547:, organized a team of around 140 people. His plan was to create a web site and Twitter account dedicated to the challenge that would allow his team members to communicate their findings. Anyone participating in the challenge would be allowed to submit information, provided that they included details confirming about their submission. Brindel planned to have the team scour the Internet for mentions of balloons across news sites, blogs, and social media sites.
1319:. Tag Challenge sought to have teams locate and obtain pictures of five individuals in five different cities across North America and Europe within twelve hours on March 31, 2012. Despite the fact that the potential winnings were considerably lower than for the DARPA Network Challenge, organizers sought to test the ability of the methods discovered in that challenge to "find a person of interest" rather than a statically located object.
383:. Dave uses Carol's link to join ... then spots one of the DARPA balloons! Dave is the first person to report the balloon's location to us, and the MIT Red Balloon Challenge Team is the first to find all 10. Once that happens, we send Dave $ 2000 for finding the balloon. Carol gets $ 1000 for inviting Dave, Bob gets $ 500 for inviting Carol, and Alice gets $ 250 for inviting Bob. The remaining $ 250 is donated to charity.
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incentive to involve others, as these new people would not become competitors for the reward but rather cooperating partners. Second, people not located in the United States were motivated to participate by passing along information even though they had no way of locating a balloon in person. This helped the team garner a large number (over 5,000) of participants. The team only began with four initial participants.
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locations visible from nearby roads, each staffed by a DARPA agent who would issue a certificate validating each balloon location. The balloons were deployed at 10:00 AM Eastern Time on
December 5, 2009, and scheduled to be taken down at 5:00 PM. DARPA was prepared to deploy them for a second day and wait for up to a week for a team to find all of the balloons.
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challenge spread was actually more compressed than a month. However, in the week preceding the launch day the official competition site increased in traffic from an average of 1,000 hits per day to 20,000 hits per day. Similarly, the efforts of many competing teams went viral in the last few days before the start date.
561:, only prepared for the competition for an hour before posting a tweet an hour before the start of the competition. Hotz was able to locate 8 balloons successfully. Four were found within his Twitter network of almost 50,000 followers, and four were acquired through trades of information with other teams.
63:
balloons. Teams often had to deal with false submissions, and so they needed to come up with ways to validate and confirm reported sightings. The contest was concluded in under nine hours, much less than expected by DARPA, and had many implications with regards to the power of online social networking and
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To confirm the validity of possible sightings, recruited team members were used when possible. If none were available, new observers were recruited from organizations located near the sighting. The distributed location of the different organizations in the team allowed this to be a feasible strategy.
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in 2011. This competition aimed to explore methods to reconstruct documents shredded by a variety of paper shredding techniques. As with the DARPA Network
Challenge, some teams used crowdsourcing to solicit human help in reconstructing the documents. The winning team used a computer-vision algorithm
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DARPA noted that though social networks can be a powerful source of intelligence, using them may be politically sensitive due to the privacy concerns involved with data mining user content. Similarly, the winning MIT team surmised that their recursive approach would only be effective if the effort's
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techniques to solve geographically-distributed, time-sensitive problems. The DARPA program managers were surprised by how quickly the challenge was completed. However, it can be difficult to filter useful data from public sites, and the independent verification of publicly listed information remains
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The tenth-place iSchools team, which represented five universities, tried two distinct approaches. The first was directly recruiting team members to look for the balloons on launch day. These members included students, faculty, and alumni on official mailing lists and social media website groups for
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A detailed analysis of the winning strategy highlighted the important role that social media played. Analysis of
Twitter data showed that while some teams relied on large initial bursts of activity over Twitter, mentions of those teams quickly faded. It was argued that due to the recursive incentive
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second strategy was to check whether the IP address of the submitter matched the supposed location of the balloon. A third strategy was to examine photos accompanying the submission. Real photos included a DARPA employee and a DARPA banner, details which were not announced, while faked ones did not.
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In the competition, teams had to locate ten red balloons placed around the United States and then report their findings to DARPA. Due to the distributed nature of the contest, many teams used online resources, such as social media sites, to gather information or to recruit people that would look for
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to launch a viral video before the competition. They managed to attract 2,000 active balloon seekers. They also utilized 3,000 Nerdfighters who scanned for
Internet traffic related to the competition and specialized in launching a misinformation campaign, hoping to confuse or misdirect other teams.
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Part of the purpose of the challenge was to force participants to discern actual pertinent information from potential noise. Many teams came across false reports of sightings, both accidental and purposeful. One valid strategy was spamming social networks with false reports to throw competitors off
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The team also encountered a case of another team accidentally leaking information about a sighting and then trying to cover it up. The iSchools team used a variety of information sources, including social networks, to determine what the real location was. This demonstrated the possibility of using
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methods to do cyberspace searching for results related to the challenge. This was the main source of their success in locating balloons. This strategy, in turn, consisted of two distinct sub-strategies. The first was to use a group of human analysts who would manually search online on a variety of
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Under the rules of the competition, the $ 40,000 challenge award would be granted to the first team to submit the locations of 10 moored, 8-foot, red weather balloons at 10 previously undisclosed fixed locations in the continental United States. The balloons were to be placed in readily accessible
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team, made up of members of an existing social media site for neighborhood watch communities, performed no recruitment or trading efforts. Their goal was to evaluate the ability of their network to effectively report on abnormal activity within neighborhoods. They were able to successfully locate
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The strategy was a variant of the Query
Incentive Network model of Kleinberg and Raghavan, with the main difference being that the incentive rewards in the team's technique scale down for later participants. The recursive nature of the reward had two beneficial effects. First, participants had an
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to recruit participants, with the prize money to be distributed up the chain of participants leading to successful balloon spottings, and all prize income remaining after distribution to participants to be given to charity. The team's strategy for public collaboration in finding the balloons was
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We're giving $ 2000 per balloon to the first person to send us the correct coordinates, but that's not all -- we're also giving $ 1000 to the person who invited them. Then we're giving $ 500 whoever invited the inviter, and $ 250 to whoever invited them, and so on ... (see how it works). It
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To determine whether submissions were legitimate or fake, the team employed at least three strategies. The first strategy was examining whether there were multiple submissions for a location. If this was the case, then the likelihood of a balloon actually being there was thought to be higher. A
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The contest was announced only about a month before the start date. This limited the amount of time teams had to prepare. The ability of many to do so showed the effectiveness of mass and social media to distribute information and organize people quickly. The time in which information about the
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which captured data from
Twitter and opposing teams' websites and then analyzed it. This technology worked slowly and would have benefited from a longer contest duration, but the Twitter crawler proved to be especially useful because tweets sometimes contained geographic information.
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First, it showed how mass and social media can act complementarily. While mass media were useful primarily for spreading general information about the challenge, social media were effective for viral dissemination of information about the challenge to potential team recruits.
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With regards to validating submissions, the team assumed that because of the charitable nature of their effort, the number of false submissions would be low. In any case, they primarily relied on personal validation, having phone conversations with submitters.
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The team promised to donate all winnings to charity to appeal to the altruism of participants. However, due to the lack of a structure that created much incentive as the winning MIT team's scheme, their network of participants grew to only about 1,400 people.
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Third, the challenge showed the variety of ways in which social networking can be utilized. The MIT and GTRI teams used them primarily to facilitate fast communication between participants, while the iSchools team used it as a source of information.
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The second-place GTRI team used a strategy that relied heavily on
Internet publicity and social media. They created a Web site three weeks before the launch day and used a variety of media-related efforts, including a
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authorized DARPA to award cash prizes to further DARPA's mission to sponsor revolutionary, high-payoff research that bridges the gap between fundamental discoveries and their use for national security.
568:, deployed active geocachers and Groundspeak employees to search for balloons. They were successful in finding eight balloons, but due to a data entry error, were only credited with seven.
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Second, it showed how social media can be useful as a data mining source. For example, the iSchools team did better than many other teams by simply monitoring public websites.
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group, in order to increase the visibility of the team and increase the chance that people who spotted the balloons would report the sightings to them.
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Even though DARPA was prepared to deploy the balloons for a second day and accept submissions for up to a week until a team found all 10 balloons, the
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and the websites of competing teams, compile reported sightings, and then evaluate the validity of sightings based on the reputation of the sources.
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114:, which located nine balloons, won second place. Two other teams found eight balloons, five found seven, and the iSchools team (which represented
1304:. According to the organizer Dr. Raina Merchant, "DARPA succeeded with locating red balloons. AEDs are a natural extension of a brilliant idea."
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1981:
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Galen
Pickard; Wei Pan; Iyad Rahwan; Manuel Cebrian; Riley Crane; Anmol Madan; Alex Pentland (2011). "Time-Critical Social Mobilization".
54:. The challenge was designed to help the military generate ideas for operating under a range of circumstances, such as natural disasters.
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594:. Their application was developed soon after the original challenge announcement in order to be made available by challenge launch day.
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campaigns to stop other teams from winning. In the actual competition, there was a variety of strategies employed by teams.
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was launched. It differed in that there were knights to find in various locations in
England and that had been placed on
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488:). Only a few of these observers actually participated, however, and only one balloon was found using this strategy.
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43:, and practical actions required to solve broad-scope, time-critical problems. The competition was sponsored by the
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134:), whose strategy is described below, finished tenth with six balloons. In table form, the top ten teams were:
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John C. Tang; Manuel
Cebrian; Nicklaus A. Giacobe; Hyun-Woo Kim; Taemie Kim; Douglas "Beaker" Wickert (2011).
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They also created a network of cell phone users to provide direct text message verification of findings.
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structure, the MIT team was able to create a more sustained social media impact than most teams.
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link for Bob, who posts it to Facebook. His friend Carol sees it, signs up, then twitters about
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the trail of real sightings. The verification of balloon sightings was paramount to success.
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information from a wide variety of public websites to determine the validity of something.
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The officially verified coordinates of the balloons, listed by their tag numbers, were:
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Prior to the competition numerous people had discussed possible strategies, including
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Another strategy relating to cyberspace searching that the team used was an automated
375:. Alice then e-mails her link to Bob, who uses it to join the team as well. We make a
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DARPA selected the date of the competition to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the
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might play out like this. Alice joins the team, and we give her an invite link like
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Red Balloon Challenge Team won the competition in under 9 hours. A team from the
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Photographic analysis was used to confirm or dispute the validity of claims.
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Inspired by the success of the DARPA Network Challenge, DARPA launched the
1899:"Bursting a Few Balloons Regarding the Famous DARPA Red Balloon Challenge"
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32:
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455: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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646:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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On July 2, 2011, also inspired by the DARPA Network Challenge, the
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to suggest fragment pairings to human assemblers for verification.
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Fourth, the challenge showed the general effectiveness of using
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1778:"Find the Knights This Weekend: Social Mobilization Experiment"
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Also inspired by the DARPA Network Challenge, a contest called
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In addition to the Network Challenge, DARPA has also conducted
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J. Kleinberg; P. Raghavan (2005). "Query Incentive Networks".
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1353:"MIT wins $ 40,000 prize in nationwide balloon-hunt contest"
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1638:"Nationwide balloon-hunt contest tests online networking"
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so people in locations outside the UK could participate.
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application developers formed Army of Eyes, based out of
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goal was seen to be moral and good by its participants.
1793:"Global contest will lead to help during heart attacks"
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utilized their existing network of followers from the
1753:"Programmers Shred Pentagon's Paper Puzzle Challenge"
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was a prize competition for exploring the roles the
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2015:
1969:
1381:"MIT Red Balloon Team Wins DARPA Network Challenge"
536:to detect balloons, as well as the possibility of
1963:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
1727:"Crowdsourcing the 'most challenging puzzle ever"
1713:"Ten red balloons– and one's in Charlottesville!"
1544:Proceedings of 46th Annual IEEE Symposium on FOCS
553:, a Twitter celebrity now famous for hacking the
361:The winning MIT team used a technique similar to
1527:. MIT Red Balloon Challenge Team. Archived from
39:play in the real-time communications, wide-area
1870:"U.S. Wants You to Hunt Fugitives With Twitter"
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1428:"Reflecting on the DARPA Red Balloon Challenge"
674:The challenge generated a number of insights.
368:
1668:"10 Balloonies - Groundspeak's DARPA War Room"
1947:
1682:"DARPA Network Challenge Balloon Coordinates"
8:
1907:. Vol. 65, no. 3. pp. 33–34.
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1472:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
132:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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120:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
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1494:"DARPA Network Challenge Final Standings"
1443:
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662:Learn how and when to remove this message
471:Learn how and when to remove this message
45:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
1623:"How to Win the DARPA Network Challenge"
1474:"DARPA Network Challenge Project Report"
704:
693:a challenge in efficiency and accuracy.
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47:(DARPA), a research organization of the
1344:
1791:McCullough, Marie (January 31, 2012).
112:Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI)
1919:from the original on 23 February 2022
7:
1751:Drummond, Katie (December 2, 2011).
1317:Institute of International Education
453:adding citations to reliable sources
543:One team leader, Jason Brindel of
381:http://balloon.media.mit.edu/carol
373:http://balloon.media.mit.edu/alice
25:
2267:Competitions in the United States
1868:Shachtman, Noah (March 1, 2012).
1819:"MyHeartMap Challenge Media Page"
1648:from the original on 1 March 2012
1313:United States Department of State
1298:Automatic External Defibrillators
484:organizations on the team (e.g.,
1670:. Groundspeak. December 9, 2009.
1292:School of Medicine launched the
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377:http://balloon.media.mit.edu/bob
1621:Adrian Hon (October 31, 2009).
1359:from the original on 2012-01-20
1329:List of computer science awards
496:information sources, including
440:needs additional citations for
180:GTRI "I Spy a Red Balloon" Team
1897:Madnick, Stuart (March 2022).
564:The fifth-place finisher, the
491:The second strategy was using
161:MIT Red Balloon Challenge Team
74:in other areas of technology.
1:
2247:Computer science competitions
1715:. The Hook. December 5, 2009.
486:Pennsylvania State University
340:iSchools DARPA Challenge Team
116:Pennsylvania State University
366:explained on their website:
78:Specifics of the competition
746:GPX (secondary coordinates)
642:the claims made and adding
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1823:University of Pennsylvania
1290:University of Pennsylvania
701:Verified balloon locations
604:five of the ten balloons.
571:A team calling themselves
2257:2009 in the United States
2187:
1904:Communications of the ACM
1798:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1432:Communications of the ACM
1279:Langley Knights Challenge
741:GPX (primary coordinates)
716:Map all coordinates using
2262:Balloons (entertainment)
1334:DARPA Prize Competitions
724:Download coordinates as:
493:open-source intelligence
124:University of Pittsburgh
2154:The Mother of All Demos
1997:Microsystems Technology
1982:Biological Technologies
1687:. DARPA. Archived from
1592:10.1126/science.1205869
1499:. DARPA. Archived from
1445:10.1145/1924421.1924441
1386:. DARPA. Archived from
557:and settling a suit by
29:DARPA Network Challenge
1992:Information Innovation
1300:(AEDs) in the city of
1288:In January 2012, the
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941:34.41417°N 119.68472°W
841:33.51000°N 111.90806°W
791:37.78778°N 122.40722°W
710:
566:Groundspeak Geocachers
545:San Rafael, California
385:
246:Groundspeak Geocachers
1311:was sponsored by the
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1141:29.81556°N 95.80417°W
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1041:25.90389°N 80.12528°W
991:35.13806°N 90.06194°W
891:38.02611°N 78.49111°W
736:GPX (all coordinates)
708:
526:satellite photography
400:Second-place strategy
363:multi-level marketing
52:Department of Defense
2237:Science competitions
2002:Strategic Technology
1506:on November 11, 2010
1393:on November 11, 2010
1294:MyHeartMap Challenge
1196:45.51222; -122.67444
946:34.41417; -119.68472
846:33.51000; -111.90806
796:37.78778; -122.40722
449:improve this article
421:Tenth-place strategy
2007:Tactical Technology
1733:. November 17, 2011
1584:2011Sci...334..509P
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227:Dude It's a Balloon
199:Christian Rodriguez
128:Syracuse University
2206:
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1977:Adaptive Execution
1694:on August 19, 2010
1271:Shredder Challenge
1265:Related challenges
711:
627:possibly contains
530:aerial photography
72:prize competitions
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2174:Network Challenge
1568:(6055): 509–512.
709:Balloon locations
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37:social networking
16:(Redirected from
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357:Winning strategy
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1849:on 14 July 2013
1843:"Tag Challenge"
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652:December 2022
645:
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631:
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625:This section
623:
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49:United States
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19:
18:DARPA balloon
2208:
2201:
2197:2.8 billion
2189:
2173:
1921:. Retrieved
1902:
1877:. Retrieved
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:the original
1837:
1826:. Retrieved
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1796:
1786:
1780:. July 2011.
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1746:
1735:. Retrieved
1721:
1707:
1696:. Retrieved
1689:the original
1676:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1641:
1631:
1616:
1565:
1561:
1543:
1537:
1529:the original
1519:
1508:. Retrieved
1501:the original
1488:
1477:. Retrieved
1438:(4): 78–85.
1435:
1431:
1395:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1361:. Retrieved
1347:
1306:
1302:Philadelphia
1287:
1276:
1268:
1213:Balloon 10:
1163:Balloon 9:
1113:Balloon 8:
1102:Glasgow Park
1065:Glasgow Park
1063:Balloon 7:
1013:Balloon 6:
1002:Tom Lee Park
971:, Tennessee
965:Tom Lee Park
963:Balloon 5:
913:Balloon 4:
902:Tonsler Park
871:, Virginia
865:Tonsler Park
863:Balloon 3:
813:Balloon 2:
802:Union Square
765:Union Square
755:
723:
722:
715:
695:
687:
683:
680:
676:
673:
658:
649:
626:
596:
585:
573:Nerdfighters
570:
563:
549:
542:
523:
514:
510:
502:
490:
482:
467:
458:
447:Please help
442:verification
439:
415:
411:
403:
394:
390:
386:
369:
360:
325:Missoula, MT
321:Nerdfighters
265:Army of Eyes
105:
93:
89:
85:
81:
69:
67:in general.
61:
28:
26:
1923:16 December
1762:December 5,
1283:Google Maps
1244: /
1194: /
1181:122°40′28″W
1144: /
1094: /
1071:, Delaware
1044: /
994: /
944: /
894: /
844: /
831:111°54′29″W
794: /
781:122°24′26″W
608:Reflections
551:George Hotz
505:Web crawler
350:6:13:08 PM
331:8:19:24 PM
312:7:16:51 PM
295:6:46:37 PM
278:4:33:20 PM
256:4:02:23 PM
250:Seattle, WA
237:7:42:41 PM
218:6:52:54 PM
190:6:59:11 PM
184:Atlanta, GA
171:6:52:41 PM
2231:Categories
1828:2012-02-03
1804:2012-02-02
1737:2011-12-01
1698:2009-12-13
1546:: 132–141.
1510:2010-10-07
1479:2012-03-03
1397:2009-12-06
1363:2012-02-21
1340:References
1250: (
1231:84°23′33″W
1228:33°45′33″N
1221:, Georgia
1200: (
1178:45°30′44″N
1150: (
1131:95°48′15″W
1128:29°48′56″N
1100: (
1081:75°43′51″W
1078:39°36′30″N
1069:Christiana
1050: (
1028:25°54′14″N
1021:, Florida
1000: (
950: (
931:119°41′5″W
928:34°24′51″N
900: (
881:78°29′28″W
850: (
828:33°30′36″N
821:, Arizona
819:Scottsdale
800: (
778:37°47′16″N
636:improve it
600:iNeighbors
592:Austin, TX
586:A team of
272:Austin, TX
203:Tara Chang
152:Date/time
149:# Balloons
2202:Employees
2118:Prabhakar
2103:Fernandez
2058:Heilmeier
2016:Directors
1575:1008.3172
1171:, Oregon
1152:Katy Park
1115:Katy Park
1031:80°7′31″W
981:90°3′43″W
978:35°8′17″N
878:38°1′34″N
761:Balloon 1
640:verifying
306:Anonymous
303:Anonymous
27:The 2009
2133:Tompkins
2078:Colladay
2043:Herzfeld
1917:Archived
1879:22 March
1853:22 March
1646:Archived
1600:22034432
1357:Archived
1323:See also
1315:and the
1169:Portland
1121:, Texas
407:Facebook
146:Hometown
96:Internet
56:Congress
33:Internet
2209:Website
2149:ARPANET
2142:History
2128:Coleman
2053:Lukasik
2048:Rechtin
2038:Sproull
2023:Johnson
1970:Offices
1652:3 March
1625:. Mssv.
1608:2950817
1580:Bibcode
1562:Science
1296:to map
1219:Atlanta
969:Memphis
634:Please
498:Twitter
102:Results
2215:.darpa
2123:Walker
2108:Tether
2093:Denman
2083:Fields
2073:Duncan
2068:Cooper
2063:Fossum
1606:
1598:
588:iPhone
130:, and
2272:DARPA
2113:Dugan
2033:Ruina
2028:Betts
1874:Wired
1757:Wired
1692:(PDF)
1685:(PDF)
1604:S2CID
1570:arXiv
1504:(PDF)
1497:(PDF)
1391:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
1019:Miami
140:Place
2217:.mil
2204:240
2194:US$
2098:Lynn
2088:Reis
1925:2022
1881:2012
1855:2012
1764:2011
1731:CNET
1654:2012
1596:PMID
1119:Katy
597:The
580:vlog
559:Sony
532:and
201:and
143:Name
35:and
2213:www
1909:doi
1642:CNN
1588:doi
1566:334
1440:doi
763::
731:KML
638:by
451:by
108:MIT
2233::
1915:.
1901:.
1872:.
1821:.
1795:.
1755:.
1729:.
1644:.
1640:.
1602:.
1594:.
1586:.
1578:.
1564:.
1552:^
1454:^
1436:54
1434:.
1430:.
1406:^
1372:^
1217:,
1167:,
1117:,
1067:,
1017:,
967:,
917:,
867:,
817:,
767:,
528:,
336:10
168:10
126:,
122:,
118:,
98:.
1955:e
1948:t
1941:v
1927:.
1911::
1883:.
1857:.
1831:.
1807:.
1766:.
1740:.
1701:.
1656:.
1610:.
1590::
1582::
1572::
1513:.
1482:.
1448:.
1442::
1400:.
1366:.
1254:)
1204:)
1154:)
1104:)
1054:)
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445:.
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242:5
234:8
223:4
215:8
209:)
205:(
195:3
187:9
176:2
157:1
20:)
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