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1336:" of other colonial powers in emphasising material welfare, rather than a transfer of culture. The policy's educational component was mainly technical, as it did not aim at creating brown Dutchmen and women. The policy foundered on two problems. Firstly, the budgets allocated to the policy's programmes were never sufficient to achieve its aims, with the result that many colonial officials became disillusioned with the possibility of achieving lasting progress. The financial stringencies of the
1192:(1845-1921), wrote about the moral duty of the Dutch to provide more for the peoples of the East Indies. With the support of socialists and concerned middle-class Dutch, he campaigned against what he saw as the unjustness of the colonial surplus. He described the Indies indigenous peoples as "childlike" and in need of assistance, not oppression. Newspapers were one of the few media for the East Indies to communicate to the Dutch Parliament, and as editor of the
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The opening of
Western education to indigenous Indonesians began only in the early 20th century. In 1900, only 1,500 went to European schools compared to 13,000 Europeans. By 1928, however, 75,000 Indonesians had completed Western primary school and nearly 6,500 secondary school although that was
1232:
Supporters of the policy were concerned about the social and cultural conditions holding back the native population. They tried to raise awareness among the natives of the need to free themselves from the fetters of the feudal system and to develop themselves along
Western lines.
1221:, formally declared a benevolent "Ethical Policy", which was aimed at bringing progress and prosperity to the East Indies. The Dutch conquest had brought them together as a single colonial entity by the early 20th century, which was fundamental to the policy's implementation.
1144:
The policy emphasised improvement in material living conditions. It suffered, however, from severe underfunding, inflated expectations, and the lack of acceptance in the Dutch colonial establishment. The policy had mostly ceased to exist by 1930, during the
1205:
Brooshooft sent reporters across the archipelago to report on local developments; they reported on poverty, crop failure, famine, and epidemics in 1900. Lawyers and politicians supportive of
Brooshooft's campaigning had an audience with
1307:
1344:, which gave Indonesians the intellectual tools to organise and articulate their objections to colonial rule. As a result, many in the colonial establishment saw the policy as a mistake, which was counter to Dutch interests.
1248:
formally articulated the new policy that the Dutch government had a moral obligation to the native people of the Dutch East Indies. That could be summarised in the three policies of irrigation, transmigration, and education.
1273:
The policy promoted efforts to improve a lot of the ordinary people through irrigation programmes, the introduction of banking services for the native population, and subsidies for native industries and handicrafts.
1298:
with government-sponsored schemes from 1905 onwards. However, the number of people moved during the period of the policy was a tiny fraction of the increase in population in Java during the same period.
758:
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accepted an ethical responsibility for the welfare of their colonial subjects. The announcement was a sharp contrast with the former official doctrine that
Indonesia was a
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that claimed that the colonial
Government had a moral responsibility to return the wealth that the Dutch had received from the East Indies to the indigenous population.
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Proponents of the policy argued that financial transfers should not be made to the
Netherlands if the conditions of the indigenous people on the archipelago were poor.
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put a definitive end to the policy. Secondly, the educational programmes of the policy contributed significantly to the
Indonesian
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Cribb, Robert (1993). "Development Policy in the Early 20th
Century", in Jan-Paul Dirkse, Frans Hüsken and Mario Rutten, eds,
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The policy was the first serious effort to create programmes for economic development in the tropics. It differed from the "
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Robert Cribb 'Development policy in the early 20th century', in Jan-Paul Dirkse, Frans Hüsken and Mario Rutten, eds,
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Official policy of the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies (present-day
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1573:(Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 1993), pp. 225–245.
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1432:(Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde), pp. 225-245.
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Development and social welfare: Indonesia’s experiences under the New Order
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Development and Social Welfare: Indonesia’s Experiences under the New Order
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In 1901, the Queen, under the advice of her prime minister of the Christian
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Students in an agricultural school for Indonesians in
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Group portrait of indigenous children attending the
18:
Dutch Ethical Policy and Indonesian National Revival
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8:
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1444:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300
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1607:Social policy of the Dutch East Indies
1540:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1507:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1476:. Cambridge University Press. p.
7:
1446:. London: Macmillan. p. 151.
1175:In 1899, the liberal Dutch lawyer
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759:French and British interregnum
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1612:Economic history of Indonesia
1536:A History of Modern Indonesia
1504:A History of Modern Indonesia
1473:A History of Modern Indonesia
1236:On 17 September 1901, in her
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1532:Vickers, Adrian (2005).
1501:Vickers, Adrian (2005).
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1215:Anti-Revolutionary Party
1117:of 1942. In 1901, Dutch
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1592:Article: Ethical Policy
1442:Ricklefs, M.C. (1991).
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253:Sunda Kingdom
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163:Kutai Kingdom
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139:
137:
134:
133:
129:
127:
124:
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30:
19:
1570:
1535:
1527:
1503:
1496:
1472:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1392:Dutch Empire
1331:
1322:
1319:, 1919-1920.
1281:
1272:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1212:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1143:
1137:talked of a
1126:
1113:) until the
1090:
1088:
1035:
994:Christianity
243:Bali Kingdom
136:Buni culture
114:
99:1,000,000 BP
83:
29:
1240:before the
1153:Formulation
1131:development
1123:Netherlands
959:Archaeology
954:Agriculture
360:Aru Kingdom
85:Paleolithic
47:History of
1601:Categories
1408:References
1328:Assessment
1296:Kalimantan
1253:Irrigation
1169:See also:
1127:win-gewest
1016:Mass media
893:Reform era
873:Transition
719:Portuguese
105:Flores Man
75:Prehistory
1303:Education
1267:East Java
1107:Indonesia
974:Education
883:New Order
651:1670–1950
641:1515–1904
227:600s–900s
217:600s–1025
207:600s–1347
197:500s–600s
187:400s-500s
177:400s–500s
130:75,000 BP
116:Neolithic
49:Indonesia
1576:Archived
1360:See also
1021:Military
999:Hinduism
989:Buddhism
984:Religion
964:Currency
947:By topic
167:350–1605
95:Java Man
66:Timeline
38:a series
36:Part of
1317:Batavia
1292:Sumatra
1182:De Gids
1009:Judaism
969:Economy
934:Bandung
919:Jakarta
911:Regions
749:British
729:Spanish
183:Kantoli
140:400 BCE
1548:
1515:
1484:
1450:
1263:Jember
40:on the
1413:Notes
1095:Dutch
1031:Women
1026:Sport
1004:Islam
929:Bogor
1546:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1294:and
1288:Java
1228:Aims
1163:Java
1089:The
924:Bali
1603::
1544:.
1542:40
1511:.
1509:18
1480:.
1478:17
1462:^
1421:^
1265:,
1217:,
1149:.
1097::
1554:.
1521:.
1490:.
1456:.
1093:(
1078:e
1071:t
1064:v
20:)
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