168:(ISO) revised its standard curves as defined in ISO 226, in response to the recommendations of a study coordinated by the Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Japan. The study produced new curves by combining the results of several studies, by researchers in Japan, Germany, Denmark, UK, and USA. (Japan was the greatest contributor with about 40% of the data.) This resulted in the acceptance of a new set of curves standardized as ISO 226:2003 (subsequently revised again in 2023 with changes to the ISO 226 equal loudness contours of less than 0.5 dB over the 20-90 phon range). The report comments on the large differences between the combined study results and the original Fletcher–Munson equal loudness contours, as well as the later Robinson-Dadson contours that formed the basis for the first version of ISO 226, published in 1987. Subsequent research has demonstrated that A-weighting is in closer agreement with the updated 60-phon contour incorporated into ISO 226:2003 than with the 40-phon Fletcher-Munson contour, which challenges the common misapprehension that A-weighting represents loudness only for quiet sounds.
227:
33:
919:
2000:
172:
need exist, as demonstrated by the ITU-R 468 curve. If A-weighting is used without further band-limiting it is possible to obtain different readings on different instruments when ultrasonic, or near ultrasonic noise is present. Accurate measurements therefore require a 20 kHz low-pass filter to be combined with the A-weighting curve in modern instruments. This is defined in IEC 61012 as AU weighting and while very desirable, is rarely fitted to commercial sound level meters.
1298:
1637:
3052:
Die G-Bewertung hat ihren
Schwerpunkt bei 20 Hz. Zwischen 10 Hz und 25 Hz werden Pegel verstärkt, darunter und darüber fällt die Bewertungskurve rasch ab. Zweck der G-Bewertung ist es, eine Situation im Hinblick auf tiefe Frequenzen bzw. Infraschall mit einer einzigen Zahl zu charakterisieren. Ein Nachteil ist, dass Frequenzen unterhalb 8 Hz und oberhalb 40 Hz kaum mehr einen Beitrag leisten.
520:
1650:
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frequency cut-offs (–3 dB) points, resulting in different readings, especially when peak sound level was being measured. It is a flat frequency response between 10 Hz and 20 kHz ±1.5 dB. As well, the C-frequency-weighting, with –3 dB points at 31.5 Hz and 8 kHz did not have a sufficient bandpass to allow the sensibly correct measurement of true peak noise (Lpk).
932:
1311:
914:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R_{A}(f)&={12194^{2}f^{4} \over \left(f^{2}+20.6^{2}\right)\ {\sqrt {\left(f^{2}+107.7^{2}\right)\left(f^{2}+737.9^{2}\right)}}\ \left(f^{2}+12194^{2}\right)}\ ,\\A(f)&=20\log _{10}\left(R_{A}(f)\right)-20\log _{10}\left(R_{A}(1000)\right)\\&\approx 20\log _{10}\left(R_{A}(f)\right)+2.00\end{aligned}}}
1995:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}h(f)&={\frac {\left(1037918.48-f^{2}\right)^{2}+1080768.16\,f^{2}}{\left(9837328-f^{2}\right)^{2}+11723776\,f^{2}}}\\R_{D}(f)&={\frac {f}{6.8966888496476\cdot 10^{-5}}}{\sqrt {\frac {h(f)}{\left(f^{2}+79919.29\right)\left(f^{2}+1345600\right)}}}\\D(f)&=20\log _{10}\left(R_{D}(f)\right).\end{aligned}}}
2658:
313:
1293:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R_{B}(f)&={12194^{2}f^{3} \over \left(f^{2}+20.6^{2}\right)\ {\sqrt {\left(f^{2}+158.5^{2}\right)}}\ \left(f^{2}+12194^{2}\right)}\ ,\\B(f)&=20\log _{10}\left(R_{B}(f)\right)-20\log _{10}\left(R_{B}(1000)\right)\\&\approx 20\log _{10}\left(R_{B}(f)\right)+0.17\end{aligned}}}
323:, is said to have been based on the 40-phon Fletcher-Munson curve, research in the 1960s demonstrated that determinations of equal-loudness made using pure tones are not directly relevant to our perception of noise. This is because the cochlea in our inner ear analyses sounds in terms of spectral content, each
327:
responding to a narrow band of frequencies known as a critical band. The high-frequency bands are wider in absolute terms than the low-frequency bands, and therefore 'collect' proportionately more power from a noise source. However, when more than one critical band is stimulated, the outputs of the
217:
B- and D-frequency-weightings are no longer described in the body of the standard IEC 61672:2003, but their frequency responses can be found in the older IEC 60651, although that has been formally withdrawn by the
International Electrotechnical Commission in favour of IEC 61672:2003.
180:
A-frequency-weighting is mandated by the international standard IEC 61672 to be fitted to all sound level meters and are approximations to the equal loudness contours given in ISO 226. The old B- and D-frequency-weightings have fallen into disuse, but many sound level meters provide for C
143:
standard, later revised as ANSI S1.4-1981, incorporated B-weighting as well as the A-weighting curve, recognising the unsuitability of the latter for anything other than low-level measurements. But B-weighting has since fallen into disuse. Later work, first by
Zwicker and then by Schomer, attempted
109:
at all sound levels; indeed, the use of A-frequency-weighting is now mandated for all these measurements, because decades of field experience have shown a very good correlation with occupational deafness in the frequency range of human speech. It is also used when measuring low-level noise in audio
3051:
Für den
Bereich des Infraschalls gibt es eine eigene Frequenzbewertung, die so genannte G-Bewertung. Entsprechend bewertete Pegel werden als dB(G) – „Dezibel G" – angegeben. Bekannter ist die A-Bewertung von Geräuschen als dB(A) – „Dezibel A" –, die dem Hörempfinden des Menschen nachempfunden ist.
206:
Z- or ZERO frequency-weighting was introduced in the
International Standard IEC 61672 in 2003 and was intended to replace the "Flat" or "Linear" frequency weighting often fitted by manufacturers. This change was needed as each sound level meter manufacturer could choose their own low and high
171:
Nevertheless, A-weighting would be a closer match to the equal loudness curves if it fell more steeply above 10 kHz, and it is conceivable that this compromise may have arisen because steep filters were more difficult to construct in the early days of electronics. Nowadays, no such limitation
344:
noise reduction. A-weighted noise measurements were found to give misleading results because they did not give sufficient prominence to the 6 kHz region where the noise reduction was having greatest effect, and did not sufficiently attenuate noise around 10 kHz and above (a particular
160:
for human hearing. However, because decades of field experience have shown a very good correlation between the A scale and occupational deafness in the frequency range of human speech, this scale is employed in many jurisdictions to evaluate the risks of occupational deafness and other auditory
376:
who realised its superior validity for their purposes when measuring noise on film soundtracks and compact cassette systems. Its advantages over A-weighting are less accepted in the US, where the use of A-weighting still predominates. It is used by broadcasters in
Britain, Europe, and former
185:
measurement standard. The large peak in the D-weighting curve is not a feature of the equal-loudness contours, but reflects the fact that humans hear random noise differently from pure tones, an effect that is particularly pronounced around 6 kHz. This is because individual neurons from
198:
Following changes to the ISO standard, D-frequency-weighting by itself should now only be used for non-bypass-type jet engines, which are found only on military aircraft and not on commercial aircraft. For this reason, today A-frequency-weighting is now mandated for light civilian aircraft
41:
1632:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R_{C}(f)&={12194^{2}f^{2} \over \left(f^{2}+20.6^{2}\right)\ \left(f^{2}+12194^{2}\right)}\ ,\\C(f)&=20\log _{10}\left(R_{C}(f)\right)-20\log _{10}\left(R_{C}(1000)\right)\\&\approx 20\log _{10}\left(R_{C}(f)\right)+0.06\end{aligned}}}
2167:
2469:
218:
The frequency weighting tolerances in IEC 61672 have been tightened over those in the earlier standards IEC 179 and IEC 60651 and thus instruments complying with the earlier specifications should no longer be used for legally required measurements.
2315:
181:
frequency-weighting and its fitting is mandated — at least for testing purposes — to precision (Class one) sound level meters. D-frequency-weighting was specifically designed for use when measuring high-level aircraft noise in accordance with the
2447:
86:. The resulting octave band measurements are usually added (logarithmic method) to provide a single A-weighted value describing the sound; the units are written as dB(A). Other weighting sets of values – B, C, D and now Z – are discussed below.
349:
on FM radio systems which, though usually inaudible, is not sufficiently attenuated by A-weighting, so that sometimes one piece of equipment would even measure worse than another and yet sound better, because of differing spectral content.
194:
respond to narrow bands of frequencies, but the higher frequency neurons integrate a wider band and hence signal a louder sound when presented with noise containing many frequencies than for a single pure tone of the same pressure level.
2676:-values are constants that are used to normalize the function to a gain of 1 (0 dB). The values listed above normalize the functions to 0 dB at 1 kHz, as they are typically used. (This normalization is shown in the image.)
144:
to overcome the difficulty posed by different levels, and work by the BBC resulted in the CCIR-468 weighting, currently maintained as ITU-R 468 noise weighting, which gives more representative readings on noise as opposed to pure tones.
332:
to produce an impression of loudness. For these reasons equal-loudness curves derived using noise bands show an upwards tilt above 1 kHz and a downward tilt below 1 kHz when compared to the curves derived using pure tones.
3039:
3055:
118:
and other organizations. This research showed that our ears respond differently to random noise, and the equal-loudness curves on which the A, B and C weightings were based are really only valid for pure single tones.
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937:
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42:
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2653:{\displaystyle H_{\text{D}}(s)\approx {k_{\text{D}}\cdot s\cdot \left(s^{2}+6532s+4.0975\times 10^{7}\right) \over (s+1776.3)\quad (s+7288.5)\quad \left(s^{2}+21514s+3.8836\times 10^{8}\right)}}
2189:
44:
3034:
Ratzel, U.; Bayer, O.; Brachat, P.; Hoffmann, M.; Jänke, K.; Kiesel, K.-J.; Mehnert, C.; Scheck, C.; Westerhausen, C.; Krapf, K.-G.; Herrmann, L.; Blaul, J., eds. (February 2020) .
89:
The curves were originally defined for use at different average sound levels, but A-weighting, though originally intended only for the measurement of low-level sounds (around 40
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is not a synonym for dB(A), but for dBa. (In telecommunications dBa denotes "decibels adjusted", i.e. weighted absolute noise power, which has nothing to do with A-weighting.)
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Noise exposure for visitors of venues with loud music is usually also expressed in dB(A), although the presence of high levels of low frequency noise does not justify this.
361:
427:
499:
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was therefore developed to more accurately reflect the subjective loudness of all types of noise, as opposed to tones. This curve, which came out of work done by the
165:
2014:. They are not defined in this way though, being defined by tables of values with tolerances in the standards documents, thus allowing different realisations:
260:
measurement, and is standard in many sound level meters. The A-weighting system is used in any measurement of environmental noise (examples of which include
152:
A-weighting is valid to represent the sensitivity of the human ear as a function of the frequency of pure tones. The A-weighting was based on the 40-phon
78:
perceived by the human ear, as the ear is less sensitive to low audio frequencies. It is employed by arithmetically adding a table of values, listed by
43:
2893:
365:
110:
equipment, especially in the United States. In
Britain, Europe and many other parts of the world, broadcasters and audio engineers more often use the
67:
3257:
429:) in dB units by tables with tolerance limits (to allow a variety of implementations). Additionally, the standard describes weighting functions
2968:
3036:"Tieffrequente Geräusche inkl. Infraschall von Windkraftanlagen und anderen Quellen - Bericht über Ergebnisse des Messprojekts 2013-2015"
509:) of the unweighted sound level. The offsets ensure the normalisation to 0 dB at 1000 Hz. Appropriate weighting functions are:
2869:
336:
This enhanced sensitivity to noise in the region of 6 kHz became particularly apparent in the late 1960s with the introduction of
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2162:{\displaystyle H_{\text{A}}(s)\approx {k_{\text{A}}\cdot s^{4} \over (s+129.4)^{2}\quad (s+676.7)\quad (s+4636)\quad (s+76617)^{2}}}
289:
are increasingly found on sales literature for domestic appliances such as refrigerators, freezers and computer fans. The expected
3214:
3119:
3042:(LUBW), Referat 34 – Technischer Arbeitsschutz, Lärmschutz. pp. 10–11, 13, 17, 22–24, 27–28, 32–33, 38–39, 43–44, 49, 90
372:) and, as of 2006, is maintained by the ITU. It became widely used in Europe, especially in broadcasting, and was adopted by
3153:
3174:
369:
226:
203:
is required for certification of large transport aircraft. D-weighting is the basis for the measurement underlying EPNdB.
2913:"Design of digital filters for frequency weightings (A and C) required for risk assessments of workers exposed to noise"
2745:
2310:{\displaystyle H_{\text{B}}(s)\approx {k_{\text{B}}\cdot s^{3} \over (s+129.4)^{2}\quad (s+995.9)\quad (s+76617)^{2}}}
276:
measurements at work. A noise level of more than 85 dB(A) each day increases the risk factor for hearing damage.
153:
128:
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102:
3144:
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353:
111:
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36:
A graph of the A-, B-, C- and D-weightings across the frequency range 10 Hz – 20 kHz
2894:"Loudness experiment on general environmental noises considering low-frequency components down to infrasound"
2705:
301:. In Europe, the A-weighted noise level is used for instance for normalizing the noise of tires on cars.
157:
132:
2442:{\displaystyle H_{\text{C}}(s)\approx {k_{\text{C}}\cdot s^{2} \over (s+129.4)^{2}\quad (s+76617)^{2}}}
246:
When acoustic (calibrated microphone) measurements are being referred to, then the units used will be
74:. A-weighting is applied to instrument-measured sound levels in an effort to account for the relative
2847:"The Impact of A-weighting Sound Pressure Level Measurements during the Evaluation of Noise Exposure"
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Lauer, Amanda; El-Sharkawy, AbdEl-Monem M.; Kraitchman, Dara; Edelstein, William (2012).
3269:
Comparison of some loudness measures for loudspeaker listening tests (Aarts, JAES, 1992)
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Because of perceived discrepancies between early and more recent determinations, the
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2870:"Precise and full-range determination of two-dimensional equal loudness contours"
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IEC 61672-1:2013 Electroacoustics - Sound level meters - Part 1: Specifications
3264:
Researches in loudness measurement by CBS using noise bands, 1966 IEEE Article
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211:
135:. Three years later these curves were used in the first American standard for
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problems related to signals or speech intelligibility in noisy environments.
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61672:2003 and various national standards relating to the measurement of
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Video illustrating A-weighting by analyzing a sine sweep (contains audio)
3139:"A Comparison of Some Loudness Measures for Loudspeaker Listening Tests"
3003:
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341:
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83:
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Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und
Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg
17:
3067:
Bauer, B.; Torick, E. (1966). "Researches in loudness measurement".
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countries of the
British Empire such as Australia and South Africa.
312:
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200:
39:
31:
27:
Frequency response curves used in sound pressure level measurement
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measurements, while a more accurate loudness-corrected weighting
2987:"MRI Acoustic Noise Can Harm Experimental and Companion Animals"
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140:
90:
82:
or third-octave bands, to the measured sound pressure levels in
357:
115:
2845:
Pierre, Jr., Richard L. St.; Maguire, Daniel J. (July 2004).
268:). A-weighting is also in common use for assessing potential
311:
114:, which was developed in the 1960s based on research by the
2010:
The gain curves can be realised by the following s-domain
131:
which resulted in their publication, in 1933, of a set of
3243:
AES pro audio reference definition of "weighting filters"
2911:
Rimell, Andrew; Mansfield, Neil; Paddan, Gurmail (2015).
3198:, 2nd Ed 1999, edited Michael Talbot Smith, Focal Press
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Although the A-weighting curve, in widespread use for
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can with some simplifications be calculated from the
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to calculate the weightings. The weighting function
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1994:
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364:and later adopted by many other standards bodies (
256:The A-weighting curve has been widely adopted for
156:, which represented an early determination of the
3225:A-weighting filter circuit for audio measurements
3177:. Product Technology Partners Ltd. Archived from
360:Research Department, and was standardised by the
293:to be measured at a given distance as SPL with a
3069:IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics
253:referenced to 20 micropascals = 0 dB SPL.
93:), is now commonly used for the measurement of
3038:(in German) (3 ed.). Karlsruhe, Germany:
381:Function realisation of some common weightings
166:International Organization for Standardization
308:Audio reproduction and broadcasting equipment
8:
3202:An Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing
210:G-weighting is used for measurements in the
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3094:
3092:
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230:Label related to a portable air compressor
222:Environmental and other noise measurements
214:range from 8 Hz to about 40 Hz.
3271:PDF containing algorithm for ABCD filters
3204:5th ed, Brian C. J. Moore, Elsevier Press
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101:, as well as when assessing potential
66:defined in the International standard
2991:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
7:
25:
385:The standard defines weightings (
3122:from the original on 2011-06-17.
345:example is with the 19 kHz
272:caused by loud noise, including
62:and the most commonly used of a
3260:Equation and online calculation
3196:Audio Engineer's Reference Book
3156:from the original on 2022-10-27
3116:"Frequency weighting equations"
2796:Meyer-Bisch, Christian (2005).
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176:B-, C-, D-, G- and Z-weightings
127:A-weighting began with work by
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1:
3248:Frequency Weighting Equations
3175:"Noise Measurement Briefing"
2746:Luminous efficiency function
2006:Transfer function equivalent
328:various bands are summed by
2929:10.2486/indhealth.2013-0003
2798:"[Measuring noise]"
3321:
3215:Noise Measurement Briefing
3145:Audio Engineering Society
2815:10.1051/medsci/2005215546
2711:Audio quality measurement
2696:ITU-R 468 noise weighting
422:{\displaystyle A(f),C(f)}
354:ITU-R 468 noise weighting
186:different regions of the
112:ITU-R 468 noise weighting
3118:. Cross Spectrum. 2004.
3081:10.1109/TAU.1966.1161864
494:{\displaystyle R_{X}(f)}
458:{\displaystyle R_{X}(f)}
133:equal-loudness contours
2748:, the light equivalent
2706:Psophometric weighting
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1996:
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158:equal-loudness contour
154:Fletcher–Munson curves
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3253:A-weighting in detail
2969:"BIP_2_2_jb ZIP file"
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291:sound pressure level
107:noise health effects
72:sound pressure level
258:environmental noise
129:Fletcher and Munson
95:environmental noise
60:frequency weighting
3230:2016-12-31 at the
3004:10.1002/jmri.23653
2731:Rumble measurement
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2012:transfer functions
1992:
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2917:Industrial Health
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16:(Redirected from
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3239:Circuit diagrams
3217:. Archived from
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3134:Aarts, Ronald M.
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2440:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2412:
2411:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2364:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2264:
2263:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2216:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2100:
2099:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2052:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1952:
1951:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1900:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1816:
1798:
1797:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1678:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1586:
1585:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1531:
1530:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1483:
1482:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1383:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1328:
1327:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1264:
1247:
1246:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1192:
1191:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1144:
1143:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1081:
1080:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1043:
1042:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1005:
1004:
989:
988:
987:
978:
977:
967:
949:
948:
920:
918:
917:
912:
910:
900:
896:
886:
885:
868:
867:
849:
845:
841:
831:
830:
813:
812:
797:
793:
783:
782:
765:
764:
724:
723:
721:
720:
716:
715:
714:
702:
701:
685:
684:
682:
678:
677:
676:
664:
663:
649:
645:
644:
643:
631:
630:
616:
612:
611:
607:
606:
605:
593:
592:
577:
576:
575:
566:
565:
555:
537:
536:
500:
498:
497:
492:
481:
480:
464:
462:
461:
456:
445:
444:
428:
426:
425:
420:
338:compact cassette
238:are abbreviated
99:industrial noise
64:family of curves
49:
21:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3285:Noise pollution
3275:
3274:
3232:Wayback Machine
3211:
3192:
3190:Further reading
3187:
3186:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3159:
3157:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3088:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3045:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3028:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2741:Weighting curve
2716:Noise pollution
2682:
2667:
2632:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2566:
2550:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2498:
2497:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2456:
2426:
2403:
2390:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2324:
2294:
2255:
2242:
2231:
2218:
2217:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2176:
2146:
2091:
2078:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2008:
1989:
1988:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1933:
1918:
1917:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1846:
1827:
1822:6.8966888496476
1820:
1808:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1772:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1720:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1626:
1625:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1577:
1565:
1564:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1522:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1474:
1464:
1449:
1448:
1424:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1287:
1286:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1238:
1226:
1225:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1183:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1135:
1125:
1110:
1109:
1085:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1009:
996:
995:
991:
990:
979:
969:
968:
959:
940:
931:
930:
927:
908:
907:
877:
876:
872:
859:
847:
846:
822:
821:
817:
804:
774:
773:
769:
756:
746:
731:
730:
706:
693:
692:
688:
668:
655:
654:
650:
635:
622:
621:
617:
597:
584:
583:
579:
578:
567:
557:
556:
547:
528:
519:
518:
515:
472:
467:
466:
436:
431:
430:
387:
386:
383:
310:
288:
224:
178:
150:
125:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3318:
3316:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3222:
3221:on 2013-02-25.
3210:
3209:External links
3207:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3181:on 2008-06-30.
3166:
3152:(3): 142–146.
3136:(1992-03-01).
3125:
3107:
3086:
3075:(3): 141–151.
3059:
3049:. p. 90:
3026:
2997:(3): 743–747.
2977:
2960:
2903:
2900:on 2023-03-29.
2885:
2882:on 2007-09-27.
2861:
2837:
2808:(5): 546–550.
2787:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2476:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:≈ 5.91797 × 10
2454:
2449:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2344:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:≈ 5.99185 × 10
2322:
2317:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2196:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:≈ 7.39705 × 10
2174:
2169:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2032:
2019:
2016:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
986:
982:
976:
972:
965:
962:
960:
958:
955:
952:
947:
943:
939:
938:
926:
923:
922:
921:
906:
903:
899:
895:
892:
889:
884:
880:
875:
871:
866:
862:
858:
855:
852:
850:
848:
844:
840:
837:
834:
829:
825:
820:
816:
811:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
789:
786:
781:
777:
772:
768:
763:
759:
755:
752:
749:
747:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
732:
729:
719:
713:
709:
705:
700:
696:
691:
681:
675:
671:
667:
662:
658:
653:
648:
642:
638:
634:
629:
625:
620:
610:
604:
600:
596:
591:
587:
582:
574:
570:
564:
560:
553:
550:
548:
546:
543:
540:
535:
531:
527:
526:
514:
511:
490:
487:
484:
479:
475:
454:
451:
448:
443:
439:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
382:
379:
340:recorders and
309:
306:
286:
270:hearing damage
266:aircraft noise
264:, rail noise,
223:
220:
177:
174:
149:
146:
124:
121:
103:hearing damage
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3317:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:(53): 21–27.
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2772:dBrn adjusted
2767:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2664:
2661:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2450:
2431:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2408:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2354:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2318:
2299:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2170:
2151:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2005:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1853:
1847:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
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262:roadway noise
259:
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58:is a form of
57:
34:
30:
19:
3219:the original
3201:
3195:
3179:the original
3169:
3158:. Retrieved
3149:
3143:
3128:
3110:
3104:. IEC. 2013.
3101:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3050:
3044:. Retrieved
3029:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2963:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2898:the original
2888:
2877:the original
2864:
2853:. Retrieved
2840:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2770:
2766:
2691:Signal noise
2673:
2671:
2662:
2451:
2319:
2171:
2009:
384:
352:
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283:
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197:
179:
170:
163:
151:
148:Deficiencies
126:
88:
55:
54:
29:
3258:A-Weighting
3057:(104 pages)
2701:M-weighting
279:A-weighted
234:A-weighted
56:A-weighting
3279:Categories
3160:2022-10-27
3046:2021-06-07
2855:2011-09-13
2783:References
2668:≈ 91104.32
1717:1080768.16
1687:1037918.48
347:pilot tone
274:noise dose
212:infrasound
105:and other
3305:Acoustics
2824:0767-0974
2630:×
2548:×
2515:⋅
2509:⋅
2493:≈
2377:⋅
2361:≈
2229:⋅
2213:≈
2065:⋅
2049:≈
1954:
1833:−
1825:⋅
1742:−
1690:−
1588:
1572:≈
1533:
1517:−
1485:
1249:
1233:≈
1194:
1178:−
1146:
870:
854:≈
815:
799:−
767:
505:(not the
330:the brain
325:hair cell
192:inner ear
3228:Archived
3154:Archived
3120:Archived
3013:22488793
2955:13997453
2947:25224333
2832:15885208
2726:Headroom
2680:See also
1880:79919.29
1769:11723776
236:decibels
76:loudness
3021:7436249
2938:4331191
1906:1345600
1739:9837328
342:Dolby-B
190:in the
188:cochlea
183:IEC 537
139:. This
123:History
3019:
3011:
2953:
2945:
2935:
2830:
2822:
2627:3.8836
2593:7288.5
2577:1776.3
2545:4.0975
1443:
1404:
1104:
1065:
1025:
725:
686:
613:
80:octave
3300:Noise
3290:Sound
3017:S2CID
2972:(PDF)
2951:S2CID
2880:(PDF)
2873:(PDF)
2850:(PDF)
2758:Notes
2686:Noise
2618:21514
2424:76617
2401:129.4
2292:76617
2276:995.9
2253:129.4
2144:76617
2112:676.7
2089:129.4
1426:12194
1350:12194
1087:12194
1049:158.5
971:12194
708:12194
670:737.9
637:107.7
559:12194
240:dB(A)
201:EPNdB
18:DB(A)
3009:PMID
2943:PMID
2828:PMID
2820:ISSN
2752:LKFS
2672:The
2536:6532
2128:4636
1623:0.06
1554:1000
1390:20.6
1284:0.17
1215:1000
1011:20.6
905:2.00
836:1000
599:20.6
362:CCIR
244:dBA.
141:ANSI
97:and
91:phon
3077:doi
2999:doi
2933:PMC
2925:doi
2810:doi
1945:log
1579:log
1524:log
1476:log
1240:log
1185:log
1137:log
861:log
806:log
758:log
370:BSI
366:IEC
358:BBC
251:SPL
242:or
116:BBC
68:IEC
3281::
3150:40
3148:.
3142:.
3089:^
3073:14
3071:.
3015:.
3007:.
2995:36
2993:.
2989:.
2949:.
2941:.
2931:.
2921:53
2919:.
2915:.
2826:.
2818:.
2806:21
2804:.
2800:.
2634:10
2552:10
1949:10
1941:20
1829:10
1583:10
1575:20
1528:10
1520:20
1480:10
1472:20
1244:10
1236:20
1189:10
1181:20
1141:10
1133:20
865:10
857:20
810:10
802:20
762:10
754:20
368:,
287:WA
248:dB
84:dB
3163:.
3083:.
3079::
3023:.
3001::
2974:.
2957:.
2927::
2858:.
2834:.
2812::
2674:k
2666:D
2663:k
2644:)
2638:8
2624:+
2621:s
2615:+
2610:2
2606:s
2601:(
2596:)
2590:+
2587:s
2584:(
2580:)
2574:+
2571:s
2568:(
2562:)
2556:7
2542:+
2539:s
2533:+
2528:2
2524:s
2519:(
2512:s
2504:D
2500:k
2490:)
2487:s
2484:(
2479:D
2475:H
2462:D
2455:C
2452:k
2432:2
2428:)
2421:+
2418:s
2415:(
2409:2
2405:)
2398:+
2395:s
2392:(
2385:2
2381:s
2372:C
2368:k
2358:)
2355:s
2352:(
2347:C
2343:H
2330:C
2323:B
2320:k
2300:2
2296:)
2289:+
2286:s
2283:(
2279:)
2273:+
2270:s
2267:(
2261:2
2257:)
2250:+
2247:s
2244:(
2237:3
2233:s
2224:B
2220:k
2210:)
2207:s
2204:(
2199:B
2195:H
2182:B
2175:A
2172:k
2152:2
2148:)
2141:+
2138:s
2135:(
2131:)
2125:+
2122:s
2119:(
2115:)
2109:+
2106:s
2103:(
2097:2
2093:)
2086:+
2083:s
2080:(
2073:4
2069:s
2060:A
2056:k
2046:)
2043:s
2040:(
2035:A
2031:H
2018:A
1986:.
1982:)
1978:)
1975:f
1972:(
1967:D
1963:R
1958:(
1938:=
1931:)
1928:f
1925:(
1922:D
1910:)
1903:+
1898:2
1894:f
1889:(
1884:)
1877:+
1872:2
1868:f
1863:(
1857:)
1854:f
1851:(
1848:h
1836:5
1818:f
1813:=
1806:)
1803:f
1800:(
1795:D
1791:R
1778:2
1774:f
1766:+
1761:2
1756:)
1750:2
1746:f
1735:(
1726:2
1722:f
1714:+
1709:2
1704:)
1698:2
1694:f
1683:(
1675:=
1668:)
1665:f
1662:(
1659:h
1643:D
1620:+
1616:)
1612:)
1609:f
1606:(
1601:C
1597:R
1592:(
1561:)
1557:)
1551:(
1546:C
1542:R
1537:(
1513:)
1509:)
1506:f
1503:(
1498:C
1494:R
1489:(
1469:=
1462:)
1459:f
1456:(
1453:C
1446:,
1436:)
1430:2
1422:+
1417:2
1413:f
1408:(
1400:)
1394:2
1386:+
1381:2
1377:f
1372:(
1364:2
1360:f
1354:2
1343:=
1336:)
1333:f
1330:(
1325:C
1321:R
1304:C
1281:+
1277:)
1273:)
1270:f
1267:(
1262:B
1258:R
1253:(
1222:)
1218:)
1212:(
1207:B
1203:R
1198:(
1174:)
1170:)
1167:f
1164:(
1159:B
1155:R
1150:(
1130:=
1123:)
1120:f
1117:(
1114:B
1107:,
1097:)
1091:2
1083:+
1078:2
1074:f
1069:(
1059:)
1053:2
1045:+
1040:2
1036:f
1031:(
1021:)
1015:2
1007:+
1002:2
998:f
993:(
985:3
981:f
975:2
964:=
957:)
954:f
951:(
946:B
942:R
925:B
902:+
898:)
894:)
891:f
888:(
883:A
879:R
874:(
843:)
839:)
833:(
828:A
824:R
819:(
795:)
791:)
788:f
785:(
780:A
776:R
771:(
751:=
744:)
741:f
738:(
735:A
728:,
718:)
712:2
704:+
699:2
695:f
690:(
680:)
674:2
666:+
661:2
657:f
652:(
647:)
641:2
633:+
628:2
624:f
619:(
609:)
603:2
595:+
590:2
586:f
581:(
573:4
569:f
563:2
552:=
545:)
542:f
539:(
534:A
530:R
513:A
489:)
486:f
483:(
478:X
474:R
453:)
450:f
447:(
442:X
438:R
417:)
414:f
411:(
408:C
405:,
402:)
399:f
396:(
393:A
284:L
20:)
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