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414:. Initially, these men had been freed by Union forces, but then they unwillingly taken from North Carolina and impressed into service excavating the canal. They wrote a letter protesting their impressment, as well as a failure to receive promised pay. Due to their protest, the freedmen did eventually get paid; however, their compensation as civilian laborers was small and less regular than men doing similar work in the USCT units
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Confederate soldier forced into menial labor. In
October 1864, When Benjamin Butler found out that captured black Union soldiers were being enslaved to build Confederate emplacements that were under Union artillery bombardment, he ordered Confederate prisoners to be forced to work on the Dutch Gap Canal even as it was being bombarded by Confederate artillery. In response to Butler's action, General
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striving to ensure that soldiers in USCT units were treated similarly to other soldiers in the army. Initially, General Butler recruited both
African-American and white soldiers for excavation duty for the canal, which required 7 and a half hours of hard labor daily; but all volunteers were compensated by pay that nearly doubled their salary and a daily ration of whiskey or its cash equivalent.
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373:, as when it sank the Union dredge being used to deepen the canal. In January 1865, the cut across the isthmus was complete, but the explosion used to remove the bulkhead to open the canal threw much of the bulkhead's earth back into the canal. Dredging had to continue to the end of the war and the canal remained unusable for armed ships.
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Even during the Civil War, the positive economic impact of the canal on water transportation to
Richmond was foreseen. However, immediately after the war, the canal was so undeveloped that it was called a "One Horse Ditch" by one traveler. Even so, the commercial potential of the Dutch Gap Canal was
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Due to the geography of the area, the canal was dug just south of the narrowest point of Dutch Gap, and was about 175 yards long when completed. The construction was often performed under fire, as batteries from both sides engaged in daily duels. At times, the
Confederate artillery was effective in
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to
Richmond in May 1865. Nevertheless, the canal remained undeveloped for the next five years because the owner of Farrar's Island filled in the canal's northern end to create a causeway; however, a flood in 1870 washed out the causeway, allowing the canal to be further developed and converted into
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a week later that captured
African-American soldiers who were not originally freedmen would be treated as regular prisoners of war. Lee also informed Grant that captured African-American soldiers were no longer working on the fortifications; in turn, Grant ordered Butler to release the Confederates
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However, Butler underestimated the time and resources needed to complete the canal, and he had abandoned the volunteer system as well as seek addition labor from other sources. This additional need often led to inequities in the treatment of men USCT units, who were frequently assigned more fatigue
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between the narrowest of these loops. Here, the James River on the west bank of the isthmus created what was called the "Seven Mile Loop" that formed Farrar's Island before returning to the east bank. However, the distance between the east and west banks at this point was less than 200 yards wide.
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specifically related to action at Dutch Gap. In general, the Union army often treated the men of USCT units as second-class citizens relegating them primarily to fatigue duty, and this was also a concern during the building of the Dutch Gap Canal. However, the Army of the James was noteworthy in
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declared captured black soldiers agents of servile insurrection who were subject to execution or enslavement. In response, the
Lincoln administration ordered that an equal number of Confederate soldiers be put to death for each black soldier executed and that for every black soldier enslaved, a
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In the twentieth century, the canal was further improved. By 1916, the channel of the James, including the Dutch Gap Canal, was 22 feet deep; since 1940, it had obtained its current depth of 25 feet. Currently, the canal's commercial traffic consists of primarily of container barges and
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that Dale is thought to have built across the neck to protect the town from attack on the north side of the river. It is claimed to have been named the "Dutch Gap" because Dale is thought to have learned the fortification technique when he served as a mercenary for the
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484:, and continued at least through to the end of the 1870s. The challenges with improving the canal and the rest of the James River to accommodate larger ships may have played a role in hindering Richmond's post-Civil War development as an inland port.
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Some sources have given an alternative account for Dutch Gap's name, stating that it came from early Dutch or German settlers starting an unfinished canal. However, there is no evidence of non-English settlers forming a community near
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that was controlled by
Confederate artillery. The canal was completed after the war and is now the main channel of the James River in this area. Today, the area south of the canal is the location of the Dutch Gap Conservation Area and
47:
401:. Up to 40% of the personnel in the Army of the James were in USCT units, which was the highest percent of any command military in the Civil War. At least seven USCT infantry regiments were engaged in military, excavation and
1750:
1830:
Jud, Nathan A.; Hickey, Leo J. (2013). "Potomacapnos apeleutheron gen. et sp. nov., a new Early
Cretaceous angiosperm from the Potomac Group and its implications for the evolution of eudicot leaf architecture".
794:
A History of
Colonial Virginia: The First Permanent Colony in America, to which is Added the Genealogy of the Several Shires and Counties and Population in Virginia from the First Spanish Colony to the Present
1874:
438:
The Dutch Gap Canal also became a focal point for negotiating the treatment of black soldiers captured by the Confederates during the Petersburg Campaign. In 1863, A joint resolution by the
2017:
1513:
337:, ordered the construction of a canal at Dutch Gap. One purpose of the canal was to allow ships to bypass the loop of the James river around Farrar's Island, which was controlled by
1297:
Freedom: Volume 2, Series 1: The Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: The Upper South: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867 (Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation)
1102:
The Photographic History of The Civil War: in ten volumes, Thousands of Scenes Photographed 1861-65, with Text by many Special Authorities, Volume 5: Forts and Artillery
1022:
1967:
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1940:
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is located nearby on the south shore of the James River near an extension of the canal, the Dutch Gap Cutoff, that created Hatcher Island out of another, wider bend.
1980:
This blog post provides an in-depth, referenced essay on the incidental relationship between the African-American experience at Dutch Gap Canal and the discovery of
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duties than white soldiers. The need to acquire labor for the canal created other inequities, including the treatment of African-American laborers from the
1521:
107:
2007:
79:
310:
596:, the engineer in charge of building the Dutch Gap Canal states the portion of the James River loop actually bypassed by the canal was 4.75 miles
1772:
536:
found in North America, as the geological deposits it was embedded in were about 120 million years old. The ancient flowering plant was named,
411:
481:
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the main channel of the James River. After 1871, improvements to the canal, such as deepening and widening, began under the oversight of the
138:
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on the James River that lay on the east side of Farrar's Island. Another purpose was to continue military activity as part of the larger
1137:
302:. As a result of this patent, the land enclosed by the loop of the James just below Dutch Gap eventually got its name, Farrar's Island.
1024:
Engineering Victory: The Ingenuity, Proficiency, and Versatility of Union Citizen Soldiers in Determining the Outcome of the Civil War
287:
1681:
Report of The Secretary of War, Being Part of the Message and Documents Communicated to the Two Houses of Congress, Volume II, Part I
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to ensure that Confederate manpower resources remained strained in Eastern Virginia and unable to redeploy to other sectors.
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Report of The Secretary of War, Being Part of the Message and Documents Communicated to the Two Houses of Congress, Part II
193:
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2012:
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386:
327:
439:
1935:
1702:
Hoffman, Steven (2000). "The Decline of the Port of Richmond: The Congress, the Corps, and the Chamber of Commerce".
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Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army to the Secretary of War, for the Year 1892, Volume II
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The Dutch Gap Canal was named for its location at Dutch Gap, which was formerly a neck of land that joined
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1803:
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1349:"Joint Resolutions Adopted by the Confederate Congress on the Subject of Retaliation April 30-May 1, 1863"
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1471:
Sommers, Richard J (1975). "The Dutch Gap Affair: Military Atrocities and the Rights of Negro Soldiers".
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The joint resolution also declared captured white officers of USCT units subject to execution as well.
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1105:
1414:
Dyer, Brainerd (July 1935). "The Treatment of Colored Union Troops by the Confederates, 1861-1865".
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prior to his employment with the Virginia Company. Between 1619 and 1624, Dutch Gap was part of the
1353:
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
1274:
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
1049:
Wallace, Edward S. (1951). "General John Lapham Bullis, the Thunderbolt of the Texas Frontier, I".
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Illustrated Standard Guide to Norfolk and Portsmouth and Historical Events of Virginia 1607 to 1907
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1276:. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, Series I-Volume XLII-Part 2. 1893. p. 940.
1207:
648:"Account of the Dutch Gap Canal as Prepared by P. S. Michie, Engineer in Charge of the Work"
529:
470:
448:
242:
1972:
Fossils and Other Living Things: Ruminations on Paleontology and Life by an Amateur at Both
381:
1373:
Paradis, James (2007). "Flexing the Sable Arm: Emancipation, Black Troops, and Hard War".
846:
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Autobiography and Personal Reminiscences of Major-General Benj. F. Butler: Butlers Book
283:
53:
1991:
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1443:
1198:
Longacre, Edward G. (July 1935). "Black Troops in the Army of the James, 1863-1865".
816:
509:
493:
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370:
277:, and it was also known as "Dale's Dutch Gap". The name is attributed to a palisaded
64:
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Farrar's Island, which is just south of the Dutch Gap Canal, is now the site of the
1921:
1355:. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, Series II-Volume V. 1899. p. 940.
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1251:. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Army Center of Military History. pp. 390â393.
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290:. In 1637, it became part of a patent claimed as an inheritance by the son of
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and the elevation ranged from 3 feet to 39 feet above the level of the river.
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The name "Dutch Gap" has been historically associated with the founding of
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17:
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1027:(PhD). University of Massachusetts, Amherst. p. 439. Archived from
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685:. Norfolk, VA: Standard Lithographing and Publishing. 1923. p. 115.
565:
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The greater part of the construction of the Dutch Gap Canal was done by
1922:"NOAA Chart 12252 James River: Jordan Point to Richmond, 1/20,000 2004"
1715:
1563:
1435:
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341:. Of particular threat was Battery Dantzler at the northern end of the
254:
250:
209:
1875:"This could be the Oldest Flowering Plant Ever Found in North America"
773:. Richmond, VA: The Virginia Society of "Colonial Dames". p. 220.
422:
1514:"NP: September 2, 1864 Richmond Examiner: Butler's (Dutch Gap) Canal"
1555:
1427:
1300:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 202â204.
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The excavation of the Dutch Gap Canal exposed an accessible area of
204:. The canal's construction was initiated by Union forces during the
1518:
The Siege of Petersburg Online: A Richmond-Petersburg Campaign Site
1327:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina. pp. 130â133.
1324:
Time Full of Trial: The Roanoke Island Freedman's Colony, 1862â1867
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1638:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1892. p. 1018.
1684:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1879. p. 513.
1661:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1871. p. 604.
270:
1294:
Butler, Ira; Reidy, Joseph P.; Miller, Steven F., eds. (1993).
825:. Vol. I. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott. p. 123.
1898:"Evolution, Civil War History Meet in Fossil with Tragic Past"
1749:(MA). University of Richmond. pp. 57, 60. Archived from
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Contemporary map of Dutch Gap Canal and surrounding waterways
1805:
The Potomac Formation in Virginia, Geological Survey No. 145
532:
age was discovered. This fossil may be one of the earliest
879:
Cavaliers and Pioneers, a Calendar of Land Grants 1623-1800
746:
The Cradle of the Republic : Jamestown and James River
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Like Men of War: Black Troops in the Civil War, 1862-1865
1248:
Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862â1867
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1808:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p.
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where Confederate forces had installed two seven-inch
881:. Vol. 1. Richmond, VA: Dietz Press. p. 60.
897:
895:
1270:"General Orders, 22: Headquarters Tenth Army Corps"
1098:"Sunk by a Confederate Shell- Butler's Dredge-Boat"
169:
29:
1375:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
658:. Vol. IV. New York, NY: Century Co. p.
1131:Famous Leaders and Battle Scenes of the Civil War
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2018:Protected areas of Chesterfield County, Virginia
1941:Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
822:Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia
377:Role of African-Americans at the Dutch Gap Canal
1193:
1191:
1189:
540:, in honor of the freedmen who dug the canal:
59:on the Dutch Gap Canal heading downstream from
1704:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
798:. Richmond, VA: Williams Printing. p. 44.
572:. An electricity-generating facility owned by
212:loop of the river around a peninsula known as
1004:"Historical Marker VA-K201: Battery Dantzler"
855:. Boston, MA: A. M. Thayer. pp. 607â608.
8:
1240:
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839:
749:. Richmond, VA: Hermitage Press. p. 15.
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566:Dutch Gap Conservation Area and Boat Landing
544:defines the area where the fossil was found
520:In 2013, the fossil of a previously unknown
512:, which contains many fossils dating to the
1936:"Henricus Park/Dutch Gap Conservation Area"
1544:Bulletin of the Business Historical Society
1104:. New York, NY: Review of Reviews. p.
369:slowing down the rate of construction with
770:The First University in America, 1619-1622
464:Completed canal as it looked in April 1865
26:
1968:"Fossils, Race, and the U. S. Military"
1605:10.1038/scientificamerican06031865-353a
706:"General Butler's Canal at Dutch Gap".
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71:
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1051:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
7:
656:Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
516:has made it a site for the study of
475:passed through it on a journey from
1743:Callahan, Myrtle Elizabeth (1952).
412:Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island
122:Dutch Gap Canal (the United States)
1746:History of Richmond as a Port City
1542:"A Glimpse of Post-War Richmond".
25:
1802:Fontaine, William Morris (1896).
1133:. New York, NY:Mrs. Frank Leslie.
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2008:1610s in the Colony of Virginia
504:Dutch Gap Canal and Paleobotany
469:demonstrated when the steamer
389:excavating the Dutch Gap Canal
326:in late August, 1864, General
1:
1966:Edger, Tony (December 2013).
1172:. Castle Books. p. 283.
253:loops. The Dutch Gap was the
249:, originally had a number of
237:around Farrar's Island, from
194:Chesterfield County, Virginia
125:Show map of the United States
1166:Trudeau, Noah Andre (2002).
1096:; Hunt, O. E., eds. (1911).
1021:Army, Thomas F. Jr. (2014).
873:Nugent, Nell Marion (1934).
791:Cridlin, William B. (1923).
428:United States Colored Troops
395:United States Colored Troops
387:United States Colored Troops
1771:Grymes, Charles A. (2019).
1321:Click, Patricia C. (2001).
973:, ed. (17 September 1864).
548:is the Greek for freedmen.
492:transporting goods between
318:overlooking Farrar's Island
2034:
1873:Stromberg, Joseph (2013).
1833:American Journal of Botany
1245:Dobak, William A. (2011).
975:"General Grant's campaign"
767:McCabe, W. Gordon (1914).
714:(21): 323. November 1864.
552:Dutch Gap Canal Area Today
456:Post-Civil War Development
397:(USCT), many of whom were
267:Virginia Company of London
1982:Potomacapnos Apeleutheron
1591:"Miscellaneous Summary".
905:, ed. (21 January 1865).
538:Potomacapnos apeleutheron
526:Potomacapnos apeleutheron
241:to the confluence of the
134:
72:
45:
36:
1416:Journal of Negro History
1094:Miller, Francis Trevalyn
570:Henricus Historical Park
452:from digging the canal.
219:Henricus Historical Park
1896:Dewar, Heather (2013).
482:Army Corps of Engineers
154:37.377230°N 77.358698°W
2003:James River (Virginia)
1903:University of Maryland
1599:(23): 353. June 1865.
1520:. 2014. Archived from
1006:. 1994. Archived from
943:, ed. (January 1870).
561:
465:
435:
418:Dutch Gap Canal Affair
390:
319:
198:lost 17th-century town
1998:Geography of Virginia
1978:on 26 September 2015.
1730:registration required
1578:registration required
1485:10.1353/cwh.1975.0043
1458:registration required
1401:registration required
1077:registration required
907:"The Dutch Gap Canal"
559:
463:
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357:that had a half mile
339:Confederate batteries
313:
233:to the mainland. The
159:37.377230; -77.358698
1885:on 21 February 2020.
741:Tyler, Lyon Gardiner
440:Confederate Congress
353:guns, and two siege
97:Show map of Virginia
94:Location in Virginia
2013:Petersburg Campaign
1845:10.3732/ajb.1300250
1593:Scientific American
1524:on 26 October 2019.
1148:on 15 October 2016.
875:"Patent Book No. 1"
847:Butler, Benjamin F.
708:Scientific American
363:Petersburg Campaign
330:, commander of the
174:Chesterfield County
150: /
1910:on 10 August 2017.
1879:Smithsonianmag.com
1777:VirginiaPlaces.org
1773:"Port of Richmond"
1550:(4): 14â15. 1930.
971:Alden, Henry Mills
903:Alden, Henry Mills
594:Peter Smith Michie
562:
466:
436:
391:
385:Soldiers from the
324:American Civil War
320:
206:American Civil War
196:just north of the
188:is located on the
1783:on 26 August 2019
1753:on 24 March 2020.
1473:Civil War History
1138:"Dutch Gap Canal"
1031:on 18 March 2020.
1010:on 23 March 2020.
945:"Dutch Gap Canal"
514:Cretaceous period
510:Potomac Formation
447:informed General
335:Army of the James
306:Civil War History
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1976:the original
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1947:November 27,
1945:. Retrieved
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486:
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434:at Dutch Gap
408:
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343:Howlett Line
321:
314:Confederate
296:commissioner
260:
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208:to bypass a
185:
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1142:ClipArt ETC
985:(410): 598.
941:Harte, Bret
518:paleobotany
477:Fort Monroe
432:picket duty
322:During the
275:Thomas Dale
235:James River
190:James River
157: /
1992:Categories
1206:(1): 1â8.
1179:0785814760
1057:(4): 458.
917:(421): 38.
623:References
292:councillor
251:meandering
145:77°21â˛31âłW
142:37°22â˛38âłN
57:Reykjafoss
1493:144500935
1479:: 51â64.
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528:from the
351:Columbiad
316:Columbiad
18:Dutch Gap
1853:24287268
1787:23 March
1613:24978241
1387:20020206
1129:(1896).
1063:30235668
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819:(1861).
743:(1906).
720:24971621
646:(1865).
606:Henrico.
592:General
568:and the
534:eudicots
498:Richmond
430:unit on
399:freedmen
263:Henricus
202:Henricus
178:Virginia
170:Location
63:towards
61:Richmond
1716:4249850
1564:3111302
1436:2714719
1220:1987349
654:(ed.).
355:mortars
273:by Sir
265:by the
255:isthmus
210:meander
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245:below
1712:JSTOR
1609:JSTOR
1560:JSTOR
1489:S2CID
1440:S2CID
1432:JSTOR
1383:JSTOR
1216:JSTOR
1059:JSTOR
957:30-38
955:(1):
716:JSTOR
650:. In
580:Notes
472:Clyde
332:Union
279:fosse
39:canal
1949:2018
1849:PMID
1789:2020
1329:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1174:ISBN
983:VIII
795:Time
496:and
294:and
271:1611
52:The
1841:doi
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