1458:, or personality. In a weaker form, it is used as an argument for the incompetence of God. The existence of "poor design" (as well as the perceived prodigious "wastefulness" of the evolutionary process) would seem to imply a "poor" designer, or a "blind" designer, or no designer at all. In Gould's words, "If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids are not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged...."
711:
1659:- "Fundamental to the position is Augustine's view that the universe God created is good; everything in the universe is good and has good purpose . How did evil arise? It came about, he maintains, through free will. some of God's free creatures turned their will from God, the supreme Good, to lesser goods. It happened first with the angels and then with humans. This is how moral evil entered the universe and this moral fall, or
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990:. The existence of a cavity between the ovary and the fallopian tube could indicate a flawed design in the female reproductive system. Prior to modern surgery, ectopic pregnancy invariably caused the deaths of both mother and baby. Even in modern times, in almost all cases the pregnancy must be aborted to save the life of the mother.
1412:
has been previously credited with very little function, research has shown that it serves an important role in the fetus and young adults. Endocrine cells appear in the appendix of the human fetus at around the 11th week of development, which produce various biogenic amines and peptide hormones,
1093:
of the foot, that are missing in part of the human population and are routinely harvested as spare parts if needed during operations. Another example is the muscles that move the ears, which some people can learn to control to a degree, but serve no purpose in any
641:: if "creation" contains many defects, then design appears an implausible theory for the origin of earthly existence. Proponents most commonly use the argument in a weaker way, however: not with the aim of disproving the existence of God, but rather as a
1073:, an infection of this organ, is a certain death without medical intervention. "During the past few years, however, several studies have suggested its immunological importance for the development and preservation of the intestinal immune system."
1079:, a phantom auditory sensation, is a maladaptation resulting from hearing loss most often caused by exposure to loud noise. Tinnitus serves no practical purpose, reduces quality of life, may cause depression, and when severe can lead to suicide.
1109:
cannot ever properly heal if it is damaged, because neurons have become so specialized that they are no longer able to regrow once they reach their mature state. The spinal cord, if broken, will never repair itself and will result in permanent
1312:
by oxygen, has a very slow turnover and is not saturated at current levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The enzyme is inhibited as it is unable to distinguish between carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen, with oxygen acting as a
1213:, the reflective surface behind vertebrate retinas, has evolved to overcome the limitations of the inverted retina, as cephalopods have never evolved this structure. However, an 'inverted' retina actually improves image quality through
959:. The book ignited a firestorm of criticism from the creationist community but was well received by the scientific community and received unanimously favorable reviews in the dozens of non-creationist media outlets that covered it.
2536:
Hirotsune, S; Yoshida, N; Chen, A; Garrett, L; Sugiyama, F; Takahashi, S; Yagami, K; Wynshaw-Boris, A; Yoshiki, A.; et al. (2003). "An expressed pseudogene regulates the messenger-RNA stability of its homologous coding gene".
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of the theory. Christian proponents of both intelligent design and creationism may claim that good design indicates the creative intelligence of their God, while poor design indicates corruption of the world as a result of
658:
Although the phrase "argument from poor design" has seen little use, this type of argument has been advanced many times using words and phrases such as "poor design", "suboptimal design", "unintelligent design" or
1001:. The prenatal skull will deform to a surprising extent. However, if the baby's head is significantly larger than the pelvic opening, the baby cannot be born naturally. Prior to the development of modern surgery (
1324:
Sturdy but heavy bones, suited for non-flight, occurring in animals like bats. Or, on the converse: unstable, light, hollow bones, suited for flight, occurring in birds like penguins and ostriches, which cannot
1429:
that are nonfunctional "junk", with others noting that some sections of DNA can be randomized, cut, or added to with no apparent effect on the organism in question. The original study that suggested that the
1964:"Nervous System Guide by the National Science Teachers Association." Nervous System Guide by the National Science Teachers Association. National Science Teachers Association, n.d. Web. 7 November 2013. <
1058:
but indirectly by the presence of carbon dioxide. A result is that, at high altitudes, oxygen deprivation can occur in unadapted individuals who do not consciously increase their breathing rate.
778:. This predicts that features that were evolved for certain uses are then reused or co-opted for different uses, or abandoned altogether; and that suboptimal state is due to the inability of the
2259:
Franze, Kristian; Grosche, Jens; Skatchkov, Serguei N.; Schinkinger, Stefan; Foja, Christian; Schild, Detlev; Uckermann, Ortrud; Travis, Kort; Reichenbach, Andreas; Guck, Jochen (2007-05-15).
2041:
Ohta Y, Nishikimi M (October 1999). "Random nucleotide substitutions in primate nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the missing enzyme in L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis".
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1434:
served some purpose has been disputed. However, the original study is still frequently cited in newer studies and articles on pseudogenes previously thought to be nonfunctional.
414:
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Many species have strong instincts to behave in response to a certain stimulus. Natural selection can leave animals behaving in detrimental ways when they encounter a
1966:
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terms, natural selection will always push "up the hill", but a species cannot normally get from a lower peak to a higher peak without first going through a valley.
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lack cone cells and might be able to judge color by bringing specific wavelengths to a focus on the retina, an inverted retina might interfere with this mechanism.
853:
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1473:, imposing that either a creator deity designed life on earth well or flaws in design indicate the life is not designed. This allows proponents of
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675:), Haeckel devoted most of a chapter to the argument, ending with the proposition (perhaps with tongue slightly in cheek) of "a theory of the
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applied the term "dysteleology" to the implications of organs so rudimentary as to be useless to the life of an organism. In his 1868 book
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compounds that assist with various biological control (homeostatic) mechanisms. In young adults, the appendix has some immune functions.
1321:, and plants overcome its poor activity by having massive amounts of it inside their cells, making it the most abundant protein on Earth.
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Traditional
Christian theological responses generally posit that God constructed a perfect universe but that humanity's misuse of its
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2590:"The putatively functional Mkrn1-p1 pseudogene is neither expressed nor imprinted, nor does it regulate its source gene in trans"
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808:. They argue that such features can be explained as a consequence of the gradual, cumulative nature of the evolutionary process.
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appear too well-designed to have originated by chance, and so an intelligent God or gods must have deliberately created them).
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52:
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Spreitzer RJ, Salvucci ME (2002). "Rubisco: structure, regulatory interactions, and possibilities for a better enzyme".
2124:"Wisdom Teeth." American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS). AAOMS, n.d. Web. 7 November 2013. <
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3715:
3672:
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1005:), such a complication would lead to the death of the mother, the baby, or both. Other birthing complications such as
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1994:"Molecular basis for the deficiency in humans of gulonolactone oxidase, a key enzyme for ascorbic acid biosynthesis"
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can later form. Prior to modern surgical techniques, complications from hernias, such as intestinal blockage and
1201:. Having the optic nerve connected to the side of the retina that does not receive the light, as is the case in
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has a purpose does not establish that all non-coding DNA has a purpose, and that the human genome does include
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questions the first premise of the argument, claiming that "intelligent design" does not need to be optimal.
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body parts, like the femur and pelvis in whales (evolution indicates the ancestors of whales lived on land).
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In response to the claim that uses have been found for "junk" DNA, proponents note that the fact that some
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by reducing distortion. The effects of the blind spots resulting from the inverted retina are cancelled by
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Therefore, God either did not create these organisms or is not omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent.
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2178:"Squid Brains, Eyes, and Color." Squid Brains, Eyes, and Color. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 November 2013. <
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2246:"The Night Begins to Shine: The Tapetum Lucidum and Our Backward Retinas | Skeptical Inquirer"
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although humans share the same tooth set. This results in a number of problems, most notably with
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The argument from poor design is sometimes interpreted, by the argumenter or the listener, as an
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generally reject the argument from design, but do still maintain belief in the existence of God.
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breathe air, but live in the water, meaning they must swim to the surface frequently to breathe.
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Natural selection is expected to push fitness to a peak, but that peak often is not the highest.
339:
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cells start in the abdomen but connect to the wing. This leads to unnecessary use of materials.
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2015:
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1268:, apparently constructed from components commonly having different functions in other flowers.
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987:
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Several defects in human anatomy can result in death, especially without modern medical care:
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275:
2884:"Why Weren't Plants Created 100% Efficient at Photosynthesis? (OR: Why Aren't Plants Black?)"
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1663:, also brought with it tragic cosmic consequences, for it ushered in natural evil as well."
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Kooij, I. A.; Sahami, S.; Meijer, S. L.; Buskens, C. J.; Te Velde, A. A. (October 2016).
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2208:"The glow of the night: The tapetum lucidum as a co‐adaptation for the inverted retina"
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as a mechanism of his creation. Arguers from poor design regard counter-arguments as a
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species. This arrangement forces a number of complex adaptations and gives mammals a
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614:
369:
314:
143:
2111:
2078:"The Argument from Design: A Guided Tour of William Paley's Natural Theology (1802)"
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absorbs green light poorly, even though black plants would absorb more light energy.
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The apparently suboptimal design of organisms has also been used by proponents of
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Nave, R. "The Retina." of the Human Eye. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 November 2013. <
2094:
2077:
2010:
1993:
1884:
1178:, which can damage neighboring teeth or cause serious infections of the mouth.
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published his book on poor design in the human body and genome in 2018 titled
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3803:
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3545:
2962:
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Gurney, Peter W.G. (1999). "Is our 'inverted' retina really 'bad design'?".
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mechanism to eliminate the particular vestiges of the evolutionary process.
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2223:
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1804:
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is such that it travels from the brain to the larynx by looping around the
1020:. Later during gestation, they migrate through the abdominal wall into the
943:. Critics cite such common biological occurrences as contradictory to the '
2019:
1297:. This same configuration holds true for many animals; in the case of the
1221:, as the blind spots in both eyes are oppositely angled. Additionally, as
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4990:
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1159:, which can produce urinary difficulties if the prostate becomes swollen.
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in organisms, as a counter-hypothesis to the old popular doctrine of the
629:
2558:
2415:
Ellis RJ (January 2010). "Biochemistry: Tackling unintelligent design".
1626:
The
Corruption and Redemption of Creation: Nature in Romans 8, Volume 34
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1820:"Maladaptive plasticity in tinnitus-triggers, mechanisms and treatment"
1515:
1375:
1305:
1298:
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The existence of unnecessary wings in flightless birds, e.g. ostriches.
1170:
drainage, as human faces are significantly flatter than those of other
1152:
1130:
1048:
1036:
1021:
1017:
792:
The argument from poor design is one of the arguments that was used by
652:
38:
1778:
1763:"The immunology of the vermiform appendix: a review of the literature"
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1013:
994:
983:
975:
967:
2436:
1869:"Tinnitus and risk of attempted suicide: A one year follow-up study"
1577:
Wise, Donald (2005-07-22). ""Intelligent" Design versus
Evolution".
1967:"Nervous System Guide by the National Science Teachers Association"
1308:
has been described as a "notoriously inefficient" enzyme, as it is
1121:, but humans cannot because the gene for this enzyme is defective (
932:
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4701:
4592:
4567:
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3419:
2972:
1371:
1280:
1272:
1258:
1163:
1054:
The breathing reflex is stimulated not directly by the absence of
979:
931:
709:
2855:
Unintelligent Design: Why God Isn't as Smart as She Thinks She Is
2261:"Muller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina"
759:
Therefore, life must have been created by an intelligent creator.
756:
Living things are too well-designed to have originated by chance.
5079:
4862:
4732:
3000:
1358:
5144:
4431:
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and eventually death. The gene is also non-functional in other
1097:
The common malformation of the human spinal column, leading to
5219:
4706:
4606:
3082:
1503:
1232:'s non-nutritious ingredients, and even wholly non-nutritious
829:
617:
2888:
Woodmorappe, J. (2003). "Pseudogene function: more evidence"
2471:
Intelligent design: the bridge between science & theology
734:
creator God would create organisms that have optimal design.
691:"), to describe aspects of nature seen as flawed in design.
632:
with the perceived suboptimal designs that occur in nature.
4389:
1653:
The
Cambridge Companion to Christian Philosophical Theology
2740:
Inside the Human Genome: A Case for Non-Intelligent Design
1193:
of the retina instead of behind it as is the case in many
1024:. This causes two weak points in the abdominal wall where
2206:
Vee, Samantha; Barclay, Gerald; Lents, Nathan H. (2022).
1189:
is 'inside out'. The nerves and blood vessels lie on the
1481:
which aspects of life constitute design, leading to the
766:"Poor design" is consistent with the predictions of the
2320:"Weird pupils let octopuses see their colorful gardens"
2778:
2588:
Gray, TA; Wilson, A; Fortin, PJ; Nicholls, RD (2006).
1446:, or against characteristics commonly attributed to a
1047:, with the consequent drastic increase in the risk of
702:
has resulted in the corruption of divine good design.
687:
popularised the term "incompetent design" (a play on "
1692:"Creation: Review of Human Errors by Nathan H Lents"
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5286:
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5155:
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1301:, this results in about twenty feet of extra nerve.
1117:Almost all animals and plants synthesize their own
860:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1105:and congenital misalignment of the vertebrae. The
1009:are worsened by this position of the birth canal.
2692:(New York: Simon & Schuster), 2006. p 191.
1465:to argue in favour of a creator deity who uses
1279:in a manner similar to how other creatures use
609:, is an argument against the assumption of the
1640:God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict
1506:"I will increase your trouble in pregnancy").
27:Argument against assuming the existence of God
4405:
2933:
2496:"What is the function of the human appendix?"
1706:"Evolution News: articles about Human Errors"
1317:. However, RuBisCO remains the key enzyme in
582:
8:
2709:Mitchell, Dr. Elizabeth (15 November 2006).
1089:Barely used nerves and muscles, such as the
737:Organisms have features that are suboptimal.
2357:. Appleton, New York: D. Appleton. p.
1950:. Appleton, New York: D. Appleton. p.
1740:"Evidence for Jury-Rigged Design in Nature"
1562:. Appleton, New York: D. Appleton. p.
1185:(as well as those of all vertebrates). The
5152:
5141:
4868:
4613:
4450:
4441:
4428:
4412:
4398:
4390:
3761:
3172:
3030:
2940:
2926:
2918:
1137:, but is functional in most other animals.
589:
575:
466:
271:
29:
4339:Relationship between religion and science
2903:A short interview with prof. Don Wise at
2623:
2613:
2294:
2276:
2093:
2009:
1843:
1794:
1548:
1546:
920:Learn how and when to remove this message
2386:10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135233
1720:"Human Errors: The Human Evolution Blog"
2890:Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal/TJ
2794:Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal/TJ
1733:
1731:
1729:
1542:
497:
469:
274:
86:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment
37:
5429:Arguments against the existence of God
3265:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
1651:ed. Charles Taliaferro, Chad Meister,
1209:and colleagues have proposed that the
635:The argument is structured as a basic
2506:from the original on October 9, 2012.
2494:Martin, Loren G. (October 21, 1999).
1992:Nishikimi M, Yagi K (December 1991).
1444:argument against the existence of God
7:
1767:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
1738:Colby, Chris; Loren Petrich (1993).
858:adding citations to reliable sources
2473:. InterVarsity Press. p. 261.
1364:Plants are green and not black, as
685:University of Massachusetts Amherst
663:. The nineteenth-century biologist
557:
2818:"Neither intelligent nor designed"
2076:Gregory, T. Ryan (December 2009).
1264:Intricate reproductive devices in
796:; modern proponents have included
628:deity or deities would not create
620:, based on the reasoning that any
25:
4977:Attributes of God in Christianity
2082:Evolution: Education and Outreach
1384:cannot take off or land properly.
5404:
4374:
4373:
4363:
2676:from the original on 2006-09-28.
2525:from the original on 2006-09-11.
1930:from the original on 2011-08-17.
1750:from the original on 2011-08-11.
1125:). Lack of vitamin C results in
834:
683:". In 2005, Donald Wise of the
556:
544:
533:
532:
5439:Criticism of intelligent design
5035:Great Architect of the Universe
2816:Martin, B.; Martin, F. (2003).
2330:from the original on 2016-07-06
2181:"Squid Brains, Eyes, and Color"
2160:from the original on 2015-05-04
2127:"Wisdom Teeth | AAOMS.org"
845:needs additional citations for
669:Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte
124:Discrimination against atheists
2711:"The Evolution of Childbirth?"
2318:Sanders, Robert (2016-07-05).
1873:Journal of Affective Disorders
1205:, would avoid these problems.
1144:and genetic disorders such as
661:"dysteleology/dysteleological"
139:Separation of church and state
1:
4814:Trinity of the Church Fathers
2154:"The Retina of the Human Eye"
2055:10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00123-3
1595:10.1126/science.309.5734.556c
1417:Responses to counterarguments
1069:thought to serve no purpose.
1016:develop initially within the
408:Atheism: The Case Against God
63:Negative and positive atheism
53:Implicit and explicit atheism
4304:Desacralization of knowledge
2912:Unintelligent Design Network
2742:, Oxford University Press.
2666:"The Panda's Peculiar Thumb"
1914:Selim, Jocelyn (June 2004).
1438:As an argument regarding God
1315:competitive enzyme inhibitor
1240:to prefer them to nutrients.
1155:passes directly through the
1032:, usually resulted in death.
5065:Phenomenological definition
3716:Best of all possible worlds
3673:Eschatological verification
3230:Fine-tuning of the universe
869:"Argument from poor design"
5460:
1350:, but most animals do not.
1039:, a passage used for both
744:It is sometimes used as a
255:Theological noncognitivism
5402:
5151:
5140:
4440:
4427:
4359:
3033:
2095:10.1007/s12052-009-0184-6
1885:10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.009
1824:Nature Reviews. Neurology
1340:and species of the genus
1291:recurrent laryngeal nerve
1238:physiological adaptations
993:In the human female, the
752:, which runs as follows:
603:argument from poor design
5434:Criticism of creationism
4819:Trinitarian universalism
3945:Friedrich Schleiermacher
3531:Theories about religions
3333:Inconsistent revelations
2882:Woodmorappe, J. (1999).
2873:"The Gods Must Be Tidy!"
2004:(6 Suppl): 1203S–1208S.
1836:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.12
1228:Humans are attracted to
718:The argument runs that:
607:dysteleological argument
18:Dysteleological argument
5021:Godhead in Christianity
2738:Avise, John C. (2010),
2615:10.1073/pnas.0602216103
2354:The History of Creation
2278:10.1073/pnas.0611180104
2011:10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1203s
1947:The History of Creation
1559:The History of Creation
966:In the human female, a
673:The History of Creation
210:Inconsistent revelation
204:Incompatible properties
119:Demographics of atheism
5444:Evolution and religion
3809:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
2949:Philosophy of religion
2594:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2224:10.1002/bies.202200003
2043:Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1348:biological immortality
948:
810:Theistic evolutionists
715:
677:unsuitability of parts
4847:Fate of the unlearned
4799:Shield of the Trinity
4344:Faith and rationality
4299:Criticism of religion
4237:Robert Merrihew Adams
4227:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3430:Divine command theory
2857:. Allen & Unwin.
2804:Leonard, P. (1993). "
1818:Shore, Susan (2016).
1678:The Origin of Species
1277:radial sesamoid bones
1236:, and can experience
1035:The existence of the
970:can implant into the
939:representation of an
935:
713:
651:(which suggests that
182:Fate of the unlearned
160:Arguments for atheism
114:Criticism of religion
4334:Religious philosophy
3814:Pico della Mirandola
3779:Anselm of Canterbury
3711:Augustinian theodicy
3623:Religious skepticism
2956:Concepts in religion
2836:Unintelligent Design
2759:The Blind Watchmaker
2517:Isaak, Mark (2004).
1916:"Useless Body Parts"
1361:flying into a flame.
1355:supernormal stimulus
1146:Huntington's disease
854:improve this article
762:This creator is God.
750:argument from design
746:reductio ad absurdum
681:suitability of parts
649:argument from design
644:reductio ad absurdum
605:, also known as the
508:Criticism of atheism
499:Atheism and religion
450:The System of Nature
335:Christopher Hitchens
5381:Slavic Native Faith
4804:Trinitarian formula
4741:Father of Greatness
4624:Abrahamic religions
4319:History of religion
4020:Friedrich Nietzsche
3897:Gottfried W Leibniz
3892:Nicolas Malebranche
3824:King James VI and I
3104:Abrahamic religions
2879:, July/August 2004.
2853:(1 February 2007).
2690:The Language of God
2687:Collins, Francis S.
2606:2006PNAS..10312039G
2600:(32): 12039–12044.
2559:10.1038/nature01535
2551:2003Natur.423...91H
2500:Scientific American
2429:2010Natur.463..164E
2374:Annu Rev Plant Biol
2248:. 29 December 2022.
1337:Turritopsis dohrnii
1142:congenital diseases
1012:In the human male,
997:passes through the
951:American scientist
365:Friedrich Nietzsche
225:Omnipotence paradox
33:Part of a series on
5343:Abrahamic prophecy
5273:Ayyavazhi theology
5045:Apophatic theology
4434:Conceptions of God
4329:Religious language
4309:Ethics in religion
4267:William Lane Craig
4142:Charles Hartshorne
3882:Desiderius Erasmus
3784:Augustine of Hippo
3726:Inconsistent triad
3688:Apophatic theology
3683:Logical positivism
3665:Religious language
3285:Watchmaker analogy
3250:Necessary existent
3026:Conceptions of God
2986:Intelligent design
2822:Skeptical Inquirer
2773:Gould, Stephen Jay
2715:Answers in Genesis
2652:scholar.google.com
1867:Cheng, YF (2023).
1722:. 16 October 2017.
1681:, 6th ed., Ch. 14.
1531:Human vestigiality
1475:intelligent design
1463:theistic evolution
1399:Intelligent design
1275:of their enlarged
1234:psychoactive drugs
1140:The prevalence of
949:
945:watchmaker analogy
748:of the well-known
716:
689:intelligent design
647:of the well-known
415:Breaking the Spell
350:Michael Lou Martin
176:Evil God challenge
81:History of atheism
5416:
5415:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5027:Latter Day Saints
4996:Divine simplicity
4917:
4916:
4774:Consubstantiality
4750:
4749:
4601:
4600:
4545:Theistic finitism
4387:
4386:
4287:
4286:
4247:Peter van Inwagen
4232:Richard Swinburne
4177:George I Mavrodes
4037:Vladimir Solovyov
3977:Søren Kierkegaard
3902:William Wollaston
3849:William of Ockham
3829:Marcion of Sinope
3731:Irenaean theodicy
3721:Euthyphro dilemma
3648:Transcendentalism
3477:Womanist theology
3467:Feminist theology
3371:
3370:
3162:
3161:
3048:Divine simplicity
2968:Euthyphro dilemma
2864:978-1-74114-923-4
2698:978-1-4165-4274-2
2672:. November 1978.
2271:(20): 8287–8292.
1998:Am. J. Clin. Nutr
1779:10.1111/cei.12821
1637:Gregory A. Boyd,
1494:(for example, in
1467:natural selection
1394:Specific examples
1289:The route of the
1181:The structure of
1003:caesarean section
988:ectopic pregnancy
941:ectopic pregnancy
930:
929:
922:
904:
798:Stephen Jay Gould
787:fitness landscape
776:natural selection
768:scientific theory
700:rebel against God
599:
598:
564:
552:
550:Philosophy portal
540:
528:
515:
514:
392:
391:
385:Victor J. Stenger
276:Lists of atheists
16:(Redirected from
5451:
5408:
5153:
5142:
5029:
4869:
4764:Athanasian Creed
4614:
4451:
4442:
4429:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4391:
4377:
4376:
4367:
4272:Ali Akbar Rashad
4135:Reinhold Niebuhr
4095:Bertrand Russell
4090:George Santayana
3987:Albrecht Ritschl
3972:Ludwig Feuerbach
3762:
3758:(by date active)
3618:Process theology
3363:Russell's teapot
3173:
3168:Existence of God
3078:Process theology
3031:
3016:Theological veto
2979:religious belief
2942:
2935:
2928:
2919:
2871:Witt, Jonathan.
2868:
2846:– December 2003)
2829:
2801:
2754:Dawkins, Richard
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2706:
2700:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2648:"Google Scholar"
2644:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2521:. Talk.Origins.
2514:
2508:
2507:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2467:Dembski, William
2463:
2457:
2456:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2369:
2363:
2362:
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2256:
2250:
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2236:
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2197:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2183:. Archived from
2176:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2129:. Archived from
2122:
2116:
2115:
2097:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2013:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1969:. Archived from
1962:
1956:
1955:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1815:
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1643:
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1629:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1550:
1490:that caused the
1483:unfalsifiability
1389:Counterarguments
1219:binocular vision
1123:Pseudogene ΨGULO
1091:plantaris muscle
982:rather than the
925:
918:
914:
911:
905:
903:
862:
838:
830:
591:
584:
577:
560:
559:
555:
548:
543:
536:
535:
531:
524:
490:Secular humanism
467:
443:God Is Not Great
436:The God Delusion
429:The End of Faith
375:Bertrand Russell
320:Ludwig Feuerbach
272:
250:Russell's teapot
205:
198:Hitchens's razor
183:
109:Atheist feminism
30:
21:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5410:Religion portal
5390:
5367:
5329:
5310:Holy Scriptures
5282:
5259:
5147:
5128:
5089:
5025:
5001:Divine presence
4965:
4913:
4867:
4823:
4769:Comma Johanneum
4746:
4711:
4675:
4609:
4597:
4554:
4436:
4423:
4418:
4388:
4383:
4355:
4283:
4279:Alexander Pruss
4262:Jean-Luc Marion
4217:Alvin Plantinga
4212:Dewi Z Phillips
4199:
4197:
4191:
4162:Walter Kaufmann
4152:Frithjof Schuon
4125:Rudolf Bultmann
4082:
4076:
4072:Joseph Maréchal
4062:Pavel Florensky
4057:Sergei Bulgakov
4042:Ernst Troeltsch
4025:Harald Høffding
4002:
3996:
3967:William Whewell
3955:Georg W F Hegel
3950:Karl C F Krause
3937:
3931:
3927:Johann G Herder
3917:Baron d'Holbach
3867:Augustin Calmet
3853:
3769:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3745:
3703:Problem of evil
3697:
3693:Verificationism
3659:
3367:
3313:Atheist's Wager
3296:
3158:
3092:
3020:
2996:Problem of evil
2951:
2946:
2905:Really Magazine
2899:
2865:
2851:Williams, Robyn
2849:
2815:
2791:
2735:
2733:Further reading
2730:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2685:
2681:
2670:NATURAL HISTORY
2664:
2663:
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2645:
2641:
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2530:
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2511:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2437:10.1038/463164a
2423:(7278): 164–5.
2414:
2413:
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2049:(1–2): 408–11.
2040:
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1991:
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1965:
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1673:Darwin, Charles
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1440:
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1403:William Dembski
1396:
1391:
1319:carbon fixation
1247:
1223:cephalopod eyes
1211:tapetum lucidum
1086:
1067:vestigial organ
953:Nathan H. Lents
926:
915:
909:
906:
863:
861:
851:
839:
828:
823:
818:
806:Nathan H. Lents
802:Richard Dawkins
708:
595:
517:
516:
464:
463:Related stances
456:
455:
422:De rerum natura
402:
394:
393:
345:Lawrence Krauss
340:Baron d'Holbach
305:Richard Dawkins
290:Mikhail Bakunin
269:
261:
260:
259:
245:Problem of Hell
240:Problem of evil
230:Parody religion
203:
193:God of the gaps
181:
166:Atheist's wager
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104:
96:
95:
76:
68:
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28:
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5:
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5320:Predestination
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5175:Biblical canon
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5030:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4973:
4971:
4970:Other concepts
4967:
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4842:Apocalypticism
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4791:
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4771:
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4756:Trinitarianism
4752:
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4671:Zoroastrianism
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4503:Urmonotheismus
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4341:
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4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
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4295:
4293:
4292:Related topics
4289:
4288:
4285:
4284:
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4281:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4252:Daniel Dennett
4249:
4244:
4242:Ravi Zacharias
4239:
4234:
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4219:
4214:
4209:
4207:William L Rowe
4203:
4201:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4182:William Alston
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4130:Gabriel Marcel
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4067:Ernst Cassirer
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3962:Thomas Carlyle
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Baruch Spinoza
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:René Descartes
3869:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3844:Thomas Aquinas
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3759:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3613:Possibilianism
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3489:Fundamentalism
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3450:Existentialism
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Noncognitivism
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3292:Transcendental
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3260:Pascal's wager
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3188:Christological
3185:
3179:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2914:satirical site
2909:
2898:
2897:External links
2895:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2869:
2863:
2847:
2830:
2813:
2806:Too much light
2802:
2789:
2770:
2751:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2701:
2679:
2657:
2639:
2580:
2545:(6935): 91–6.
2528:
2509:
2486:
2479:
2458:
2407:
2364:
2349:Haeckel, Ernst
2340:
2310:
2251:
2237:
2198:
2171:
2144:
2117:
2088:(4): 602–611.
2068:
2033:
1984:
1957:
1942:Haeckel, Ernst
1933:
1906:
1859:
1830:(3): 150–160.
1810:
1753:
1725:
1711:
1697:
1683:
1665:
1644:
1630:
1616:
1569:
1554:Haeckel, Ernst
1541:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1439:
1436:
1423:non-coding DNA
1418:
1415:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1369:
1362:
1351:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1302:
1287:
1284:
1269:
1262:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1226:
1179:
1160:
1149:
1138:
1115:
1095:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1059:
1052:
1033:
1010:
991:
972:fallopian tube
968:fertilized egg
928:
927:
842:
840:
833:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
794:Charles Darwin
764:
763:
760:
757:
742:
741:
738:
735:
732:omnibenevolent
707:
704:
626:omnibenevolent
597:
596:
594:
593:
586:
579:
571:
568:
567:
566:
565:
553:
541:
529:
519:
518:
513:
512:
511:
510:
502:
501:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
482:
474:
473:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
411:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:A. C. Grayling
322:
317:
312:
310:Daniel Dennett
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
285:Julian Baggini
279:
278:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
258:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
200:
195:
190:
185:
178:
173:
171:Creator of God
168:
162:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
131:
129:Secular ethics
126:
121:
116:
111:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
88:
83:
77:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
65:
60:
55:
49:
46:
45:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5456:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5353:Denominations
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5325:Last Judgment
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5139:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5085:Unmoved mover
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4986:Binitarianism
4984:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4707:Supreme Being
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:Gender of God
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:Kathenotheism
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4380:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4222:Anthony Kenny
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Mircea Eliade
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:William James
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:Ernst Haeckel
4008:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3922:Immanuel Kant
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:Blaise Pascal
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Language game
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Occam's razor
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Consciousness
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3088:Unmoved mover
3086:
3084:
3083:Supreme Being
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:1-59102-084-0
2841:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2810:New Scientist
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2787:0-393-30023-4
2784:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:0-393-30448-5
2765:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:0-19-539343-0
2745:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2607:
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2524:
2520:
2519:"Claim CB130"
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2480:0-8308-2314-X
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2324:Berkeley News
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2209:
2202:
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2187:on 2013-11-11
2186:
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2172:
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2155:
2148:
2145:
2133:on 2013-11-10
2132:
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2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1973:on 2013-10-01
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1662:
1658:
1657:pages 160-161
1654:
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1623:Harry Hahne,
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1526:Maladaptation
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1493:
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1472:
1471:false dilemma
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:creator deity
1445:
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874:
871: –
870:
866:
865:Find sources:
859:
855:
849:
848:
843:This article
841:
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665:Ernst Haeckel
662:
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653:living things
650:
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220:Occam's razor
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144:State atheism
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64:
61:
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51:
50:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5220:Hamartiology
5205:Ecclesiology
5195:Pneumatology
5104:Christianity
5095:Names of God
5070:Philo's view
5060:Personal god
5040:Great Spirit
4979: /
4936:Christianity
4794:Perichoresis
4697:Emanationism
4639:Christianity
4629:Baháʼí Faith
4607:Singular god
4580:
4540:Spiritualism
4348:
4167:Martin Lings
4120:Emil Brunner
4110:Paul Tillich
4100:Martin Buber
4015:W K Clifford
3992:Afrikan Spir
3907:Thomas Chubb
3859:Early modern
3839:Adi Shankara
3752:Philosophers
3736:Natural evil
3652:
3628:Spiritualism
3603:Perennialism
3556:Metaphysical
3400:Antireligion
3357:
3275:Teleological
3198:Cosmological
3149:Baháʼí Faith
3114:Christianity
3073:Personal god
2904:
2892:17(2):15?18.
2889:
2876:
2854:
2835:
2833:Perakh, Mark
2825:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2793:
2776:
2757:
2739:
2718:. Retrieved
2714:
2704:
2689:
2682:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2512:
2489:
2470:
2461:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2353:
2343:
2332:. Retrieved
2323:
2313:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2240:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2185:the original
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2131:the original
2120:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1960:
1946:
1936:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1744:Talk.Origins
1714:
1700:
1686:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1619:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1558:
1521:Vestigiality
1460:
1441:
1431:
1420:
1407:
1397:
1341:
1335:
1215:müller cells
1195:invertebrate
1190:
1176:wisdom teeth
1071:Appendicitis
1007:breech birth
961:
957:Human Errors
956:
950:
916:
907:
897:
890:
883:
876:
864:
852:Please help
847:verification
844:
791:
784:
774:by means of
765:
743:
717:
693:
680:
676:
672:
668:
657:
642:
638:modus ponens
636:
634:
611:existence of
606:
602:
600:
448:
441:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
380:Peter Singer
360:Jean Meslier
300:Albert Camus
234:
5278:Krishnology
5255:Soteriology
5210:Eschatology
5190:Christology
5055:Open theism
5011:Exotheology
4909:Zoroastrian
4872:By religion
4829:Eschatology
4784:Homoiousian
4737:Ahura Mazda
4515:Panentheism
4478:Hermeticism
4187:Antony Flew
4172:Peter Geach
4105:René Guénon
4052:Lev Shestov
4047:Rudolf Otto
3754:of religion
3593:Panentheism
3526:Inclusivism
3445:Exclusivism
3440:Esotericism
3410:Creationism
3390:Agnosticism
3358:Poor design
3353:Omnipotence
3280:Natural law
3255:Ontological
3208:Contingency
3058:Holy Spirit
2800:(1): 37–44.
2720:11 December
1879:: 141–145.
1589:: 556–557.
1492:fall of man
1479:cherry pick
1456:omniscience
1452:omnipotence
1432:Makorin1-p1
1427:pseudogenes
1382:Albatrosses
1366:chlorophyll
1304:The enzyme
1295:aortic arch
1271:The use by
1203:cephalopods
1135:guinea pigs
1107:spinal cord
1084:Other flaws
1045:respiration
995:birth canal
986:causing an
826:Fatal flaws
562:WikiProject
485:Freethought
480:Agnosticism
295:Mario Bunge
235:Poor design
91:New Atheism
5423:Categories
5363:Philosophy
5250:Sophiology
5230:Philosophy
5225:Messianism
5185:Paterology
4789:Hypostasis
4779:Homoousian
4610:theologies
4550:Theopanism
4535:Polytheism
4498:Monotheism
4473:Henotheism
4157:J L Mackie
4115:Karl Barth
3912:David Hume
3834:Maimonides
3819:Heraclitus
3608:Polytheism
3578:Nondualism
3566:Humanistic
3551:Naturalism
3541:Monotheism
3499:Henotheism
3494:Gnosticism
3425:Demonology
3308:747 gambit
3225:Experience
3063:Misotheism
2877:Touchstone
2380:: 449–75.
2334:2021-01-12
2191:2013-11-07
2164:2015-06-03
2137:2013-11-07
1977:2013-11-07
1773:(1): 1–9.
1537:References
1450:, such as
1408:While the
1401:proponent
1245:Other life
1199:blind spot
1183:human eyes
1061:The human
880:newspapers
780:hereditary
728:omniscient
724:omnipotent
622:omnipotent
471:Irreligion
330:Sam Harris
134:Secularism
58:Naturalism
5240:Practical
5235:Political
5200:Cosmology
5157:Christian
5016:Holocaust
5006:Egotheism
4961:Goddesses
4956:Mormonism
4884:Christian
4837:Afterlife
4723:Sustainer
4530:Polydeism
4525:Pantheism
4510:Mysticism
4493:Monolatry
4488:Nontheism
4468:Dystheism
4257:Loyal Rue
3982:Karl Marx
3804:Gaudapada
3633:Shamanism
3598:Pantheism
3583:Nontheism
3561:Religious
3546:Mysticism
3519:Christian
3509:Religious
3460:Atheistic
3455:Christian
3338:Nonbelief
3323:Free will
3139:Mormonism
2963:Afterlife
2453:205052478
2287:0027-8424
2232:251864970
2212:BioEssays
2104:1936-6434
1901:253472609
1787:1365-2249
1488:free will
1357:- like a
1330:vestigial
1310:inhibited
1230:junk food
1166:and poor
1151:The male
1119:vitamin C
1112:paralysis
1099:scoliosis
1041:ingestion
821:In humans
772:evolution
696:free will
630:organisms
355:Karl Marx
215:Nonbelief
188:Free will
156:Arguments
5358:Kabbalah
5305:Prophets
5180:Glossary
5146:By faith
5109:Hinduism
4991:Demiurge
4981:in Islam
4941:Hinduism
4931:Buddhism
4923:Feminist
4879:Buddhist
4687:Absolute
4680:Concepts
4656:Hinduism
4651:Buddhism
4617:By faith
4581:and gods
4573:Divinity
4559:Concepts
4520:Pandeism
4421:Theology
4379:Category
4324:Religion
4314:Exegesis
3799:Boethius
3794:Averroes
3789:Avicenna
3771:medieval
3741:Theodicy
3588:Pandeism
3504:Humanism
3472:Thealogy
3415:Dharmism
3385:Acosmism
3377:Theology
3245:Morality
3240:Miracles
3119:Hinduism
3109:Buddhism
3068:Pandeism
3043:Demiurge
3011:Theodicy
2775:(1980).
2756:(1986).
2674:Archived
2634:16882727
2567:12721631
2523:Archived
2504:Archived
2469:(1999).
2445:20075906
2394:12221984
2351:(1892).
2328:Archived
2305:17485670
2158:Archived
2112:35806252
2063:10572964
2028:27631027
1944:(1892).
1928:Archived
1920:Discover
1893:36372122
1854:26868680
1805:27271818
1748:Archived
1603:16040688
1585:(5734).
1556:(1892).
1510:See also
1502:says to
1410:appendix
1376:dolphins
1328:Various
1172:primates
1162:Crowded
1157:prostate
1131:primates
1103:sciatica
1077:Tinnitus
1063:appendix
1030:gangrene
937:Artist's
910:May 2017
816:Examples
706:Overview
538:Category
47:Concepts
5348:Aggadah
5296:Oneness
5288:Islamic
5170:Outline
5165:History
5124:Judaism
5119:Jainism
5075:Process
5050:Olelbis
4951:Judaism
4894:Islamic
4809:Trinity
4692:Brahman
4666:Sikhism
4661:Jainism
4634:Judaism
4586:Goddess
4350:more...
4083:postwar
3766:Ancient
3654:more...
3573:New Age
3514:Secular
3484:Fideism
3435:Dualism
3405:Atheism
3395:Animism
3301:Against
3144:Sikhism
3134:Judaism
3129:Jainism
3038:Brahman
2991:Miracle
2625:1567693
2602:Bibcode
2575:4360619
2547:Bibcode
2425:Bibcode
2402:9387705
2296:1895942
2020:1962571
1845:4895692
1796:5011360
1611:5241402
1579:Science
1516:Atavism
1496:Genesis
1306:RuBisCO
1299:giraffe
1266:orchids
1252:African
1250:In the
1191:surface
1153:urethra
1133:and in
1049:choking
1037:pharynx
1026:hernias
1022:scrotum
1018:abdomen
894:scholar
615:creator
526:Outline
103:Society
75:History
39:Atheism
5386:Wiccan
5335:Jewish
5315:Angels
5245:Public
5215:Ethics
4904:Taoist
4899:Jewish
4859:Heaven
4716:God as
4446:Theism
4369:Portal
3643:Theism
3536:Monism
3270:Reason
3220:Desire
3215:Degree
3183:Beauty
3097:God in
3053:Egoism
3006:Spirit
2907:(2006)
2861:
2842:
2812:, 139.
2785:
2766:
2746:
2696:
2632:
2622:
2573:
2565:
2539:Nature
2477:
2451:
2443:
2417:Nature
2400:
2392:
2303:
2293:
2285:
2230:
2218:(10).
2110:
2102:
2061:
2026:
2018:
1899:
1891:
1852:
1842:
1803:
1793:
1785:
1609:
1601:
1500:Yahweh
1372:Whales
1281:thumbs
1273:pandas
1255:locust
1187:retina
1127:scurvy
1056:oxygen
1014:testes
999:pelvis
984:uterus
976:cervix
896:
889:
882:
875:
867:
804:, and
268:People
5373:Pagan
5265:Hindu
5114:Islam
4946:Islam
4889:Hindu
4852:Fitra
4702:Logos
4644:Islam
4593:Numen
4568:Deity
4463:Deism
4454:Forms
3638:Taoic
3420:Deism
3203:Kalam
3154:Wicca
3124:Islam
2973:Faith
2571:S2CID
2449:S2CID
2398:S2CID
2228:S2CID
2196:>.
2169:>.
2142:>.
2108:S2CID
2024:S2CID
1926:(6).
1897:S2CID
1607:S2CID
1498:3:16
1346:have
1343:Hydra
1259:nerve
1207:Lents
1168:sinus
1164:teeth
1094:case.
1065:is a
980:ovary
901:JSTOR
887:books
624:and
401:Books
5080:Tian
4863:Hell
4733:Good
4728:Time
4200:2010
4198:1990
4196:1970
4081:1920
4003:1900
4001:1880
3938:1850
3936:1800
3328:Hell
3318:Evil
3235:Love
3001:Soul
2859:ISBN
2840:ISBN
2828:: 6.
2783:ISBN
2764:ISBN
2744:ISBN
2722:2020
2694:ISBN
2630:PMID
2563:PMID
2475:ISBN
2441:PMID
2390:PMID
2301:PMID
2283:ISSN
2100:ISSN
2059:PMID
2047:1472
2016:PMID
1982:>
1889:PMID
1850:PMID
1801:PMID
1783:ISSN
1599:PMID
1587:AAAS
1374:and
1359:moth
1325:fly.
1043:and
873:news
601:The
5300:God
5298:of
3768:and
3176:For
2977:or
2808:,"
2620:PMC
2610:doi
2598:103
2555:doi
2543:423
2433:doi
2421:463
2382:doi
2359:326
2291:PMC
2273:doi
2269:104
2220:doi
2090:doi
2051:doi
2006:doi
1952:328
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