Dynorphin - Knowledge (XXG)

570:, can reverse the effects of elevated dynorphin. This inhibition is especially strong in obese animals or animals that have access to particularly appealing food. Inui et al. found that administering dynorphin to dogs increased both their food and water intake. Dynorphin plays a role in the eating behavior of hibernating animals. Nizeilski et al. examined dynorphin levels in the ground squirrel, which undergoes periods of excessive eating and periods of starvation before winter. They found that dynorphin levels increased during the starvation periods. Berman et al. studied the levels of dynorphin during periods of food restriction. The group found that while food did not alter the expression of dynorphin B, it increases dynorphin A levels in several rat brain regions ( 531:(an animal model for depression) in mice. Overexpression of dominant negative CREB (mCREB) in transgenic mice had an antidepressant effect (in terms of behavior), whereas overexpressing wild-type CREB caused an increase in depression-like symptoms. As described previously, CREB increases transcription of prodynorphin, which gives rise to different dynorphin subtypes. Newton et al. supported this mechanism, as the mCREB was colocalized with decreased expression of prodynorphin. Also, direct antagonism of dynorphin caused antidepressant-like effects similar to those seen with mCREB expression. Thus, the CREB-dynorphin pathway regulates mood as well as cocaine rewards. 563:. Przewlocki et al. found that, during the day, dynorphins are naturally elevated in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary (NI pituitary) and depressed in the hypothalamus. This pattern is reversed at night. In addition, mice deprived of food and water, or of water alone, had increased levels of dynorphin in the hypothalamus during the day. Deprivation of water alone also decreased the dynorphin levels in the NI pituitary. These findings led Przewlocki et al. to conclude that dynorphins are essential in maintaining homeostasis. 535:

recovery from learned helplessness. Immobilization stress causes increases in the levels of both dynorphins A and B in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. Forced swim stress increases the levels of dynorphin A in the hippocampus. Shirayama et al. concluded that both dynorphins A and B were important in stress response. The authors proposed several mechanisms to account for the effects of the KOR antagonist norBNI on learned helplessness. First, increased dynorphin levels block the release of

508:(CRF) provokes dynorphin release. While control mice displayed aversive behaviors in response to forced swim tests and foot shocks, mice lacking dynorphin did not show any such signs of aversion. They noted that injecting CRF led to aversive behaviors in mice with functional genes for dynorphin even in the absence of stress, but not in those with dynorphin gene deletions. Place aversion was eliminated when the receptor CRF2 was blocked with an antagonist. 288:)-type glutamate receptor. Different dynorphins show different receptor selectivities and potencies at receptors. Big dynorphin and dynorphin A have the same selectivity for human KOR, but dynorphin A is more selective for KOR over MOR and DOR than is big dynorphin. Big dynorphin is more potent at KORs than is dynorphin A. Both big dynorphin and dynorphin A are more potent and more selective than dynorphin B. 592:

Mandenoff et al. proposed that, although endogenous opioids are not necessary to maintain body weight and energy expenditure under predictable circumstances, they become activated under stressful conditions. They found that endogenous opioids, such as dynorphin, stimulate appetite and decrease energy

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Carlezon et al. performed several experiments to validate this model. They found that, when mice were injected with cocaine, they preferred to be in the place where they were injected (showed stronger place preference) significantly more than control mice (injected with saline) did. However, in mice

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A study by Lai et al. found that dynorphin might actually stimulate pain. The group found that it acts on the bradykinin receptor as well as KOR. The N-terminal tyrosine of dynorphin A is necessary to activate opioid receptors such as KOR, but is unnecessary in binding to bradykinin receptors. Lai et

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was part of this mechanism. Ansonoff et al. found that hypothermic effects are mediated through K1 (κ-opioid receptor 1), but not K2. The authors applied a KOR agonist to K1 knockout mice, which eliminated hypothermic response. Thus, K2 does not appear to have a role in the hypothermic mechanism.

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Studies have also shown that ingesting a high-fat diet increases the gene expression of dynorphin in the hypothalamus. Thus, dynorphin may cause overeating when a high-fat diet is available. Morley & Levine were the first to describe the role of opioid peptides in stress-related eating. In their

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Shirayama et al. used several animal depression models in rats to describe the effects of dynorphins A and B in depression. The authors found that learned helplessness increases the levels of dynorphins A and B in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens and that injecting KOR antagonist norBNI induces

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Blocking KORs with an antagonist (norBNI) blocked the aversive effects caused by CREB overexpression. Thus, cocaine use ultimately appears to lead to an increase in the transcription of prodynorphin mRNA. Dynorphin inhibits dopamine release, which could account the reinforcing properties of cocaine.

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all contain a high proportion of basic amino acid residues, in particular lysine and arginine (29.4%, 23.1%, and 31.2% basic residues, respectively), as well as many hydrophobic residues (41.2%, 30.8%, and 34.4% hydrophobic residues, respectively). Although dynorphins are found widely distributed in

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Together these results led Land et al. to conclude that dysphoric elements of stress occur when CRF2 stimulates dynorphin release and activates KOR. The group further postulated that this pathway might be involved in drug seeking behavior. In support of this, it was shown previously that stress can

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According to this mechanism, dynorphin activates bradykinin receptors, which triggers the release of calcium ions into the cell through voltage-sensitive channels in the cell membrane. Blocking bradykinin receptors in the lumbar region of the spinal cord reversed persistent pain. A multiple pathway

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Cocaine addiction results from complex molecular changes in the brain following multiple exposures to cocaine. Dynorphins have been shown to be an important part of this process. Although a single exposure to cocaine does not affect brain dynorphin levels, repeated exposures to the drug increases

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Blocking dynorphin effects would allow glutamate to be released and restore functional plasticity in the hippocampus, reversing the phenomenon of learned helplessness. In addition, blocking dynorphin would enhance dopamine signaling and thus reduce depressive symptoms associated with stress. The

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There is also evidence suggesting that increased amounts of dynorphin can protect humans from cocaine addiction. According to research at Rockefeller University, the gene for dynorphin is present in two versions: a “high output” and a “low output” functional variation. The high output functional

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Sharma and Alm found that subjecting rats to heat (38˚C) caused dynorphins to be upregulated in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and the brain stem. Further, authors found that administration of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors reduced dynorphin A1-17 levels in the brain and

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Dynorphin has also been shown to influence drug seeking behavior and is required for stress-induced, but not prime-induced, reinstatement of cocaine seeking. A downstream element of this pathway was later identified by Bruchas et al. The authors found that KOR activates p38, a member of the

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The first clues to the functionality of dynorphins came from Goldstein et al. in their work with opioid peptides. The group discovered an endogenous opioid peptide in the porcine pituitary that proved difficult to isolate. By sequencing the first 13 amino acids of the peptide, they created a

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proliferation through the activation of p38 MAPK that was required for the effects of neuropathic pain on analgesic responses. Taken together, these reports suggest that dynorphin can elicit multiple effects on both Kappa opioid, and non-opioid pathways to modulate analgesic responses.

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Dynorphin has been shown to be a modulator of pain response. Han and Xie found that injecting dynorphin into the subarachnoid space of the rat spinal cord produced dose-dependent analgesia that was measured by tail-flick latency. Analgesia was partially eliminated by opioid antagonist

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synthetic version of the peptide with a similar potency to the natural peptide. Goldstein et al. applied the synthetic peptide to the guinea ileum longitudinal muscle and found it to be an extraordinarily potent opioid peptide. The peptide was called dynorphin (from the Greek

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Beardsley PM, Howard JL, Shelton KL, Carroll FI (November 2005). "Differential effects of the novel kappa opioid receptor antagonist, JDTic, on reinstatement of cocaine-seeking induced by footshock stressors vs cocaine primes and its antidepressant-like effects in rats".

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on a per mole basis. In addition, morphine tolerance did not reduce dynorphin-induced analgesia. Ren et al. demonstrated some of the complexities related to dynorphin induced analgesia. The authors found that combining subanalgesic levels of morphine and dynorphin

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variation of the gene contains polymorphisms in the promoter regions that are speculated to cause it to produce more copies of dynorphin mRNA, which would give people carrying this variation a “built-in defense system” against drug addiction.

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Marinova Z, Vukojevic V, Surcheva S, Yakovleva T, Cebers G, Pasikova N, Usynin I, Hugonin L, Fang W, Hallberg M, Hirschberg D, Bergman T, Langel U, Hauser KF, Pramanik A, Aldrich JV, Gräslund A, Terenius L, Bakalkin G (July 2005).

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Yakovleva T, Bazov I, Cebers G, Marinova Z, Hara Y, Ahmed A, Vlaskovska M, Johansson B, Hochgeschwender U, Singh IN, Bruce-Keller AJ, Hurd YL, Kaneko T, Terenius L, Ekström TJ, Hauser KF, Pickel VM, Bakalkin G (October 2006).

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administered. Hypothermia could be prevented by administering KOR antagonist norBNI to the rat. Xin et al. hypothesized that while MOR agonists mediate hyperthermia, KOR agonists, such as dynorphin, mediate hypothermia.

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expenditure. Taken together, the studies above suggest an important evolutionary mechanism in which more food is eaten, more nutrients are stored, and less energy is expended by an organism during times of stress.

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Lambert PD, Wilding JP, al-Dokhayel AA, Bohuon C, Comoy E, Gilbey SG, Bloom SR (July 1993). "A role for neuropeptide-Y, dynorphin, and noradrenaline in the central control of food intake after food deprivation".

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attenuated symptoms related to heat stress. Sharma and Alm concluded that hyperthermia increases dynorphin levels, which may cause damage and promote heat stress reaction. They further hypothesized that

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did not find differences between knockout and control animals in food intake, but found that fat storage was reduced in male knockout mice. Fatty acids were oxidized more quickly in knockout animals.

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Svensson CI, Hua XY, Powell HC, Lai J, Porreca F, Yaksh TL (October 2005). "Prostaglandin E2 release evoked by intrathecal dynorphin is dependent on spinal p38 mitogen activated protein kinase".

253:. These large dense-core vesicles differ from small synaptic vesicles in that a more intense and prolonged stimulus is needed to cause the large vesicles to release their contents into the 217:. Occasionally, prodynorphin is not fully processed, leading to the release of "big dynorphin". "Big dynorphin" is a 32-amino acid molecule consisting of both dynorphin A and dynorphin B. 471:). PKA leads to the activation of CREB, which increases the expression of dynorphin in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum, brain areas important in addiction. Dynorphin decreases 605:, where it was found that MOR agonists stimulate this response when injected into the periaqueductal gray (PAG) region of the brain. Xin et al. showed that delivery of dynorphin A 566:

Dynorphin has been implicated as an appetite stimulant. A number of studies in rats have shown that increasing the dynorphin levels stimulates eating. Opioid antagonists, such as

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Other studies have identified a role for dynorphin and kappa opioid receptor stimulation in neuropathic pain. This same group also showed that the dynorphin-KOR system mediates

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Svensson et al. provided another possible mechanism by which dynorphin might cause pain in the spinal cord. The authors found that administration of truncated dynorphin A

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Svensson CI, Hua XY, Protter AA, Powell HC, Yaksh TL (June 2003). "Spinal p38 MAP kinase is necessary for NMDA-induced spinal PGE(2) release and thermal hyperalgesia".

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Xin L, Geller EB, Adler MW (April 1997). "Body temperature and analgesic effects of selective mu and kappa opioid receptor agonists microdialyzed into rat brain".

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study, mice had their tails pinched (causes stress), which induced eating. Stress-related eating was reduced by injecting naloxone, an opioid peptide antagonist.

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Inui A, Okita M, Nakajima M, Inoue T, Sakatani N, Oya M, Morioka H, Okimura Y, Chihara K, Baba S (September 1991). "Neuropeptide regulation of feeding in dogs".

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You ZB, Herrera-Marschitz M, Terenius L (September 1999). "Modulation of neurotransmitter release in the basal ganglia of the rat brain by dynorphin peptides".

51: 2483:, Pintar JE (August 2006). "Antinociceptive and hypothermic effects of Salvinorin A are abolished in a novel strain of kappa-opioid receptor-1 knockout mice". 1655:"Cocaine experience establishes control of midbrain glutamate and dopamine by corticotropin-releasing factor: a role in stress-induced relapse to drug seeking" 484:

overexpressing CREB under a constitutive promoter, place aversion was observed. This indicates that increasing CREB reverses the positive effects of cocaine.

2983: 657:"Prodynorphin processing by proprotein convertase 2. Cleavage at single basic residues and enhanced processing in the presence of carboxypeptidase activity" 276:. Two subtypes of KORs have been identified: K1 and K2. Although KOR is the primary receptor for all dynorphins, the peptides do have some affinity for the 1014:

Lai J, Luo MC, Chen Q, Ma S, Gardell LR, Ossipov MH, Porreca F (December 2006). "Dynorphin A activates bradykinin receptors to maintain neuropathic pain".

392:, a version of dynorphin A containing only the first 13 amino acids of the peptide, in the rat spinal cord had additive effects. However, when dynorphin A 2252:

Sainsbury A, Lin S, McNamara K, Slack K, Enriquez R, Lee NJ, Boey D, Smythe GA, Schwarzer C, Baldock P, Karl T, Lin EJ, Couzens M, Herzog H (July 2007).

463:(3’, 5’-monophosphate response element binding protein). According to the model proposed by Carlezon et al., use of cocaine increases the expression of 2163:

Nizielski SE, Levine AS, Morley JE, Hall KA, Gosnell BA (1986). "Seasonal variation in opioid modulation of feeding in the 13-lined ground squirrel".

1501:"Role of dynorphin and GABA in the inhibitory regulation of NMDA-induced dopamine release in striosome- and matrix-enriched areas of the rat striatum" 1140:

Ren MF, Lu CH, Han JS (1985). "Dynorphin-A-(1-13) antagonizes morphine analgesia in the brain and potentiates morphine analgesia in the spinal cord".

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Sharma HS, Alm P (2002). "Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors influence dynorphin A (1–17) immunoreactivity in the rat brain following hyperthermia".

1320:"Sciatic Nerve Ligation-Induced Proliferation of Spinal Cord Astrocytes Is Mediated by κ Opioid Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase" 6291: 2609: 2528:"Stabilized dynorphin derivatives for modulating antinociceptive activity in morphine tolerant rats: effect of different routes of administration" 601:

In addition to their role in weight control, dynorphins have been found to regulate body temperature. Opioid peptides were first investigated in

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Przewłocki R, Lasón W, Konecka AM, Gramsch C, Herz A, Reid LD (January 1983). "The opioid peptide dynorphin, circadian rhythms, and starvation".

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mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, through phosphorylation. Activation of p38 is necessary to produce KOR-dependent behaviors.

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Berman Y, Devi L, Carr KD (November 1994). "Effects of chronic food restriction on prodynorphin-derived peptides in rat brain regions".

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was injected into the intracerebroventricular (ICV) region of the brain, it had an antagonist effect on morphine-induced analgesia.

1914:"Stress increases dynorphin immunoreactivity in limbic brain regions and dynorphin antagonism produces antidepressant-like effects" 1856:"Inhibition of cAMP response element-binding protein or dynorphin in the nucleus accumbens produces an antidepressant-like effect" 1269:

Xu M, Petraschka M, McLaughlin JP, Westenbroek RE, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Czyzyk TA, Pintar JE, Terman GW, Chavkin C (May 2004).

5458: 63: 5453: 2973: 419:, which does not bind to opioid receptors, causes an increase in phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in 56: 5378: 505: 464: 5865: 639:

Dynorphin derivatives are generally considered to be of little clinical use because of their very short duration of action.

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Newton SS, Thome J, Wallace TL, Shirayama Y, Schlesinger L, Sakai N, Chen J, Neve R, Nestler EJ, Duman RS (December 2002).

5013: 5008: 5003: 4331: 3249: 3244: 3239: 424: 408:, the authors proposed a mechanism in which dynorphin A activates bradykinin receptors and thus stimulates pain response. 5586: 4576: 3729: 2988: 431:

release, which causes pain. Thus, dynorphin could also induce pain in the spinal cord through a non-opioid p38 pathway.

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Sivam SP (September 1989). "Cocaine selectively increases striatonigral dynorphin levels by a dopaminergic mechanism".

2602: 1271:"Neuropathic Pain Activates the Endogenous κ Opioid System in Mouse Spinal Cord and Induces Opioid Receptor Tolerance" 4446: 488:

analysis several days after CREB overexpression showed a marked increase in dynorphin mRNA in the nucleus accumbens.

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Carlezon WA, Thome J, Olson VG, Lane-Ladd SB, Brodkin ES, Hiroi N, Duman RS, Neve RL, Nestler EJ (December 1998).

797:"Translocation of dynorphin neuropeptides across the plasma membrane. A putative mechanism of signal transmission" 5576: 4566: 4291: 3724: 3609: 3008: 6037: 4140: 6296: 6070: 5488: 5338: 4948: 4586: 3629: 2581: 5546: 5541: 4707: 3952: 3947: 5852: 4757: 4466: 6126: 4165: 186: 5963: 5751: 4953: 3967: 3942: 3841: 3159: 3058: 2595: 4837: 1057:

Merg F, Filliol D, Usynin I, Bazov I, Bark N, Hurd YL, Yakovleva T, Kieffer BL, Bakalkin G (April 2006).

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Mandenoff A, Fumeron F, Apfelbaum M, Margules DL (March 1982). "Endogenous opiates and energy balance".

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Morley JE, Levine AS (September 1980). "Stress-induced eating is mediated through endogenous opiates".

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One proposed molecular mechanism for increased dynorphin levels involves transcriptional regulation by

6075: 1800:"Stress-Induced p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation Mediates κ-Opioid-Dependent Dysphoria" 4921: 4264: 3714: 3184: 3179: 3164: 3130: 3033: 3028: 3018: 3003: 2367: 2094: 1979: 1463: 957: 849: 528: 359: 281: 277: 269: 214: 4727: 4200: 6249: 6244: 5885: 5877: 5835: 5681: 5641: 4968: 4938: 4787: 4767: 4396: 4281: 4090: 4065: 4027: 3982: 3937: 3169: 2860: 2308:"Overconsumption of dietary fat and alcohol: Mechanisms involving lipids and hypothalamic peptides" 6154: 5918: 4195: 2667: 5933: 5781: 5258: 5143: 5088: 4777: 4536: 4511: 4401: 4055: 3891: 3735: 3554: 3519: 3359: 3319: 3214: 3122: 2692: 2508: 2461: 2231: 2188: 1943: 1728: 1392: 1251: 1208: 1165: 1088: 1039: 730: 332: 246: 6080: 6050: 6001: 5721: 5711: 5566: 4812: 4807: 4722: 4316: 3962: 1113:

Han JS, Xie CW (February 1984). "Dynorphin: potent analgesic effect in spinal cord of the rat".

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Ansonoff MA, Zhang J, Czyzyk T, Rothman RB, Stewart J, Xu H, Zjwiony J, Siebert DJ, Yang F,

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authors suggest that KOR antagonists might have potential in treating depression in humans.

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Scientia Sinica. Series B, Chemical, Biological, Agricultural, Medical & Earth Sciences

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is important in the patterning of electrical activity. Dynorphin produced in magnocellular

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Dynorphin has many different physiological actions, depending upon its site of production.

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The Dentate Gyrus: A Comprehensive Guide to Structure, Function, and Clinical Implications

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into the PAG region induced hypothermia in rats. The authors found that the severity of

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Dynorphin is produced in many different parts of the nervous system, including the

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Shirayama Y, Ishida H, Iwata M, Hazama GI, Kawahara R, Duman RS (September 2004).

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that did not contain the N-terminal tyrosine. Based on the results of dynorphin A

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of the spinal cord. Activated p38 has been previously linked to the NMDA-evoked

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containing prodynorphin stimulates PC2 processing, which occurs within synaptic

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system might help explain the conflicting effects of dynorphin in the CNS.

257:. Dense-core vesicle storage is characteristic of opioid peptides storage. 2587: 2419: 2387: 2227: 2184: 2149: 2114: 2035: 1999: 1604:

Land BB, Bruchas MR, Lemos JC, Xu M, Melief EJ, Chavkin C (January 2008).

1534: 1485: 1423: 1388: 1161: 1126: 881: 717: 698: 682: 673: 656: 17: 6219: 6011: 5756: 5666: 5646: 5636: 5591: 5520: 5313: 5223: 5208: 5173: 5163: 5043: 4867: 4762: 4737: 4676: 4661: 4571: 4491: 4461: 4441: 4411: 4356: 4336: 4301: 4190: 4115: 4100: 4022: 4002: 3871: 3866: 3851: 3821: 3791: 3751: 3619: 3509: 3454: 3364: 3299: 3269: 3154: 2968: 2947: 2942: 2886: 2270: 2253: 989: 567: 472: 449: 384: 377: 363: 344: 336: 301: 238: 104: 2543: 6184: 6065: 5943: 5626: 5510: 5288: 5278: 4506: 4436: 4371: 4321: 4180: 3932: 3906: 3896: 3881: 3786: 3599: 3574: 3324: 3204: 3013: 2998: 2618: 179: 2280: 6194: 6179: 6174: 6045: 5938: 5601: 5268: 5083: 4742: 4666: 4651: 4641: 4416: 4007: 3886: 3504: 3384: 2934: 1580:"Dynorphin : Nature's own antidote to cocaine ( and pleasure? )" 699:"Prodynorphin storage and processing in axon terminals and dendrites" 355: 206: 87: 512:

reinstate cocaine-seeking behavior in mice through a CRF mechanism.

1653:

Wang B, Shaham Y, Zitzman D, Azari S, Wise RA, You ZB (June 2005).

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Krebs MO, Gauchy C, Desban M, Glowinski J, Kemel ML (April 1994).

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Xu M, Bruchas MR, Ippolito DL, Gendron L, Chavkin C (March 2007).

5203: 460: 285: 234: 80: 3092: 2591: 902:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 163. pp. 245–263. 757:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 162. pp. 277–293. 3073: 753:

Nyberg F, Hallberg M (2007). "Neuropeptides in hyperthermia".

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Land et al. first described a mechanism of dysphoria in which

383:

Han and Xie found dynorphin to be 6-10 times more potent than

527:. Newton et al. studied the effects of CREB and dynorphin on 2051:"The Role of Peptides in Appetite Regulation across Species" 946:"Dynorphin-(1-13), an extraordinarily potent opioid peptide" 245:. Dynorphins are stored in large (80–120 nm diameter) 1579: 475:

release by binding to KORs on dopamine nerve terminals.

543:

in the hippocampus, which would inhibit new learning.

523:, dynorphin has also been investigated in relation to 327:

For example, dynorphin that is made in magnocellular

268:

Dynorphins exert their effects primarily through the

225:

the CNS, they have the highest concentrations in the

185:. When prodynorphin is cleaved during processing by 6118: 6030: 5845: 5834: 5534: 4931: 4920: 4700: 4274: 4263: 3920: 3140: 3129: 2956: 2933: 2902: 2846: 2837: 2780: 2757: 2729: 2706: 2653: 2644: 2629: 249:that are considerably larger than vesicles storing 151: 141: 136: 115: 110: 98: 86: 74: 62: 50: 42: 37: 32: 838:"Immunoreactive dynorphin in pituitary and brain" 6262:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer) 950:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 842:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3064:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide 189:(PC2), multiple active peptides are released: 3104: 2984:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript 2603: 836:Goldstein A, Ghazarossian VE (October 1980). 8: 2247: 2245: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 939: 937: 935: 578:, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis). 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 617:was proportional to the dose of dynorphin A 5842: 4928: 4271: 3137: 3111: 3097: 3089: 2843: 2650: 2610: 2596: 2588: 2353: 2351: 1793: 1791: 265:, meaning power) to describe its potency. 133: 2580:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 2551: 2431: 2429: 2331: 2279: 2269: 2066: 1929: 1879: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1823: 1771: 1678: 1629: 1573: 1571: 1524: 1475: 1343: 1294: 1074: 979: 969: 871: 861: 812: 716: 672: 316:in mouse, macaque and humans can be seen 284:(DOR), and the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid ( 748: 746: 744: 555:Dynorphins are important in maintaining 2301: 2299: 1746:Redila VA, Chavkin C (September 2008). 1599: 1597: 1595: 893: 891: 647: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2080: 2078: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1452:"Regulation of cocaine reward by CREB" 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 400:al. studied the effects of dynorphin A 29: 2526:Brugos B, Arya V, Hochhaus G (2004). 1009: 1007: 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 7: 312:. Gene expression patterns from the 467:and cAMP-dependent protein kinase ( 1872:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-24-10883.2002 1517:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-04-02435.1994 25: 5079:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 4407:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 3360:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene) 3345:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 539:, a neurotransmitter involved in 519:Because of its role in mediating 5459:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether 1931:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02589.x 1240:10.1097/00001756-200306110-00010 1076:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03732.x 448:dynorphin concentrations in the 5454:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether 2974:Calcitonin gene-related peptide 2142:10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.3.R588 661:Journal of Biological Chemistry 6292:Kappa-opioid receptor agonists 5379:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide 1816:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3769-07.2007 1671:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0955-05.2005 1622:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4458-07.2008 1336:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3728-06.2007 1287:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5552-03.2004 551:Appetite and circadian rhythms 506:corticotropin-releasing factor 220:Dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and 178:that arise from the precursor 1: 5354:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) 4547:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) 4156:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) 3585:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) 2324:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.03.018 1477:10.1126/science.282.5397.2272 908:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)63015-5 763:10.1016/S0079-6123(06)62014-1 581:Recent research on dynorphin 559:through appetite control and 6282:Genes on human chromosome 20 4577:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon 2989:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide 2306:Leibowitz SF (August 2007). 2220:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91952-6 2177:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90375-6 1154:10.1016/0196-9781(85)90423-1 755:Neurobiology of Hyperthermia 6230:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin) 5858:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 5239:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29) 3725:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone 1381:10.1126/science.278.5335.58 6313: 6250:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) 5870:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 4974:Adrenorphin (metorphamide) 4141:Methylsamidorphan chloride 3375:Dimethylaminopivalophenone 3200:Adrenorphin (metorphamide) 2028:10.1210/endo.133.1.8100519 1197:10.1016/j.npep.2005.08.002 350:Dynorphin produced in the 274:G-protein-coupled receptor 6170:Racecadotril (acetorphan) 5577:Buprenorphine/samidorphan 5489:Tricyclic antidepressants 4567:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl 3610:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl 3009:Gastrin-releasing peptide 2450:10.1007/s00726-001-0136-0 1764:10.1007/s00213-008-1122-y 1717:10.1007/s00213-005-0167-4 1063:Journal of Neurochemistry 132: 6155:Dexecadotril (retorphan) 6127:Enkephalinase inhibitors 6056:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094) 6038:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 5954:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ) 2582:Medical Subject Headings 609:(a KOR agonist) through 27:Class of opioid peptides 5853:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin 5124:Dynorphin B (rimorphin) 4166:Nalorphine dinicotinate 2497:10.1124/jpet.106.101998 2485:J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 2408:J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 2380:10.1126/science.6250222 2107:10.1126/science.7063865 1992:10.1126/science.6129699 1578:Clavin W (2002-04-14). 1550:J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 1412:J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 971:10.1073/pnas.76.12.6666 863:10.1073/pnas.77.10.6207 362:affects the control of 187:proprotein convertase 2 5469:Spiradoline (U-62,066) 5414:Pethidine (meperidine) 4607:Pethidine (meperidine) 4297:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881) 3943:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide 3842:Tetrahydropapaveroline 3757:Pethidine (meperidine) 3059:Pancreatic polypeptide 814:10.1074/jbc.M412494200 597:Temperature regulation 205:. Depolarization of a 6160:Ecadotril (sinorphan) 5647:CERC-501 (LY-2456302) 5547:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 5109:Dinalbuphine sebacate 4984:Alazocine (SKF-10047) 4708:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 4667:Thiobromadol (C-8813) 4307:Alazocine (SKF-10047) 3953:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 3933:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol 3405:Dinalbuphine sebacate 718:10.1096/fj.06-6174fje 674:10.1074/jbc.273.2.829 635:Clinical significance 500:Stress and depression 6017:Sunobinop (S-117957) 5752:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic 5084:Diamorphine (heroin) 4417:Diamorphine (heroin) 3385:Diamorphine (heroin) 3185:Acetyldihydrocodeine 3165:7-Hydroxymitragynine 3160:7-Acetoxymitragynine 3004:Galanin-like peptide 2271:10.1210/me.2006-0367 2068:10.1093/icb/35.6.437 529:learned helplessness 360:lateral hypothalamus 215:presynaptic terminal 6220:Ubenimex (bestatin) 5964:Nociceptin (1-13)NH 5572:β-Chlornaltrexamine 5542:4′-Hydroxyflavanone 4964:β-Chlornaltrexamine 4838:N-Benzylnaltrindole 4733:β-Chlornaltrexamine 4652:TAN-67 (SB-205,607) 4317:AR-M100390 (ARM390) 3978:β-Chlornaltrexamine 3948:4′-Hydroxyflavanone 3175:α-Chlornaltrexamine 2544:10.1208/aapsj060436 2372:1980Sci...209.1259M 2136:(3 Pt 2): R588–94. 2099:1982Sci...215.1536M 1984:1983Sci...219...71P 1468:1998Sci...282.2272C 1016:Nature Neuroscience 962:1979PNAS...76.6666G 854:1980PNAS...77.6207G 807:(28): 26360–26370. 314:Allen Brain Atlases 247:dense-core vesicles 5782:Norbinaltorphimine 5089:Diacetylnalorphine 4778:Diacetylnalorphine 4402:Desmethylclozapine 4056:Diacetylnalorphine 3736:Papaver somniferum 3320:Chloroxymorphamine 2055:American Zoologist 2049:Morley LE (1995). 1752:Psychopharmacology 1705:Psychopharmacology 333:supraoptic nucleus 6287:Neurotransmitters 6269: 6268: 6114: 6113: 5959:Nociceptin (1-11) 5830: 5829: 4959:14-Methoxymetopon 4916: 4915: 4833:Methylnaltrindole 4259: 4258: 3928:(3S,4S)-Picenadol 3540:Levacetylmethadol 3086: 3085: 3082: 3081: 2833: 2832: 2366:(4462): 1259–61. 1022:(12): 1534–1540. 956:(12): 6666–6670. 917:978-0-444-53015-8 848:(10): 6207–6710. 772:978-0-444-51926-9 711:(12): 2124–2126. 704:The FASEB Journal 576:nucleus accumbens 561:circadian rhythms 341:negative feedback 282:δ-opioid receptor 278:μ-opioid receptor 270:κ-opioid receptor 251:neurotransmitters 174:) are a class of 165: 164: 161: 160: 16:(Redirected from 6304: 6149: 6076:Nociceptin (1-7) 5972:Norbuprenorphine 5909:Dihydroetorphine 5843: 5732:Methylnaltrexone 5642:Catechin gallate 5374:Norbuprenorphine 5099:Dihydroetorphine 4969:β-Funaltrexamine 4929: 4828:Methylnaltrexone 4768:Catechin gallate 4582:Norbuprenorphine 4422:Dihydroetorphine 4272: 4136:Methylnaltrexone 4028:Catechin gallate 3983:β-Funaltrexamine 3395:Dihydroetorphine 3138: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3090: 2844: 2651: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2589: 2566: 2565: 2555: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2403: 2392: 2391: 2355: 2346: 2345: 2335: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2283: 2273: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2093:(4539): 1536–8. 2082: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1967: 1952: 1951: 1933: 1909: 1894: 1893: 1883: 1866:(24): 10883–90. 1851: 1838: 1837: 1827: 1810:(43): 11614–23. 1795: 1786: 1785: 1775: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1682: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1633: 1601: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1575: 1566: 1565: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1528: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1479: 1462:(5397): 2272–5. 1447: 1428: 1427: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1347: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1298: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1110: 1097: 1096: 1078: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1011: 994: 993: 983: 973: 941: 930: 929: 895: 886: 885: 875: 865: 833: 827: 826: 816: 791: 785: 784: 750: 739: 738: 720: 693: 687: 686: 676: 652: 454:substantia nigra 134: 30: 21: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6297:Opioid peptides 6272: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6147: 6110: 6041: 6026: 5967: 5889: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5838: 5826: 5622:Binaltorphimine 5567:6β-Naltrexol-d4 5530: 5149:Ethylketazocine 5104:Dihydromorphine 4924: 4912: 4723:6β-Naltrexol-d4 4696: 4452:Ethylketazocine 4427:Dihydromorphine 4267: 4255: 3963:6β-Naltrexol-d4 3916: 3715:Oxymorphonazine 3470:Furanylfentanyl 3400:Dihydromorphine 3255:Benzhydrocodone 3144: 3142: 3133: 3125: 3120:Opioid receptor 3117: 3087: 3078: 3034:Neuropeptide VF 3029:Neuropeptide SF 3024:Neuropeptide FF 3019:Neuropeptide AF 2952: 2929: 2898: 2839: 2829: 2776: 2753: 2725: 2702: 2671: 2646:Opioid peptides 2640: 2625: 2616: 2574: 2569: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2444:(1–3): 247–59. 2435: 2434: 2427: 2405: 2404: 2395: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2258:Mol. Endocrinol 2251: 2250: 2243: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1969: 1968: 1955: 1911: 1910: 1897: 1853: 1852: 1841: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1665:(22): 5389–96. 1652: 1651: 1647: 1603: 1602: 1593: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1569: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1449: 1448: 1431: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1375:(5335): 58–63. 1366: 1365: 1361: 1330:(10): 2570–81. 1317: 1316: 1312: 1281:(19): 4576–84. 1268: 1267: 1263: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1112: 1111: 1100: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1013: 1012: 997: 943: 942: 933: 918: 897: 896: 889: 835: 834: 830: 793: 792: 788: 773: 752: 751: 742: 695: 694: 690: 654: 653: 649: 645: 637: 620: 608: 599: 553: 502: 481: 445: 418: 407: 403: 395: 391: 373: 358:neurons of the 352:arcuate nucleus 331:neurons of the 294: 176:opioid peptides 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6310: 6308: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6274: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:-Phenylalanine 6144: 6139: 6134: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5977:Racemethorphan 5974: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5924:Levomethorphan 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5847: 5840: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5429:Racemethorphan 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5249:Levomethorphan 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4926: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4617:Racemethorphan 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4527:Levomethorphan 4524: 4522:Leu-enkephalin 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4201:Naltrexonazine 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3802:Racemethorphan 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3545:Levomethorphan 3542: 3537: 3535:Leu-enkephalin 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3495:Hydromorphinol 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3390:Dihydrocodeine 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3355:Dextromoramide 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3260:Benzylmorphine 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3190:Acetylfentanyl 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3149: 3135: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3044:Neuropeptide Y 3041: 3039:Neuropeptide S 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2772:Leu-enkephalin 2769: 2767:Met-enkephalin 2763: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2698:β-Neoendorphin 2695: 2693:α-Neoendorphin 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2573: 2572:External links 2570: 2568: 2567: 2518: 2471: 2425: 2414:(1): 499–507. 2393: 2347: 2312:Physiol. Behav 2295: 2264:(7): 1722–35. 2241: 2214:(1–2): 49–53. 2198: 2165:Physiol. Behav 2155: 2130:Am. J. Physiol 2120: 2074: 2061:(6): 437–445. 2041: 2005: 1978:(4580): 71–3. 1953: 1924:(5): 1258–68. 1895: 1839: 1787: 1738: 1694: 1645: 1591: 1567: 1556:(3): 1307–15. 1540: 1511:(4): 2435–43. 1491: 1429: 1402: 1359: 1310: 1261: 1218: 1175: 1148:(6): 1015–20. 1132: 1098: 1069:(1): 292–301. 1049: 1028:10.1038/nn1804 995: 931: 916: 887: 828: 786: 771: 740: 688: 667:(2): 829–836. 646: 644: 641: 636: 633: 618: 606: 598: 595: 552: 549: 501: 498: 480: 477: 444: 441: 416: 405: 401: 393: 389: 372: 369: 368: 367: 348: 293: 290: 255:synaptic cleft 203:β-neoendorphin 163: 162: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 130: 129: 119: 113: 112: 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 90: 84: 83: 78: 72: 71: 66: 60: 59: 54: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6309: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6245:Pronociceptin 6243: 6241: 6240:Proenkephalin 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5899:Buprenorphine 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5632:Buprenorphine 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5582:Amentoflavone 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5505:nortriptyline 5502: 5498: 5494: 5493:amitriptyline 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5199:Hydromorphone 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5114:Diprenorphine 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094:Difelikefalin 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5074:Cyprenorphine 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5019:Big dynorphin 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4939:3CS-nalmefene 4937: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783:Diprenorphine 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4487:Hydromorphone 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4397:Deltorphin II 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4282:3CS-nalmefene 4280: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4131:Methocinnamox 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4091:Ginsenoside R 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4061:Diprenorphine 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3938:3CS-nalmefene 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3767:Phencyclidine 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3710:Oxymorphazone 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3500:Hydromorphone 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3445:Ethylmorphine 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3435:Endomorphin-2 3433: 3431: 3430:Endomorphin-1 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3410:Diphenoxylate 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3295:Butyrfentanyl 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280:Buprenorphine 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3195:Acrylfentanyl 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3170:ψ-Akuammigine 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2840:neuropeptides 2836: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2721:Endomorphin-2 2719: 2717: 2716:Endomorphin-1 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2683:Big dynorphin 2681: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:neuropeptides 2620: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2318:(5): 513–21. 2317: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016:Endocrinology 2009: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1711:(1): 118–26. 1710: 1706: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1616:(2): 407–14. 1615: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1581: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1418:(3): 818–24. 1417: 1413: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1234:(8): 1153–7. 1233: 1229: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1191:(5): 485–94. 1190: 1186: 1185:Neuropeptides 1179: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1136: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1121:(2): 169–77. 1120: 1116: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1053: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 996: 991: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 940: 938: 936: 932: 927: 923: 919: 913: 909: 905: 901: 894: 892: 888: 883: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 832: 829: 824: 820: 815: 810: 806: 802: 801:J. Biol. Chem 798: 790: 787: 782: 778: 774: 768: 764: 760: 756: 749: 747: 745: 741: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 714: 710: 706: 705: 700: 692: 689: 684: 680: 675: 670: 666: 662: 658: 651: 648: 642: 640: 634: 632: 629: 623: 616: 612: 611:microdialysis 604: 596: 594: 590: 586: 584: 583:knockout mice 579: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 550: 548: 544: 542: 538: 532: 530: 526: 522: 517: 513: 509: 507: 499: 497: 493: 489: 487: 486:Northern blot 478: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 451: 442: 440: 437: 432: 430: 429:prostaglandin 426: 422: 413: 409: 397: 386: 381: 379: 370: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 346: 343:inhibitor of 342: 339:neurons is a 338: 334: 330: 326: 325: 324: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 291: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 258: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 223: 222:big dynorphin 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 177: 173: 169: 157: 154: 150: 147: 144: 140: 135: 131: 128: 127: 123: 120: 118: 114: 109: 106: 103: 101: 97: 94: 91: 89: 85: 82: 79: 77: 73: 70: 67: 65: 61: 58: 55: 53: 49: 45: 41: 36: 31: 19: 6256: 6235:Prodynorphin 6227:Propeptides: 6226: 6125: 6096:Thienorphine 5919:JNJ-19385899 5904:Cebranopadol 5886:Ac-RYYRIK-NH 5878:Ac-RYYRWK-NH 5562:6β-Naltrexol 5479:Thienorphine 5444:Salvinorin A 5244:Levallorphan 5049:Cebranopadol 4908:Thienorphine 4718:6β-Naltrexol 4502:JNJ-20788560 4497:Isomethadone 4392:Deltorphin I 4387:Deltorphin A 4367:Cebranopadol 4362:Casokefamide 4196:Naltrexazone 4186:Naloxonazine 4111:Levallorphan 3958:6β-Naltrexol 3857:Thienorphine 3812:Remifentanil 3734: 3665:Nicomorphine 3660:Nicodicodine 3615:Morphiceptin 3515:Ketobemidone 3350:Desomorphine 3335:DAMGO (DAGO) 3315:Cebranopadol 3310:Casokefamide 3049:Neurophysins 2877:Neurokinin B 2872:Neurokinin A 2708:Endomorphins 2654: 2634: 2538:(4): 68–73. 2535: 2531: 2521: 2491:(2): 641–8. 2488: 2484: 2474: 2441: 2437: 2411: 2407: 2363: 2359: 2315: 2311: 2261: 2257: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2090: 2086: 2058: 2054: 2044: 2022:(1): 29–32. 2019: 2015: 2008: 1975: 1971: 1921: 1918:J. Neurochem 1917: 1863: 1859: 1807: 1803: 1758:(1): 59–70. 1755: 1751: 1741: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1662: 1658: 1648: 1613: 1609: 1583:. Retrieved 1553: 1549: 1543: 1508: 1504: 1494: 1459: 1455: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1118: 1114: 1066: 1062: 1052: 1019: 1015: 953: 949: 899: 845: 841: 831: 804: 800: 789: 754: 708: 702: 691: 664: 660: 650: 638: 628:nitric oxide 624: 603:hyperthermia 600: 591: 587: 580: 572:hypothalamus 565: 554: 545: 533: 518: 514: 510: 503: 494: 490: 482: 458: 446: 433: 414: 410: 398: 382: 374: 322: 298:hypothalamus 295: 267: 262: 259: 227:hypothalamus 219: 183:prodynorphin 171: 167: 166: 124: 33:prodynorphin 6165:Kelatorphan 6142:Candoxatril 6031:Antagonists 5982:Racemorphan 5949:NNC 63-0532 5934:Lexanopadol 5929:Levorphanol 5807:Quadazocine 5792:Pawhuskin A 5787:Noribogaine 5777:Navacaprant 5767:Naltrindole 5687:Epicatechin 5652:Clocinnamox 5535:Antagonists 5497:desipramine 5464:Samidorphan 5434:Racemorphan 5419:Phenazocine 5409:Pentazocine 5389:Norketamine 5384:Noribogaine 5344:Nalfurafine 5309:Mirtazapine 5299:Metkefamide 5259:Lexanopadol 5254:Levorphanol 5234:Laudanosine 5219:ICI-204,448 5214:ICI-199,441 5184:Hemorphin-4 5144:Erinacine E 5129:Eluxadoline 5119:Dynorphin A 5064:Cyclazocine 5039:Butorphanol 5024:Bremazocine 4999:Asimadoline 4989:Allomatrine 4979:Akuammicine 4888:Quadazocine 4883:Pawhuskin A 4878:Noribogaine 4863:Naltrindole 4803:Epicatechin 4798:Eluxadoline 4773:Clocinnamox 4701:Antagonists 4632:Samidorphan 4622:Racemorphan 4602:Oxymorphone 4562:Mitragynine 4557:Metkefamide 4537:Lexanopadol 4532:Levorphanol 4517:Laudanosine 4482:Hydrocodone 4477:Hemorphin-4 4377:Cyclazocine 4352:Butorphanol 4327:β-Endorphin 4246:Samidorphan 4241:Quadazocine 4231:Pawhuskin A 4221:Noribogaine 4211:Naltrindole 4146:Naldemedine 4076:Epicatechin 4033:Clocinnamox 3921:Antagonists 3892:Tubotaiwine 3877:Trimebutine 3807:Racemorphan 3777:Piritramide 3762:Phenazocine 3747:Pentazocine 3720:Oxymorphone 3685:Oliceridine 3670:Norketamine 3655:Nicocodeine 3640:Naltalimide 3605:Mitragynine 3595:Metkefamide 3565:Loxicodegol 3555:Lexanopadol 3550:Levorphanol 3525:Laudanosine 3490:Hydrocodone 3485:Hodgkinsine 3475:Hemorphin-4 3465:Frakefamide 3425:Embutramide 3420:Dynorphin A 3380:Eluxadoline 3370:Dimenoxadol 3305:Carfentanil 3290:Butorphanol 3265:Bezitramide 3235:β-Endorphin 3225:Anileridine 3215:Akuammidine 3210:Akuammicine 3180:α-Narcotine 3054:Neurotensin 2964:Angiotensin 2903:Neuromedins 2892:Physalaemin 2867:Substance P 2861:Tachykinins 2856:Bradykinins 2803:Hemorphin-4 2788:Adrenorphin 2759:Enkephalins 2749:γ-Endorphin 2744:β-Endorphin 2739:α-Endorphin 2678:Dynorphin B 2668:Dynorphin A 2663:Dynorphin A 2438:Amino Acids 1860:J. Neurosci 1804:J. Neurosci 1659:J. Neurosci 1610:J. Neurosci 1505:J. Neurosci 1324:J. Neurosci 1275:J. Neurosci 1228:NeuroReport 615:hypothermia 557:homeostasis 425:dorsal horn 329:vasopressin 310:spinal cord 306:hippocampus 243:spinal cord 195:dynorphin B 191:dynorphin A 146:Swiss-model 38:Identifiers 6276:Categories 6260:Kyotorphin 6205:Spinorphin 6086:SB-612,111 6081:Nocistatin 6051:BAN-ORL-24 6002:SCH-486757 5997:SCH-221510 5836:Nociceptin 5797:PF-4455242 5772:Naringenin 5762:Naltrexone 5722:LY-2795050 5717:LY-2459989 5712:LY-2444296 5707:LY-2196044 5692:Hyperoside 5607:Aticaprant 5501:imipramine 5424:Proxorphan 5399:Oxilorphan 5369:Niravoline 5359:Nalorphine 5334:Nalbuphine 5319:Moxazocine 5294:Metazocine 5264:Lofentanil 5229:Ketazocine 5189:Herkinorin 5169:Gemazocine 5159:Fedotozine 5139:Eptazocine 5069:Cyclorphan 5054:Ciprefadol 4873:Naringenin 4853:Naltrexone 4848:Nalorphine 4823:LY-2196044 4813:ICI-174864 4808:ICI-154129 4753:Bevenopran 4728:α-Santolol 4692:Zenazocine 4672:Tonazocine 4627:RWJ-394674 4612:Proglumide 4552:Metazocine 4542:Lofentanil 4472:Fluorophen 4236:Rimonabant 4226:Oxilorphan 4216:Naringenin 4206:Naltrexone 4171:Naloxazone 4161:Nalorphine 4126:LY-2196044 4096:Hyperoside 4086:Gemazocine 4081:Eptazocine 4018:Bevenopran 3862:Tianeptine 3837:Tapentadol 3832:Sufentanil 3827:Sinomenine 3817:Salsolinol 3772:Piminodine 3690:Oxycodegol 3680:Octreotide 3675:Nufenoxole 3625:Nalbuphine 3580:Meptazinol 3560:Loperamide 3530:Lefetamine 3480:Herkinorin 3460:Fluorophen 3415:Dipipanone 3340:Dermorphin 3230:Apparicine 3220:Alfentanil 3143:(abridged; 3123:modulators 2883:amphibian 2820:Spinorphin 2810:Nociceptin 2793:Amidorphin 2731:Endorphins 2688:Leumorphin 2655:Dynorphins 2578:Dynorphins 2281:2123/16193 2171:(1): 5–9. 1585:2009-07-10 643:References 541:plasticity 525:depression 347:secretion. 292:Production 168:Dynorphins 142:Structures 137:Search for 126:pter-p12.2 111:Other data 18:Dynorphins 6215:Tynorphin 6210:Thiorphan 6190:Opiorphan 6132:Amastatin 6061:J-113,397 6022:TH-030418 5992:Ro65-6570 5987:Ro64-6198 5914:Etorphine 5822:Zyklophin 5812:Taxifolin 5702:LY-255582 5662:Cyclofoxy 5612:Axelopran 5526:Xorphanol 5516:U-54,494A 5484:Tifluadom 5474:TH-030418 5404:Oxycodone 5394:Oripavine 5364:Naltriben 5349:Nalmefene 5304:Mianserin 5274:Lufuradom 5179:GR-103545 5154:Etorphine 5134:Enadoline 5034:Butorphan 5029:BRL-52537 4994:Apadoline 4903:Taxifolin 4898:SoRI-9409 4858:Naltriben 4843:Nalmefene 4818:LY-255582 4748:Axelopran 4687:Xorphanol 4657:TH-030418 4637:SB-235863 4597:Oxycodone 4592:Oripavine 4457:Etorphine 4347:Butorphan 4312:Amoxapine 4251:Taxifolin 4176:Naloxegol 4151:Nalmefene 4121:LY-255582 4051:Cyprodime 4046:Cyclofoxy 4013:Axelopran 3993:Alvimopan 3988:Akuammine 3973:α-Gliadin 3912:Xorphanol 3902:Valorphin 3847:TH-030418 3705:Oxycodone 3700:Oripavine 3635:Nalmexone 3590:Methadone 3570:LS-115509 3450:Etorphine 3440:Eseroline 3285:Butorphan 3146:full list 2994:FMRFamide 2979:Carnosine 2863:: mammal 2825:Valorphin 2815:Opiorphin 2798:Hemorphin 2208:Brain Res 537:glutamate 521:dysphoria 456:in rats. 443:Addiction 436:astrocyte 421:microglia 371:Analgesia 272:(KOR), a 93:NM_024411 52:NCBI gene 6101:Trap-101 6091:SR-16430 6012:SR-16435 5866:(PheΨ(CH 5846:Agonists 5757:Naloxone 5667:Dezocine 5637:Catechin 5592:Apigenin 5521:U-69,593 5314:Morphine 5284:MB-1C-OH 5224:Ketamine 5209:Ibogaine 5174:GR-89696 5164:Fentanyl 5044:BW373U86 4932:Agonists 4922:κ-opioid 4868:Naloxone 4763:Catechin 4738:Apigenin 4677:Tramadol 4662:Thebaine 4572:Morphine 4492:Ibogaine 4462:Fentanyl 4442:DPI-3290 4412:Dezocine 4357:BW373U86 4337:Biphalin 4302:ADL-5859 4275:Agonists 4265:δ-opioid 4191:Naloxone 4116:Lobeline 4101:Ibogaine 4023:Catechin 4003:Apigenin 3872:Tramadol 3867:Tilidine 3852:Thebaine 3822:SC-17599 3792:Propiram 3752:Pericine 3695:OM-3-MNZ 3620:Morphine 3510:Ketamine 3455:Fentanyl 3365:Dezocine 3300:BW373U86 3270:Biphalin 3155:3-HO-PCP 3141:Agonists 3131:μ-opioid 2969:Bombesin 2887:Kassinin 2637:hormones 2630:Hormones 2619:Peptides 2562:15760101 2505:16672569 2466:23780396 2458:12373545 2342:17481672 2290:17456788 2193:46167333 1948:24121205 1940:15312181 1890:12486182 1834:17959804 1782:18575850 1733:31140425 1725:16184376 1689:15930388 1640:18184783 1562:10454508 1354:17344394 1305:15140929 1256:29569020 1248:12821799 1213:27248843 1205:16176831 1170:36515131 1142:Peptides 1093:41599853 1085:16515546 1036:17115041 926:17765723 823:15894804 781:17645924 727:16966485 568:naloxone 473:dopamine 450:striatum 385:morphine 378:naloxone 364:appetite 345:oxytocin 337:oxytocin 308:and the 302:striatum 239:midbrain 211:vesicles 156:InterPro 6257:Others: 6185:RB-3007 6137:BL-2401 6106:UFP-101 6071:NalBzOH 6066:JTC-801 6007:SR-8993 5944:MT-7716 5894:BU08070 5747:MR-2266 5727:MeJDTic 5657:CVL-354 5627:BU09059 5617:AZ-MTAB 5597:Arodyne 5557:6'-GNTI 5552:5'-GNTI 5511:U-50488 5491:(e.g., 5339:NalBzOH 5324:MR-2034 5289:Menthol 5279:Matrine 5014:BAM-22P 5009:BAM-18P 5004:BAM-12P 4944:6'-GNTI 4713:5'-NTII 4647:SNC-162 4587:NalBzOH 4507:KNT-127 4437:DPI-221 4372:Codeine 4332:BAM-18P 4322:AZD2327 4287:6'-GNTI 4181:Naloxol 3907:Viminol 3897:U-47700 3882:TRIMU 5 3787:Prodine 3730:OxyPNPH 3645:Neopine 3630:NalBzOH 3600:Metopon 3575:Matrine 3325:Codeine 3275:BU08070 3250:BAM-22P 3245:BAM-18P 3240:BAM-12P 3205:AH-7921 3069:RVD-Hpα 3014:Ghrelin 2999:Galanin 2935:Orexins 2553:2751232 2513:2827243 2481:Roth BL 2420:9103537 2388:6250222 2368:Bibcode 2360:Science 2333:2077813 2236:8071343 2228:7895045 2185:2874573 2150:1716066 2115:7063865 2095:Bibcode 2087:Science 2036:8100519 2000:6129699 1980:Bibcode 1972:Science 1881:6758459 1825:2481272 1773:2680147 1680:6725007 1631:2612708 1535:7908960 1526:6577130 1486:9856954 1464:Bibcode 1456:Science 1424:2476548 1397:7875007 1389:9311927 1369:Science 1345:2104780 1296:2376823 1162:2871545 1127:6147015 1044:1867322 958:Bibcode 882:6108564 850:Bibcode 735:2219587 683:9422738 479:Cocaine 423:in the 354:and in 280:(MOR), 263:dynamis 231:medulla 213:in the 180:protein 152:Domains 122:Chr. 20 100:UniProt 6195:Selank 6180:RB-120 6175:RB-101 6119:Others 6046:AT-076 5939:MCOPPB 5602:AT-076 5448:salvia 5329:N-MPPP 5269:LPK-26 4893:SDM25N 4743:AT-076 4682:TRV250 4642:SNC-80 4512:Kratom 4292:7-SIOM 4008:AT-076 3998:AM-251 3887:TRV734 3782:PL-017 3520:Kratom 3505:IBNtxA 2848:Kinins 2781:Others 2584:(MeSH) 2560: 2550: 2532:AAPS J 2511: 2503: 2464: 2456: 2418: 2386: 2340: 2330: 2288: 2234: 2226: 2191: 2183: 2148: 2113: 2034: 1998: 1946: 1938: 1888: 1878: 1832: 1822: 1780: 1770: 1731: 1723: 1687: 1677: 1638: 1628: 1560: 1533: 1523: 1484: 1422: 1395: 1387: 1352: 1342: 1303: 1293: 1254: 1246: 1211: 1203: 1168: 1160: 1125: 1091: 1083: 1042: 1034: 990:230519 988: 981:411929 978: 924: 914: 880: 873:350244 870: 821: 779: 769: 733: 725: 681: 356:orexin 304:, the 300:, the 241:, and 207:neuron 197:, and 105:P01213 88:RefSeq 81:131340 43:Symbol 6200:Semax 5839:(NOP) 5817:UPHIT 5802:RB-64 5742:ML350 5737:ML190 5697:JDTic 5672:DIPPA 5439:RB-64 5194:HS665 5059:CR665 4954:18-MC 4949:8-CAC 4925:(KOR) 4447:DSLET 4432:DPDPE 4382:DADLE 4342:BU-48 4268:(DOR) 4106:JDTic 3968:18-MC 3797:PZM21 3741:opium 3650:NFEPP 3330:DADLE 3134:(MOR) 2957:Other 2838:Other 2509:S2CID 2462:S2CID 2232:S2CID 2189:S2CID 1944:S2CID 1729:S2CID 1393:S2CID 1252:S2CID 1209:S2CID 1166:S2CID 1089:S2CID 1040:S2CID 731:S2CID 117:Locus 5587:ANTI 5204:HZ-2 4758:BNTX 4041:CTOP 4037:CTAP 2635:see 2558:PMID 2501:PMID 2454:PMID 2416:PMID 2384:PMID 2338:PMID 2286:PMID 2224:PMID 2181:PMID 2146:PMID 2111:PMID 2032:PMID 1996:PMID 1936:PMID 1886:PMID 1830:PMID 1778:PMID 1721:PMID 1685:PMID 1636:PMID 1558:PMID 1531:PMID 1482:PMID 1420:PMID 1385:PMID 1350:PMID 1301:PMID 1244:PMID 1201:PMID 1158:PMID 1123:PMID 1081:PMID 1032:PMID 986:PMID 922:PMID 912:ISBN 878:PMID 819:PMID 777:PMID 767:ISBN 723:PMID 679:PMID 619:1-17 607:1-17 465:cAMP 461:CREB 452:and 417:2-17 406:2-13 402:2-13 394:1-13 390:1-13 318:here 286:NMDA 235:pons 76:OMIM 69:8820 64:HGNC 57:5173 46:PDYN 5682:ECG 5677:EGC 4793:EGC 4788:ECG 4467:FIT 4071:EGC 4066:ECG 3074:VGF 2670:1–8 2548:PMC 2540:doi 2493:doi 2489:318 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