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33:
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1104:, an evil demon who uses deception to disarm his opponents, ultimately taking the form of a buffalo demon. Mahishasura is able to use his powers to defeat the male gods because he had been granted a boon that he could only be defeated by a woman. Feeling angered and helpless, the gods release energy which combines into a singular mass of light and strength which takes the form of a goddess, Durga. The gods then bestow her with various weapons.
1572:
126:
955:), Sattvic is light and creative pursuit (Mahalakshmi), and Rajasic is dynamic energy qua energy without any intent of being creative or destructive (Mahasaraswati). The unmanifest, in this philosophy, has all these three innate attributes and qualities, as potent principle within, as unrealized power, and this unrealized Goddess dwells in every individual, according to
1121:
548:
772:
1442:(Vedic) – Ratri Suktam (8 Slokas) has been taken from Rig Veda, 10th Mandala, 10th Anuvaka, 127th Sukta, which shows that Devi was worshipped from time immemorial. Devi is described as the all-pervading Supreme Lord of the Universe appearing in Omkara. Here Ratri is the Goddess who fulfills our prayers.
1087:
who is preparing to create the next cycle of the
Universe. Brahma sings to the Great Goddess, asking her to withdraw from Vishnu so he may awaken and slay the demons. Devi agrees to withdraw and Vishnu awakens, fights the demons for five thousand years and vanquishes them. Here Devi is praised as the
1078:
The first episode (chapter 1) of the Devi
Mahatmyam depicts Devi in her form as Maha-Maya. Here, Devi is central and key to the creation as Maha-Maya, or, the great illusion/power that induces Vishnu's deep slumber on the waters of the cosmic ocean prior to the manifestation of the Universe which is
1260:
The sage finishes the tale. He tells the king and the merchant to take refuge in Devi to rid themselves of their delusion. Both the king and the merchant undertake penance and Devi grants them her vision. The king asks Devi for his lost kingdom and Devi grants it to him. The merchants asks Devi for
1393:
As an independent text, Devī Māhātmya has acquired a number of "limbs" or "subsidiary texts" or "appendages" (angas) over the years "fore and aft". According to Coburn "artistic evidence suggests that the angas have been associated with the text since the fourteenth century." The angas are chiefly
1315:
Devadatta Kali states that the three tales are "allegories of outer and inner experience". The evil adversaries of the
Goddess, states Kali, symbolize the all-too-human impulses, such as pursuit of power, or possessions, or delusions such as arrogance. The Goddess wages war against this. Like the
876:
as the secondary creator, the sustainer, and destroyer. She is described in the text as the one who dwells in all creatures, as the soul, as the power to know, will and act. She is further described as the consciousness of all living beings, intelligence, matter, and all that is form or emotion.
1329:
Most hymns, states Thomas Coburn, present the
Goddess's martial exploits, but these are "surpassed by verses of another genre, viz., the hymns to the Goddess". The hymnic portion of the text balances the verses that present the spiritual liberation power of the Goddess. These hymns describe the
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which affirms her role as the creator, preserver and destroyer of the universe. Devi, pleased with the devas, grants them a boon that she will always destroy the demons and bring peace to earth. She mentions her future incarnations and their respective acts (Chapter 11). Then Devi mentions the
1448:
is also a beautiful hymn written in the saptashati which is said to be the mixture of the three hymns i.e., Kavacham, Argala stotram, Keelakam and also
Rahasya parvam (Murthy Rahasyam and Vaikrutika Rahasyam).It is said that Lord Shiva had recited this shloka to Parvathi at her attainment of
1037:
presents a dispossessed king
Suratha, who has lost his kingdom and a merchant named Samadhi, who is betrayed by his family. Disturbed by these events, both men decide to renounce the world and escape to the forested ashram of sage Medhas to find peace. Medhas' teachings lead them both beyond
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provides her with a lion for a vehicle. Durga rides the lion into battle and captures and slays the buffalo demon by cutting off its head. She then destroys the inner essence of the demon when it emerges from the buffalo's severed neck, thereby establishing order in the world.
1430:– Here Rishi Markandeya is telling his disciples in 27 inspiring couplets on the greatness of Devi. She has been described in all aspects and names and at the end of each Sloka, prayer is offered to Devi for material prosperity, physical fitness, fame and victory.
1563:. This is indicated by the early dates when it was translated into European languages. It was translated into English in 1823, followed by an analysis with excerpts in French in 1824. It was translated into Latin in 1831 and Greek in 1853.
1070:
871:
is a devotional text, and its aim, states Thomas Coburn, is not to analyze divine forms or abstract ideas, but to praise. It accomplishes this with a philosophical foundation, wherein the female is the primordial creator; she is also the
1721:
composition, the middle episode alone is recited at a puja or festival. Further, when the recital begins, the tradition is to complete the reading of the middle episode completely as a partial reading is considered to create a spiritual
859:, states C. Mackenzie Brown, is both a culmination of centuries of Indian ideas about the divine feminine, as well as a foundation for the literature and spirituality focused on the feminine transcendence in centuries that followed.
1606:, states C Mackenzie Brown, that "the various mythic, cultic and theological elements relating to diverse female divinities were brought together in what has been called the 'crystallization of the Goddess tradition."
1677:
The significance of Devi Māhātmya has been explained in many
Tantric and Puranic texts like Katyayani Tantra, Gataka Tantra, Krodha Tantra, Meru Tantram, Marisa Kalpam, Rudra Yamala, and Chidambara Rahasya.
995:
is not the earliest literary fragment attesting to the existence of devotion to a goddess figure, but it is surely the earliest in which the object of worship is conceptualized as
Goddess, with a capital G.
852:
section. The archaeological and textual evidence implies, states Thomas Coburn, that the
Goddess had become as much a part of the Hindu tradition, as God, by about the third or fourth century.
1046:– Devi as "Slayer of the Buffalo Demon" – one of the most ubiquitous images in Hindu art and sculpture, and a tale known almost universally in India. Among the important goddess forms the
1613:
is the oral tradition. Though it is part of the devotional tradition, it is in the rites of the Hindus that it plays an important role. The entire text is considered as one single
1176:
conquer heaven and the gods go to the
Himalayas to pray to Devi. Soon, Parvati arrives and asks them to whom they are praying. She then reveals to them that it is her. Thereafter,
1638:). It has been approached, by Hindus and Western scholars, as scripture in and by itself, where its significance is intrinsic, not derived from its Puranic context.
645:—the goddess is very angry and ruthless, and the forces of good win. The verses of this story also outline a philosophical foundation wherein the ultimate reality (
1717:
In the theological practices of the goddess tradition of Hinduism, the middle episode is the most important. If a community or individual cannot recite the entire
1641:
According to Damara Tantra "Like Aswamedha in Yagnas, Hari in Devas, Sapthsati is in hymns." "Like the Vedas; Saptasati is eternal" says Bhuvaneshwari Samhita.
743:, "fierce, violent, cruel for evil forces not for good forces". The epithet has no precedent in Vedic literature and is first found in a late insertion to the
634:. The text is one of the earliest extant complete manuscripts from the Hindu traditions which describes reverence and worship of the feminine aspect of God.
1366:
1326:
symbolic killing grounds target human frailties, according to Kali, and the Goddess targets the demons of ego and dispels our mistaken idea of who we are.
1436:– Here also Rishi Markandeya tells his disciples in 16 Slokas, the ways and means of removing obstacles faced by devotees, while reading Devi Mahatmya.
3395:
Sarma, Sarayu Prasad, Saptashatī Sarvasvam, in Sanskrit, - A cyclopaedic work on Devī Māhātmya. Rashtriya Sanskrita Samsthan, New Delhi, India, 2006.
1410:
who asks about the means of achieving what is desired, and a one verse response from the Goddess who says she will proclaim the relevant discipline (
951:), whose equilibrium or disequilibrium drives the nature of a living being or thing. Tamasic is darkness and destructiveness (represented as Kali in
1509:, 10th Anuvaka, 125th Sukta. These Slokas express the truth realised by Vak, who identifies herself as Brahma Sakti, and expresses herself as 11
1042:, an epithet of the goddess, who is the cause of world's delusion and creation and who manifests in different ways. Most famous is the story of
32:
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3332:
3311:
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2198:
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concerned with the ritual use of Devī Māhātmya and based on the assumption that the text will be recited aloud in the presence of images.
1533:—who are sustained by Her and She is the source, substratum and support of the whole world. She is verily Brahmasvarupini (embodiment of
641:
describes a storied battle between good and evil, where the Devi manifesting as goddess Durga leads the forces of good against the demon
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3434:
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947:
The Samkhya philosophical premise asserts that all life and matter has all three co-existent innate tendencies or attributes (
3171:
3034:
2094:
1347:
815:. Thus, it can be concluded that the text was composed before the 7th century CE. It is generally dated between 400–600 CE.
3429:
Swami Sivananda, Devi Māhātmya (with a lucid running translation), The Divine Life Society, Shivanandanagar, India, 1994. (
2128:
393:
1501:(Rig Vedoktam) – (According to Rig Veda): "The 8 Slokas composed by Vak, the daughter of Maharshi Ambharin, are from the
1212:
also appears and is killed by Kali. Nisumbha and his army is defeated by the goddess with the help of the seven mothers.
2493:
1249:
In the final battle against Shumbha, Devi absorbs Kali and the seven mothers and stands alone for the final battle.
816:
2373:
Alban Widgery (1930), The principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pages 234-237
2560:
695:(literally a collection of seven hundred" or something that contains seven hundreds in number), as it contains 700
410:
69:
3495:
3464:
3398:
Sri Durga Saptashatī, - Original text and ritual manual with Hindi translation, Gita Press, Gorakpur, India.
1243:
735:
is "the Goddess of Truth and Justice who came to Earth for the establishment of Dharma", from the adjective
796:, and constitutes the latter's chapters 81 through 93. The Purana is dated to the ~3rd century CE, and the
2163:
959:. This acknowledgment of Samkhya dualistic foundation is then integrated into a monistic (non-dualistic,
3087:
1745:
1173:
808:
626:
569:
267:
2356:
James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing,
1686:
668:
930:, transcendent) is also referred to as Maha-lakshmi. This structure is not accidental, but embeds the
3480:
2984:
The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana
1449:
BramhaGyaan. This shloka plays an important role in Devi Saptashati. It is at the ending of the book.
1015:
780:
1215:
620:). The text contains 700 verses arranged into 13 chapters. It is one of the most important texts in
3490:
3418:, Devi Mandir Publications, USA and Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India, 1995. (
135:
81:
1855:
3458:
534:
277:
233:
3401:
Swami Jagadiswarananda, Devi Māhātmyam English translation, Sri Ramkrishna Math, Madras, 1953. (
2021:
3447:
3485:
3453:
3430:
3419:
3402:
3385:
3384:
Sankaranarayanan, S., Glory of the Divine Mother (Devī Māhātmyam), Nesma Books, India, 2001. (
3371:
3349:
3328:
3307:
3290:
3272:
3254:
3234:
3211:
3190:
3167:
3148:
3127:
3106:
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3051:
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3026:
Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation
3009:
2988:
2970:
2943:
2939:
Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation
2937:
2619:
2615:
Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation
2592:
2435:
2357:
2337:
2301:
2253:
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2194:
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philosophy. It is the base and root of Shakta doctrine. It appears as the centre of the great
1125:
792:
707:
400:
260:
245:
109:
99:
60:
2215:
1424:(armour) protects the reader in all parts of his body, in all places and in all difficulties.
1124:
The Goddess Ambika leading the Eight Matrikas in battle (top row, from the left) Narasinhmi,
3500:
2586:
2249:
The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theology (Editors: Mary McClintock Fulkerson, Sheila Briggs)
2057:
1192:
1177:
562:
357:
302:
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960:
552:
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2014:
1740:
631:
425:
317:
255:
250:
3474:
1735:
1387:
1374:, is found all over India, Nepal and southeast Asia. Clockwise from top: 9th-century
1370:
Artwork depicting the "Goddess Durga Slaying the Buffalo demon Mahishasura" scene of
1318:
1199:
who emerges from Devi's forehead. The battle continues and the seven mothers, or the
1080:
940:
913:
516:
415:
307:
287:
238:
146:
1478:– "Describes how the Godhead beyond change subjected itself to change, how the mula
1653:
1079:
a continuous cycle of manifestation, destruction and re-manifestation. Two demons,
1023:
677:
458:
405:
37:
2086:
1257:
benefits, accrual of peace, bliss of worshipping her and disappears (Chapter 12).
1209:
1157:
98:
or Adishakti, as the supreme power and creator of the universe. It is part of the
3343:
3322:
3301:
3266:
3205:
3142:
3121:
3066:
3045:
3024:
3005:
The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary
3003:
2982:
2665:
2651:
2613:
2331:
2295:
2247:
2217:
The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being
2124:
916:(creator, Action principle of mother, Rajasic), which as a collective are called
672:
The oldest surviving manuscript of the Devi Māhātmyam, on palm-leaf, in an early
3363:
3185:
Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition
2167:
1624:
is treated in the cultic context as if it were a Vedic hymn or verse with sage (
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221:
17:
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491:
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125:
2618:. State University of New York Press. pp. 29–86 (Complete translation).
1482:(productive), became vikriti (produced); hence the name Vaikritika Rahasyam."
1195:, servants of Sumbha and Nisumbha. Chanda and Munda are eventually killed by
1750:
1703:
1383:
1379:
501:
486:
453:
343:
208:
183:
2497:
1120:
948:
3413:
3248:
2806:
1625:
1420:– The Devi Kavacham consisting of 61 Slokas is in Markandeya Purana. This
757:
749:
737:
729:
717:
708:
1691:
1631:
1502:
1406:
also known as "Amba Stuti" – They are introduced as one-verse query from
1286:
1201:
1149:
1137:
1058:
905:
673:
653:
621:
370:
348:
198:
154:
117:
95:
3324:
Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess
2564:
2434:. Routledge worlds (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 148–151.
1096:
The middle episode (chapters 2–4) presents the goddess in her avatar as
1534:
1530:
1479:
1469:
1414:) by revealing Amba Stuti which consists of the seven verses indicated.
1411:
1375:
1290:
1278:
1228:
1185:
1145:
1129:
1113:
931:
918:
873:
646:
380:
203:
173:
3303:
Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares
1614:
1596:
1592:
1510:
1489:
1455:(Tantrik) – The hymn in the first chapter is the Tantrik Ratri Sukta.
1141:
1105:
1084:
696:
496:
468:
463:
168:
2330:
Thomas Coburn (2002). Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown (ed.).
2294:
Thomas Coburn (2002). Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown (ed.).
1468:– "Deals with the process of creation. It is the secret about mula
1707:
1685:
1577:
1570:
1559:
The Devi Mahatmya was considered significant among the Puranas by
1522:
1492:
1407:
1365:
1214:
1119:
1097:
1069:
935:
771:
770:
681:
667:
375:
228:
178:
91:
41:
31:
3144:
Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses
2666:
Swami Sivananda, Devi Māhātmya (with a lucid running translation)
2652:
Swami Sivananda, Devi Māhātmya (with a lucid running translation)
1088:
agent who allows both the cosmic order to be upset and restored.
2612:
Thomas B. Coburn (23 April 1991). "3. The Text in Translation".
1635:
1526:
1514:
1224:
1196:
1153:
1109:
1100:. The episode stages a world under attack by the shape-shifting
1052:
511:
448:
443:
188:
163:
87:
1838:
1836:
1083:, arise from Vishnu's earwax. The demons endeavour to vanquish
2125:"Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami- Pattadakal"
1074:
Vishnu vanquishes Madhu-Kaitabha, with Devi in the background.
691:
means 'Glorification of the Goddess'. The text is also called
1252:
After the battle, the gods praise Devi. The hymn is known as
1918:
1916:
3287:
Mysticism of the Devi Mahatmya Worship of the Divine Mother
3047:
Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition
2820:
2818:
2816:
723:
is the name by which the Supreme Goddess is referred to in
3207:
Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas
3164:
In Praise of the Goddess: The Devimahatmya and Its Meaning
1702:
The recitation of Devi Mahatmya is done during the Sharad
1878:
1876:
1543:(Tantrik) – The hymn in chapter 5 is Tantrik Devi Suktam.
3229:
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2
2942:. State University of New York Press. pp. 114–116.
1330:
nature and character of the Goddess in spiritual terms:
912:(sustainer, evolution principle of mother, Sattvic) and
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2462:
2460:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1795:
1581:, Slayer of the Buffalo Demon—a central episode of the
884:(manifest, incarnated) form of the Goddess, as well as
2516:
2514:
2336:. State University of New York Press. pp. 80–83.
2300:. State University of New York Press. pp. 79–81.
1806:
1804:
74:
2766:
Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess.p 100–101
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2241:
2239:
2237:
1823:
1821:
1819:
3289:. South Miami, Fla: Yoga Research Foundation, 1994.
2187:"The Warring Śaktis: A Paradigm for Gupta Conquests"
1018:, one of the early Sanskrit Puranas, where the sage
783:, is part of a UNESCO world heritage site candidate.
94:
philosophical text describing the Goddess, known as
1710:. It is recited during Navaratri celebrations, the
3226:
3182:
3098:
2454:Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess. p 100
2013:
908:(destroyer, desire principle of mother, Tamasic),
848:, particularly in the later (100 to 300 CE) added
36:A 17th-century Devimahatmya manuscript written in
2775:Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess.p 223
2174:. Vol. XI. Government of India. p. 302.
1038:existential suffering. The sage tells them about
844:Hymns to goddesses are in the ancient Hindu epic
3120:John Stratton Hawley; Donna Marie Wulff (1998).
2969:, Sri Ramakrishna Matam, Chennai, India, 1973. (
1172:In the final episode (chapters 5–13) the demons
938:that is central in Hindu scriptures such as the
2382:
1934:
1842:
1269:
1026:, or the eighth Manu. The thirteen chapters of
983:
811:inscription (608 CE) quotes a portion from the
3467:by Pranavanundha Saraswati Avadhootha Swamigal
3345:The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2591:. University Press of America. pp. 5–10.
2555:
2553:
1316:philosophical and symbolic battlefield of the
1261:wisdom and she grants it to him (Chapter 13).
1050:introduced into the Sanskritic mainstream are
615:
599:
2801:
2799:
1946:
1768:
660:festival, and in Durga temples across India.
570:
8:
2931:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2430:Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene, eds. (2007).
1547:The number and order of these depend on the
1205:, are produced from the seven male gods.
892:hymns appear in chapters 1, 4 and 11 of the
3141:Alf Hiltebeitel; Kathleen M. Erndl (2000).
2833:Sarma, Sarayu Prasad, Saptashatī Sarvasvam
1970:
577:
563:
104:
3253:, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, India, 1993. (
2902:Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 51–55
2185:Katherine Anne Harper (1 February 2012).
2164:"Dadhimati-Mata Inscription of Dhruhlana"
3461:, English Transliteration and commentary
2252:. Oxford University Press. p. 139.
1714:festival and in Durga temples of India.
1180:, or Kaushiki, appears from the sheath (
888:(unmanifest, abstract) form of her. The
2967:Devi Māhātmyam with commentary in Tamil
2544:
2532:
2044:
1982:
1780:
1761:
1231:) attacking Nisumbha with her trident:
975:and other important texts of Hinduism.
116:
3348:. State University of New York Press.
3327:. State University of New York Press.
3306:. State University of New York Press.
3101:Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices
3029:. State University of New York Press.
3008:. State University of New York Press.
2987:. State University of New York Press.
2878:
2851:Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 52
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2709:Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 72
2697:
2406:
2394:
2272:
2149:
2114:Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 95
2020:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1958:
1922:
1882:
1827:
1810:
1030:are divided into three unequal parts.
3097:Lynn Foulston; Stuart Abbott (2009).
2890:
2638:
2588:Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power
2520:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2466:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
1999:
1191:Devi engages in a fierce battle with
7:
2685:
2669:, The Divine Life Society, p.134-135
2655:, The Divine Life Society, p.122-130
1899:. Infobase Publishing. p. 399.
1895:Constance Jones; James Ryan (2014).
904:forms of her, asserts the text, are
775:Durga temple depicting scenes from
3210:. University of California Press.
3189:. University of California Press.
2936:Thomas B. Coburn (23 April 1991).
1694:marks the formal beginning of the
1227:(sometimes described as a form of
1014:consists of chapters 81–93 of the
804:either in the 5th or 6th century.
25:
1617:and a collection of 700 Mantras.
1591:has been called the Testament of
1112:gives her his bow and arrows and
727:. According to Hindu Scriptures,
649:in Hinduism) can also be female.
3268:Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls
3247:Manna, Sibendu, Mother Goddess,
3002:Cheever Mackenzie Brown (1998).
2842:Sri Durga Saptashatī, Gita Press
2214:Charles Dillard Collins (1988).
2131:from the original on 16 May 2022
1690:Recitation of Durga Mahatmya on
1673:Durgapradeepam are some of them.
986:The Goddess in Indian traditions
967:, just like the Upanishads, the
546:
124:
3068:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
2824:Sankaranarayanan. S., p 271–273
2162:Pandit Ram Karna Asopa (1911).
2097:from the original on 2023-07-20
2068:from the original on 2023-07-19
1644:There are many commentaries on
1265:Symbolism of the three episodes
1242:, colour on paper, 22 × 33 cm.
1495:of the Goddess are mentioned."
1472:who is the cause of creation."
1301:I am Brahman and not Brahman.
896:, while chapter 5 praises the
1:
3147:. New York University Press.
1630:), meter, pradhnadevata, and
1299:I am knowledge and ignorance,
1297:I am delight and non-delight,
1236:
835:
824:
3412:Swami Satyananda Saraswati,
3370:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
2805:Swami Satyananda Saraswati,
1949:, pp. 215–216, 219–220.
1796:Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998
3414:
3271:. Oxford University Press.
3249:
2981:Brown, C Mackenzie (1990).
2807:
2193:. SUNY Press. p. 117.
2016:An Introduction to Hinduism
1626:
1460:Succeeding subsidiary texts
1283:from me emanates the world,
1022:is narrating a story about
880:The text includes hymns to
758:
750:
738:
730:
718:
709:
75:
3517:
3225:Lochtefeld, James (2002).
3044:Coburn, Thomas B. (2002).
3023:Coburn, Thomas B. (1991).
2220:. SUNY Press. p. 36.
1398:Preceding subsidiary texts
1140:. (bottom row, from left)
3465:Devi Mahatmyam recitation
3105:. Sussex Academic Press.
1726:or "chink in the armor".
1488:– "The incarnations, the
1295:I am empty and not empty,
1033:The framing narrative of
934:philosophy idea of three
790:is a text extracted from
616:
600:
411:Krishnananda Agamavagisha
64:
3342:Tracy Pintchman (2015).
3321:Tracy Pintchman (2014).
3300:Tracy Pintchman (2005).
3162:Kali, Davadatta (2003).
3123:Devi: Goddesses of India
2478:Kali, Davadatta, p. xvii
1961:, p. 1, 53-56, 280.
1897:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
1706:(October – November) in
1567:Place in the Hindu canon
1285:which has the Spirit of
900:concept of Goddess. The
817:Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty
376:Trika (Kashmir Shaivism)
29:Hindu philosophical text
3204:Kinsley, David (1997).
3181:Kinsley, David (1988).
3166:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3126:. Motilal Banarsidass.
2585:Laura Amazzone (2012).
1599:tradition of Hinduism.
1386:Indonesia, 2nd-century
1244:Cleveland Museum of Art
1233:Kali Attacking Nisumbha
3265:June McDaniel (2004).
1699:
1609:The unique feature of
1585:
1390:
1304:
1246:
1164:
1108:gives her his discus,
1075:
999:
784:
685:
44:
3065:Dalal, Rosen (2014).
1798:, p. 77 note 28.
1746:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1689:
1658:Nagesi by Nagoji Bhat
1574:
1369:
1218:
1174:Shumbha and Nishumbha
1123:
1073:
774:
763:appear as epithets."
671:
652:It is recited during
627:Devi-Bhagavata Purana
592:is also known as the
481:Festivals and temples
35:
3233:. Rosen Publishing.
3050:. South Asia Books.
2860:Manna, Sibendu, p 92
2793:Swami Sivananda, p 3
2383:Tracy Pintchman 2015
2012:Gavin Flood (1996).
1935:Tracy Pintchman 2014
1843:Tracy Pintchman 2014
1521:and all the Devas,—
1272:Who is this Goddess?
702:It is also known as
222:Scriptures and texts
3285:Jyotir Maya Nanda.
2869:Swami Sivananda p 5
2397:, pp. 157–158.
2385:, pp. 131–132.
2333:The Roots of Tantra
2297:The Roots of Tantra
2191:The Roots of Tantra
1985:, pp. 101–105.
1925:, pp. 191–192.
1783:, pp. 101–102.
1771:, pp. 215–216.
1578:Mahishasura Mardini
1476:Vaikritika Rahasyam
1277:I resemble in form
1160:. A Folio from the
1062:("Seven Mothers").
1044:Mahishasura Mardini
553:Hinduism portal
529:Regional variations
3454:Devi Raksha Kavach
3089:Markandeya Puranam
2246:NB Saxena (2012).
1947:June McDaniel 2004
1769:June McDaniel 2004
1700:
1586:
1575:Devi portrayed as
1391:
1362:Angas (appendages)
1348:The "Ya Devi" Hymn
1247:
1165:
1156:against the demon
1076:
963:) spirituality in
830:, and rest of the
785:
686:
656:celebrations, the
535:Caribbean Shaktism
278:Lalita Sahasranama
86:'Glory of the
45:
3450:, Devanagari text
3355:978-1-4384-1618-2
3334:978-0-7914-9049-5
3313:978-0-7914-6595-0
3278:978-0-19-534713-5
3217:978-0-520-91772-9
3196:978-0-520-90883-3
3154:978-0-8147-3619-7
3133:978-81-208-1491-2
3112:978-1-902210-43-8
3086:Dutt, MN (1896).
3015:978-0-7914-3939-5
2994:978-0-7914-0364-8
2949:978-0-7914-9931-3
2625:978-0-7914-9931-3
2598:978-0-7618-5314-5
2441:978-0-415-77227-3
2343:978-0-7914-5305-6
2307:978-0-7914-5305-6
2259:978-0-19-927388-1
2227:978-0-88706-773-0
2200:978-0-7914-8890-4
2172:Epigraphia Indica
2058:"British Library"
2047:, pp. 30–35.
2031:978-0-521-43878-0
1885:, pp. 27–31.
1466:Pradhana Rahasyam
1016:Mārkandeya Purana
832:Markandeya Purana
802:Markandeya Purana
800:was added to the
793:Markandeya Purana
587:
586:
401:Bharatchandra Ray
246:Shakta Upanishads
100:Markandeya Purana
85:
73:
16:(Redirected from
3508:
3417:
3381:
3359:
3338:
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3252:
3244:
3232:
3221:
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3188:
3177:
3158:
3137:
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3104:
3093:
3092:. Elysium Press.
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2563:. Archived from
2557:
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2518:
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2508:
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2496:. Archived from
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2127:. UNESCO. 2004.
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1766:
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1404:Durga Saptasloki
1311:
1241:
1238:
1193:Chanda and Munda
1006:
973:Bhagavata Purana
840:
837:
829:
826:
761:
753:
741:
733:
721:
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619:
618:
608:(शत् चण्डी) and
603:
602:
595:Durgā Saptashatī
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550:
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426:Abhirami Bhattar
303:Saundarya Lahari
128:
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18:Durga saptashati
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2087:"Devi Mahatmya"
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1971:Lochtefeld 2002
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1446:Kunjika Stotram
1400:
1378:, 13th-century
1364:
1351:(part 3 start),
1337:(part 1 start),
1313:
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693:Durga Saptaśati
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268:Devi Bhagavatam
224:
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65:देवीमाहात्म्यम्
30:
23:
22:
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12:
11:
5:
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3442:External links
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3407:978-8171201396
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3377:978-3447025225
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2777:
2768:
2759:
2757:, p. 298.
2747:
2745:, p. 295.
2735:
2733:, p. 291.
2723:
2721:, p. 290.
2711:
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2690:
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2641:, p. 114.
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2004:
2002:, p. 118.
1987:
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1973:, p. 426.
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1927:
1912:
1906:978-0816054589
1905:
1887:
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1813:, pp. 13.
1800:
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1743:
1741:Devi Upanishad
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1622:Devi Māhātmyam
1611:Devi Māhātmyam
1589:Devi Māhātmyam
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1531:Asvini Kumaras
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1428:Argala-stotram
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1382:, 9th century
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1355:Narayani-stuti
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1254:Narayani Stuti
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1092:Middle episode
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1081:Madhu-Kaitabha
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1048:Devi Mahatmyam
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857:Devi Mahatmyam
813:Devi Mahatmyam
809:Dadhimati Mata
798:Devi Mahatmyam
788:Devi Mahatmyam
777:Devi Mahatmyam
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725:Devī Māhātmyam
689:Devi Mahatmyam
684:, 11th century
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3435:81-7052-103-3
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2809:
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2800:
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2751:
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2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2700:, p. 72.
2699:
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2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:
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2644:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2578:
2567:on 2007-12-23
2566:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2547:, p. 97.
2546:
2541:
2538:
2535:, p. 96.
2534:
2529:
2526:
2523:, p. 84.
2522:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2500:on 2007-10-31
2499:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
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2437:
2433:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2409:, p. 16.
2408:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2391:
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2379:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:9780823931798
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2255:
2251:
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2240:
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2207:
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2165:
2158:
2155:
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2146:
2143:
2130:
2126:
2120:
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2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1937:, p. 20.
1936:
1931:
1928:
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1913:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
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1879:
1877:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1856:"Chandi Path"
1851:
1848:
1845:, p. 86.
1844:
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1737:
1736:Chandi di Var
1734:
1733:
1729:
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1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1688:
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1672:
1670:Dhamsoddharam
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:Guptavati by
1651:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:Devi Māhātmya
1642:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1604:Devi Mahatmya
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1583:Devi Mahatmya
1580:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1551:(tradition).
1550:
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1416:
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1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:Uttar Pradesh
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:Devi Mahatmya
1368:
1361:
1357:(part 3 end).
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:(part 2 end),
1342:
1341:Sakradi-stuti
1339:
1336:
1335:Brahma-stuti
1333:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:Devi Mahatmya
1321:
1320:
1319:Bhagavad Gita
1312:
1310:
1309:Devi Mahatmya
1302:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
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1262:
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1234:
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1223:depiction of
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1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
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1168:Final episode
1167:
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1162:Devi Mahatmya
1159:
1155:
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1111:
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1103:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1066:First episode
1065:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:Sapta-Matrika
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1035:Devi Mahatmya
1031:
1029:
1028:Devi Mahatmya
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Devi Mahatmya
1007:
1005:
1004:Thomas Coburn
997:
994:
993:Devi-Mahatmya
988:
987:
978:
976:
974:
970:
969:Bhagavad Gita
966:
965:Devi Mahatmya
962:
958:
957:Devi Mahatmya
954:
953:Devi Mahatmya
950:
945:
943:
942:
941:Bhagavad Gita
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
914:Mahasaraswati
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:Devi Mahatmya
891:
887:
883:
878:
875:
870:
869:Devi Mahatmya
862:
860:
858:
853:
851:
847:
842:
839: 250 CE
833:
828: 550 CE
822:
821:Devi Mahatmya
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
794:
789:
782:
781:Aihole temple
778:
773:
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629:
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623:
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601:दुर्गासप्तशती
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568:
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517:Shakta pithas
515:
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416:Ramprasad Sen
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311:
309:
308:Annada Mangal
306:
304:
301:
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288:Kalika Purana
286:
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83:
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76:devīmāhātmyam
71:
62:
58:
57:
52:
51:
50:Devi Mahatmya
43:
39:
34:
27:
19:
3367:
3364:Rocher, Ludo
3344:
3323:
3302:
3286:
3267:
3228:
3206:
3184:
3163:
3143:
3122:
3100:
3088:
3067:
3046:
3025:
3004:
2983:
2966:
2960:Bibliography
2938:
2907:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2771:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2705:
2693:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2646:
2634:
2614:
2607:
2587:
2580:
2569:. Retrieved
2565:the original
2545:Kinsley 1988
2540:
2533:Kinsley 1988
2528:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:the original
2474:
2450:
2431:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2369:
2352:
2332:
2296:
2275:, p. 7.
2268:
2248:
2216:
2209:
2190:
2180:
2171:
2157:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2099:. Retrieved
2090:
2081:
2070:. Retrieved
2061:
2052:
2045:Kinsley 1997
2040:
2015:
2007:
1983:Kinsley 1988
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1896:
1890:
1864:. Retrieved
1862:. 2020-02-17
1859:
1850:
1830:, p. 1.
1781:Kinsley 1988
1776:
1764:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1701:
1676:
1654:Bhaskararaya
1645:
1643:
1640:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1558:
1555:Significance
1546:
1540:
1507:10th Mandala
1498:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1453:Ratri Suktam
1452:
1445:
1440:Ratri Suktam
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1403:
1392:
1371:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1232:
1207:
1202:saptamatrika
1200:
1190:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1095:
1077:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1024:Savarni Manu
1011:
1009:
1003:
1000:
992:
990:
985:
984:
972:
968:
964:
956:
952:
946:
939:
927:
923:
917:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
879:
868:
866:
856:
854:
849:
845:
843:
831:
820:
812:
806:
801:
797:
791:
787:
786:
776:
756:
748:
736:
728:
724:
716:
706:
704:Candi Patha.
703:
701:
692:
688:
687:
651:
638:
636:
625:
610:
609:
605:
594:
593:
589:
588:
497:Lakshmi Puja
459:Panchamakara
406:Bhaskararaya
356:
337:Vidya margam
336:
295:
272:
153:
90:') is a
55:
54:
49:
48:
46:
40:script from
26:
3481:Hindu texts
3415:Chaṇḍī Pāṭh
3368:The Puranas
3071:. Penguin.
2965:Anna, Sri.
2911:Anna, p vii
2879:Coburn 2002
2808:Chaṇḍī Pāṭh
2755:Coburn 2002
2743:Coburn 2002
2731:Coburn 2002
2719:Coburn 2002
2698:Coburn 2002
2407:Coburn 1991
2395:Coburn 1991
2273:Coburn 2002
2168:E. Hultzsch
2150:Rocher 1986
1959:Coburn 2002
1923:Rocher 1986
1883:Coburn 1991
1860:Archive.org
1828:Coburn 2002
1811:Coburn 1991
1561:Indologists
1541:Devi Suktam
1499:Devi Suktam
1240: 1740
1102:Mahishasura
910:Mahalakshmi
846:Mahabharata
745:Mahabharata
699:(verses).
643:Mahishasura
611:Chandi Path
606:Śata Chandī
421:Ramakrishna
381:Kubjikamata
358:Kula margam
296:other texts
3491:Durga Puja
3475:Categories
3173:8120829530
3036:0791404463
2891:Brown 1990
2639:Brown 1990
2571:2007-10-14
2521:Brown 1990
2504:2007-10-14
2467:Brown 1990
2364:, page 265
2135:21 October
2101:2023-07-20
2072:2023-07-19
2000:Dalal 2014
1866:2024-01-04
1757:References
1712:Durga Puja
1696:Durga Puja
1682:In worship
1667:Ramashrami
1664:Puspanjali
1661:Santhanavi
1549:Sampradaya
1208:The demon
1188:’s body.
1134:Maheshvari
1020:Markandeya
863:Philosophy
819:dates the
658:Durga Puja
492:Durga Puja
313:Ramprasadi
2923:Anna, p v
2686:Kali 2003
2091:www.bl.uk
2062:www.bl.uk
1751:Devi Gita
1704:Navaratri
1698:festival.
1602:It is in
1384:Prambanan
1380:Karnataka
1210:Raktabīja
1158:Raktabīja
1146:Indrayani
1126:Vaishnavi
928:Avyakrita
926:concept (
850:Harivamsa
664:Etymology
654:Navaratri
502:Kali Puja
487:Navaratri
454:Kundalini
438:Practices
371:Kalikulam
344:Vamachara
209:Saraswati
184:Mahavidya
157:(Supreme)
70:romanized
3486:Shaktism
3366:(1986).
2129:Archived
2095:Archived
2066:Archived
1730:See also
1692:Mahalaya
1632:viniyoga
1503:Rig Veda
1434:Keelakam
1422:Kavacham
1287:Prakriti
1150:Chamunda
1138:Brahmani
1114:Himalaya
1056:and the
1040:Mahamaya
979:Contents
906:Mahakali
747:, where
680:script,
674:Bhujimol
622:Shaktism
617:चंडी पाठ
394:Scholars
366:Srikulam
199:Matrikas
155:Mahadevi
118:Shaktism
110:a series
108:Part of
96:Mahadevi
61:Sanskrit
3501:Puranas
2170:(ed.).
1535:Brahman
1519:Adityas
1480:prakrti
1470:Prakrti
1412:sadhana
1376:Kashmir
1291:Purusha
1279:Brahman
1229:Parvati
1186:Parvati
1130:Kaumari
961:Advaita
932:Samkhya
924:nirguna
922:. The
919:Tridevi
898:nirguna
886:nirguna
874:Tridevi
767:History
731:Caṇḍikā
719:Caṇḍika
697:shlokas
647:Brahman
330:Schools
261:Tripura
234:Tantras
204:Lakshmi
174:Parvati
147:Deities
136:History
88:Goddess
84:
72::
3433:
3422:
3405:
3388:
3374:
3352:
3331:
3310:
3293:
3275:
3257:
3250:Chaṇḍī
3237:
3214:
3193:
3170:
3151:
3130:
3109:
3075:
3054:
3033:
3012:
2991:
2973:
2946:
2622:
2595:
2561:"Devi"
2494:"Devi"
2438:
2360:
2340:
2304:
2256:
2224:
2197:
2028:
1903:
1724:chidra
1615:Mantra
1597:Shakti
1593:Shakta
1511:Rudras
1493:murtis
1490:Avatar
1322:, the
1221:Pahari
1178:Ambika
1142:Varahi
1106:Vishnu
1085:Brahma
971:, the
902:saguna
890:saguna
882:saguna
759:Chaṇḍī
751:Chaṇḍa
678:Newari
469:Yantra
464:Tantra
239:Yogini
194:Lalita
169:Shakti
38:Newari
2166:. In
1708:India
1634:(for
1523:Indra
1517:, 12
1515:Vasus
1184:) of
1182:kosha
1098:Durga
936:Gunas
779:, in
739:caṇḍa
710:Caṇḍī
682:Nepal
604:) or
229:Vedas
179:Durga
92:Hindu
42:Nepal
3431:ISBN
3420:ISBN
3403:ISBN
3386:ISBN
3372:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3329:ISBN
3308:ISBN
3291:ISBN
3273:ISBN
3255:ISBN
3235:ISBN
3212:ISBN
3191:ISBN
3168:ISBN
3149:ISBN
3128:ISBN
3107:ISBN
3073:ISBN
3052:ISBN
3031:ISBN
3010:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2944:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2254:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2137:2015
2026:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1636:japa
1620:The
1529:and
1527:Agni
1513:, 8
1408:Siva
1289:and
1225:Kali
1197:Kali
1154:Kali
1148:and
1110:Vayu
1053:Kali
1010:The
991:The
949:Guṇa
867:The
855:The
807:The
755:and
637:The
630:and
512:Teej
449:Yoni
444:Yoga
256:Sita
251:Devi
189:Kali
164:Devi
82:lit.
47:The
2022:181
1648:.
1627:ṛṣi
1537:)."
1152:or
834:to
823:to
715:or
676:or
53:or
3477::
2928:^
2916:^
2815:^
2798:^
2780:^
2674:^
2552:^
2513:^
2483:^
2459:^
2414:^
2316:^
2280:^
2236:^
2189:.
2093:.
2089:.
2064:.
2060:.
2024:.
1990:^
1915:^
1875:^
1858:.
1835:^
1818:^
1803:^
1788:^
1525:,
1505:,
1237:c.
1235:;
1219:A
1144:,
1136:,
1132:,
1128:,
944:.
841:.
836:c.
825:c.
112:on
102:.
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3437:)
3426:)
3409:)
3392:)
3380:.
3358:.
3337:.
3316:.
3281:.
3261:)
3243:.
3220:.
3199:.
3176:.
3157:.
3136:.
3115:.
3081:.
3060:.
3039:.
3018:.
2997:.
2977:)
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