634:. Noise can therefore be also removed by use of spectral editing tools, which work in this time-frequency domain, allowing local modifications without affecting nearby signal energy. This can be done manually much like in a paint program drawing pictures. Another way is to define a dynamic threshold for filtering noise, that is derived from the local signal, again with respect to a local time-frequency region. Everything below the threshold will be filtered, everything above the threshold, like partials of a voice or
143:, inversion, and interpretation, thereby greatly improving the success rate in oil & gas exploration. The useful signal that is smeared in the ambient random noise is often neglected and thus may cause fake discontinuity of seismic events and artifacts in the final migrated image. Enhancing the useful signal while preserving edge properties of the seismic profiles by attenuating random noise can help reduce interpretation difficulties and misleading risks for oil and gas detection.
155:
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image information is concentrated in a few large ones. Therefore, the first wavelet-based denoising methods were based on thresholding of detail subband coefficients. However, most of the wavelet thresholding methods suffer from the drawback that the chosen threshold may not match the specific distribution of signal and noise components at different scales and orientations.
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115:, noise (both visible and audible) is introduced due to the grain structure of the medium. In photographic film, the size of the grains in the film determines the film's sensitivity, more sensitive film having larger-sized grains. In magnetic tape, the larger the grains of the magnetic particles (usually
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To address these disadvantages, nonlinear estimators based on
Bayesian theory have been developed. In the Bayesian framework, it has been recognized that a successful denoising algorithm can achieve both noise reduction and feature preservation if it employs an accurate statistical description of the
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It used a root-mean-squared (RMS) encode/decode algorithm with the noise-prone high frequencies boosted, and the entire signal fed through a 2:1 compander. dbx operated across the entire audible bandwidth and unlike Dolby B was unusable without a decoder. However, it could achieve up to 30 dB
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in 1966. Intended for professional use, Dolby Type A was an encode/decode system in which the amplitude of frequencies in four bands was increased during recording (encoding), then decreased proportionately during playback (decoding). In particular, when recording quiet parts of an audio signal, the
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A median filter is a rank-selection (RS) filter, a particularly harsh member of the family of rank-conditioned rank-selection (RCRS) filters; a much milder member of that family, for example one that selects the closest of the neighboring values when a pixel's value is external in its neighborhood,
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The main aim of an image denoising algorithm is to achieve both noise reduction and feature preservation using the wavelet filter banks. In this context, wavelet-based methods are of particular interest. In the wavelet domain, the noise is uniformly spread throughout coefficients while most of the
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AI Image
Denoiser is much more aggressive, significantly enhancing details, but also applying heavy smoothing. DxO PureRAW, which directly improves the raw image using deep learning trained on "millions of images analyzed by DxO over 15 years," was easily the most effective of the many denoisers
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in the image are very different in color or intensity from their surrounding pixels; the defining characteristic is that the value of a noisy pixel bears no relation to the color of surrounding pixels. When viewed, the image contains dark and white dots, hence the term salt and pepper noise.
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frequencies above 1 kHz would be boosted. This had the effect of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio on tape up to 10 dB depending on the initial signal volume. When it was played back, the decoder reversed the process, in effect reducing the noise level by up to 10 dB.
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broadcasts, reducing noise by as much as 10 dB. They can also be used in conjunction with other noise reduction systems, provided that they are used prior to applying DNR to prevent DNR from causing the other noise reduction system to mistrack.
1257:. One method of denoising that uses the auto-normal model uses the image data as a Bayesian prior and the auto-normal density as a likelihood function, with the resulting posterior distribution offering a mean or mode as a denoised image.
792:. This convolution brings the value of each pixel into closer harmony with the values of its neighbors. In general, a smoothing filter sets each pixel to the average value, or a weighted average, of itself and its nearby neighbors; the
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averaging of all the pixels in an image. In particular, the amount of weighting for a pixel is based on the degree of similarity between a small patch centered on that pixel and the small patch centered on the pixel being de-noised.
772:). Most photographic noise reduction algorithms split the image detail into chroma and luminance components and apply more noise reduction to the former or allows the user to control chroma and luminance noise reduction separately.
164:
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Mehdi Mafi, Harold Martin, Jean
Andrian, Armando Barreto, Mercedes Cabrerizo, Malek Adjouadi, "A Comprehensive Survey on Impulse and Gaussian Denoising Filters for Digital Images", Signal Processing, vol. 157, pp. 236–260,
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of identical size. Stacks of similar macroblocks are then filtered together in the transform domain and each image fragment is finally restored to its original location using a weighted average of the overlapping pixels.
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noise reduction systems, DNL and DNR are playback-only signal processing systems that do not require the source material to first be encoded. They can be used to remove background noise from any audio signal, including
717:, each pixel in the image will be changed from its original value by a (usually) small amount. A histogram, a plot of the amount of distortion of a pixel value against the frequency with which it occurs, shows a
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Median and other RCRS filters are good at removing salt and pepper noise from an image, and also cause relatively little blurring of edges, and hence are often used in computer vision applications.
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the available computer power and time available: a digital camera must apply noise reduction in a fraction of a second using a tiny onboard CPU, while a desktop computer has much more power and time
476:) was a single-band system designed for consumer products. The Dolby B system, while not as effective as Dolby A, had the advantage of remaining listenable on playback systems without a decoder.
2881:
Forouzanfar, M.; Abrishami-Moghaddam, H.; Ghadimi, S. (July 2008). "Locally adaptive multiscale
Bayesian method for image denoising based on bivariate normal inverse Gaussian distributions".
1202:{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} {\big (}x(i)=c\mid x(j)\,\forall j\in \delta _{i}{\big )}\propto \exp \left({-{\frac {\beta }{2\lambda }}\sum _{j\in \delta _{i}}{\big (}c-x(j){\big )}^{2}}\right)}
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across the area. Because of this blurring, linear filters are seldom used in practice for noise reduction; they are, however, often used as the basis for nonlinear noise reduction filters.
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will pick up noise from a variety of sources. Further use of these images will often require that the noise be reduced either for aesthetic purposes, or for practical purposes such as
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use frequency modulation for the luminance part (composite video signal in direct color systems), which keeps the tape at saturation level, audio-style noise reduction is unnecessary.
638:, will be untouched. The region is typically defined by the location of the signal's instantaneous frequency, as most of the signal energy to be preserved is concentrated about it.
239:) work to reduce noise as it occurs, including both before and after the recording process as well as for live broadcast applications. Single-ended surface noise reduction (such as
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Noise reduction algorithms tend to alter signals to a greater or lesser degree. The local signal-and-noise orthogonalization algorithm can be used to avoid changes to the signals.
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Chen, Yangkang; Yuan, Jiang; Zu, Shaohuan; Qu, Shan; Gan, Shuwei (2015). "Seismic imaging of simultaneous-source data using constrained least-squares reverse time migration".
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216:. This is related to the particle size and texture used in the magnetic emulsion that is sprayed on the recording media, and also to the relative tape velocity across the
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noise reduction systems have a pre-emphasis process applied during recording and then a de-emphasis process applied at playback. Systems include the professional systems
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Modern digital sound recordings no longer need to worry about tape hiss so analog-style noise reduction systems are not necessary. However, an interesting twist is that
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In some compander systems, the compression is applied during professional media production and only the expansion is applied by the listener; for example, systems like
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transceivers, etc. Both of the aforementioned filters can be used separately, or in conjunction with each other at the same time, depending on the transceiver itself.
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whether sacrificing some real detail is acceptable if it allows more noise to be removed (how aggressively to decide whether variations in the image are noise or not)
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Dabov, Kostadin; Foi, Alessandro; Katkovnik, Vladimir; Egiazarian, Karen (16 July 2007). "Image denoising by sparse 3D transform-domain collaborative filtering".
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Generally, this type of noise will only affect a small number of image pixels. Typical sources include flecks of dust inside the camera and overheated or faulty
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Autocorrelator Noise
Reduction and Dynamic Range Recovery System (Models 1000 and 4000) can reduce various noise from old recordings. Dual-ended systems (such as
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Huang, Weilin; Wang, Runqiu; Chen, Yangkang; Li, Huijian; Gan, Shuwei (2016). "Damped multichannel singular spectrum analysis for 3D random noise attenuation".
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created by random electron motion due to thermal agitation. These agitated electrons rapidly add and subtract from the output signal and thus create detectable
997:
123:), the more prone the medium is to noise. To compensate for this, larger areas of film or magnetic tape may be used to lower the noise to an acceptable level.
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Funk-Technik - Fachzeitschrift für Funk-Elektroniker und Radio-Fernseh-Techniker - Offizielles
Mitteilungsblatt der Bundesfachgruppe Radio- und Fernsehtechnik
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In either case, the noise at different pixels can be either correlated or uncorrelated; in many cases, noise values at different pixels are modeled as being
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Smoothing filters tend to blur an image because pixel intensity values that are significantly higher or lower than the surrounding neighborhood
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There are many noise reduction algorithms in image processing. In selecting a noise reduction algorithm, one must weigh several factors:
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greyscale value is normally distributed with mean equal to the average greyscale value of its neighboring pixels and a given variance.
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Chen, Yangkang; Fomel, Sergey (November–December 2015). "Random noise attenuation using local signal-and-noise orthogonalization".
2010:
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is an example of a nonlinear filter and, if properly designed, is very good at preserving image detail. To run a median filter:
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of noise. While other distributions are possible, the
Gaussian (normal) distribution is usually a good model, due to the
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614:. Today, DNR, DNL, and similar systems are most commonly encountered as a noise reduction system in microphone systems.
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Boashash, B. (April 1992). "Estimating and
Interpreting the Instantaneous Frequency of a Signal-Part I: Fundamentals".
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1738:"Dip-separated structural filtering using seislet transform and adaptive empirical mode decomposition based dip filter"
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2022 3rd
International Conference on Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things Engineering (ICBAIE)
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is the ability of a circuit to isolate an undesired signal component from the desired signal component, as with
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Chen, Yangkang; Ma, Jianwei; Fomel, Sergey (2016). "Double-sparsity dictionary for seismic noise attenuation".
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Most general-purpose image and photo editing software will have one or more noise-reduction functions (median,
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271:) have a pre-emphasis process applied during recording and then a de-emphasis process applied during playback.
244:
231:), work to affect the recording medium at the time of recording. Single-ended hiss reduction systems (such as
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In real-world photographs, the highest spatial-frequency detail consists mostly of variations in brightness (
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1635:"Velocity analysis of simultaneous-source data using high-resolution semblance—coping with the strong noise"
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81:, have traits that make them susceptible to noise. Noise can be random with an even frequency distribution (
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Four types of noise reduction exist: single-ended pre-recording, single-ended hiss reduction, single-ended
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496:–compatible compander as well. In various late-generation High Com tape decks the Dolby-B emulating
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3104:. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2014 IEEE Conference on. Columbus, OH, USA: IEEE.
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and leaves it unchanged otherwise, is sometimes preferred, especially in photographic applications.
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functionality worked not only for playback, but, as an undocumented feature, also during recording.
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Chen, Yangkang (2017). "Probing the subsurface karst features using time-frequency decomposition".
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2487:"High-Density Salt and Pepper Noise Removal from Colour Images by Introducing New Enhanced Filter"
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Seyyedi, Saeed (2018). "Incorporating a Noise
Reduction Technique Into X-Ray Tensor Tomography".
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Banerjee, Shounak; Sarkar, Debarpito; Chatterjee, Debraj; Chowdhuri, Sunanda Roy (2021-06-25).
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HIGH COM - The HIGH COM broadband compander utilizing the U401BR integrated circuit
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yet requires much lower computational overhead such that it can be performed directly within
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Ulyanov, Dmitry; Vedaldi, Andrea; Lempitsky, Victor (30 November 2017). "Deep Image Prior".
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the characteristics of the noise and the detail in the image, to better make those decisions
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2584:"Gaussian Noise Removal Method Based on Empirical Wavelet Transform and Hypothesis Testing"
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or smoothing operation. For example, the Gaussian mask comprises elements determined by a
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2703:"Quantization Noise of Multilevel Discrete Wavelet Transform Filters in Image Processing"
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reduction, and codec or dual-ended systems. Single-ended pre-recording systems (such as
85:), or frequency-dependent noise introduced by a device's mechanism or signal processing
54:. Noise reduction techniques exist for audio and images. Noise reduction algorithms may
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that says that the sum of different noises tends to approach a Gaussian distribution.
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systems in US GM cars introduced in 1984. It was also used in factory car stereos in
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1834:"High Com - the latest noise reduction system / Noise reduction - silence is golden"
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Matlab software and Photoshop plug-in for image denoising (Pointwise SA-DCT filter)
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2758:"Spatial domain wavelet design for feature preservation in computational data sets"
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Orazaev, Anzor; Lyakhov, Pavel; Baboshina, Valentina; Kalita, Diana (2023-01-26).
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Matlab software for image and video denoising (Non-local transform-domain filter)
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823:. With a spatially constant diffusion coefficient, this is equivalent to the
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International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing
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http://www.hellodirect.com/catalog/Product.jhtml?PRODID=11127&CATID=15295
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Gan, Shuwei; Wang, Shoudong; Chen, Yangkang; Qu, Shan; Zu, Shaohuan (2016).
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Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XIII: Algorithms and Computer Vision
1982:
Burwen, Richard S. (December 1971). "Design of a Noise Eliminator System".
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Another method for removing noise is to evolve the image under a smoothing
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2018 International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications (ISETC)
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A second class of algorithms work in the time-frequency domain using some
568:. First sold in 1981, DNR is frequently confused with the far more common
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Time-Frequency Signal Analysis and Processing – A Comprehensive Reference
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The first widely used audio noise reduction technique was developed by
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to address scratches, pops, and surface non-linearities. Single-ended
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Craciun, G.; Jiang, Ming; Thompson, D.; Machiraju, R. (March 2005).
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Dong, Suge; Dong, Chunxiao; Li, Zishuang; Ge, Mingtao (2022-07-15).
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sort the neighbouring pixels into order based upon their intensities
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Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological)
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701:(sparse light and dark disturbances), also known as impulse noise,
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1846:. Vol. 1981, no. 70. February 1981. pp. 2-04–2-09.
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Chen, Yangkang; Chen, Hanming; Xiang, Kui; Chen, Xiaohong (2017).
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Xue, Zhiguang; Chen, Yangkang; Fomel, Sergey; Sun, Junzhe (2016).
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approaches have been proposed to achieve noise reduction and such
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Chervyakov, N. I.; Lyakhov, P. A.; Nagornov, N. N. (2018-11-01).
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2021 International Conference on Intelligent Technologies (CONIT)
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Haase, Hans-Joachim (August 1980). Written at Aschau, Germany.
1880:. Rev. 15-1. Syracuse, New York, USA: Packburn electronics inc.
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can be applied to group similar image fragments of overlapping
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systems actually add noise to a signal to improve its quality.
2153:"Stereo Automat MK42 R-Player Budapesti Rádiótechnikai Gyár B"
2090:
ExKo Breitband-Kompander Aufnahme/Wiedergabe 9 dB Tonband
1925:
Burwen, Richard S. (February 1971). "A Dynamic Noise Filter".
537:) is an audio noise reduction system originally introduced by
392:
3229:
Non-local image denoising, with code and online demonstration
2824:"Wavelets Based Filter Banks for Real Time Spectrum Analysis"
2046:"Verfahren zur Rauschminderung bei der Tonsignalverarbeitung"
2111:(in German). Vol. 35, no. 8. Heidelberg, Germany:
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Gajitzki, Paul; Isar, Dorina; Simu, Călin (November 2018).
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and is notable in that it requires no prior training data.
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Statistical methods for image denoising exist as well. For
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was a competing analog noise reduction system developed by
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Boosting signals in seismic data is especially crucial for
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101/323/323A/323AA and 325) is applied to the playback of
2055:(in German). Vol. 31, no. 11. Berlin, Germany:
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and MXR Innovations' MXR as well as the consumer systems
34:. For the noise reduction of machinery and products, see
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IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
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technique that brings performance comparable to that of
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Yet another approach is the automatic noise limiter and
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frequency smoothing, and 0.15 seconds attack/decay time.
2656:. Vol. 2353. World Scientific. pp. 303–325.
2387:"Evolution of the Riviera - 1983 the 20th Anniversary"
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R., C. (1965). "Kompander verbessert Magnettonkopie".
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One of DNR's first widespread applications was in the
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that have local characteristics and are often called
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Optoelectronics, Instrumentation and Data Processing
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472:The Dolby B system (developed in conjunction with
1844:(UK) – up-to-date electronics for lab and leisure
872:replace the original value of the pixel with the
784:the original image with a mask that represents a
526:Dynamic noise limiter and dynamic noise reduction
3098:Shrinkage Fields for Effective Image Restoration
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2650:"Fuzzy neural networks: Theory and applications"
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845:Another approach for removing noise is based on
2937:"On the Statistical Analysis of Dirty Pictures"
1874:Audio Noise Suppressor Model 325 Owner's Manual
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8:
2093:(NB. Page 736 is missing in the linked PDF.)
669:have one or more noise reduction functions.
2336:"LM1894 Dynamic Noise Reduction System DNR"
545:. Its circuitry is also based on a single
30:For the reduction of a sound's volume, see
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2993:IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging
2406:, Vol. 21, No. 6, September/October 2005.)
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2105:"Rauschunterdrückung: Kampf dem Rauschen"
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1984:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
1927:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
1333:is one such technique that makes use of
564:to reduce noise levels on long-distance
188:, 5 dB, 12 dB, and 30 dB reduction, 150
3732:Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
1465:
730:independent and identically distributed
282:Compander-based noise reduction systems
27:Process of removing noise from a signal
3548:Equivalent pulse code modulation noise
2590:. Xi’an, China: IEEE. pp. 24–27.
492:could be utilized to work as a mostly
199:
3036:IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
796:is just one possible set of weights.
760:Chroma and luminance noise separation
7:
3671:(energy per symbol to noise density)
2918:A Wavelet Tour of Signals Processing
2493:. Hubli, India: IEEE. pp. 1–6.
1290:Shrinkage Fields (image restoration)
3209:Recent trends in denoising tutorial
3095:Schmidt, Uwe; Roth, Stefan (2014).
2122:. pp. W293–W296, W298, W300 .
610:vehicles in the 1980s, such as the
212:is a performance-limiting issue in
3742:Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio
2956:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1986.tb01412.x
2220:. Vol. 1 (revised ed.).
2185:(Semiconductor information 2.80).
1074:
943:denote the pixels adjacent to the
25:
3656:(energy per bit to noise density)
3624:Carrier-to-receiver noise density
3538:Effective input noise temperature
2648:Liu, Puyin; Li, Hongxing (2004).
1742:Geophysical Journal International
1639:Geophysical Journal International
1598:Geophysical Journal International
967:of the greyscale intensity (on a
780:One method to remove noise is by
768:) rather than variations in hue (
180:Example of noise reduction using
4072:Image noise reduction techniques
3267:(physics and telecommunications)
2596:10.1109/ICBAIE56435.2022.9985814
2261:"Philips' Dynamic Noise Limiter"
2053:radio fernsehen elektronik (rfe)
1944:Burwen, Richard S. (June 1971).
866:consider each pixel in the image
426:, and the Hungarian/East-German
200:Problems playing this file? See
169:
3879:Block-matching and 3D filtering
3727:Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)
3578:Noise, vibration, and harshness
3166:10.2352/EI.2022.34.14.COIMG-151
3129:from the original on 2018-01-02
2973:from the original on 2017-08-29
2860:from the original on 2021-04-21
2804:from the original on 2021-04-21
2652:. In Casasent, David P. (ed.).
2620:from the original on 2022-12-25
2523:from the original on 2021-08-10
2499:10.1109/CONIT51480.2021.9498402
2393:from the original on 2008-07-05
2242:from the original on 2008-05-13
2196:from the original on 2016-04-16
2159:from the original on 2021-04-26
2134:from the original on 2021-05-16
2081:from the original on 2021-05-05
2013:from the original on 2020-10-28
2001:Lambert, Mel (September 1978).
1964:from the original on 2017-11-13
1946:"110 dB Dynamic Range For Tape"
1887:from the original on 2021-05-05
1853:from the original on 2020-07-02
1307:Block-matching and 3D filtering
1267:Block-matching and 3D filtering
461:used in FM radio broadcasting.
3214:Noise Reduction in photography
2389:. Riviera Owners Association.
2238:. Audiotools.com. 2013-11-10.
2217:Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound
1177:
1171:
1070:
1064:
1049:
1043:
986:
974:
552:It was further developed into
449:used for vinyl recordings and
1:
3412:Additive white Gaussian noise
2402:(NB. Originally published in
2113:Dr. Alfred Hüthig Verlag GmbH
1579:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2015.01.004
1559:Journal of Applied Geophysics
897:signal and noise components.
813:partial differential equation
3788:Interference (communication)
3695:Signal-to-interference ratio
3685:Signal, noise and distortion
2288:. ComPol Inc. Archived from
1335:convolutional neural network
1230:{\displaystyle \beta \geq 0}
570:Dolby noise-reduction system
265:Dolby noise-reduction system
3543:Equivalent noise resistance
1410:Noise-cancelling headphones
936:{\displaystyle \delta _{i}}
243:and the earlier SAE 5000A,
96:, a major type of noise is
64:common-mode rejection ratio
58:the signal to some degree.
46:is the process of removing
4093:
2836:10.1109/ISETC.2018.8583929
2427:Boashash, B., ed. (2003).
2214:Hoffman, Frank W. (2004).
1364:Filter (signal processing)
1287:
1264:
838:
732:, and hence uncorrelated.
663:digital audio workstations
29:
3838:Total variation denoising
2895:10.1142/S0219691308002562
2727:10.3103/S8756699018060092
2286:"Dynamic Noise Reduction"
1437:Total variation denoising
1261:Block-matching algorithms
4021:Super-resolution imaging
3005:10.1109/TCI.2018.2794740
2107:. Systeme und Konzepte.
2044:Bergmann, Heinz (1982).
1432:Digital image processing
1273:block-matching algorithm
1250:{\displaystyle \lambda }
965:conditional distribution
776:Linear smoothing filters
236:
232:
3752:Contrast-to-noise ratio
3066:10.1109/TIP.2007.901238
2459:Proceedings of the IEEE
1736:Chen, Yangkang (2016).
1688:10.1190/INT-2016-0030.1
1381:Architectural acoustics
1211:for a chosen parameter
554:dynamic noise reduction
320:Burwen Noise Eliminator
257:dynamic range expanders
165:Noise reduction example
18:Dynamic Noise Reduction
3675:Modulation error ratio
3610:Carrier-to-noise ratio
3573:Noise spectral density
2935:Besag, Julian (1986).
1799:10.1190/geo2014-0525.1
1723:10.1190/geo2015-0264.1
1543:10.1190/geo2014-0524.1
1495:10.1190/GEO2014-0227.1
1427:Dark-frame subtraction
1251:
1231:
1203:
1013:
993:
957:
937:
667:audio editing software
632:time-frequency filters
562:National Semiconductor
455:High Com FM
158:
135:In seismic exploration
3890:Denoising autoencoder
3864:Anisotropic diffusion
3709:Signal-to-noise ratio
3553:Impulse noise (audio)
3468:Johnson–Nyquist noise
3356:Government regulation
3147:Dietz, Henry (2022).
3110:10.1109/CVPR.2014.349
2066:. pp. 731–736 .
1252:
1232:
1204:
1014:
994:
958:
938:
821:anisotropic diffusion
807:Anisotropic diffusion
723:central limit theorem
699:salt and pepper noise
531:Dynamic noise limiter
214:analog tape recording
157:
3773:List of noise topics
2774:10.1109/TVCG.2005.35
2222:Taylor & Francis
1395:Codec listening test
1358:General noise issues
1349:, despeckle, etc.).
1241:
1215:
1025:
1003:
971:
947:
920:
515:of noise reduction.
3533:Circuit noise level
3528:Channel noise level
3048:2007ITIP...16.2080D
2916:Mallat, S. (1998).
2719:2018OIDP...54..608C
2662:1994SPIE.2353..303G
2560:10.3390/app13031585
2007:Sound International
1791:2016Geop...81V.193C
1754:2016GeoJI.206..457C
1715:2016Geop...81V.261H
1651:2016GeoJI.204..768G
1610:2016GeoJI.207.1313C
1571:2015JAG...114...32C
1534:2016Geop...81S..11X
1487:2015Geop...80D...1C
963:th pixel. Then the
901:Statistical methods
876:value from the list
719:normal distribution
541:in 1971 for use on
486:integrated circuit
3994:Special processing
3589:Pseudorandom noise
3479:Quantization error
3290:Noise cancellation
3153:Electronic Imaging
2057:VEB Verlag Technik
1763:10.1093/gji/ggw165
1660:10.1093/gji/ggv484
1619:10.1093/gji/ggw343
1247:
1227:
1199:
1154:
1009:
989:
953:
933:
829:Gaussian filtering
819:, which is called
677:Images taken with
645:commonly found on
300:Dolby Laboratories
253:phonograph records
159:
94:electronic systems
4067:Audio engineering
4049:
4048:
4036:Pixel art scaling
4001:Film colorization
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3843:Wavelet denoising
3803:Thermal radiation
3798:Spectrum analyzer
3594:Statistical noise
3418:Atmospheric noise
3315:Noise temperature
3300:Noise measurement
3280:Acoustic quieting
3119:978-1-4799-5118-5
2845:978-1-5386-5925-0
2679:978-981-238-786-8
2670:10.1117/12.188903
2605:978-1-6654-5160-4
2508:978-1-7281-8583-5
2442:978-0-08-044335-5
2236:"Noise Reduction"
1327:image restoration
1132:
1130:
1012:{\displaystyle i}
956:{\displaystyle i}
888:Wavelet transform
854:Nonlinear filters
790:Gaussian function
657:Software programs
628:nonlinear filters
575:Unlike Dolby and
508:David E. Blackmer
314:, Donald Aldous'
175:
109:photographic film
71:signal processing
16:(Redirected from
4084:
3942:Video processing
3935:
3928:
3921:
3912:
3896:Deep Image Prior
3885:Shrinkage Fields
3869:Bilateral filter
3818:
3423:Background noise
3320:Phase distortion
3258:
3251:
3244:
3235:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3103:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3059:
3042:(8): 2080–2095.
3031:
3025:
3024:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2830:. pp. 1–4.
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2547:Applied Sciences
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2472:10.1109/5.135376
2453:
2447:
2446:
2433:Elsevier Science
2424:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2363:. Archived from
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2338:. Archived from
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2313:. Archived from
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2263:. Archived from
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2149:
2143:
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2140:
2139:
2121:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2065:
2050:
2041:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1838:
1830:
1803:
1802:
1785:(4): V261–V270.
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1709:(4): V261–V270.
1698:
1692:
1691:
1682:(4): T533–T542.
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1470:
1448:Similar problems
1421:Images and video
1331:Deep Image Prior
1311:embedded systems
1303:machine learning
1295:Shrinkage fields
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1198:
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1129:
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1098:
1092:
1091:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
998:
996:
995:
992:{\displaystyle }
990:
962:
960:
959:
954:
942:
940:
939:
934:
932:
931:
766:luminance detail
681:or conventional
618:Other approaches
520:video recordings
439:High-Com II
405:
390:
380:'s (Aurex AD-4)
343:
328:
304:dbx Professional
177:
176:
156:
21:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4077:Sound recording
4062:Noise reduction
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
3989:
3950:Post-processing
3944:
3939:
3909:
3900:
3874:Non-local means
3847:
3828:Low-pass filter
3813:
3807:
3793:Noise generator
3783:Colors of noise
3761:
3668:
3664:
3653:
3649:
3598:
3520:
3514:
3494:Coherent noise
3470:(thermal noise)
3400:
3324:
3310:Noise reduction
3268:
3262:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3057:10.1.1.219.5398
3033:
3032:
3028:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2974:
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2939:
2934:
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2879:
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2863:
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2754:
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2700:
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2581:
2580:
2576:
2540:
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2535:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2455:
2454:
2450:
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2414:
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2320:
2318:
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2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
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2234:
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2229:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2088:. p. 731:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2059:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2003:"MXR Compander"
2000:
1999:
1995:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1905:
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1890:
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1586:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1450:
1442:Video denoising
1423:
1377:
1369:Signal subspace
1360:
1355:
1343:
1319:
1292:
1286:
1269:
1263:
1239:
1238:
1213:
1212:
1180:
1143:
1122:
1109:
1083:
1023:
1022:
1001:
1000:
969:
968:
945:
944:
923:
918:
917:
903:
890:
856:
843:
841:Non-local means
837:
835:Non-local means
815:similar to the
809:
794:Gaussian filter
786:low-pass filter
778:
762:
743:
738:
695:
687:computer vision
679:digital cameras
675:
659:
620:
588:recordings and
528:
399:
384:
364:, Telefunken's
337:
322:
284:
207:
206:
198:
196:
195:
194:
193:
178:
170:
167:
160:
154:
149:
141:seismic imaging
137:
129:
107:In the case of
60:Noise rejection
44:Noise reduction
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4090:
4088:
4080:
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4074:
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4013:
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3824:
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3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3766:Related topics
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3739:
3729:
3724:
3706:
3692:
3682:
3672:
3666:
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3535:
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3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3503:Gradient noise
3500:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:Gaussian noise
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3428:Brownian noise
3425:
3420:
3415:
3408:
3406:
3405:Class of noise
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3391:Transportation
3388:
3383:
3378:
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3363:
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3211:
3204:
3203:External links
3201:
3198:
3197:
3176:
3139:
3118:
3087:
3026:
2999:(1): 137–146.
2983:
2950:(3): 259–302.
2927:
2922:Academic Press
2908:
2889:(4): 653–664.
2870:
2844:
2814:
2768:(2): 149–159.
2748:
2713:(6): 608–616.
2693:
2678:
2640:
2630:
2604:
2574:
2533:
2507:
2477:
2466:(4): 519–538.
2448:
2441:
2419:
2408:
2377:
2352:
2327:
2302:
2277:
2252:
2227:
2206:
2187:AEG-Telefunken
2169:
2144:
2095:
2023:
1993:
1990:(11): 906–911.
1974:
1936:
1917:
1898:
1864:
1804:
1769:
1748:(1): 457–469.
1728:
1693:
1676:Interpretation
1666:
1645:(2): 768–779.
1625:
1584:
1549:
1528:(1): S11–S20.
1508:
1481:(6): WD1–WD9.
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1288:Main article:
1285:
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1265:Main article:
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1108:
1105:
1102:
1097:
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1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
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1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1008:
999:scale) at the
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
952:
930:
926:
907:Gaussian noise
902:
899:
889:
886:
878:
877:
870:
867:
855:
852:
839:Main article:
836:
833:
808:
805:
777:
774:
761:
758:
757:
756:
753:
750:
742:
739:
737:
734:
715:Gaussian noise
694:
691:
674:
671:
658:
655:
649:transceivers,
619:
616:
543:cassette decks
527:
524:
484:High Com
366:High Com
283:
280:
247:TNE 7000, and
197:
179:
168:
163:
162:
161:
152:
151:
150:
148:
145:
136:
133:
128:
125:
73:devices, both
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4089:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:Video matting
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:Color grading
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:Deinterlacing
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:Gaussian blur
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:Median filter
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
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3747:
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3733:
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3728:
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3710:
3707:
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3700:
3696:
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3686:
3683:
3680:
3676:
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3670:
3669:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3636:
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3629:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:Noise shaping
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:(or q. noise)
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Flicker noise
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Sound masking
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Noise control
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
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3067:
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3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
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2984:
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2803:
2799:
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2708:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2685:
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2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2367:on 2008-12-20
2366:
2362:
2361:"Audio Terms"
2356:
2353:
2342:on 2008-12-20
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2317:on 2007-09-27
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2292:on 2009-11-21
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2267:on 2008-11-05
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2210:
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2133:
2129:
2125:
2119:
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2110:
2106:
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2073:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1914:(4): 301–303.
1913:
1910:(in German).
1909:
1902:
1899:
1883:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1829:
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1825:
1823:
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1800:
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1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
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1484:
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1476:
1469:
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1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Sound masking
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:Noise blanker
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:Click removal
1388:
1386:
1385:Soundproofing
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:deep learning
1317:Deep learning
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1244:
1237:and variance
1224:
1221:
1218:
1209:
1195:
1189:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1020:
1006:
983:
980:
977:
966:
950:
928:
924:
914:
912:
908:
900:
898:
894:
887:
885:
882:
875:
871:
868:
865:
864:
863:
861:
860:median filter
853:
851:
848:
842:
834:
832:
830:
826:
825:heat equation
822:
818:
817:heat equation
814:
806:
804:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
775:
773:
771:
770:chroma detail
767:
759:
754:
751:
748:
747:
746:
740:
735:
733:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
704:
700:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
672:
670:
668:
664:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
643:noise blanker
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
602:
599:
594:
591:
587:
586:magnetic tape
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
525:
523:
521:
518:Since analog
516:
513:
510:, founder of
509:
505:
501:
499:
498:D NR Expander
495:
491:
490:
485:
482:
477:
475:
470:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:dbx disc
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
398:
394:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
341:
336:
332:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
281:
279:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:surface noise
221:
219:
215:
211:
205:
203:
191:
187:
183:
166:
146:
144:
142:
134:
132:
126:
124:
122:
118:
114:
113:magnetic tape
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:Noise control
33:
32:Soundproofing
19:
4031:Uncompressed
3755:
3745:
3735:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3678:
3659:
3644:
3637:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3613:
3558:Noise figure
3519:Engineering
3508:Worley noise
3438:Cosmic noise
3361:Human health
3309:
3191:1711.10925v2
3179:
3170:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3131:. Retrieved
3097:
3090:
3039:
3035:
3029:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2975:. Retrieved
2947:
2943:
2930:
2917:
2911:
2886:
2882:
2862:. Retrieved
2827:
2817:
2806:. Retrieved
2765:
2761:
2751:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2622:. Retrieved
2587:
2577:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2525:. Retrieved
2490:
2480:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2428:
2422:
2411:
2403:
2395:. Retrieved
2380:
2369:. Retrieved
2365:the original
2355:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:the original
2330:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:the original
2305:
2294:. Retrieved
2290:the original
2280:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:the original
2255:
2244:. Retrieved
2230:
2216:
2209:
2198:. Retrieved
2178:
2172:
2161:. Retrieved
2147:
2136:. Retrieved
2108:
2098:
2089:
2083:. Retrieved
2052:
2015:. Retrieved
2006:
1996:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1952:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1908:Radio Mentor
1907:
1901:
1896:(6+36 pages)
1889:. Retrieved
1873:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1840:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1604:(1): 21–31.
1601:
1597:
1587:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1344:
1320:
1299:random field
1293:
1284:Random field
1270:
1210:
1021:
1019:th node is:
915:
910:
904:
895:
891:
883:
879:
857:
844:
810:
800:
798:
779:
769:
765:
763:
744:
727:
712:
696:
683:film cameras
676:
660:
640:
636:wanted noise
635:
631:
621:
595:
574:
557:
553:
551:
534:
530:
529:
517:
502:
497:
487:
478:
471:
463:
432:
285:
273:
261:Phase Linear
229:Dolby HX Pro
222:
208:
138:
130:
117:ferric oxide
106:
97:
91:
68:
59:
43:
42:
40:
3584:Phase noise
3563:Noise floor
3498:Value noise
3490:White noise
3433:Burst noise
3351:Environment
3346:Electronics
3329:Noise in...
3305:Noise power
3159:(14): 1–6.
2553:(3): 1585.
2385:Gunyo, Ed.
2116: [
2060: [
1405:Noise print
1277:macroblocks
665:(DAWs) and
612:Cherokee XJ
474:Henry Kloss
400: [
385: [
374:High-Com II
362:dbx Type II
338: [
323: [
286:Dual-ended
83:white noise
4056:Categories
3985:Deflicking
3968:Comparison
3958:Deblocking
3852:2D (Image)
3485:Shot noise
3474:Pink noise
3458:Infrasound
3453:Grey noise
3285:Distortion
3133:2018-01-03
2977:2019-09-24
2920:. London:
2864:2021-04-21
2808:2021-04-21
2624:2023-02-09
2527:2023-02-09
2431:. Oxford:
2404:The Riview
2397:2009-01-14
2371:2009-01-14
2346:2009-01-14
2321:2009-01-14
2296:2009-01-14
2271:2009-01-14
2246:2009-01-14
2200:2016-04-16
2163:2021-04-25
2138:2021-04-25
2085:2021-05-05
2017:2021-04-25
1968:2017-11-13
1891:2021-05-16
1857:2020-07-02
1779:Geophysics
1703:Geophysics
1522:Geophysics
1475:Geophysics
1460:References
1454:Deblurring
1383:including
827:or linear
782:convolving
710:elements.
604:car stereo
577:dbx Type I
481:Telefunken
408:Super ANRS
331:Telefunken
308:dbx Type I
218:tape heads
202:media help
127:In general
87:algorithms
4016:Film look
3980:Denoising
3778:Acoustics
3341:Buildings
3052:CiteSeerX
2782:1941-0506
2743:128173262
2735:1934-7944
2614:254999960
2569:2076-3417
2517:236920367
2311:"History"
2128:0016-2825
2072:0033-7900
1957:: 49–50.
1862:(6 pages)
1565:: 32–35.
1503:120440599
1245:λ
1222:≥
1219:β
1166:−
1145:δ
1141:∈
1134:∑
1127:λ
1120:β
1115:−
1107:
1101:∝
1085:δ
1081:∈
1075:∀
1059:∣
925:δ
847:non-local
741:Tradeoffs
673:In images
647:HAM radio
566:telephony
512:Dbx, Inc.
466:Ray Dolby
370:Nakamichi
335:telcom c4
318:NoiseBX,
288:compander
259:like the
210:Tape hiss
121:magnetite
4041:Telecine
3963:Resizing
3812:Denoise
3124:Archived
3074:17688213
3021:46793582
3013:17574903
2968:Archived
2903:31201648
2858:Archived
2854:56599099
2802:Archived
2790:15747638
2688:62705333
2618:Archived
2521:Archived
2391:Archived
2240:Archived
2191:Archived
2157:Archived
2132:Archived
2076:Archived
2011:Archived
1959:Archived
1882:Archived
1848:Archived
1353:See also
1341:Software
1321:Various
651:CB radio
590:FM radio
451:Dolby FM
430:system.
346:Dolby NR
296:Dolby SR
249:Packburn
182:Audacity
147:In audio
4005:tinting
4003: (
3821:General
3814:methods
3719:,
3273:General
3172:tested.
3082:1475121
3044:Bibcode
2964:2345426
2798:1715622
2715:Bibcode
2658:Bibcode
1842:elektor
1787:Bibcode
1750:Bibcode
1711:Bibcode
1647:Bibcode
1606:Bibcode
1567:Bibcode
1530:Bibcode
1483:Bibcode
1329:tasks.
1301:-based
736:Removal
581:Type II
539:Philips
494:Dolby B
420:Super D
378:Toshiba
358:Dolby S
354:Dolby C
350:Dolby B
292:Dolby A
184:with 0
79:digital
56:distort
50:from a
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