443:, where he was staying. Their leader, a man by the name of Earl Lee who was described as fluent in English, asked him if he had indeed made the statements attributed to him in the newspaper, and whether "Japanese were not killing off the Koreans". He answered yes to the first question and no to the second, then proceeded to tell Lee that he had "probably been too long away from his country to know the exact condition of the Government." Upon this, the four men began to strike Stevens with chairs, knocking him down and causing him to strike his head against the marble flooring; Stevens backed up against the wall until help arrived. After the assault, Lee was quoted as saying, "We are all very sorry that we did not do more to him."
487:
assault was "evidently the work of a small band of student agitators in and about San
Francisco, who resent the fact that the Japanese have a protectorate over Korea and believe that I am to some extent responsible for this condition of affairs in their country". However, his condition began to deteriorate on the morning of March 25. His doctors, seeing signs of inflammation in his wounds, placed him under anesthesia and began to perform surgery at six that evening. He never regained consciousness after that, and died shortly after 11 pm, with Japanese Consul Chozo Koike at his bedside. He was buried in his hometown of Washington, D.C., after a funeral service at
322:, then United States Minister to Japan. Bingham had known Stevens's father, E. L. Stevens, who had also graduated from Oberlin like his son and had been involved in anti-slavery activities since the 1830s, a passion Bingham shared. He enthusiastically accepted his new position, in part due to his fondness for learning new languages; he had previously studied Latin, Greek, French, and German. He was initially one of only three staff members at the Legation. He served as secretary until July 1883, and also took up the post of chargé d'affaires ad interim in 1878–79, while Bingham was on home leave. After resigning his post, he returned to the United States.
33:
399:
issued a statement that Japan would welcome legislation restricting the entry of
Japanese immigrants into the United States, and that they were also in favor of stopping movement to Hawaii, "provided it can be done in a manner that would not be offensive to Japan or that would not affect her dignity"; he stated that the Japanese government hoped to induce potential emigrants to settle in Korea or
1478:
431:. Upon his arrival, he gave an interview with a San Francisco newspaper in which he stated that the common people of Korea were benefiting from the increasing Japanese presence and protection in their country, and that, in the state that Korea was in, Korea was not fit to be a liberated country. These statements provoked the ire of two local associations of Koreans, the
364:, in which he sought to justify the war by asserting that the "dry rot of Chinese conservatism" blocked Korea's development, and that a reduction of Chinese influence in Korea and a corresponding increase in Japanese power would result in social and commercial reform. For services rendered during the war, he received the Second Class of the
539:
Jang and Jeon both stood trial for
Stevens's murder separately, as there was insufficient evidence to prove they had conspired with each other; Jeon had the charges against him dropped due to a lack of evidence. The judge then had him released without bail, after which he fled the country. The Korean
398:
resumed. The
Japanese government expected that Stevens supported their efforts to block Korean emigration to Hawaii, but he was initially open to the idea. He had several meetings with Swanzy in Tokyo in mid-1905 on the subject, but in the end, Swanzy's efforts were unsuccessful. Later that year, he
330:
In
November 1883, Stevens entered the service of the Japanese Government as English Secretary to the Imperial Legation at Washington, a position which he obtained thanks to the influence his former superior Bingham had with the Japanese government. In 1884 he was ordered to Tokyo for service in the
372:
to represent
Japanese interests there, once in 1901 and again in 1902. He was also decorated two more times by the Japanese government, the third time receiving the Second Class of the Order of the Rising Sun, and then in October 1904, the fourth time, being awarded the Grand Cross of the Sacred
486:
One bullet had penetrated
Stevens's lung, while another lodged in his groin; however, surgeons at the St. Francis Hospital initially expected that he would be able to make a recovery, and on the day of the attack he was apparently in good enough health to issue a statement to the press that the
536:, concluded that politically motivated murders were not "an isolated or at all peculiar experience" in Korea, and stated that the events "furnish an instructive object lesson for the correct estimation of the Korean character and the Korean method of self-government".
403:
instead. While officially under the employ of the Joseon government, he purportedly continued to receive tens of thousands of dollars in payments from the
Japanese in order to "advance Japanese propaganda" among the American people, according to South Korea's
567:
474:
to hit
Stevens in the face. Jang, who was also seeking to assassinate Stevens, saw the fight and then fired into the melee, striking Stevens twice in the back; Jeon was also shot in the confusion. The crowd which had gathered urged that they be
351:, then Minister at Washington; during that time, he assisted in the negotiation of the treaty with Mexico, which was the first treaty made by Japan fully recognizing her right to exercise all the sovereign powers of an independent state.
483:. In newspaper interviews after the attack, both Jeon and Jang offered no apology for the assassination, describing Stevens as a "traitor to Korea" and stating that "thousands of people have been killed through his plans".
415:, a Japanese official resident in Korea, about the length of time before Japan would annex Korea. Kiuchi expected it would only take three years; Stevens's guess of five years would prove to be more nearly correct, as the
381:
In
November 1904, Stevens was appointed as adviser to the Korean Foreign Office. The Japanese government had urged the Korean government to appoint him to this position on the basis of the 1901 recommendation of
532:, denounced the attacks as "cowardly and shockingly brutal", calling Koreans a "bloody race" and, comparing the Stevens case to a number of other assaults in Korea, such as that against American missionary
405:
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News of Stevens' assassination was greeted with sorrow in diplomatic circles in Japan and among American missionaries in Korea, to whom Stevens was well known; United States Ambassador to Japan
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246:(the Japanese Resident-General) was also assassinated, crowds in Korea attacked and burned down a pro-Japanese newspaper office, and crowds also clashed with Japanese guards at the
439:, who held a joint meeting in which they agreed that something had to be done about Stevens. On March 22, 1908, four Korean men chosen by the associations accosted Stevens at the
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imposed on Japan by Western countries; following the conference, he returned to Washington, D.C., with the rank of Honorary Counsellor of Legation. He served under Count
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Stevens returned to the United States in March 1908 to visit his family in Washington, D.C., and vacation with his sisters at a cottage they owned in
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on December 23 of that same year. Later Korean accounts describe Stevens as a traitor to Korea and refer to Jeon and Jang as patriots and heroes.
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to Korea to assist in negotiations related to the murder of several Japanese citizens on Korean soil; for services rendered on that occasion,
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on the spot; Jang was arrested and held without bail on a charge of murder, while Jeon was first hospitalized, and later charged as an
386:. Stevens ignored several requests that a Korean consul be appointed in Hawaii; despite this, in 1905, Allen also commended Stevens to
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was quoted as saying that "the utmost grief is expressed by everyone", adding that he counted Stevens as a "true and useful friend".
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1170:"Yang, the Eyewitness: The patriot relates his account of the 1908 assassination of the infamous American mercenary Durham Stevens"
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Stevens' assassination took place at the same time as numerous other pro-Korean demonstrations, largely as a reaction to the
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community hired three lawyers to defend Jang, among whom one, Nathan Coughlan, eventually agreed to take on the case
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Hon Joseph E. Lee, The Colored American (Washington, DC) September 28, 1901, page 3, accessed October 10, 2016 at
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1363:"Letter to the Editor: Koreans a Bloody Race; Attempted Assassination of Mr. Stevens Not an Isolated Case"
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Of One Blood All Nations - John Bingham: Ohio Congressman's Diplomatic Career in Meiji Japan (1873-1885)
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Of One Blood All Nations – John Bingham: Ohio Congressman's Diplomatic Career in Meiji Japan (1873–1885)
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1384:"Stevens is Dead; Japanese Mourn; American Diplomat Succumbs to Wounds Inflicted by Korean Fanatic"
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Houchins, Lee (October 1994). "The Korean Experience in America, 1903–1924". In McClain, C. (ed.).
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in one of the first acts of nationalist rebellion by pro-Korean activists in the United States.
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Han Woo-keun (1971). "Chapter 31: The Last Years of Independence". In Grafton K. Mintz (ed.).
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211:(February 1, 1851 – March 25, 1908) was an American diplomat and later an employee of Japan's
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Spoilsmen in a "Flowery Fairyland": The Development of the U.S. Legation in Japan, 1859-1906
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was signed in mid-1910. However, Stevens would not survive to see his prediction come true.
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1428:"Stevens's Slayer Guilty; In Whan Chang, Korean, Is Convicted of Murder in Second Degree"
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1296:"Mikado Honors D.W. Stevens; Decorates American with Grand Cross of the Sacred Treasure"
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The Quest for Statehood: Korean Immigrant Nationalism and U.S. Sovereignty, 1905-1945
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1255:"Mr. Durham White Stevens, Honorary Counsellor of the Japanese Legation, Washington"
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635:. Translated by Lee Kyung-shik. East-West Center Press, Honolulu. pp. 452–3.
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1318:"Would Divert Emigration; Japan Wants to Turn the Tide to Manchuria and Korea"
1069:"장인환의 스티븐스 사살사건 연구 (A Study of the Shooting of D.W. Stevens by Chang In-whan)"
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https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6968160/hon_joseph_e_lee_the_colored_american/
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at Stevens first, but missed, and instead rushed at him, using his weapon
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Prominent Americans interested in Japan and prominent Japanese in America
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The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895-1910
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of the District of Columbia in 1873 in a class with Joseph E. Lee,
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1282:. Ministry of Patriots' and Veterans' Affairs, Republic of Korea
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The Korean Frontier in America: Immigration to Hawaii, 1896–1910
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Foreign Office. In the winter of 1884–85 he accompanied Count
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Asian Indians, Filipinos, Other Asian Communities and the Law
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as he prepared to catch a ferry to make a rail connection in
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Shavit, David (1990). "Stevens, Durham White (1851-1908)".
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appointed him secretary of the United States Legation at
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1406:"Japan Mourns Stevens; Widespread Sorrow is Manifested"
394:; Swanzy was interested in seeing Korean emigration to
306:, J. H. Smith, and John A. Moss. His career with the
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Working for the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
310:began in October of that same year, when President
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1493:The Murder of D.W. Stephens, or Spot the Terrorist
1280:"Colonial Period: Resident-General and Resistance"
1218:The United States in Asia: A Historical Dictionary
1000:Japan's Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power
696:. New Hampshire: Piscataqua Press. pp. 38–9.
294:'s first black lawyer, Henry Wagner, US Consul at
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278:Stevens returned to his hometown to study law at
215:, working for the Japanese colonial office in
1579:Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
242:that established Korea as a colony of Japan.
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1539:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
1271:(Supplement to the January 1903 edition of
946:. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–39.
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1361:Ladd, George Trumbull (March 26, 1908).
1235:Stevens, Durham White (September 1894).
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411:In early 1906, Stevens made a bet with
1340:"D.W. Stevens shot by Korean Assassin"
1168:Lee, K.W.; Kim, Grace (January 2005).
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546:. During the trial, he planned to use
456:Korean immigrants to the United States
358:, Stevens published an article in the
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392:Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
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575:, vol. 6 (Dec. 1894), pp. 193-199.
270:, from which he graduated in 1871.
262:He enrolled as an undergraduate at
1044:Hammersmith, Jack Leonard (1998).
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1574:Politicians from Washington, D.C.
1519:1908 murders in the United States
466:and attacked him. Jeon fired his
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1220:. Greenwood Press. p. 468.
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554:. The jury found Jang guilty of
552:not guilty by reason of insanity
377:Adviser to the Korean government
258:Stevens was born and grew up in
1549:Deaths by firearm in California
1524:Assassinated American diplomats
1027:University of California Press
152:
136:
1:
1569:People murdered in California
1559:Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
1554:American expatriates in Korea
1534:American expatriates in Japan
417:Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty
1067:Gim, Won-mo (January 1988).
458:, approached Stevens at the
366:Order of the Sacred Treasure
1495:on Gusts of Popular Feeling
1475:(public domain audiobooks)
1461:September 26, 2007, at the
1050:Kent State University Press
489:St. John's Episcopal Church
213:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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185:
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1237:"China and Japan in Korea"
1004:University of Hawaii Press
286:, and was admitted to the
1193:Patterson, Wayne (1988).
429:Atlantic City, New Jersey
223:. He was fatally shot by
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76:San Francisco, California
30:
1584:Howard University alumni
1146:Action Likely in Pacific
940:Kim, Richard S. (2011).
368:. He travelled twice to
318:, where he served under
88:Assassination by gunshot
1469:Works by Durham Stevens
998:Dudden, Alexis (2004).
801:, pp. 145, 151–153
356:First Sino-Japanese War
37:Stevens in a 1903 photo
1564:Oberlin College alumni
1122:Kim, Chun-gil (2005).
1242:North American Review
1144:Koster, John (2019).
1110:. Piscataqua Press.
460:Port of San Francisco
361:North American Review
292:Jacksonville, Florida
1326:. September 30, 1905
1199:University of Hawaii
1124:The History of Korea
1106:Kidder, Sam (2020)
1021:Duus, Peter (1995).
692:Kidder, Sam (2020).
633:The History of Korea
556:second-degree murder
524:letter to the editor
520:George Trumbull Ladd
280:Columbian University
248:Gyeongbokgung Palace
209:Durham White Stevens
180:Revised Romanization
102:Columbian University
1436:. December 25, 1908
1150:Amberley Publishing
1148:. Gloucestershire:
572:National Geographic
548:Arthur Schopenhauer
446:The following day,
390:, president of the
308:Department of State
300:William E. Matthews
84:Cause of death
1433:The New York Times
1411:The New York Times
1389:The New York Times
1368:The New York Times
1345:The New York Times
1323:The New York Times
1304:. October 22, 1904
1301:The New York Times
1261:. New York. 1903.
1180:on January 2, 2008
982:The New York Times
970:Lee & Kim 2005
916:The New York Times
902:The New York Times
874:, pp. 170–172
856:The New York Times
812:The New York Times
786:The New York Times
647:The New York Times
534:George Heber Jones
529:The New York Times
493:Secretary of State
1273:Japan and America
1116:978-1-950381-58-6
953:978-0-19-537000-3
918:& 1908-03-27b
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1488:Find a Grave
1438:. Retrieved
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1416:. Retrieved
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1394:. Retrieved
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1182:. Retrieved
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384:Horace Allen
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244:Itō Hirobumi
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229:Jang In-hwan
208:
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70:(1908-03-25)
15:
1514:1908 deaths
1509:1851 births
1073:Dongyanghak
889:Dudden 2004
619:Shavit 1990
577:Full issue.
500:pallbearers
333:Inoue Kaoru
240:1905 treaty
1503:Categories
1286:August 15,
1137:0313332967
1099:0815318510
1059:087338590X
1036:0520213610
1013:0824828291
591:References
518:professor
496:Elihu Root
373:Treasure.
254:Early life
227:activists
112:Occupation
49:1851-02-01
1090:Routledge
929:Ladd 1908
836:Duus 1995
596:Citations
481:accessory
472:as a club
94:Education
1473:LibriVox
1459:Archived
1267:19913953
608:Gim 1988
584:Librivox
568:"Japan."
543:pro bono
468:revolver
435:and the
115:Diplomat
1201:Press.
992:Sources
522:, in a
477:lynched
464:Oakland
454:, both
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370:Hawaii
274:Career
219:, the
130:Hangul
78:, U.S.
59:, U.S.
316:Tokyo
217:Korea
146:Hanja
1442:2007
1420:2007
1398:2007
1376:2007
1354:2007
1332:2007
1310:2007
1288:2007
1263:OCLC
1222:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1186:2007
1154:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1094:ISBN
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1008:ISBN
948:ISBN
825:MPVA
759:1903
698:ISBN
680:1903
582:via
450:and
282:and
264:Ohio
231:and
65:Died
43:Born
1486:at
1471:at
1247:154
580:MP3
526:of
266:'s
162:or
137:수지분
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157:知
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47:(
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