458:(CBT) are considered effective. SSRIs can help relieve obsessiveācompulsive and delusional traits, while cognitive-behavioral therapy can help patients recognize faulty thought patterns. A study was done by Dr. Sabine Wilhelm where she and her colleagues created and tested a treatment manual specializing in BDD symptoms that resulted in improved symptoms with no asymptomatic decline. Core treatment elements include Psychoeducation and Case Formulation, Cognitive Restructuring, Exposure and Ritual Prevention and Mindfulness/Perceptual Retraining. Before treatment, it can help to provide psychoeducation, as with self-help books and support websites.
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social media use and selfie taking, individuals may become preoccupied about presenting an ideal photograph for the public. Specifically, females' mental health has been the most affected by persistent exposure to social media. Girls with BDD present symptoms of low self-esteem and negative self-evaluation. Due to social mediaās expectations, a factor of why individuals have body dysmorphia can come from women comparing themselves with media images of ideal female attractiveness, a perceived discrepancy between their actual attractiveness and the mediaās standard of attractiveness is likely to result. Researchers in
156:, perceiving the body as too small, affects mostly males. In addition to thinking about it, the sufferer typically checks and compares the perceived flaw repetitively and can adopt unusual routines to avoid social contact that exposes it. Fearing the stigma of vanity, they usually hide this preoccupation. Commonly overlooked even by psychiatrists, BDD has been underdiagnosed. As the disorder severely impairs quality of life due to educational and occupational dysfunction and social isolation, those experiencing BDD tend to have high rates of
88:
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of abuse as children. Indeed, the researchers found that adults who had a history of emotional neglect as children were especially vulnerable to BDD, though other forms of abuse, including physical and sexual abuse, were also identified as significant risk factors. As the children progress into their adult years, they start to visualise the abuse that has been done to their bodies, and start finding ways to hide, cover, or change it so they are not reminded of the trauma that they endured as an adolescent.
425:, or social phobia. Social anxiety disorder and BDD are highly comorbid (within those with BDD, 12ā68.8% also have SAD; within those with SAD, 4.8-12% also have BDD), developing similarly in patients -BDD is even classified as a subset of SAD by some researchers. Correct diagnosis can depend on specialized questioning and correlation with emotional distress or social dysfunction. Estimates place the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire's sensitivity at 100% (0%
373:
ideals around the aesthetic of the human body. Scholars such as Nancy
Scheper-Hughes have suggested such demand placed upon Western bodies has been around since the beginning of the 19th century, and that it has been driven by sexuality. Research also shows that BDD is linked to high comorbidity and suicidality rates. Furthermore, it appears that Caucasian women show higher rates of body dissatisfaction than women of different ethnic backgrounds and societies.
349:, and the diagnostic criteria were not properly defined, as the non-delusional and delusional factors were not separated. This was later resolved with the revision of the DSM-III, which aided many by providing appropriate treatment for patients. BDD was initially considered non-delusional in European research, and was grouped with "
301:, explains how individuals use selfies to gain verification from others through likes and comments. Social media may therefore trigger one's misconception about their physical look. Similar to those with body dysmorphic tendencies, such behavior may lead to constant seeking of approval, self-evaluation and even depression.
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databases was used to identify social networking site patterns. In particular appearance focused social media use was found to be significantly associated with greater body image dissatisfaction. It is highlighted that comparisons appear between body image dissatisfaction and BDD symptomatology. They
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Nevertheless, the Qāeqchiā women also showed the greatest distortion in their own body perception, estimating their physique to be slimmer than it actually was. It is thought this could be due to a lack of access to body monitoring tools such as mirrors, scales, technology, and clothing choices, but
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Socio-cultural models depict and emphasise the way thinness is valued, and beauty is obsessed over in
Western culture, where advertising, marketing, and social media play a large role in manicuring the "perfect" body shape, size, and look. The billions of dollars spent to sell products become causal
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Whilst physically editing the body is not unique to any one culture, research suggests that it is more common throughout
Western society and is on the rise. On close observation of contemporary Western societies, there has been an increase in disorders such as Body dysmorphic disorder, arising from
340:
Historically, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) was originally coined "dysmorphophobia", a term which was widely applied in research literature among the
Japanese, Russians, and Europeans. However, in American literature, the appearance of BDD was still overlooked in the 1980s. It was introduced in the
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taking" may translate into low self-esteem and body dysmorphic tendencies. The sociocultural theory of self-esteem states that the messages given by media and peers about the importance of appearance are internalized by individuals who adopt others' standards of beauty as their own. Due to excessive
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The development of body dysmorphia can stem from trauma caused by parents/guardians, family, or close friends. In a study published in 2021 about the prevalence of childhood maltreatment among adults with body dysmorphia, researchers found that more than 75% of respondents had experienced some form
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Most generally, one experiencing BDD ruminates over the perceived bodily defect several hours daily or longer, uses either social avoidance or camouflaging with cosmetics or apparel, repetitively checks the appearance, compares it to that of other people, and might often seek verbal reassurances.
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of German, Guatemalan Qāeqchiā and
Colombian women. Unlike the German and Colombian women, the Qāeqchiā women in this study live in the jungles of Guatemala and remain relatively removed from modern technology and secure food resources. The study found that the Qāeqchiā women did not have notably
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The bodily area of focus is commonly face, skin, stomach, arms and legs, but can be nearly any part of the body. In addition, multiple areas can be focused on simultaneously. A subtype of body dysmorphic disorder is bigorexia (anorexia reverse or muscle dysphoria). In muscular dysphoria, patients
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For many people with BDD, cosmetic surgery does not work to alleviate the symptoms of BDD as their opinion of their appearance is not grounded in reality. It is recommended that cosmetic surgeons and psychiatrists work together in order to screen surgery patients to see if they have BDD, as the
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Dislike of one's appearance is common, but individuals with BDD have extreme misperceptions about their physical appearance. Whereas vanity involves a quest to aggrandize the appearance, BDD is experienced as a quest to merely normalize the appearance. Although delusional in about one of three
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exists, its importance is disproportionately magnified in the mind of the individual. Whether the physical issue is real or imagined, ruminations concerning this perceived defect become pervasive and intrusive, consuming substantial mental bandwidth for extended periods each day. This excessive
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to experience BDD. With the rise of social media platforms, individuals are easily able to seek validation and openly compare their physical appearance to online influences, finding more flaws and defects in their own appearance. This leads to attempts to conceal the defect such as seeking out
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BDD is classified as an obsessiveācompulsive disorder in DSM-5. It is important to treat people with BDD as soon as possible because the person may have already been suffering for an extended period of time and as BDD has a high suicide rate, at 2ā12 times higher than the national average.
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BDD's severity can wax and wane, and flareups tend to yield absences from school, work, or socializing, sometimes leading to protracted social isolation, with some becoming housebound for extended periods. Social impairment is usually greatest, sometimes approaching avoidance of all social
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The term "dysmorphic" is derived from the Greek word, 'dusmorphĆÄ' ā the prefix 'dys-' meaning abnormal or apart, and 'morphįø' meaning shape. Morselli described people who felt a subjective feeling of ugliness as people who were tormented by a physical deficit.
384:, climate, and fertility management. Cultural groups who experience food insecurity generally prefer larger-bodied women. However, many societies that have abundant access to food also value moderate to larger bodies. This is evident in a comparative study of
433:). BDD is also comorbid with eating disorders, up to 12% comorbidity in one study. Both eating and body dysmorphic disorders are concerned with physical appearance, but eating disorders tend to focus more on weight rather than one's general appearance.
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in this instance, body distortion does not seem to influence body satisfaction. This has also been shown in groups of lower-income
African American women, where the acceptance of larger bodies is not necessarily equivalent to positive body image.
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Universally, it is evident that different cultures place much emphasis on correcting the human body aesthetic, and that this preoccupation with body image is not exclusive to just one society; one example is the binding of women's feet in
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in Turkey found that individuals who have low self-esteem participate more often in trends of taking selfies along with using social media to mediate their interpersonal interaction in order to fulfill their self-esteem needs. The
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Veale, D., Miles, S., Read, J., Troglia, A., Carmona, L., Fiorito, C., Wells, H., Wylie, K., & Muir, G. (2015). Penile
Dysmorphic Disorder: Development of a Screening Scale. Archives of sexual behavior, 44(8), 2311ā2321.
1933:
Thomas, Martina; DeCaro, Jason A. (June 2018). "Body Image Models among Low-income
African American Mothers and Daughters in the Southeast United States: Body Image Models among African American Females".
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Anderson, Judith L.; Crawford, Charles B.; Nadeau, Joanne; Lindberg, Tracy (May 1992). "Was the
Duchess of windsor right? A cross-cultural review of the socioecology of ideals of female body shape".
236:. BDD usually develops during early adolescence, although many patients note earlier trauma, abuse, neglect, teasing, or bullying. In many cases, social anxiety earlier in life precedes BDD. Though
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In 1991, the demographics of individuals who experience BDD were primarily single women aged 19 or older. This statistic has not changed over the decades; women are still considered the predominant
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defines BDD as a preoccupation with an imagined or trivial defect in appearance, a preoccupation causing social or occupational dysfunction, and not better explained as another disorder, such as
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Buhlmann, Ulrike; Reese, Hannah E.; Renaud, Stefanie; Wilhelm, Sabine (March 2008). "Clinical considerations for the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder with cognitive-behavioral therapy".
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Mayville, Stephen; Katz, Roger C.; Gipson, Martin T.; Cabral, Keri (1 September 1999). "Assessing the
Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in an Ethnically Diverse Group of Adolescents".
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Similar studies have noted a high prevalence of BDD in East Asian societies, where facial dissatisfaction is especially common, indicating that this is not just a Western phenomenon.
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Estimates of prevalence and gender distribution have varied widely via discrepancies in diagnosis and reporting. In American psychiatry, BDD gained diagnostic criteria in the
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Grant, Jon E.; Kim, Suck Won; Crow, Scott J. (15 July 2001). "Prevalence and Clinical Features of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Adolescent and Adult Psychiatric Inpatients".
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factors of image conscious societies. Advertising also supports a specific ideal body image and creates a social capital in how individuals can acquire this ideal.
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defined by an overwhelming preoccupation with a perceived flaw in one's physical appearance. In BDD's delusional variant, the flaw is imagined. When an actual
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However, personal attitudes towards the body do vary cross-culturally. Some of this variability can be accounted for due to factors such as food insecurity,
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BDD is estimated to affect from 0.7% to 2.4% of the population. It usually starts during adolescence and affects both men and women. The BDD subtype
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Cororve, Michelle; Gleaves, David (August 2001). "Body dysmorphic disorder: A review of conceptualizations, assessment, and treatment strategies".
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414:, having been historically unrecognized, only making its first appearance in the DSM in 1987, but clinicians' knowledge of it, especially among
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418:, is constricted. Meanwhile, shame about having the bodily concern, and fear of the stigma of vanity, makes many hide even having the concern.
1523:"The use of social networking sites, body image dissatisfaction, and body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review of psychological research"
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but involves more depression and social avoidance despite a degree of overlap with obsessive-compulsive disorder. BDD often associates with
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which described the disorder as a feeling of being ugly even though there does not appear to be anything wrong with the person's appearance
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activities. Poor concentration and motivation impair academic and occupational performance. The distress of BDD tends to exceed that of
1034:
Buchanan Ben G, Rossell Susan L, Castle David J (Feb 2011). "Body dysmorphic disorder: A review of nosology, cognition and neurobiology".
200:. Cognitive testing and neuroimaging suggest both a bias toward detailed visual analysis and a tendency toward emotional hyper-arousal.
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Grau, Katharina; Fegert, Jƶrg Michael; Allroggen, Marc (January 2015). "Kƶrperdysmorphe Stƶrung" [Body dysmorphic disorder].
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2344:"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
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Altabe, Madeline N. (2001). "Issues in the assessment and treatment of body image disturbance in culturally diverse populations".
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181:, which typically does not resolve the distress. On the other hand, attempts at self-treatment, as by skin picking, can create
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Scheper-Hughes, Nancy; Lock, Margaret M. (1987). "The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon to Future Work in Medical Anthropology".
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Katharine A Phillips, Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Essential Guide (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009),
324:" to describe a trend of patients seeking plastic surgeries to mimic "filtered" pictures. Filtered photos, such as those on
1969:
Thompson, Becky Wangsgaard (1992). "'A Way Outa No Way': Eating Problems among African-American, Latina, and White Women".
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Individuals with BDD tend to engage in heavy plastic surgery use. In 2018, the plastic surgeon Dr. Tijon Esho coined term "
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Carroll, Deirdre H.; Scahill, Larry; Phillips, Katharine A. (April 2002). "Current concepts in body dysmorphic disorder".
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Pope, Harrison G.; Gruber, Amanda J.; Choi, Precilla; Olivardia, Roberto; Phillips, Katharine A. (November 1997).
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Wilhelm, Sabine; Phillips, Katharine A.; Fama, Jeanne M.; Greenberg, Jennifer L.; Steketee, Gail (December 2011).
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perceive their body as excessively thin despite being muscular and trained. Many seek dermatological treatment or
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preoccupation not only induces severe emotional distress but also disrupts daily functioning and activities. The
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Harrison, Amy; FernƔndez de la Cruz, Lorena; Enander, Jesper; Radua, Joaquim; Mataix-Cols, David (August 2016).
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1444:"Reducing the Impact of Media Images on Women At Risk For Body Image Disturbance: Three Targeted Interventions"
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2012:
Hong, Julie; Hadeler, Edward; Mosca, Megan; Brownstone, Nicholas; Bhutani, Tina; Koo, John (25 October 2021).
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Via shared symptoms, BDD is commonly misdiagnosed as social anxiety disorder, obsessiveācompulsive disorder,
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1565:"From 'Instagram Face' To 'Snapchat Dysmorphia': How Beauty Filters Are Changing The Way We See Ourselves"
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541:), adds operational criteria (such as repetitive behaviors or intrusive thoughts), and notes the subtype
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2568:(Fourth text revision ed.). American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC. 2000. pp. 507ā10.
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One might sometimes avoid mirrors, repetitively change outfits, groom excessively, or restrict eating.
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Bowyer, Laura; Krebs, Georgina; Mataix-Cols, David; Veale, David; Monzani, Benedetta (December 2016).
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A cartoon of a patient with body dysmorphia looking in a mirror, seeing a distorted image of himself
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1894:"From the jungle to urban centers: body image and self-esteem of women in three different cultures"
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332:, often present unrealistic and unattainable looks that may be a causal factor in triggering BDD.
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Fang, Angela; Matheny, Natalie L.; Wilhelm, Sabine (September 2014). "Body Dysmorphic Disorder".
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Phillips, K. A. (September 1991). "Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness".
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1259:"A comparison of self-esteem and perfectionism in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder"
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Varnali, Kaan; Toker, Aysegul (7 February 2015). "Self-Disclosure on Social Networking Sites".
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Body image, eating disorders, and obesity: An integrative guide for assessment and treatment
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726:"A review of body dysmorphic disorder and Its presentation in different clinical settings"
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1394:"Selfie use: The implications for psychopathology expression of body dysmorphic disorder"
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Browne, Heidi A.; Gair, Shannon L.; Scharf, Jeremiah M.; Grice, Dorothy E. (2014-01-01).
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concluded that heavy social media use may mediate the onset of sub-threshold BDD.
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547:(preoccupation that one's body is too small or insufficiently muscular or lean).
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1823:"The Modern-Day Feminine Beauty Ideal, Mental Health, and Jungian Archetypes"
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cases, the appearance concern is usually non-delusional, an overvalued idea.
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Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment of Body Image Disturbance
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Mufaddel Amir, Osman Ossama T, Almugaddam Fadwa, Jafferany Mohammad (2013).
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388:, body perception, body satisfaction, body-related self-esteem, and overall
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248:, negative body image, perfectionism, heightened aesthetic sensitivity, and
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2173:"Relationship between social anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder"
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987:"Relationship between social anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder"
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571: ā Mental disorder characterized by a desire to be physically disabled
353:" ā delusional paranoia disorders, before being introduced in the DSM-III.
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As with most mental disorders, BDD's cause is likely intricate, altogether
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2014:"Cultural and biological factors in body dysmorphic disorder in East Asia"
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17:
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Feusner, J.D.; Neziroglu, F; Wilhelm, S.; Mancusi, L.; Bohon, C. (2010).
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555:(1856ā1939), once called one of his patients, a Russian aristocrat named
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higher body satisfaction when compared to the German or Colombian women.
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2581:"Muscle Dysmorphia: An Underrecognized Form of Body Dysmorphic Disorder"
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1486:"Self-verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self"
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859:"Body dysmorphic disorder: recognizing and treating imagined ugliness"
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Ipser, Jonathan C; Sander, Candice; Stein, Dan J (21 January 2009).
2440:"Modular CognitiveāBehavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder"
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Didie E, Tortolani C, Pope C, Menard W, Fay C, Phillips K (2006).
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1158:"Genetics of obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Related Disorders"
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and rates of suicidal ideation and attempts are especially high.
2391:"Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder"
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Zeitschrift fĆ¼r Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie
1495:. Vol. 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 33ā66.
559:, "Wolf Man," as he was experiencing classical symptoms of BDD.
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recognized the disorder, while categorizing it as an atypical
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delusions that others are covertly pointing out their flaws
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Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Essential Guide
507:). Classifying it as a distinct somatoform disorder, the
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1514:
1512:
1510:
1306:"Childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder"
1083:"What causes BDD: Research findings and a proposed model"
1588:
Ramphul, Kamleshun; Mejias, Stephanie G (3 March 2018).
2566:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1521:
Ryding, Francesca C.; Kuss, Daria J. (October 2020).
951:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
500:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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surgeons to resolve the issue of perceived ugliness.
31:"Dysmorphia" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology
1491:. In Suls, Jerry M.; Greenwald, Anthony G. (eds.).
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2171:Fang, Angela; Hofmann, Stefan G. (December 2010).
2080:Prazeres AM, Nascimento AL, Fontenelle LF (2013).
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467:results of the surgery could be harmful for them.
2220:Phillips, K. A; Castle, D. J (3 November 2001).
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1892:Odinga, Julia; Kasten, Erich (December 2020).
949:"Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders".
2802:
2534:Hunt TJ; Thienhaus O; Ellwood A (July 2008).
2136:Anxiety and Depression Association of America
1493:Social psychological perspectives on the self
1076:
1074:
1072:
8:
772:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
666:Bjornsson AS; Didie ER; Phillips KA (2010).
591:
589:
587:
585:
2536:"The mirror lies: Body dysmorphic disorder"
1392:Khanna, Anisha; Sharma, ManojKumar (2017).
985:Fang, Angela; Hofmann Stefan G (Dec 2010).
790:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009),
145:, distinguishing it from disorders such as
4012:
3901:
3880:
3815:
3706:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
3678:
3667:
3443:
3415:
3394:
3250:
3239:
3149:
2982:
2969:
2841:
2830:
2809:
2795:
2787:
2646:
86:
57:
2596:
2463:
2414:
2245:
2196:
2107:
2097:
2029:
1909:
1838:
1615:
1605:
1419:
1409:
1329:
1233:
1181:
1106:
1010:
900:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0484-6
874:
749:
691:
351:monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses
3969:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
3565:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
1827:Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal
1590:"Is 'Snapchat Dysmorphia' a Real Issue?"
730:Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders
2395:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
581:
452:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
2302:
2300:
2160:. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
2086:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
1355:"Body Dysmorphia as A Trauma Response"
959:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm06
765:
497:disorder, in the third edition of its
1821:Danylova, Tetiana (6 November 2020).
1263:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1132:"When your looks take over your life"
980:
978:
802:
800:
7:
2309:Psychiatric Clinics of North America
1162:Psychiatric Clinics of North America
909:
907:
450:Anti-depressant medication, such as
3672:Physiological and physical behavior
1755:Journal of Child and Family Studies
479:reported a disorder that he termed
3618:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
3012:Emotional and behavioral disorders
2271:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
684:10.31887/DCNS.2010.12.2/abjornsson
240:on BDD are few, one estimated its
124:), also known in some contexts as
25:
3798:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
2222:"Body dysmorphic disorder in men"
429:) and specificity at 92.5% (7.5%
244:at 43%. Yet other factors may be
3098:X-linked intellectual disability
491:American Psychiatric Association
304:In 2019 systematic review using
2927:Intermittent explosive disorder
2852:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
1459:Social Behavior and Personality
916:Archives of Psychiatric Nursing
185:where none previously existed.
3570:Dissociative identity disorder
2835:Adult personality and behavior
2407:10.1002/14651858.CD005332.pub2
2156:Phillips, Katharine A (1996).
2061:Phillips, Katharine A (1996).
1936:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
1682:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
1644:American Journal of Psychiatry
857:Phillips, KA (February 2004).
535:shifts BDD to a new category (
1:
4087:Obsessiveācompulsive disorder
2598:10.1016/S0033-3182(97)71400-2
1694:10.1525/maq.1987.1.1.02a00020
1398:Industrial Psychiatry Journal
1130:Brody, Jane E. (2010-03-22).
610:10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00075-1
538:obsessiveācompulsive spectrum
190:obsessiveācompulsive disorder
143:obsessiveācompulsive spectrum
38:For the butterfly genus, see
3974:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
3511:Generalized anxiety disorder
3244:Neurological and symptomatic
2889:Sexual relationship disorder
2505:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.07.001
1876:10.1016/0162-3095(92)90033-Z
1322:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.03.007
1275:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000215
1099:10.3928/00485713-20100701-08
821:10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.12.002
456:cognitive-behavioral therapy
446:Medication and psychotherapy
3750:REM sleep behavior disorder
3219:Seasonal affective disorder
3017:Separation anxiety disorder
1530:Psychology of Popular Media
4103:
4017:Symptoms and uncategorized
3118:developmental disabilities
2884:Sexual maturation disorder
2456:10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.002
2348:Clinical Psychology Review
2177:Clinical Psychology Review
2132:"Body Dysmorphic Disorder"
2018:Dermatology Online Journal
1983:10.1177/089124392006004002
1911:10.1186/s41257-020-00030-5
1484:Swann, William B. (1983).
1353:Foley, Wade (2021-03-07).
1210:"Body dysmorphic disorder"
991:Clinical Psychology Review
668:"Body dysmorphic disorder"
598:Clinical Psychology Review
529:. Published in 2013, the
268:
47:
29:
4072:Neurocutaneous conditions
4067:Somatic symptom disorders
4022:
4011:
3979:Simple-type schizophrenia
3948:Schizophreniform disorder
3900:
3879:
3832:
3814:
3677:
3666:
3414:
3393:
3326:Mild cognitive impairment
3311:CreutzfeldtāJakob disease
3249:
3238:
3209:Major depressive disorder
3162:
3148:
3114:Psychological development
2981:
2968:
2840:
2829:
2540:American Family Physician
2360:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.007
2321:10.1016/j.psc.2014.05.003
2238:10.1136/bmj.323.7320.1015
2189:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.001
1864:Ethology and Sociobiology
1732:10.1024/1422-4917/a000330
1174:10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.002
1003:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.001
423:major depressive disorder
336:Sociocultural perspective
290:Istanbul Bilgi University
210:major depressive disorder
94:
85:
4027:Impulse-control disorder
3943:Schizoaffective disorder
3938:Brief reactive psychosis
3635:Mass psychogenic illness
3598:Body dysmorphic disorder
3377:Post-concussion syndrome
2987:Emotional and behavioral
2775:Body dysmorphic disorder
569:Body integrity dysphoria
516:body dysmorphic disorder
299:self-verification theory
196:(SAD). Some experience
118:Body dysmorphic disorder
61:Body dysmorphic disorder
48:Not to be confused with
3964:Childhood schizophrenia
3316:Frontotemporal dementia
3273:High-functioning autism
3090:Intellectual disability
2067:Oxford University Press
1767:10.1023/A:1022023514730
1471:10.2224/sbp.2015.43.1.1
1310:Child Abuse and Neglect
1226:10.1136/pmj.2003.015289
1214:British Medical Journal
928:10.1053/apnu.2002.32109
672:Dialogues Clin Neurosci
194:social anxiety disorder
3481:Specific social phobia
3372:Organic brain syndrome
3214:Melancholic depression
2975:Childhood and learning
1840:10.32437/mhgcj.v3i1.99
1656:10.1176/ajp.148.9.1138
786:Katharine A Phillips,
141:places BDD within the
50:body image disturbance
4037:Psychomotor agitation
3827:and substance-related
3770:Postpartum depression
3650:Somatization disorder
3536:Acute stress reaction
3301:AIDS dementia complex
2283:10.4088/jcp.v62n07a03
1411:10.4103/ipj.ipj_58_17
514:switched the term to
416:general practitioners
271:Filter (social media)
4032:KlĆ¼verāBucy syndrome
3862:Substance dependence
3775:Postpartum psychosis
3321:Huntington's disease
3103:LujanāFryns syndrome
2952:Personality disorder
2621:"The History of BDD"
1792:. pp. 129ā147.
1257:Hartmann, A (2014).
742:10.4088/PCC.12r01464
3912:Delusional disorder
3857:Stimulant psychosis
3847:Physical dependence
3701:Rumination syndrome
3603:Conversion disorder
3580:Psychogenic amnesia
3430:with depressed mood
3428:Adjustment disorder
3331:Parkinson's disease
3306:Alzheimer's disease
3199:Atypical depression
3035:Social functioning
2910:Munchausen syndrome
2905:Factitious disorder
2232:(7320): 1015ā1016.
1607:10.7759/cureus.2263
521:Published in 1994,
322:Snapchat Dysmorphia
294:Bogazici University
110:clinical psychology
75:Dysmorphic syndrome
3931:schizophrenia-like
3575:Dissociative fugue
3024:Movement disorders
2750:External resources
2099:10.2147/NDT.S41074
2031:10.5070/D327955133
1971:Gender and Society
1542:10.1037/ppm0000264
1136:The New York Times
1087:Psychiatric Annals
168:Signs and symptoms
134:visible difference
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3875:
3874:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3551:
3550:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3346:Vascular dementia
3268:Asperger syndrome
3234:
3233:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3078:Tourette syndrome
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2784:
2783:
2158:The Broken Mirror
2063:The Broken Mirror
1948:10.1111/maq.12390
1798:10.1037/10502-006
1359:Crossroads Health
1316:(10): 1105ā1115.
968:978-0-89042-555-8
544:muscle dysmorphia
158:suicidal thoughts
154:muscle dysmorphia
115:
114:
55:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4094:
4082:Human appearance
4013:
3902:
3881:
3816:
3691:Anorexia nervosa
3679:
3668:
3645:Psychogenic pain
3613:Globus pharyngis
3461:Childhood phobia
3444:
3416:
3395:
3251:
3240:
3150:
3049:Selective mutism
3000:Conduct disorder
2983:
2970:
2947:Trichotillomania
2922:Gender dysphoria
2917:Fear of intimacy
2874:Sexual anhedonia
2842:
2831:
2818:Mental disorders
2811:
2804:
2797:
2788:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2444:Behavior Therapy
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2183:(8): 1040ā1048.
2168:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1650:(9): 1138ā1149.
1639:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1527:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1078:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1048:10.2217/npy.10.3
1031:
1025:
1024:
1014:
997:(8): 1040ā1048.
982:
973:
972:
946:
940:
939:
911:
902:
895:
889:
888:
878:
863:World Psychiatry
854:
833:
832:
804:
795:
784:
778:
777:
771:
763:
753:
721:
706:
705:
695:
663:
622:
621:
593:
557:Sergei Pankejeff
527:anorexia nervosa
481:dysmorphophobia,
462:Self-improvement
279:Constant use of
256:Childhood trauma
179:cosmetic surgery
147:anorexia nervosa
90:
58:
45:
36:
21:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4046:
4018:
3999:
3983:
3952:
3930:
3921:
3896:
3871:
3828:
3825:substance abuse
3802:
3779:
3756:
3710:
3696:Bulimia nervosa
3673:
3654:
3630:Hypochondriasis
3625:False pregnancy
3608:Ganser syndrome
3590:Somatic symptom
3584:
3547:
3499:
3488:Specific phobia
3433:
3410:
3381:
3355:
3287:
3283:Savant syndrome
3255:Autism spectrum
3245:
3230:
3158:
3136:
3115:
3109:
3084:
2977:
2956:
2932:Dermatillomania
2893:
2879:Sexual anorexia
2836:
2825:
2815:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2745:
2744:
2658:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2401:(1): CD005332.
2388:
2387:
2383:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1269:(12): 883ā888.
1256:
1255:
1251:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1062:
1055:
1036:Neuropsychiatry
1033:
1032:
1028:
984:
983:
976:
969:
948:
947:
943:
913:
912:
905:
896:
892:
856:
855:
836:
806:
805:
798:
785:
781:
764:
723:
722:
709:
665:
664:
625:
595:
594:
583:
578:
565:
512:s 1987 revision
477:Enrico Morselli
473:
464:
448:
443:
431:false positives
427:false negatives
406:
338:
277:
267:
258:
250:childhood abuse
222:biopsychosocial
218:
170:
162:attempt suicide
130:mental disorder
126:dysmorphophobia
81:
78:Dysmorphophobia
72:Body dysmorphia
56:
53:
46:
37:
30:
28:
27:Mental disorder
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4100:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3898:
3897:
3884:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:Rebound effect
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3793:Hypersexuality
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3526:Panic disorder
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3493:Claustrophobia
3485:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3476:Anthropophobia
3468:
3466:Social anxiety
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3336:Pick's disease
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2822:Classification
2816:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2766:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2731:
2720:
2705:
2690:
2675:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:Classification
2643:
2642:External links
2640:
2637:
2636:
2612:
2591:(6): 548ā557.
2585:Psychosomatics
2571:
2557:
2526:
2479:
2450:(4): 624ā633.
2430:
2381:
2334:
2315:(3): 287ā300.
2296:
2277:(7): 517ā522.
2261:
2212:
2163:
2148:
2123:
2072:
2053:
2004:
1977:(4): 546ā561.
1961:
1942:(2): 293ā310.
1925:
1881:
1870:(3): 197ā227.
1854:
1813:
1806:
1780:
1761:(3): 357ā362.
1745:
1707:
1669:
1631:
1580:
1563:Haines, Anna.
1555:
1536:(4): 412ā435.
1506:
1476:
1449:
1435:
1404:(1): 106ā109.
1384:
1370:
1345:
1296:
1249:
1220:(940): 67ā71.
1197:
1168:(3): 319ā335.
1148:
1122:
1093:(7): 349ā355.
1068:
1053:
1026:
974:
967:
941:
903:
890:
834:
796:
779:
707:
623:
604:(6): 949ā970.
580:
579:
577:
574:
573:
572:
564:
561:
472:
469:
463:
460:
447:
444:
442:
439:
405:
402:
337:
334:
306:Web of Science
275:Instagram face
266:
263:
257:
254:
217:
214:
169:
166:
113:
112:
103:
97:
96:
92:
91:
83:
82:
80:
79:
76:
73:
69:
67:
63:
62:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4099:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4014:
4010:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:Schizophrenia
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3886:Schizophrenia
3882:
3878:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:Drug overdose
3835:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3785:Sexual desire
3782:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3665:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:Social phobia
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:-related and
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2546:(2): 217ā22.
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2069:. p. 39.
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1807:1-55798-324-0
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1722:(in German).
1721:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
979:
975:
970:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
908:
904:
901:
894:
891:
886:
882:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
783:
780:
775:
769:
761:
757:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
708:
703:
699:
694:
689:
685:
681:
678:(2): 221ā32.
677:
673:
669:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
590:
588:
586:
582:
575:
570:
567:
566:
562:
560:
558:
554:
553:Sigmund Freud
548:
546:
545:
540:
539:
534:
533:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
511:
506:
502:
501:
496:
492:
489:In 1980, the
488:
487:
482:
478:
470:
468:
461:
459:
457:
454:(SSRIs), and
453:
445:
440:
438:
434:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
412:
403:
401:
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
378:
374:
370:
368:
362:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
318:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
295:
291:
286:
282:
276:
272:
264:
262:
255:
253:
252:and neglect.
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:psychological
223:
215:
213:
211:
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
174:
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
111:
107:
104:
102:
98:
93:
89:
84:
77:
74:
71:
70:
68:
64:
59:
51:
43:
42:
34:
19:
3917:Folie Ć deux
3842:Intoxication
3823:substances,
3821:Psychoactive
3740:Night terror
3597:
3557:Dissociative
3521:Panic attack
3073:Tic disorder
2768:
2757:
2733:
2722:
2707:
2692:
2677:
2662:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2565:
2560:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2312:
2308:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2135:
2126:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2062:
2056:
2021:
2017:
2007:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1901:
1897:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1833:(1): 38ā44.
1830:
1826:
1816:
1789:
1783:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1726:(1): 29ā37.
1723:
1719:
1685:
1681:
1647:
1643:
1600:(3): e2263.
1597:
1593:
1583:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1558:
1533:
1529:
1492:
1479:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1438:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1378:
1373:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:
1348:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1217:
1213:
1200:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:
1125:
1090:
1086:
1042:(1): 71ā80.
1039:
1035:
1029:
994:
990:
950:
944:
922:(2): 72ā79.
919:
915:
893:
866:
862:
815:(1): 39ā49.
812:
808:
787:
782:
768:cite journal
733:
729:
675:
671:
601:
597:
549:
542:
536:
530:
520:
515:
509:
504:
498:
485:
484:
480:
474:
465:
449:
435:
420:
409:
407:
399:
395:
379:
375:
371:
363:
355:
339:
319:
303:
281:social media
278:
265:Social media
259:
246:introversion
242:heritability
238:twin studies
219:
206:
202:
187:
175:
171:
151:
125:
121:
117:
116:
40:
3890:schizotypal
3725:Hypersomnia
3715:Nonorganic
3456:Agoraphobia
3187:Cyclothymia
3182:Bipolar NOS
3157:(affective)
3029:Stereotypic
2937:Kleptomania
1688:(1): 6ā41.
1465:(1): 1ā13.
869:(1): 12ā7.
390:self-esteem
66:Other names
4077:Body shape
4061:Categories
4042:Stereotypy
3905:Delusional
3894:delusional
3867:Withdrawal
3735:Parasomnia
3640:Nosophobia
3420:Adjustment
3408:somatoform
3341:Sundowning
3194:Depression
3177:Bipolar II
3066:Stuttering
3061:Cluttering
2857:Paraphilia
2770:Patient UK
2735:DiseasesDB
2630:2022-04-27
2493:Body Image
2092:: 307ā16.
1574:2022-11-01
1364:2022-11-24
809:Body Image
576:References
495:somatoform
386:body image
269:See also:
188:BDD is an
106:Psychiatry
41:Dismorphia
18:Dysmorphia
3995:Catatonia
3927:Psychosis
3762:Postnatal
3745:Nightmare
3351:Wandering
3204:Dysthymia
3172:Bipolar I
3127:Pervasive
2942:Pyromania
2867:Voyeurism
2862:Fetishism
2759:eMedicine
2354:: 43ā51.
2141:2 January
2048:239981559
1999:145179769
1920:219748446
1849:228817747
1550:213989742
475:In 1886,
441:Treatment
404:Diagnosis
369:culture.
326:Instagram
101:Specialty
33:dysphoria
3730:Insomnia
3400:Neurotic
3367:Delirium
3293:Dementia
3132:Specific
2764:med/3124
2552:18697504
2513:27517118
2474:22035991
2425:19160252
2376:19454310
2368:27393916
2329:25150563
2291:11488361
2256:11691744
2207:20817336
2118:23467711
2040:34755975
1956:28556397
1904:(1): 4.
1775:67989365
1740:25536894
1626:29732270
1501:15309009
1430:29456333
1340:17005251
1291:43880482
1283:25390930
1244:14970291
1208:(2004).
1192:25150565
1141:13 March
1117:24347738
1021:20817336
953:. 2013.
936:11925574
885:16633443
829:18313372
792:pp 50ā51
760:24392251
702:20623926
618:11497214
563:See also
510:DSM-III'
330:Snapchat
310:PsycINFO
234:cultural
160:and may
3439:Anxiety
3278:PDD-NOS
3167:Bipolar
2820: (
2729:D057215
2607:9427852
2521:4553598
2499:: 1ā8.
2465:3320734
2416:7159283
2247:1121529
2198:2952668
2109:3589080
1664:1882990
1617:5933578
1421:5810159
1331:1633716
1235:1742928
1206:Veale D
1183:4143777
1108:3859614
1012:2952668
876:1414653
751:3869603
693:3181960
471:History
382:poverty
367:Chinese
345:by the
343:DSM-III
183:lesions
128:, is a
3683:Eating
3531:Stress
3448:Phobia
3404:stress
3263:Autism
3056:Speech
2845:Sexual
2703:F45.22
2625:OCD-UK
2605:
2550:
2519:
2511:
2472:
2462:
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