Marketing modernism in fin-de-siècle Europe
2099:
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1946:
1932:
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1848:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1787:La vie et l'oeuvre de Jean-François Millet
1750:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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503:The exclusivity of the artists' production
40:
29:
1657:Mendelsohn, Meredith and Meghan Dailey. "
890:FANTIN-LATOUR, Henri Théodore Jean Ignace
595:in London and given a prominent position.
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1377:as stated on the certificate issued by
515:Promote the artists' work via the press
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1330:ZIEM, Félix-François-Georges-Philibert
614:# of Works linked to Paul Durand-Ruel
600:Artists supported by Paul Durand-Ruel
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500:Protect and defend art above all else
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509:A network of international galleries
1876:Biography of Paul-Louis Durand-Ruel
1369:Durand-Ruel owned a violin made by
1885:Works by or about Paul Durand-Ruel
1630:Stamberg, Susan (18 August 2015).
1084:MAUFRA, Maxime, Maxime-Emile-Louis
25:
1908:New York Art Resources Consortium
1481:. London; New York: Verso Books.
836:DIAZ DE LA PENA, Narcisse-Virgile
2197:
1789:. Eds. des champs. p. 153.
1038:LEPINE, Stanislas-Victor-Edouard
1010:JONGKIND, Johan ou Jean-Barthold
935:GUILLAUMIN, Jean-Baptiste-Armand
1701:Biography for: Paul Durand-Ruel
2271:First Impressionist Exhibition
1810:Jensen, Robert, 1954- (1994).
1:
2437:Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté
2040:Donald Smith, Lord Strathcona
1984:Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté
1765:Durand-Ruel, Goffrey (2009).
553:Luncheon of the Boating Party
323:James Abbott McNeill Whistler
179:Paul-Marie-Joseph Durand-Ruel
167:
51:
27:French art dealer (1831–1922)
184:Ecole Militaire de Saint-Cyr
2606:French impressionist cinema
2050:William Cornelius Van Horne
1659:The Purveyor of Modern Life
1619:. London: National Gallery.
1562:www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk
1538:www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk
1511:www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk
271:Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
196:Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
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2647:Pennsylvania Impressionism
2195:
1785:Sensier and Mantz (2005).
1489:. Accessed September 2013.
1401:. Oxford University Press.
1300:VIGNON, Victor-Alfred-Paul
1270:TOULOUSE-LAUTREC, Henri de
1177:PUVIS DE CHAVANNES, Pierre
774:DAUBIGNY, Charles-François
2732:Businesspeople from Paris
2701:Pays des Impressionnistes
2495:Giovanni Battista Ciolina
1452:"Inventing Impressionism"
392:Charles-François Daubigny
39:
2637:Decorative Impressionism
2632:California Impressionism
1989:Maurice Galbraith Cullen
1895:Degas: The Artist's Mind
850:DURENNE, Eugène-Antoine
589:La Musique Aux Tuileries
565:The Sheepfold, Moonlight
473:the German art critique
158:Early life and education
2657:Synthetic impressionism
2622:Amsterdam Impressionism
2447:Helen Galloway McNicoll
2298:Frederick Carl Frieseke
1994:Helen Galloway McNicoll
1914:Inventing Impressionism
1880:National Gallery of Art
1075:Realism, Impressionism
980:HOSCHEDE-MONET, Blanche
796:Realism, Impressionism
703:Realism, Impressionism
587:One of Edouard Manet's
198:and the members of the
2328:Walter Elmer Schofield
1955:Canadian Impressionism
1615:Robbins, Anne (2015).
1397:Chilvers, Ian (2015).
1385:References and sources
1315:ZANDOMENEGHI, Federico
1207:RENOIR, Pierre-Auguste
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506:Individual exhibitions
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123:[pɔldyʁɑ̃ʁɥɛl]
2555:Władysław Podkowiński
2293:William Merritt Chase
2184:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
1871:Durand-Ruel & Cie
1723:"Durand-Ruel and Cie"
1245:Realism, Romanticism
1099:MILLET, Jean François
995:HUGUET, Victor-Pierre
876:ESPAGNAT, Georges d'
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541:Death of Sardanapalus
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444:The Grafton Galleries
431:Death of Sardanapalus
411:The Grafton Galleries
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352:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
315:
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148:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
119:French pronunciation:
48:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
2462:Robert Wakeham Pilot
2452:James Wilson Morrice
2333:John Henry Twachtman
2004:Robert Wakeham Pilot
1999:James Wilson Morrice
1736:Durand-Ruel (2014).
742:COROT, Jean-Baptiste
696:CAILLEBOTTE, Gustave
635:BARYE, Antoine-Louis
279:Jean-François Millet
130:associated with the
2575:Philip Wilson Steer
2427:William Blair Bruce
2214:Gustave Caillebotte
2134:Gustave Caillebotte
1974:William Blair Bruce
1366:in London in 2015.
1277:Post-Impressionism
1199:Post-Impressionism
1060:Post-Impressionism
1030:Post-Impressionism
972:Post-Impressionism
882:Post-Impressionism
627:Post-Impressionism
601:
577:Green Park, London,
420:Jacques-Louis David
388:Franco-Prussian War
2737:French art dealers
2684:The Impressionists
2652:Post-Impressionism
2530:Konstantin Korovin
2380:Frederick McCubbin
2224:Henry O. Havemeyer
1706:2007-11-06 at the
1415:"Paul Durand-Ruel"
1238:ROUSSEAU, Théodore
965:HELLEU, Paul-César
905:FORAIN, Jean-Louis
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267:landscape painting
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2642:Neo-Impressionism
2510:Antoine Guillemet
2490:Marie Bracquemond
2457:Laura Muntz Lyall
2323:Theodore Robinson
2318:Lilla Cabot Perry
2154:Armand Guillaumin
2074:
2073:
1687:. thetimes.co.uk.
1593:Galenson, David.
1487:978-1-84467-800-6
1343:
1342:
1161:PISSARRO, Camille
820:DELACROIX, Eugène
681:BROWN, John-Lewis
593:Grafton Galleries
418:century, such as
409:The main hall of
275:Théodore Rousseau
112:
111:
16:(Redirected from
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2686:(2006 TV series)
2678:Wilfrid de Glehn
2550:Nadežda Petrović
2515:Nazmi Ziya Güran
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2308:Alphonse Maureau
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2255:Ambroise Vollard
2245:Paul Durand-Ruel
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2179:Camille Pissarro
2124:Frédéric Bazille
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2066:Paul Durand-Ruel
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1918:National Gallery
1889:Internet Archive
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1454:. Archived from
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1379:Jacques Francais
1364:National Gallery
1053:LOISEAU, Gustave
1024:KHMELUK, Vassyl
758:COURBET, Gustave
602:
428:and Delacroix's
400:Camille Pissarro
366:amongst others.
348:Camille Pissarro
283:Eugène Delacroix
233:The Salon System
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144:Camille Pissarro
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115:Paul Durand-Ruel
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2480:Eugène Baudouin
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2432:William Brymner
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2219:Victor Chocquet
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416:
410:
396:Claude Monet
385:
368:
364:Hugues Merle
340:Claude Monet
332:Mary Cassatt
319:
290:
260:
254:
239:Salon System
236:
228:
224:
220:
208:rue Laffitte
193:
178:
177:He was born
176:
140:Claude Monet
114:
113:
86:(1922-02-05)
46:Portrait by
2727:1922 deaths
2722:1831 births
2691:Louis Leroy
2589:Other media
2565:Max Slevogt
2540:Henry Moret
2385:Tom Roberts
2264:Exhibitions
2149:Edgar Degas
2117:Originators
2059:Art dealers
1962:Originators
1664:Art+Auction
526:treasures…"
492:Art markets
386:During the
328:Edgar Degas
263:Romanticism
171: 1882
97:Nationality
55: 1910
18:Durand-Ruel
2716:Categories
2601:Literature
2422:Henri Beau
2354:Australian
2035:James Ross
2020:Hugh Allan
1969:Henri Beau
1567:2022-07-15
1543:2022-07-15
1516:2022-07-15
1462:2015-03-18
1334:1821-1911
1319:1841-1917
1304:1847-1909
1289:1869-1952
1274:1864-1901
1258:1839-1899
1242:1812-1867
1227:1840-1917
1211:1841-1919
1196:1840-1916
1184:Symbolism
1181:1824-1898
1165:1830-1903
1150:1841-1895
1135:1856-1913
1119:1840-1926
1103:1814-1875
1088:1861-1918
1072:1832-1883
1057:1865-1935
1042:1835-1892
1027:1903-1986
1014:1819-1891
999:1835-1902
984:1865-1947
969:1859-1927
954:1859-1935
939:1841-1927
924:1848-1903
909:1852-1931
894:1836-1904
879:1870-1950
866:1893-1963
853:1860-1944
840:1807-1876
824:1798-1863
808:1834-1917
793:1808-1879
778:1817-1878
762:1819-1877
746:1796-1875
731:1839-1906
715:1844-1926
700:1848-1894
685:1829-1890
669:1824-1898
654:1833-1902
639:1795-1895
624:1869-1954
128:art dealer
68:1831-10-31
1840:cite book
1746:cite book
1684:The Times
1643:18 August
1230:Sculptor
642:Sculptor
611:Movement
608:Lifespan
563:Millet's
551:Renoir's
2615:See also
2411:Canadian
2282:American
1832:29670936
1740:. Paris.
1704:Archived
1292:Fauvism
1106:Realism
781:Realism
765:Realism
749:Realism
575:Monet's
326:Europe.
200:Barbizon
154:system.
134:and the
2671:Related
2662:The Ten
2473:artists
2413:artists
2356:artists
2284:artists
2238:Dealers
2207:Patrons
2013:Patrons
1887:at the
1217:~1,500
1125:~1,000
1109:>61
768:>30
531:Artists
468:Germany
257:of 1830
1830:
1820:
1793:
1485:
1354:Legacy
688:Genre
657:Genre
413:, 1905
382:London
354:, and
307:Dornac
285:, and
190:Career
146:, and
100:French
2696:Nadar
2596:Music
2471:Other
1598:(PDF)
1346:Death
1264:~400
1248:~100
1171:~800
1078:~200
830:~200
814:~400
752:~300
721:~400
675:~400
605:Name
425:Marat
152:Salon
1850:link
1846:link
1828:OCLC
1818:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1752:link
1645:2015
1483:ISBN
398:and
265:and
81:Died
62:Born
1878:at
1869:at
1637:NPR
422:'s
362:or
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1916:.
1906:A
1842:}}
1838:{{
1826:.
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1423:^
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394:,
350:,
346:,
342:,
338:,
334:,
330:,
281:,
277:,
273:,
168:c.
142:,
52:c.
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2093:t
2086:v
1947:e
1940:t
1933:v
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1769:.
1754:)
1725:.
1647:.
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