31:
1753:
43:
164:
buds borne close to the ground, usually less than 25 centimetres (9.8 in) above the soil surface. The significance of the closeness to the ground is that the buds remain within the soil surface layer and are thus somewhat protected from various adverse external influences. Accordingly, the
108:
though still classified as woody, with overwintering perennial woody growth much lower-growing than deciduous summer growth. Some plants described as subshrubs are only weakly woody and some persist for only a few years. Others, such as
1583:
380:
Dennis M. Gorsuch; Steven F. Oberbauer; Jack B. Fisher; Dennis M. Gorsuch; Steven F. Oberbauer; Jack B. Fisher (2001), "Comparative Vessel
Anatomy of Arctic Deciduous and Evergreen Dicots",
1588:
1787:
1721:
100:
Because the criteria are matters of degree (normally of height) rather than of kind, the definition of a subshrub is not sharply distinguishable from that of a
1639:
486:
Molau, U.; Nordenhall, U.; Eriksen, B. (2005), "Onset of flowering and climate variability in an alpine landscape: a 10-year study from
Swedish Lapland",
1455:
331:
Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of
Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent; Published by Gerald Duckworth & Co. London, 4th ed 1928
432:
438:
179:
exposed alpine or arctic ecosystems where seasonal or perennial wind and freezing conditions are prone to kill vulnerable growing shoots
1645:
352:
104:; examples of reasons for describing plants as subshrubs include ground-hugging stems or low growth habit. Subshrubs may be largely
540:
979:
1460:
465:
358:
910:
1629:
1216:
731:
1711:
1465:
282:
218:
1445:
94:
1782:
1777:
1595:
1792:
1733:
1578:
628:
1563:
1487:
237:
206:
1728:
160:
is a plant that bears hibernating buds on persistent shoots near the ground – usually woody plants with
1450:
1302:
974:
533:
265:
111:
1620:
1165:
226:
1797:
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35:
1716:
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30:
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1121:
962:
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725:
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389:
243:
222:
115:
live indefinitely (though is still vulnerable to external effects), rooted in rocky cracks.
105:
47:
1756:
1738:
1600:
1429:
1379:
1367:
1347:
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994:
823:
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709:
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74:
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174:
1771:
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1255:
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583:
270:
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140:
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1413:
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1055:
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768:
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603:
588:
297:
90:
86:
221:
classification. Examples of chamaephytes are many of the species living in the
42:
1526:
1519:
1509:
1492:
1175:
1170:
1106:
898:
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195:
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82:
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ecosystems subject to frequent fires and burning, where many species of e.g.
1634:
1531:
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957:
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694:
674:
613:
135:
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78:
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17:
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119:
861:
856:
773:
763:
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321:(2nd ed.). Spring Lake, Utah: Spring Lake Publishing. p. 117.
184:
1314:
1206:
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1031:
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950:
945:
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1538:
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1143:
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1116:
1085:
1006:
664:
655:
287:
127:
123:
101:
70:
59:
41:
29:
217:
The term chamaephyte is most formally used within the context of
1389:
1384:
1036:
876:
851:
846:
830:
801:
689:
522:
1309:
871:
169:
is especially common in stressful environments, for example:
518:
319:
Plant identification terminology: an illustrated glossary
344:
Heathlands and related shrublands: analytical studies
1695:
1659:
1549:
1422:
1338:
1234:
1184:
909:
839:
782:
744:
718:
654:
574:
427:. Cambridge University Press. 2012. pp. 500–.
97:). The term is often interchangeable with "bush".
205:heavily grazed or overgrazed ecosystems, such as
317:Harris, James G.; Harris, Melinda Woolf (2001).
534:
8:
1640:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
130:, and many shrub-like members of the family
1788:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
741:
541:
527:
519:
464:. Weizmann Science Press of Israel. 1975.
499:
1584:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
341:Raymond Louis Specht (1 February 1981).
241:); others include heather species (e.g.
309:
229:dry ecosystems (species such as thyme,
173:ecosystems on nutrient-poor soils or
7:
144:, are often classed as subshrubs.
25:
1589:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
361:from the original on 2 April 2023
1752:
1751:
424:Fire in Mediterranean Ecosystems
468:from the original on 2023-04-02
441:from the original on 2023-04-02
347:. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co.
1:
269:). Chamaephytes also include
1630:History of plant systematics
1217:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1814:
1446:Alternation of generations
488:American Journal of Botany
382:American Journal of Botany
219:Raunkiær plant life-forms'
118:Small, low shrubs such as
1747:
1596:Cultivated plant taxonomy
1559:Biological classification
556:
1456:Evolutionary development
461:Israel Journal of Botany
283:Raunkiær plant life-form
213:Examples of chamaephytes
1107:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
253:), African wild olive (
95:florist's chrysanthemum
1722:by author abbreviation
1646:Plant taxonomy systems
1564:Botanical nomenclature
51:
39:
1729:Botanical expeditions
154:chamaephyte, subshrub
138:and small species of
45:
33:
1461:Evolutionary history
1451:Double fertilization
1303:Cellular respiration
501:10.3732/ajb.92.3.422
266:Leontopodium alpinum
225:and other plants of
112:Oldenburgia paradoxa
680:Non-vascular plants
1185:Surface structures
980:Flower development
89:at the base (e.g.
69:is either a small
52:
40:
36:Lavandula stoechas
1765:
1764:
1404:Herbaceous plants
1230:
1229:
434:978-0-521-82491-0
263:) and edelweiss (
238:Salvia rosmarinus
27:Short woody plant
16:(Redirected from
1805:
1783:Plant morphology
1778:Plant life-forms
1755:
1754:
1734:Individual trees
1409:Secondary growth
1380:Succulent plants
1368:Prostrate shrubs
1251:Apical dominance
1236:Plant physiology
1197:Epicuticular wax
742:
735:
726:Plant morphology
543:
536:
529:
520:
513:
512:
503:
483:
477:
476:
474:
473:
456:
450:
449:
447:
446:
419:
413:
412:
388:(9): 1643–1649,
377:
371:
370:
368:
366:
338:
332:
329:
323:
322:
314:
244:Calluna vulgaris
235:, and rosemary,
227:submediterranean
223:maquis shrubland
81:that is largely
75:prostrate shrubs
48:Linnaea borealis
21:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1793:Plants by habit
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1743:
1712:Botanical terms
1705:
1691:
1655:
1601:Citrus taxonomy
1579:Author citation
1545:
1439:
1418:
1340:
1334:
1330:Turgor pressure
1238:
1226:
1180:
995:Floral symmetry
913:
905:
835:
824:Vascular bundle
819:Vascular tissue
778:
738:
729:
728:
714:
685:Vascular plants
650:
646:Plant pathology
570:
552:
547:
517:
516:
485:
484:
480:
471:
469:
458:
457:
453:
444:
442:
435:
421:
420:
416:
394:10.2307/3558409
379:
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374:
364:
362:
355:
340:
339:
335:
330:
326:
316:
315:
311:
306:
293:Prostrate shrub
279:
232:Thymus vulgaris
215:
150:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1759:
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1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
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1726:
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1724:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:Related topics
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1651:Taxonomic rank
1648:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:Botanical name
1561:
1555:
1553:
1551:Plant taxonomy
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1527:Megasporangium
1524:
1523:
1522:
1515:Microsporangia
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1353:Cushion plants
1344:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1290:
1288:Plant hormones
1285:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1271:Photosynthesis
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
990:Floral formula
987:
985:Floral diagram
982:
977:
967:
966:
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
948:
938:
928:
923:
917:
915:
914:(incl. Flower)
907:
906:
904:
903:
902:
901:
896:
891:
890:
889:
884:
874:
864:
859:
854:
849:
843:
841:
837:
836:
834:
833:
828:
827:
826:
816:
814:Storage organs
811:
806:
805:
804:
794:
788:
786:
780:
779:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
750:
748:
739:
737:
736:
722:
716:
715:
713:
712:
707:
702:
700:Spermatophytes
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
670:Archaeplastida
667:
661:
659:
652:
651:
649:
648:
643:
638:
633:
632:
631:
624:Phytogeography
621:
619:Phytochemistry
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
580:
578:
576:Subdisciplines
572:
571:
569:
568:
563:
557:
554:
553:
548:
546:
545:
538:
531:
523:
515:
514:
478:
451:
433:
414:
372:
353:
333:
324:
308:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
278:
275:
271:cushion plants
214:
211:
210:
209:
203:
194:regrow from a
180:
177:
149:
146:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1810:
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1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1687:Phytochemical
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
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1501:
1499:
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1471:
1467:
1464:
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1436:
1433:
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1428:
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1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
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1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
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1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:Transpiration
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
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1264:
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1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
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1241:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:Inflorescence
1110:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
964:
961:
959:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
916:
912:
908:
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
842:
838:
832:
829:
825:
822:
821:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
803:
800:
799:
798:
797:Ground tissue
795:
793:
790:
789:
787:
785:
781:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
747:
743:
740:
733:
727:
724:
723:
721:
720:Plant anatomy
717:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
660:
657:
653:
647:
644:
642:
641:Plant ecology
639:
637:
636:Plant anatomy
634:
630:
627:
626:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:Archaeobotany
582:
581:
579:
577:
573:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
555:
551:
544:
539:
537:
532:
530:
525:
524:
521:
511:
507:
502:
497:
494:(3): 422–31,
493:
489:
482:
479:
467:
463:
462:
455:
452:
440:
436:
430:
426:
425:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
376:
373:
360:
356:
354:9780444418098
350:
346:
345:
337:
334:
328:
325:
320:
313:
310:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
276:
274:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:
256:Olea europaea
252:
251:
246:
245:
240:
239:
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
212:
208:
207:tortoise turf
204:
201:
197:
193:
192:
187:
186:
181:
178:
176:
172:
171:
170:
168:
163:
159:
155:
147:
145:
143:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
113:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
85:but slightly
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
50:
49:
44:
38:
37:
32:
19:
1682:Horticulture
1672:Floriculture
1574:Correct name
1424:Reproduction
1414:Woody plants
1372:
1339:Plant growth
1298:Gas Exchange
1283:Phytomelanin
1161:Plant embryo
911:Reproductive
759:Phragmoplast
491:
487:
481:
470:. Retrieved
460:
454:
443:. Retrieved
423:
417:
385:
381:
375:
363:. Retrieved
343:
336:
327:
318:
312:
264:
260:
254:
248:
242:
236:
230:
216:
189:
183:
165:chamaephyte
157:
153:
151:
139:
117:
110:
99:
66:
62:
55:
53:
46:
34:
1498:Pollen tube
1493:Pollinators
1483:Pollination
1478:Germination
1293:Respiration
1276:Chlorophyll
1122:Pedicellate
1056:Gametophyte
975:Aestivation
926:Antheridium
921:Archegonium
769:Plasmodesma
746:Plant cells
609:Paleobotany
604:Ethnobotany
589:Astrobotany
298:Woody plant
162:perennating
158:dwarf-shrub
136:cranberries
91:garden pink
18:Dwarf-shrub
1772:Categories
1520:Microspore
1510:Sporangium
1488:Artificial
1176:Sporophyte
1171:Sporophyll
1166:Receptacle
1061:Gynandrium
931:Androecium
840:Vegetative
710:Angiosperm
705:Gymnosperm
599:Dendrology
472:2016-10-13
445:2016-10-13
365:13 October
304:References
196:lignotuber
191:Eucalyptus
148:Definition
134:, such as
124:periwinkle
106:herbaceous
83:herbaceous
67:undershrub
1798:Subshrubs
1717:Botanists
1635:Herbarium
1532:Megaspore
1430:Evolution
1373:Subshrubs
1341:and habit
1266:Nutrition
1261:Cellulose
1256:Bulk flow
1239:Materials
1202:Epidermis
1066:Gynoecium
1047:Endosperm
1042:Dispersal
958:Staminode
894:Sessility
882:Cataphyll
802:Mesophyll
754:Cell wall
695:Lycophyte
675:Bryophyte
629:Geobotany
614:Phycology
261:cuspidata
132:Ericaceae
79:perennial
63:suffrutex
1757:Category
1677:Forestry
1667:Agronomy
1660:Practice
1611:Cultivar
1606:Cultigen
1466:timeline
1358:Rosettes
1246:Aleurone
1222:Trichome
1139:Perianth
951:Filament
809:Meristem
732:glossary
594:Bryology
510:21652418
466:Archived
439:Archived
410:21669698
359:Archived
277:See also
120:lavender
56:subshrub
1435:Ecology
1192:Cuticle
1022:Capsule
1012:Anatomy
963:Tapetum
887:Petiole
862:Rhizome
857:Rhizoid
784:Tissues
774:Vacuole
764:Plastid
566:Outline
561:History
402:3558409
185:Banksia
77:) or a
1739:Plants
1642:(IAPT)
1395:Lianas
1363:Shrubs
1315:Starch
1207:Nectar
1127:Raceme
1093:Stigma
1081:Locule
1071:Carpel
1032:Pyrena
970:Flower
946:Anther
941:Stamen
936:Pollen
658:groups
550:Botany
508:
431:
408:
400:
351:
250:Ericas
200:caudex
126:, and
73:(e.g.
1699:Lists
1616:Group
1539:Spore
1473:Flora
1390:Vines
1385:Trees
1348:Habit
1320:Sugar
1212:Stoma
1154:Sepal
1149:Petal
1144:Tepal
1132:Umbel
1117:Bract
1098:Style
1086:Ovule
1076:Ovary
1017:Berry
1007:Fruit
1000:Whorl
867:Shoot
665:Algae
656:Plant
398:JSTOR
288:Shrub
259:ssp.
167:habit
141:Erica
128:thyme
102:shrub
87:woody
71:shrub
65:) or
60:Latin
1621:Grex
1503:Self
1037:Seed
899:Stem
877:Leaf
852:Root
847:Bulb
831:Wood
792:Cork
690:Fern
506:PMID
429:ISBN
406:PMID
367:2016
349:ISBN
247:and
175:rock
93:and
1310:Sap
1027:Nut
872:Bud
496:doi
390:doi
198:or
188:or
156:or
1774::
504:,
492:92
490:,
437:.
404:,
396:,
386:88
384:,
357:.
273:.
152:A
122:,
54:A
734:)
730:(
542:e
535:t
528:v
498::
475:.
448:.
392::
369:.
202:.
58:(
20:)
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