39:
2709:, the most important defensive complex of the American South Pacific coast. It is an exceptional example of the Hispanic-American school of fortification. The building and maintenance of the fortifications became a heavy burden for the Spanish colonial finances but this was felt necessary in order to defend the southern approaches to Peru, the colony which, along with Mexico, constituted the main source of wealth for the Spanish Crown. Investments in the defense of Corral Bay were validated in 1670 when a fully armed English ship commanded by
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Portuguese Brazil, but it was anticipated that it would be supported by the fiercely anti-Spanish
Mapuche-Huilliche confederation once it reached Chile. The expedition was issued formal instructions to capture the gold mines believed to be abundant in the area, capture Valdivia, make alliances with indigenous peoples, the Mapuches and the Huilliches, and to explore
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about forty years and the fact that local
Mapuches may not have seen any significant difference between the Dutch and Spanish. Local Mapuches justified not sending provisions by claiming they did not have enough food for themselves. The Dutch were demoralised by the scarcity of food and lack of comfort. A mutiny begun to smolder and some Dutch
2128:
attempted to re-establish
Spanish rule there before the arrival of the Dutch. These efforts were thwarted in the 1630s by the impossibility of establishing an overland route through the territory of the hostile Mapuches. The ruins of Valdivia, at the head of its splendid natural harbour, remained a tempting target for Spain's enemies.
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an even greater assistance. In this meeting a formal alliance was established between the Dutch and local
Mapuches. Local Mapuches promised to help the Dutch with the construction of a fort and to give provisions for the nascent colony. The embalmed body of Brouwer was buried in Valdivia on 16 September there.
2385:
the Dutch advanced on
Carelmapu, starting bushfires to clear their way. The Spanish emptied the fort of Carelmapu and hid their women and children in the forests. After the well-ordered Dutch troops opened fire on the Spanish forces they retreated hastily into the woods. The Dutch entered the fort of
2530:
and his host. In the meeting the Dutch held a long discourse in which they highlighted what they believed was the common enmity to Spain; later gifts were given by the Dutch. At the end a friendly relationship had been established with
Manquipillan. A new solemn meeting was held on 3 September, with
2434:
In July, the expedition returned to
Carelmapu where 470 Huilliches agreed to join the expedition to Valdivia. The expedition spent May to mid-August, the southern hemisphere winter, resting, reorganising and repairing ships and equipment. It also gathered intelligence on the Chiloé Archipelago. On 7
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on 9 February 1645. Reaching so far south was a feat in itself since the
Spanish had not been around these places in the last 50 years. At this point the army had met considerable harassment from the Mapuches. The killing of scouting auxiliaries in conjunction with uncertainty regarding the arrival
2615:
The expedition finally left Chile on 28 October and reached Recife on 28 December, three weeks after the arrival of
Crispijnsen. In Brazil the reinforcements and provisions asked for by Crispijnsen were ready to sail for Valdivia and John Maurice of Nassau was disappointed to learn that the colony
2567:
Spanish interpreter
Antonio Sánchez Jinés warned the Dutch of the changing attitudes, yet the Dutch leadership chose to turn a blind eye to this issue. Sánchez Jinés feared for his life as he told the Dutch of Mapuches wanting to kill him blaming him for having told the Dutch about gold riches and
2551:
in his lands. Manqueante told the Dutch of his people's negative experiences of Spanish gold mining. Other contributing factors behind the cold attitude of local Mapuches may have been the Dutch rhetoric about war with Spain, which may have upset the Mapuches of Valdivia who had lived in peace for
2538:
on 25 September to report on the positive development of the colony and request additional supplies. In Valdivia the Dutch began the construction of a fort. A major setback to the Dutch was that they had also failed to find the anticipated gold mines. The Mapuches began to realise the Dutch had no
2417:
aiming to prevent an indigenous uprising and harass the Dutch invaders. He moved quickly through the forested paths that led south from Carelmapu and reached Castro before the Dutch did so. Amidst heavy rains de Alvarado ordered the city of Castro to be dismantled and the population to hide in the
2515:
shallow. This ship was dismantled. The ruins of Valdivia were reached by the two remaining ships four days later on 28 August. Upon arrival curious Mapuches gathered to watch them. The ships were surrounded by canoes. Reportedly some natives boarded the ships and stole iron objects, including a
2684:
that the Dutch planned to return, Pedro de Toledo conceived an occupation of Valdivia by a synchronous advance by the Spanish army in Chile by land and by a fleet sent from Peru. De Toledo ordered 2,000 men to march over land from Central Chile to resettle Valdivia and fortify it. These troops
2298:
to establish a trading base at Valdivia, long abandoned. Brouwer, a veteran navigator and member of the GWC, who decided to command the expedition despite his advanced age, was the main promoter of this project. The expedition was small compared to the Dutch forces that had taken over much of
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in Chiloé. While this was an opportunistic assault, the Spanish correctly believed the Dutch could attempt to ally with the Mapuches and establish a stronghold in southern Chile. Over time, the Spanish became aware of actual Dutch plans to establish themselves at the ruins of Valdivia and so
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in Peru. The large fleet, which gained a further two ships in Chile, was unprecedented in the region and astounded contemporary observers. It arrived at Valdivia in February 1645 without incident and disembarked the soldiers with their equipment and supplies. The Spanish disinterred and
2303:. Except for Brouwer and other leaders, the true objectives were not known to the participants of the expedition; they were led to believe that it was a raiding and trading voyage. The distant objectives of this expedition were to create a military base in Valdivia and then attack the
2598:
Juan Manqueante provided relief to the hungry Dutch in the form of cattle. This relief was only temporary since Manqueante probably considered it a farewell gift. Before leaving, Manqueante was contacted by Herckmans to let him know that the Dutch intended to return with 1,000
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Yet before leaving Valdivia the Dutch called local Mapuches for a meeting where Herckmans made them aware that treacherous attitudes had not gone unnoticed. Nevertheless, following this the Dutch gave away some of their antique weapons and armour including
2109:, all the Chilean territory south of Bío Bío River became free of Spanish rule. The abandoned city of Valdivia turned into an attractive site for Spain's enemies to control since it would allow them to establish a base amidst Spain's Chilean possessions.
2021:
after Brouwer, who had died several weeks earlier. The short-lived colony was abandoned on 28 October 1643. Nevertheless, the occupation caused great alarm among Spanish authorities. The Spanish resettled Valdivia and began the construction of an
2427:, the Dutch insulted the prisoners in Spanish, Latin and Portuguese, called them cowards, and encouraged them to reveal where they could find their women. In Castro the Dutch left an inscription insulting the inhabitants of the city.
2402:
against them. The Dutch captured Spaniards, including Antonio Sánchez Jinés who later guided them to the Spanish settlement of Castro and other places in the archipelago. Sánchez Jinés was particularly useful as he spoke indigenous
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After Castro the Dutch went back north pillaging the countryside managing to gather chickens, sheep, pigs and many apples. Because the inhabitants of Chiloé Archipelago had hidden, the Dutch met few people after leaving Castro.
2422:
roof of the church to render them useless as shelters and more difficult to burn. As in Carelmapu, the Dutch sacked the settlement upon arrival and vandalised its church. According to contemporary Spanish chronicler
2713:
arrived to the bay, causing concern he might launch an assault. Eventually, Narborough left as quickly as he had arrived without disclosing the reason for his presence, greatly confusing the Spanish authorities.
2139:
and natives of the American coasts, which although unsuccessful, generated alarm among the Spanish. But when, at the beginning of the 1640s, the situation of the Spanish Empire deteriorated dramatically, as the
2376:
spotted the Dutch on 20 May and sent infantry and cavalry to prevent them from landing. In the face of this threat, the Dutch had to land further away from Carelmapu at Punta de la Arena. With a force of 200
214:
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This failure would cost López de Zúñiga a heavy price as De Toledo made severe accusations against him. At the end López de Zúñiga would have to justify his failure to reach Valdivia before the King of
2026:
in 1645 to prevent a similar intrusion. Although contemporaries considered the possibility of a new incursion, the expedition was the last one undertaken by the Dutch on the west coast of the Americas.
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broke out in Dutch Brazil in 1645, recapturing most of the Dutch territory and putting great pressure on the local Dutch leaders. With no resources to spare, Dutch pretensions in Chile were at an end.
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2575:. Having been told that the information about the Spanish was false and an ambush, Herckmans called for a council among the Dutch officers on 15 October. The council took the decision to retreat to
2131:
The Dutch Republic, in constant war with Spain on different fronts, had refrained from carrying out expeditions against the Spanish possessions in the American Pacific after the disaster of the
2439:. Maurice of Nassau had foreseen that this might happen and had provided the expedition with a sealed letter to be opened in this eventuality. The letter transferred command to Vice-General
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missionary Domingo Lázaro and Dutch prisoner Joost Lambertsz who had been captured in Carelmapu. Reaching Arauco in late August safely was in itself an accomplishment as sailing in the
45:
Journael Ende Historis Verhael van de Reyse gedaen by Oosten de Straet le Maire, naer de Custen van Chili, onder het beleyt van den heer Generael Hendrick Brouwer, Inden Jare 1643
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In contrast to other Mediterranean crops apple trees and pigs had proven a successful Spanish introduction to local agriculture. Similarly, sheep were slowly replacing earlier
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resupplied it and provided an additional 350 men. As the expedition was aimed at cold southern latitudes woolen clothes were rationed among the crew and passengers.
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3592:"La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los Césares"
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1473:
1261:
263:
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3594:[John Narborough expedition to Chile, 1670: Defense of Valdivia, indian rumours, information on prisoners, and the belief in the City of the Césares].
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The soldiers of the new garrison and the artisans dispatched with them commenced construction of a system of defensive fortifications. These would become the
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on 24 August. From there the Dutch had difficulties sailing up the Valdivia River to the site of Valdivia as they lacked experience of sailing on rivers. At
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expedition in 1624, concentrating on America all its efforts in the conquest of a part of Brazil. However, they tried to promote uprisings among the
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While lacking state organization Mapuches warring the Spanish had achieved a "supra-local level of military solidarity" by the early 17th century.
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2017:
before sailing to Valdivia, having the initial support of the local natives. The Dutch arrived in Valdivia on 24 August 1643 and named the colony
208:
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In Valdivia the Dutch established a new settlement, which Herckmans named Brouwershaven after Brouwer. On 29 August the Dutch had met with local
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had become detached near Cape Horn but managed to return to Recife with a broken mast. The loss of this ship strained the expedition's supplies.
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This alliance gave origin to a legend that holds he died by turning into stone as he would have betrayed his people by allying with the Spanish.
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2673:, the Governor of Chile, dispatched Juan de Acevedo in charge of a ship to Valdivia to gather information on 30 April 1644. De Acevedo reached
1817:
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3774:
3723:
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Alonqueo, Martín (1996). Hidalgo L., Jorge; Schiappacasse F., Virgilio; Niemeyer F., Hans; Aldunate del S., Carlos; Mege R., Pedro (eds.).
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Carelmapu, capturing much equipment, supplies and horses. A counter-attack by the Spanish ended in failure and the death of the Spanish
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were abundant before a southerly wind that begun on 7 April allowed the fleet to advance west. This way the expedition established that
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Meanwhile, De Alvarado arranged for the fast assembly of a sailing vessel in southern Chiloé, which as soon as ready hastily sailed to
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The expedition set sail for Valdivia on 21 August and reached their destination within three days. Herckmans arrived at the mouth of
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succeeded Andrés Herrera as military commander of the Spanish in Chiloé. De Alvarado organized the remaining troops in Carelmapu and
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plans of leaving and their search for gold caused suspicion, leading the locals to halt their deliveries of food. The Mapuche chief
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Brouwer and a small fleet of an unknown number of vessels left the Netherlands on 6 November 1642 with 250 men. The fleet called at
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3323:[Environmental effects of the Spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago, southern Chile].
1969:
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Local Mapuches went further to attempt to have part of the Dutch to depart to crush an alleged Spanish troop gathering near
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This was the name of Mancera Island, Isla Mancera, at the time. The island lies in Corral Bay not far from Valdivia.
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in exchange for provisions. Likely it was also their hope these weapons would be put into use against the Spanish.
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In May 1643, the expedition arrived at the Chiloé Archipelago. The Spanish at the small fortified settlement of
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758:
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3321:"Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile"
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with the Mapuche warlords in 1641, to concentrate Spanish resources on the most important European affairs.
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in the Austral winter was dangerous given it was a season of rain and storms. Once Spanish authorities in
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had been dismantled. The failure of the expedition was blamed on Herckmans who died soon afterwards. The
3743:
2706:
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2629:
2391:
2152:, the Dutch saw once again the advisability of founding establishments on the western coast of America.
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Permanent war on Peru's periphery: Frontier identity and the politics of conflict in 17th century Chile
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2014:
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1998:
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2666:, showing the location of the finished coastal defences. The four largest forts are marked with red.
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to alert the Spanish in mainland Chile. To avoid interception by the Dutch envoys had to sail round
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in 1643 to establish a base of operations and a trading post on the southern coast of Chile. With
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thus abandoning Valdivia. The next day, 16 October, four deserters were arrested and two of them
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1740:
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Entre circas y cañuelas historia de los pirquineros auríferos de Mariquina, siglos XVI al XXI
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2583:. On 26 October more deserters and accomplices were tried, resulting in various executions.
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is said to have remained aligned with the Spanish from the Dutch departure in 1643 to the
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to take care of mining and agriculture in order to leave the indigenous peoples free of
3711:
3697:
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2500:
2398:, the Spanish viceroy in Peru, warning of a Dutch expedition and ordering the use of a
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2136:
1994:
1990:
1944:
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2547:, who was in friendly terms with the Dutch, staunchly refused them to access the
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611:
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Monuments, empires, and resistance: The Araucanian polity and ritual narratives
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3596:
2909:"La rebelión indigena de 1712: Los tributarios de Chiloé contra la encomienda"
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was to smolder for over 250 years but its immediate effect was the so-called "
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in 1616. Northerly winds pushed the expedition as far south as 61°59 S where
248:
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De Toledo's naval expedition was made up of twenty ships and 1,000 men from
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2001:, the Dutch wished to take over the ruins of the abandoned Spanish city of
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forests. Buildings in Castro had their straw roofs removed as well as the
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by sea of the Spanish from Peru made López de Zúñiga retreat back north.
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2471:. This ship was led by captain Domingo Lorenzo and having on board also
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2061:. Following this, a general uprising developed among the Mapuche and
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penetrated Mapuche territory following the coast south and reached
2638:
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resisted the Mapuche sieges and attacks. With the exception of the
2766:
An exception to this was Luisa Pizarro an old woman they found in
2657:
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202:
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livestock. Otherwise, Chiloé Archipelago is mostly known for its
2155:
In the context of the Arauco war, the Spanish authorities of the
3636:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. Editorial Andrés Bello. p. 232.
3319:
Torrejón, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Araneda, Alberto (2004).
1368:
252:
83:
The Dutch leave Valdivia and then it is occupied by the Spanish
3897:; Silva, Osvaldo; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974).
3000:"Columna de José Bengoa: Catalanes, Autonomías y Mapuche (s)"
2357:, since it sailed east and south of the island. However, the
3811:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Francisco de Aguirre.
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was sent with Father Lázaro to Lima to give the news to the
3678:(in Spanish). Vol. IV (2 ed.). Santiago, Chile:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
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by May noticing that the Dutch were nowhere to be found.
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A ship under Captain Elbert Crispijnsen was sent back to
60:(1 year, 1 month, 3 weeks and 1 day)
3871:
Historia general de el reyno de Chile. Flandes indiano
3787:
Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750
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with the final aim of surrendering to the Spanish in
2277:
within the modern boundaries of Chile and Argentina
2005:. The expedition sacked the Spanish settlements of
3496:"Aspectos diacrónicos en la toponimia de Valdivia"
3706:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cultura.
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3440:De la Rosa P., Armin Marcelo (3 January 2017).
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2057:ambushed and wiped out a Spanish column at the
23:
2337:in an attempt to replicate the route taken by
3442:Antecedentes históricos de la Bahía de Corral
3254:
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2307:, the Spanish jewel of the American Pacific.
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2483:learned about the Dutch expedition captain
3852:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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2181:
2065:people of southern Chile. The subsequent
1387:
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257:
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69:The Pacific coast of Spanish South America
20:
3877:(in Spanish). Vol. III. Valparaíso:
3716:Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur
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2290:(GWC) in organising an expedition under
3842:(in Spanish). San José de la Mariquina.
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3075:
2814:
2733:
2123:in attacking the Spanish settlement of
3934:1643 in the Captaincy General of Chile
3845:
2858:from the original on 25 September 2014
3447:(Report) (in Spanish). Archived from
3100:. Colonial Voyage.com. Archived from
2447:; he had previously been governor of
2245:
2142:war that was being fought with France
1985:was a naval expedition, commanded by
7:
3141:from the original on 23 October 2014
2607:. This promise was never fulfilled.
3718:(in Spanish). Santiago: Catalonia.
3326:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
2024:extensive network of fortifications
3939:Dutch colonization of the Americas
3836:Rivera Gutiérrez, Gabriel (2018).
2929:from the original on 14 March 2014
58:6 November 1642 – 28 December 1643
14:
3501:Anales de la Universidad de Chile
2634:Coastal defence of colonial Chile
2353:was not part of the hypothetical
2333:, the expedition failed to enter
2213:
3944:Former colonies in South America
2888:from the original on 19 May 2009
2244:
2228:
2212:
2197:
2196:
2180:
2173:
201:
182:
165:
148:
131:
112:
100:
37:
3611:10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011
3340:10.4067/S0716-078X2004000400009
3159:Barros Arana 2000, pp. 278–279.
3038:Barros Arana 2000, pp. 277–278.
2907:Urbina Burgos, Rodolfo (1990).
2848:"Valdivia colonial (1552–1820)"
2650:the Spanish established around
2071:Destruction of the Seven Cities
16:1643 failed expedition to Chile
3901:(in Spanish) (14th ed.).
3703:Historia de Valdivia 1552–1952
3494:Bernales Lillo, Mario (1984).
2229:
2073:": the Spanish settlements of
1:
3959:Eighty Years' War (1621–1648)
3790:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.
3733:Clark Berger, Eugene (2006).
2770:who told the Dutch about the
3805:Montt Pinto, Isabel (1971).
2556:the encampment at night for
2049:On 23 December 1598, native
1983:Dutch expedition to Valdivia
1923:Lombok and Karangasem (1894)
24:Dutch expedition to Valdivia
3964:Chile–Netherlands relations
3047:Dillehay 2007, pp. 337–338.
2549:gold mines of Madre de Dios
2467:from the south through the
3990:
3954:History of Los Ríos Region
3808:Breve Historia de Valdivia
3767:Cambridge University Press
3577:Barros Arana 2000, p. 294.
3557:Barros Arana 2000, p. 292.
3548:Barros Arana 2000, p. 291.
3521:Barros Arana 2000, p. 287.
3385:Barros Arana 2000, p. 289.
3353:Barros Arana 2000, p. 283.
3309:Barros Arana 2000, p. 282.
3287:Barros Arana 2000, p. 286.
3182:Barros Arana 2000, p. 280.
2973:Barros Arana 2000, p. 277.
2627:
2568:guiding them to Valdivia.
2511:one ship ran aground on a
2485:Alonso de Mujica y Buitrón
2157:Captaincy General of Chile
2150:Portuguese Restoration War
2034:
43:Detail from the 1646 book
3866:Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín
3675:Historia General de Chile
3131:"Intento de colonización"
2959:Bengoa 2003, pp. 450–451.
2837:Bengoa 2003, pp. 324–325.
2671:Francisco López de Zúñiga
2288:Dutch West Indies Company
1411:
290:
240:
235:
124:
93:
50:
36:
28:
3672:(2000) . "Capítulo XI".
2722:Mapuche uprising of 1655
2618:Pernambucan Insurrection
2435:August, Brouwer died in
2284:Dutch East India Company
1674:South Africa (1659-1677)
1669:New Netherland (1659–63)
1609:New Netherland (1643–45)
3907:Editorial Universitaria
3879:Imprenta de El Mercurio
3680:Editorial Universitaria
3588:Urbina C., María Ximena
3168:Guarda 1953, pp. 57–58.
2400:scorched earth strategy
1997:and the Dutch Republic
1449:Banda Islands (1609–21)
3784:Lane, Kris E. (1998).
2667:
2655:
2581:executed with firearms
2455:Spanish envoys to Peru
2324:John Maurice of Nassau
2286:(VOC) joined with the
1654:2nd Recife (1652-1654)
125:Commanders and leaders
3744:Vanderbilt University
3240:Rosales 1878, p. 219.
2772:destruction of Osorno
2707:Valdivian Fort System
2700:burned Brouwer's body
2662:Satellite imagery of
2661:
2641:
2630:Valdivian Fort System
2628:Further information:
2035:Further information:
1736:Sri Lanka (1764-1766)
1684:Sri Lanka (1670-1670)
3258:Rosales 1878, p. 220
2774:forty years earlier.
2411:Fernando de Alvarado
2262:class=notpageimage|
1898:Gold Coast (1869–70)
1534:Liuqiu Island (1636)
1464:Pescadores (1622–24)
1230:2nd Cape St. Vincent
1120:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
1032:1st Cape St. Vincent
975:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
891:1st English Channel
707:Ten Years, 1588–1598
194:Response (1644–1645)
189:Fernando de Alvarado
171:Andrés Herrera
3823:on 18 February 2007
3670:Barros Arana, Diego
3656:Rivera 2018, p. 82.
3484:Rivera 2018, p. 85.
3267:Clark 2006, p. 157.
3104:on 29 February 2016
2985:Guarda 1953, p. 58.
2509:Tornagaleones River
2305:Viceroyalty of Peru
1970:Indonesia (1946–49)
1965:Indonesia (1941–45)
1858:Palembang (1851–59)
1664:Malabar (1658-1663)
1479:Persian Gulf (1625)
1434:Cape Rachado (1606)
1220:3rd English Channel
1045:Twelve Years' Truce
1027:2nd English Channel
935:1st Schenckenschans
789:3rd Geertruidenberg
724:2nd Geertruidenberg
430:1st Geertruidenberg
3895:Villalobos, Sergio
3472:Montt 1971, p. 23.
3367:Montt 1971, p. 22.
2998:(4 October 2017).
2947:Clark 2006, p. 13.
2680:Having heard from
2668:
2656:
2577:Constantino Island
2388:Governor of Chiloé
2301:Santa María Island
2189:Santa María Island
2144:was joined by the
2121:Baltazar de Cordes
2107:Chiloé Archipelago
2087:Santa Cruz de Oñez
2059:Battle of Curalaba
2015:Chiloé Archipelago
1893:Pasoemah (1864–68)
1863:Montrado (1854–55)
1773:Cape Colony (1806)
1756:Cape Colony (1795)
1659:2nd Colombo (1654)
1629:Philippines (1646)
1604:Cambodia (1643–44)
1539:Porto Calvo (1637)
1519:Liaoluo Bay (1633)
1402:colonial campaigns
1153:2nd Schenkenschans
1095:2nd Bergen op Zoom
719:1st Bergen op Zoom
223:F. López de Zúñiga
3974:Huilliche history
3949:History of Chiloé
3916:978-956-11-1163-9
3903:Santiago de Chile
3899:Historia de Chile
3862:de Rosales, Diego
3797:978-0-76560-256-5
3776:978-110-7407-74-9
3725:978-956-8303-02-0
3689:978-956-11-1535-4
3643:978-956-13-1437-5
3634:Culturas de Chile
3539:Lane 1998, p. 90.
3222:Lane 1998, p. 89.
3069:Lane 1998, p. 88.
3029:Lane 1998, p. 87.
2469:Gulf of Corcovado
2133:Jacques l'Hermite
2116:joined the Dutch
2041:Eighty Years' War
1978:
1977:
1813:Sumatra (1821–37)
1751:Gold Coast (1782)
1644:Guararapes (1649)
1639:Guararapes (1648)
1549:Vietnam (1637–43)
1499:Batavia (1628–29)
1444:Mozambique (1608)
1439:Mozambique (1607)
1362:
1361:
282:Eighty Years' War
247:
246:
215:Antonio de Toledo
89:
88:
31:Eighty Years' War
3981:
3920:
3890:
3876:
3857:
3851:
3843:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3819:. Archived from
3801:
3780:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3741:
3729:
3707:
3693:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3522:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3446:
3437:
3386:
3383:
3368:
3365:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3288:
3285:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3241:
3238:
3223:
3220:
3183:
3180:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3127:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3098:"Dutch in Chile"
3093:
3070:
3067:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2974:
2971:
2960:
2957:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2916:Tiempo y Espacio
2913:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2764:
2758:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2624:Spanish response
2611:Return to Brazil
2425:Diego de Rosales
2265:The location of
2248:
2247:
2232:
2231:
2216:
2215:
2200:
2199:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2159:had established
2053:warriors led by
1960:Venezuela (1908)
1908:Mandor (1884–85)
1903:Aceh (1873–1913)
1883:Borneo (1859–63)
1838:Ahanta (1837–39)
1808:Palembang (1821)
1803:Palembang (1819)
1679:Taiwan (1661–62)
1569:Itamaracá (1640)
1524:Taiwan (1635–36)
1406:
1405:
1403:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1366:
1328:2nd San Salvador
1323:1st San Salvador
1296:2nd Saint Martin
1271:1st Saint Martin
285:
283:
273:
266:
259:
250:
219:Alonso de Mujica
206:
205:
187:
186:
185:
177:
170:
169:
168:
153:
152:
151:
136:
135:
134:
117:
116:
115:
105:
104:
103:
52:
51:
41:
21:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3969:Mapuche history
3924:
3923:
3917:
3893:
3874:
3860:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3824:
3804:
3798:
3783:
3777:
3757:
3748:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3726:
3710:
3698:Guarda, Gabriel
3696:
3690:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3525:
3520:
3513:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3454:on 26 July 2019
3451:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3389:
3384:
3371:
3366:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3291:
3286:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3244:
3239:
3226:
3221:
3186:
3181:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3135:Memoria Chilena
3129:
3128:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3096:Kock, Robbert.
3095:
3094:
3073:
3068:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3011:
3009:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2882:Memoria Chilena
2878:"La encomienda"
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2852:Memoria Chilena
2846:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2755:native potatoes
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2711:John Narborough
2682:Juan Manqueante
2636:
2626:
2613:
2541:Juan Manqueante
2497:
2489:Viceroy of Peru
2477:Roaring Forties
2457:
2441:Elias Herckmans
2396:Pedro de Toledo
2370:
2343:Willem Schouten
2335:Le Maire Strait
2329:While rounding
2292:Hendrik Brouwer
2280:
2279:
2278:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2169:
2112:In 1600, local
2047:
2033:
1987:Hendrik Brouwer
1979:
1974:
1928:Pedir (1897–98)
1888:Japan (1863–64)
1783:Moluccas (1810)
1716:India (1739–41)
1614:India (1644-45)
1564:Mormugão (1639)
1559:Salvador (1638)
1514:Abrolhos (1631)
1484:Salvador (1625)
1469:Salvador (1624)
1407:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1363:
1358:
1342:
1252:Bay of Matanzas
1189:European waters
1074:
1041:
1011:European waters
919:
905:Gulf of Almería
885:European waters
703:
693:European waters
546:
506:
471:European waters
369:
304:
301:
299:List of battles
286:
281:
279:
277:
242:
231:
230:
227:Juan de Acevedo
209:Pedro de Toledo
200:
183:
181:
173:
166:
164:
154:Elias Herckmans
149:
147:
146:
138:Hendrik Brouwer
132:
130:
113:
111:
101:
99:
70:
59:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3915:
3891:
3858:
3833:
3802:
3796:
3781:
3775:
3755:
3730:
3724:
3708:
3694:
3688:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3649:
3642:
3624:
3579:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3523:
3511:
3504:(in Spanish).
3486:
3474:
3465:
3387:
3369:
3355:
3346:
3333:(4): 661–677.
3329:(in Spanish).
3311:
3289:
3269:
3260:
3242:
3224:
3184:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3137:(in Spanish).
3115:
3071:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3019:
2987:
2975:
2961:
2949:
2940:
2918:(in Spanish).
2899:
2884:(in Spanish).
2869:
2854:(in Spanish).
2839:
2830:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2795:
2785:
2776:
2759:
2757:and shellfish.
2742:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2648:the many forts
2625:
2622:
2612:
2609:
2601:African slaves
2501:Valdivia River
2496:
2493:
2456:
2453:
2369:
2366:
2339:Jacob Le Maire
2260:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:a peace treaty
2146:Catalan Revolt
2032:
2029:
1991:Dutch Republic
1989:, sent by the
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1945:Bone (1905–06)
1942:
1940:Kerinci (1903)
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1878:Bone (1858–59)
1875:
1870:
1868:Nias (1855–64)
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:Java (1825–30)
1825:
1823:Bone (1824–25)
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:Algiers (1816)
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:Java (1806–07)
1775:
1770:
1768:Surinam (1804)
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:Java (1749–57)
1728:
1723:
1721:Java (1741–43)
1718:
1713:
1711:Java (1719–23)
1708:
1706:Java (1704–07)
1697:
1696:
1694:Java (1674–80)
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:Tabocas (1645)
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Malacca (1641)
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1429:Malacca (1606)
1426:
1424:Amboina (1605)
1421:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1354:Historiography
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1291:Southern Chile
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1129:2nd Maastricht
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1084:Western Europe
1081:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1060:
1052:Western Europe
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
929:Western Europe
926:
925:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
900:Bayona Islands
897:
887:
886:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
713:Western Europe
710:
709:
702:
701:
695:
694:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
562:1st Maastricht
556:Western Europe
553:
552:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
516:Western Europe
513:
512:
505:
504:
499:
494:
489:
487:Haarlemmermeer
484:
479:
473:
472:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
379:Western Europe
376:
375:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
314:Western Europe
311:
310:
303:
302:
291:
288:
287:
278:
276:
275:
268:
261:
253:
245:
244:
238:
237:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
220:
217:
212:
197:
192:
191:
179:
161:
155:
127:
126:
122:
121:
109:
107:Dutch Republic
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
84:
79:Dutch failure
76:
72:
71:
68:
66:
62:
61:
56:
48:
47:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3986:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
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3950:
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3942:
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3937:
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3932:
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3918:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3834:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3759:Dillehay, Tom
3756:
3745:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3699:
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3691:
3685:
3681:
3677:
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3666:
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3653:
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3645:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3625:
3612:
3607:
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3574:
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3502:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2828:1974, p. 109.
2827:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2799:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2605:forced labour
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2525:tribal leader
2521:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2481:Central Chile
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:Chiloé Island
2462:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:Puerto Inglés
2432:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2355:Southern Land
2352:
2351:Staten Island
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:In 1642, the
2276:
2275:Staten Island
2272:
2268:
2263:
2254:
2253:Staten Island
2238:
2222:
2206:
2190:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2019:Brouwershaven
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Borneo (1823)
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Ceylon (1782)
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:Penfui (1749)
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:Taiwan (1652)
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:Brazil (1645)
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Taiwan (1642)
1592:
1590:
1589:Taiwan (1641)
1587:
1585:
1584:Luanda (1641)
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:Ceylon (1640)
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Elmina (1637)
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:Brazil (1636)
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:Recife (1630)
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Elmina (1625)
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Luanda (1624)
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Bantam (1601)
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:2nd Gibraltar
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:5th Rheinberg
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:2nd Oldenzaal
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:1st Gibraltar
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:4th Rheinberg
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
965:3rd Rheinberg
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
930:
924:
921:
920:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
894:
889:
888:
884:
883:
880:
877:
875:
874:1st Oldenzaal
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
844:2nd Rheinberg
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
804:2nd Luxemburg
802:
800:
797:
795:
794:2nd Coevorden
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:1st Luxemburg
782:
780:
779:1st Coevorden
777:
775:
774:2nd Steenwijk
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
714:
708:
705:
704:
700:
699:Ponta Delgada
697:
696:
692:
691:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
677:1st Rheinberg
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:1st Steenwijk
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
557:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
517:
511:
508:
507:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
470:
469:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
381:
380:
374:
371:
370:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
309:
306:
305:
300:
296:
293:
292:
289:
284:
274:
269:
267:
262:
260:
255:
254:
251:
241:Several ships
239:
234:
226:
224:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
210:
204:
199:
198:
195:
190:
180:
178:
176:
163:
162:
159:
158:Chiloé forces
156:
145:
144:
139:
129:
128:
123:
120:
110:
108:
98:
97:
92:
82:
81:
80:
77:
74:
73:
67:
64:
63:
57:
54:
53:
49:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3898:
3870:
3838:
3825:. Retrieved
3821:the original
3807:
3786:
3762:
3747:. Retrieved
3735:
3715:
3712:Bengoa, José
3702:
3674:
3663:Bibliography
3652:
3633:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3604:(2): 11–36.
3601:
3595:
3582:
3553:
3544:
3505:
3499:
3489:
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3449:the original
3349:
3330:
3324:
3314:
3263:
3164:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3134:
3106:. Retrieved
3102:the original
3043:
3034:
3010:. Retrieved
3008:(in Spanish)
3003:
2996:Bengoa, José
2990:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2919:
2915:
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2881:
2872:
2862:30 September
2860:. Retrieved
2851:
2842:
2833:
2825:
2798:
2788:
2779:
2762:
2745:
2736:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2687:Toltén River
2679:
2669:
2614:
2597:
2585:
2570:
2566:
2536:Dutch Brazil
2533:
2528:Manquipillan
2522:
2498:
2458:
2444:
2433:
2429:
2420:wood shingle
2409:
2383:arquebusiers
2371:
2361:
2328:
2320:Dutch Brazil
2309:
2281:
2154:
2130:
2111:
2048:
2045:Dutch Brazil
2018:
1982:
1980:
1934:20th century
1933:
1932:
1913:Jambi (1885)
1798:Ambon (1817)
1762:19th century
1761:
1760:
1741:India (1781)
1700:18th century
1699:
1698:
1689:India (1673)
1634:Kombi (1647)
1599:Chile (1643)
1598:
1509:Jambi (1630)
1459:Macau (1622)
1454:Johor (1613)
1414:17th century
1413:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1276:2nd Salvador
1263:
1242:1st Salvador
1235:
1234:
1210:Lizard Point
1188:
1187:
1168:2nd Roermond
1137:1st Roermond
1083:
1082:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1050:
1017:Dover Strait
985:Hoogstraaten
955:Lekkerbeetje
928:
927:
892:
739:2nd Deventer
712:
711:
567:2nd Mechelen
555:
554:
537:1st Deventer
515:
514:
395:1st Mechelen
378:
377:
325:Valenciennes
320:Beeldenstorm
313:
312:
207:
193:
174:
157:
142:
94:Belligerents
78:
44:
29:Part of the
18:
3617:27 December
3508:(5): 79–94.
2933:22 February
2824:Villalobos
2751:chilihueque
2644:Niebla Fort
2589:chain mails
2573:La Imperial
2362:Orange Tree
2359:supply ship
2312:Mauritsstad
2079:La Imperial
1955:Bali (1908)
1950:Bali (1906)
1873:Bali (1858)
1853:Bali (1849)
1848:Bali (1848)
1843:Bali (1846)
1833:Aceh (1831)
1788:Java (1811)
1494:Cuba (1628)
1302:East Indies
1247:Puerto Rico
1115:4th Groenlo
1070:Playa Honda
1064:East Indies
1047:, 1609–1621
1005:3rd Groenlo
950:San Andreas
854:2nd Groenlo
814:1st Groenlo
749:Knodsenburg
734:2nd Zutphen
682:1st Zutphen
637:3rd Antwerp
622:Steenbergen
612:2nd Antwerp
522:1st Antwerp
497:Reimerswaal
460:Schoonhoven
450:Mookerheyde
350:Heiligerlee
3928:Categories
3827:23 October
3597:Magallania
3145:19 October
3108:23 October
3012:21 October
3005:The Clinic
2892:30 January
2810:References
2718:Manqueante
2675:Corral Bay
2664:Corral Bay
2652:Corral Bay
2642:A view of
2562:Concepción
2505:Corral Bay
2445:Vlissingen
2405:Mapudungun
2392:corregidor
2379:musketeers
2167:Expedition
2114:Huilliches
2103:Concepción
2095:Villarrica
2067:Arauco War
2037:Arauco War
2031:Background
1918:Edi (1890)
1554:Goa (1638)
995:2nd Lingen
960:Nieuwpoort
940:Zaltbommel
879:1st Lingen
859:Bredevoort
542:Borgerhout
445:Valkenburg
420:IJsselmeer
410:Middelburg
365:Le Quesnoy
340:Oosterweel
3848:cite book
2922:: 73–86.
2695:El Callao
2646:, one of
2558:the woods
2545:Mariquina
2516:valuable
2374:Carelmapu
2331:Cape Horn
2271:Carelmapu
2221:Carelmapu
2063:Huilliche
2055:Pelantaro
2007:Carelmapu
1350:Aftermath
1286:Itamaracá
1262:Trujillo
1225:The Downs
1200:2nd Cádiz
1183:4th Hulst
1178:3rd Hulst
1163:3rd Venlo
1158:4th Breda
1133:2nd Venlo
1105:3rd Breda
1078:1621–1648
1022:2nd Sluis
990:3rd Sluis
980:2nd Grave
923:1599–1609
910:1st Cádiz
869:Ootmarsum
849:1st Meurs
834:2nd Hulst
799:Groningen
754:1st Hulst
729:2nd Breda
687:1st Sluis
662:1st Venlo
657:1st Grave
617:Eindhoven
592:Noordhorn
587:1st Breda
550:1579–1588
510:1576–1579
492:Zuiderzee
465:Zierikzee
455:Oudewater
373:1572–1576
355:Jemmingen
330:Wattrelos
308:1566–1572
3887:55283128
3864:(1878).
3761:(2007).
3749:13 March
3714:(2003).
3700:(1953).
3590:(2017).
3139:Archived
2924:Archived
2886:Archived
2856:Archived
2768:Quinchao
2495:Valdivia
2347:icebergs
2314:(modern
2267:Valdivia
2205:Valdivia
2148:and the
2137:Criollos
2091:Valdivia
2003:Valdivia
1308:Mormugão
1266:Campeche
1257:Abrolhos
1236:Americas
895:Flanders
864:Enschede
839:Turnhout
824:2nd Lier
769:Caudebec
759:Nijmegen
744:Delfzijl
607:1st Lier
532:Rijmenam
527:Gembloux
477:Flushing
360:Jodoigne
236:Strength
65:Location
3868:(ed.).
3817:1397610
3742:(PhD).
3458:25 July
2593:morions
2543:, from
2518:compass
2449:Paraíba
2415:Calbuco
2118:corsair
2099:Chillán
2051:Mapuche
2013:in the
1318:Malacca
1281:Cabañas
1215:Dunkirk
1100:Fleurus
597:Niezijl
482:Borsele
425:Alkmaar
415:Haarlem
405:Naarden
385:Brielle
295:Origins
243:600 men
175:†
3913:
3885:
3815:
3794:
3773:
3722:
3686:
3640:
2826:et al.
2793:Spain.
2473:Jesuit
2461:Arauco
2368:Chiloé
2322:where
2316:Recife
2237:Castro
2125:Castro
2083:Osorno
2043:, and
2011:Castro
1999:at war
1338:Cavite
1333:Manila
1148:Leuven
1090:Jülich
1058:Aachen
970:Ostend
915:Azores
829:Calais
652:Boksum
642:Arnhem
602:Lochem
582:Kollum
435:Leiden
345:Dahlen
335:Lannoy
140:
75:Result
3875:(PDF)
3740:(PDF)
3452:(PDF)
3445:(PDF)
2927:(PDF)
2912:(PDF)
2728:Notes
2513:rocky
2394:from
2318:) in
2296:Chile
2075:Angol
1995:Spain
1398:Dutch
1346:Peace
1313:Galle
1205:Slaak
1173:Kallo
1125:Meuse
819:Lippe
764:Rouen
672:Neuss
647:Empel
632:Aalst
627:Ghent
572:Diest
502:Lillo
440:Delft
119:Spain
3911:ISBN
3883:OCLC
3854:link
3829:2014
3813:OCLC
3792:ISBN
3771:ISBN
3751:2014
3720:ISBN
3684:ISBN
3638:ISBN
3619:2019
3460:2019
3147:2014
3110:2014
3014:2017
2935:2014
2894:2014
2864:2014
2632:and
2591:and
2554:left
2381:and
2341:and
2273:and
2101:and
2093:and
2009:and
1981:The
945:Rees
667:Axel
400:Goes
390:Mons
55:Date
3606:doi
3335:doi
2503:in
2294:to
809:Huy
3930::
3909:.
3905::
3881:.
3850:}}
3846:{{
3769:.
3765:.
3682:.
3602:45
3600:.
3562:^
3526:^
3514:^
3498:.
3477:^
3390:^
3372:^
3358:^
3331:77
3292:^
3272:^
3245:^
3227:^
3187:^
3173:^
3133:.
3118:^
3074:^
3052:^
3022:^
3002:.
2978:^
2964:^
2952:^
2914:.
2880:.
2850:.
2817:^
2724:.
2702:.
2564:.
2520:.
2491:.
2451:.
2407:.
2269:,
2089:,
2085:,
2081:,
2077:,
2039:,
1352:–
1348:–
1135:,
1131:,
297:–
3919:.
3889:.
3856:)
3831:.
3800:.
3779:.
3753:.
3728:.
3692:.
3646:.
3621:.
3608::
3506:5
3462:.
3343:.
3337::
3149:.
3112:.
3016:.
2937:.
2920:1
2896:.
2866:.
1388:e
1381:t
1374:v
1264:·
1139:)
1127:(
893:·
272:e
265:t
258:v
196::
160::
143:#
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