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hazelnuts. The archaeological evidence implies evidence for cracking, roasting and grinding of hazelnuts as well as extensive production of stone tools. There is no evidence that the sites served as actual living structures or longer-term settlements - spatial analyses indicate that nut processing activities took place in the open.
424:
hundreds of litres of sand had to be transported to the roasting site. Protective undercovers in form of bark mats (see special finds above) at Wp8 and the setting-up of wooden frames around the roasting sites (Wp6) are evident at
Duvensee. Alternatively, nuts were roasted on heated clay plates (Wp11).
407:
Nut shells and seeds: Remains of nut shells and seeds were recovered from almost all sites where, at times, they formed entire layers. Together with roasting hearths they form a recurring feature at
Duvensee. In addition to hazelnuts, there is also evidence for the processing of other plants as well.
452:
The intensive exploitation of energy-rich plant foods had far reaching implications for the subsistence and survival strategies of
Mesolithic hunter-gatherer groups. This innovative type of economy is a characteristic of the Mesolithic and hints at the development of plant cultivation with the onset
269:
and expressed in calendar years, a convention followed here. Based on these results, the earliest living sites (Wp8 and Wp9) date to the late pre-boreal approximately 11,000 years ago. Wp19 is the youngest of the sites and dates to about 8,500 years ago. This is followed by a long settlement hiatus
253:
With increasing paludification, which is thought to have set in during the periods of occupation, the sites were covered and protected by thick layers of peat and survive in excellent condition. Due to increased peat harvesting during the 19th and 20th centuries, the as yet unexcavated portions are
402:
Based on the structures, tools and nut remains at
Duvensee it was possible to 1) demonstrate the importance of stored plant foods in Mesolithic economies and 2) to quantify the extent to which such activities were carried out. The structures, hazelnut shells and stone tools show that fat-rich nuts
330:
The
Research history of research at Duvensee was strongly influenced by the work of Klaus Bokelmann, who worked extensively with the materials found at Duvensee. To date, 12 “living sites” have been excavated. More recently, research has focused on Wp6, Wp8 and Wp9 to investigate the subsistence,
423:
Roasting hearths: Almost all sites exhibit structures that were used to roast hazel nuts. At these special hearths, large quantities of sand were heated in order to roast the nuts. The construction of these facilities required a large number of materials and good logistical coordination. Several
482:
Technological and typological analyses of stone tools allow for a reconstruction of the manufacturing processes at
Duvensee. At all sites, between 5,000 and 10,000 lithic artefacts were recovered. Local, low quality flint served as the primary raw material and was worked into irregularly shaped
447:
Modelling the utilisation of hazel nuts: The extent of hazel nut provisions obtained and produced at
Duvensee can be modelled from the amount of shell found at the sites, time invested in harvesting and processing and yield capacity of early Holocene hazel nut plants. Models show the economic
393:
The sites are currently thought to represent specialised storage camps of
Mesolithic hunter-gatherer groups at which large quantities of hazelnuts were processed. Duvensee lake was visited for approximately two weeks per year during late summer or early autumn in order to harvest and process
494:
There are also a number of core- and disc axes, typically
Mesolithic tool types that were used in wood processing. Investigations of typological changes in lithic tool shape were also able to demonstrate different phases of development of Mesolithic traditions. As a result of the excellent
782:. Papers submitted at the session(C58) "Come in and find out: opening a new door into the analysis of hunter-gatherer social organisation and behaviour", held at the 15th U.I.S.P.P. conference in Lisbon, September 2006. Mainz, Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz.
551:. Papers submitted at the session(C58) "Come in and find out: opening a new door into the analysis of hunter-gatherer social organisation and behaviour", held at the 15th U.I.S.P.P. conference in Lisbon, September 2006. Mainz, Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz.
809:. Papers submitted at the session (C58)"Come in and find out: opening a new door into the analysis of hunter-gatherer social organisation and behaviour", held at the 15th U.I.S.P.P.conference in Lisbon, September 2006. Verlag des Römisch-GermanischenZentralmuseums Mainz, Mainz.
473:
These analyses show almost 1000 years of repeated occupations that revolved around roasting of hazel nuts, the primary function of the sites. The analyses also indicate that periods of occupation were short and that each site represents a single occupation.
376:
However, the majority of finds are lithic tools and by-products of their production made from flint. These form the basis for technological and spatial analyses at the site. The paddle and all finds from Wp1 through Wp5 are curated at the
804:
MartĂnez-Moreno J and R MoraTorcal. 2012. Spatial patterning and lifestyle at
Fontdel Ros, a Mesolithic settlement in the south-eastern Pyrenees. In: Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S., Jöris, O., Sensburg, M., Street, M., Turner, E. (Eds.),
358:
mats of up to 5 square metres in size were discovered at several sites (Wp 8, Wp11, Wp13 and Wp19) in association with hearths and roasting fires. They may have served as insulation against the dampness emanating from the
465:
Comparative analyses of settlement dynamics were conducted at Wp6 and Wp8. These analyses are based on the three-dimensional distribution of lithic artefacts and refits, as well as geo-statistical investigations, such as
511:
Bokelmann, K. 2012. "Spade paddleing on a Mesolithic lake – Remarks on Preboreal and Boreal sites from Duvensee (Northern Germany)". A Mind Set on Flint: Studies in Honour of Dick Stapert (Elde: Barkhuis): 369–380.
535:
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importance of hazel nuts, which may have met up to 50% of the energy requirements of the hunter gatherer groups. The margin of return is very high and even surpasses the yields obtained during plant cultivation.
435:
pebbles with round hollows with which nuts were cracked. Some pieces also show features diagnostic of grinding, indicating further processing of the roasted nuts into nut flour. At the roughly contemporary site
249:
The north-western banks of the lake served as areas for human activity during the early Mesolithic. On two peninsulas the remains of small to medium-sized sites in close vicinity to one another were found.
327:
Already during those early campaigns thick layers of hazelnut shells were discovered in all dwelling sites. These were positioned around central hearths that were used in hazelnut roasting.
320:
latz) and a running number (e.g. Wp1, Wp2, Wp3...). Due to the excellent preservation and unusual find categories, the materials form Duvensee were quickly described as part of their own
246:
and once covered an area of more than 4 square kilometres. Siltation set in during the late pre-boreal and the lake was (intentionally) drained in its entirety during the 19th century.
791:
Lage, W. 2004. Zur Interpretation der Lehmstraten in den Feuerstelle des Duvenseer Moores. Lehmplatten als Gar- und Röstvorrichtungen während des Mesolithikums in Schleswig-Holstein.
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Stone tools and other markers of settlement activity were discovered in 1924 and due to the supposed “living floor” characteristics of some of the sites, the excavator
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societies. Recent research has explored the Duvensee societies' diet and land use patterns in relation to the evolution of modern lifestyles and nutrition.
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Holst, D. 2012. Duvensee - settlement behaviour in the early Mesolithic. In: S. Gaudzinski-Windheuser, O. Jöris, M. Sensburg, M. Street, E. Turner (eds.),
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Holst, D. 2012. Duvensee - settlement behaviour in the early Mesolithic. In: S. Gaudzinski-Windheuser, O. Jöris, M. Sensburg, M. Street, E. Turner (eds.),
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Holst, D. 2008. Zur Entwicklung frĂĽhmesolithischer Artefaktproduktion: Handwerkliche Tradition und Landschaftsnutzung am Duvensee (Schleswig Holstein).
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Holst, D. 2008. Zur Entwicklung frĂĽhmesolithischer Artefaktproduktion: Handwerkliche Tradition und Landschaftsnutzung am Duvensee (Schleswig Holstein).
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81:
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chronological resolution and single occupation episodes, Duvensee serves as a references site for the categorization of other Mesolithic sites.
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roasting camps, German archaeological discourse continues to refer to the sites as “Wohnplätze”. Each individual site is designated as Wp (
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place the period of most intensive settlement firmly into the early Mesolithic. Using the CalPal software, the Radiocarbon dates can be
668:
Bokelmann, K., F. R. Averdieck and H. Willkomm. 1981: Duvensee, Wohnplatz 8. Neue Aspekte zur Sammelwirtschaft im frĂĽhen Mesolithikum.
196:. The archaeological sites are renowned for their well-preserved organic remains and are of great importance in understanding the
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Holst, D. 2010. Hazelnut economy of early Holocene hunter-gatherers: A case study from Mesolithic Duvensee, northern Germany.
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Holst, D. 2010: Hazelnut economy of early Holocene hunter-gatherers: a case study from Mesolithic Duvensee, northern Germany.
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Averdieck, F-A 1986. Palynologial investigations in sediments of ancient lake Duvensee, Schleswig-Holstein (North Germany).
382:
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Site-internal spatial organization of hunter-gatherer societies: case studies from the European Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
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Site-internal spatial organization of hunter-gatherer societies: case studies from the European Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
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interpreted the sites as dwelling sites (Wohnplätze). Irrespective of the current interpretation of the sites as ephemeral
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Site-internalSpatial Organization Of Hunter-Gatherer Societies: Case Studies from theEuropean Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
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Bokelmann, K. 1971: Duvensee, ein Wohnplatz des Mesolithikums in Schleswig-Holstein und die Duvenseegruppe.
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Holst, D. 2009: Eine einzige Nuss rappelt nicht im Sacke. Subsistenzstrategien in der Mittelsteinzeit. In:
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Bone points with fine serrations have been placed into their own regional type or industry (“Typ Duvensee”)
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Bokelman, K 1971: Duvensee, ein Wohnplatz des Mesolithikums in Schleswig-Holstein und die Duvenseegruppe.
324:– the Duvensee Kultur or Duvensee-Gruppen. The finds from the 1924 excavations were recently re-analysed.
321:
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Protected by the waterlogged peat deposits, a wealth of organic remains survives in excellent condition:
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Holst, D. 2009. Eine einzige Nuss rappelt nicht im Sacke. Subsistenzstrategien in der Mittelsteinzeit.
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An axe shaft made from pine wood preserves evidence for the preparation of shafts of Mesolithic axes (
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188:. The bog is one of the oldest and well-researched archaeological settlement areas from the early
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Ausgrabungen im Duvenseer Moor, Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg - Zur Rekonstruktion einer Altgrabung
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416:(bulrush) were recovered from the hearth of Wp6, whilst Wp5 yielded a substantial amount of
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were harvested in large numbers and processed into transportable and storable supplies.
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818:
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Schwantes, G, Gripp, K, Beyle, M 1925. Der frĂĽhmesolithische Wohnplatz von Duvensee.
491:, and associated maintenance of hunting equipment was a major activity at all sites.
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444:, it was possible to identify starch residues from nut flour on such nut crackers.
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Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution MONREPOS
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wood was found in Wp2 and is among the oldest direct evidence for water transport
578:
Subsistenz und Landschaftsnutzung im Frühmesolithikum: Nußröstplätze am Duvensee
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281:, has placed plant remains from the sites into the late pre-boral, boreal and
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Bokelmann, K., Averdieck, F-R und Willkomm, H. 1985: Duvensee, Wohnplatz 13.
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district in the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein. The bog formed from a
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Schriftenreihe des Heimatbund und Geschichtsvereins Herzogtum Lauenburg 10
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now close to the surface and no longer protected by this natural cover.
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Two arrow shafts made from hazel and pine wood were discovered at Wp6
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spatial use and technological aspects of the Duvensee culture.
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Bokelmann, K. 1999. Wohnen am Wasser – Lagerplätze am See.
580:. PhD dissertation, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz.
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The Duvensee bog is located at the edge of the Duvensee
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builds upon a long history of excavation and research.
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Series of archaeological sites in Duvensee, Germany
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637:Funck, H. 1963. Die Entwässerung des Duvensees.
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270:that lasted until during the Neolithic (
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383:Archäologisches Landesmuseum Schleswig
793:Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 34
641:. Kommissionsverlag E. Werner, Mölln.
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762:Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 4
626:Journal of Archaeological Science 37
525:Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt
299:Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum
293:The current investigations of the
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835:Archaeology of Schleswig-Holstein
542:Journal of Archaeological Science
478:Technology and lithic typologies
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412:(yellow water-lilly) and genus
389:Settlement patterns at Duvensee
129:Approximately 11,000 years ago
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427:Nutcrackers: These are heavy
379:Archaeological Museum Hamburg
200:and settlement strategies of
155:Duvensee archaeological sites
137:Approximately 8,500 years ago
172:that are located within the
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825:Mesolithic sites of Europe
699:Prähistorische Zeitschrift
506:Archäologie in Deutschland
238:lake that originated as a
714:. Hammaburg N.F. Nr. 16.
470:of find layer thickness.
277:An alternative approach,
211:Location and Preservation
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165:) are a series of early
420:(black-bindweed) seed.
322:archaeological culture
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418:Polygonum convolvulus
218:
97:53.69861°N 10.54750°E
398:Hazelnut utilisation
170:archaeological sites
163:Duvenseer Wohnplätze
45:Shown within Germany
289:History of Research
232:Herzogtum Lauenburg
93: /
62:Herzogtum Lauenburg
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258:Chronometric Dates
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182:Schleswig Holstein
102:53.69861; 10.54750
66:Schleswig-Holstein
830:Stone Age Germany
720:978-3-931429-22-5
518:978-94-91431-01-2
263:Radiocarbon dates
242:during the early
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228:municipality
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202:post-glacial
174:Duvensee bog
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534:18: 11-38.
527:4: 457-476.
438:Fon del Ros
240:kettle hole
236:paludifying
221:Wohnplatz 6
198:subsistence
100: /
76:Coordinates
819:Categories
795:: 293-302.
748:42, 13-33.
556:References
489:microliths
347:made from
267:calibrated
244:pre-boreal
167:Mesolithic
146:Mesolithic
116:Settlement
88:10°32′51″E
85:53°41′55″N
722:,S.10-12.
672:38: 21-40
455:Neolithic
433:Quartzite
429:sandstone
310:hazel nut
134:Abandoned
764::457-476
735:28, 5-26
654:28: 5-26
604:: 11-38.
508:4:26-27.
283:Atlantic
190:Holocene
178:Duvensee
58:Duvensee
54:Location
20:Duvensee
468:Kriging
453:of the
297:of the
230:in the
186:Germany
142:Periods
126:Founded
121:History
70:Germany
718:
516:
485:blades
159:German
536:(PDF)
442:Spain
414:Typha
176:near
746:Offa
733:Offa
716:ISBN
670:Offa
652:Offa
514:ISBN
359:bog.
356:bark
349:pine
343:The
153:The
113:Type
440:in
431:or
316:ohn
274:).
192:in
180:in
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318:p
314:W
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