344:(ISCD) is that a patient may be tested for BMD if they have a condition that could precipitate bone loss, is going to be prescribed pharmaceuticals known to cause bone loss, or is being treated and needs to be monitored. The ISCD states that there is no clearly understood correlation between BMD and the risk of a child's sustaining a fracture; the diagnosis of osteoporosis in children cannot be made using the basis of a densitometry criteria. T-scores are prohibited with children and should not even appear on DXA reports. Thus, the WHO classification of osteoporosis and osteopenia in adults cannot be applied to children, but Z-scores can be used to assist diagnosis.
189:
47:
3102:
231:
417:
386:
145:
crucially, the ratio of the attenuation coefficients also varies. DXA uses two energies of X-ray. The difference in total absorption between the two can be used, by suitable weighting, to subtract out the absorption by soft tissue, leaving just the absorption by bone, which is related to bone density.
277:
Also, there are other variables in addition to age that are suggested to confound the interpretation of BMD as measured by DXA. One important confounding variable is bone size. DXA has been shown to overestimate the bone mineral density of taller subjects and underestimate the bone mineral density of
293:
bone-mineral density, researchers sometimes refer to DXA BMD as an areal bone mineral density (aBMD). The confounding effect of differences in bone size is due to the missing depth value in the calculation of bone mineral density. Despite DXA technology's problems with estimating volume, it is still
168:
filter with a tube voltage of 100 kV, resulting in effective energies of 47 and 80 keV. Also, the tube voltage can be continuously switched between a low (for example 70 kV) and high (for example 140 kV) value in synchronism with the frequency of the electrical mains, resulting in effective energies
479:
In
Australia, regulation differs according to the applicable state or territory. For example, in Victoria, an individual performing DXA scans is required to completed a recognised course in safe use of bone mineral densitometers. In NSW and QLD a DXA technician only requires prior study in science,
313:
It is important for patients to get repeat BMD measurements done on the same machine each time, or at least a machine from the same manufacturer. Error between machines, or trying to convert measurements from one manufacturer's standard to another can introduce errors large enough to wipe out the
294:
a fairly accurate measure of bone mineral content. Methods to correct for this shortcoming include the calculation of a volume that is approximated from the projected area measure by DXA. DXA BMD results adjusted in this manner are referred to as the bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) and are a
258:
Bone densities are often given to patients as a T score or a Z score. A T score tells the patient what their bone mineral density is in comparison to a young adult of the same gender with peak bone mineral density. A normal T score is -1.0 and above, low bone density is between -1.0 and -2.5, and
362:
However, it seems that DXA is still in its early days in pediatrics, and there are widely acknowledged limitations and disadvantages with DXA. A view exists that DXA scans for diagnostic purposes should not even be performed outside specialist centers, and, if a scan is done outside one of these
405:
with a few important caveats. From the DXA scans, a low resolution "fat shadow" image can also be generated, which gives an overall impression of fat distribution throughout the body It has been suggested that, while very accurately measuring minerals and lean soft tissue (LST), DXA may provide
144:
to X-rays. A single X-ray beam passing through the body will be attenuated by both soft tissue and bone, and it is not possible to determine, from a single beam, how much attenuation was attributable to the bone. However, the attenuation coefficients vary with the energy of the X-rays, and,
265:
Special considerations are involved in the use of DXA to assess bone mass in children. Specifically, comparing the bone mineral density of children to the reference data of adults (to calculate a T-score) will underestimate the BMD of children, because children have less bone mass than fully
1322:
GuillĂn-Amarelle C, Sánchez-Iglesias S, Castro-Pais A, Rodriguez-Cañete L, Ordóñez-Mayán L, Pazos M, González-MĂ©ndez B, RodrĂguez-GarcĂa S, Casanueva FF, Fernández-Marmiesse A, AraĂşjo-Vilar D (November 2016). "Type 1 familial partial lipodystrophy: understanding the Köbberling syndrome".
359:. DXA has been demonstrated to measure skeletal maturity and body fat composition and has been used to evaluate the effects of pharmaceutical therapy. It may also aid pediatricians in diagnosing and monitoring treatment of disorders of bone mass acquisition in childhood.
302:
estimation of the volume of bone. Like the results for aBMD, BMAD results do not accurately represent true bone mineral density, since they use approximations of the bone's volume. BMAD is used primarily for research purposes and is not yet used in clinical settings.
222:, heavy smoking, excess alcohol intake, rheumatoid arthritis, history of parental hip fracture, chronic renal and liver disease, chronic respiratory disease, long-term use of phenobarbital or phenytoin, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and other risks.
210:
recommends that women over the age of 65 should get a DXA scan. The date at which men should be tested is uncertain but some sources recommend age 70. At risk women should consider getting a scan when their risk is equal to that of a normal 65-year-old woman.
278:
smaller subjects. This error is due to the way by which DXA calculates BMD. In DXA, bone mineral content (measured as the attenuation of the X-ray by the bones being scanned) is divided by the area (also measured by the machine) of the site being scanned.
462:
The quality of DXA operators varies widely. DXA is not regulated like other radiation-based imaging techniques because of its low dosage. Each US state has a different policy as to what certifications are needed to operate a DXA machine.
363:
centers, it should not be interpreted without consultation with an expert in the field. Furthermore, most of the pharmaceuticals given to adults with low bone mass can be given to children only in strictly monitored clinical trials.
336:
DXA is, by far, the most widely used technique for bone mineral density measurements, since it is considered to be cheap, accessible, easy to use, and able to provide an accurate estimation of bone mineral density in adults.
234:
DEXA assessment of bone mineral density of the femoral neck (A) and the lumbar spine (B): T scores of - 4.2 and - 4.3 were found at the hip (A) and lumbar spine (B), respectively in a 53-year-old male patient affected with
1046:
Margulies L, Horlick M, Thornton JC, Wang J, Ioannidou E, Heymsfield SB (2005). "Reproducibility of pediatric whole body bone and body composition measures by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry using the GE Lunar
Prodigy".
1685:
1272:
Ajluni N, Meral R, Neidert AH, Brady GF, Buras E, McKenna B, DiPaola F, Chenevert TL, Horowitz JF, Buggs-Saxton C, Rupani AR, Thomas PE, Tayeh MK, Innis JW, Omary MB, Conjeevaram H, Oral EA (May 2017).
259:
osteoporosis is -2.5 and lower. A Z score is just a comparison of what a patient's bone mineral density is in comparison to the average bone mineral density of a male or female of their age and weight.
1616:
480:
nursing or other related undergraduate study. The
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) oversees licensing of technicians, however, this is far from rigorous and regulation is non-existent.
117:(BMD) can be determined from the absorption of each beam by bone. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is the most widely used and most thoroughly studied bone density measurement technology.
1678:
595:
128:, which is sensitive to certain metabolic diseases of bones in which bones are attempting to heal from infections, fractures, or tumors. It is also sometimes used to assess
1008:
Picaud JC, Duboeuf F, Vey-Marty V, Delams P, Claris O, Salle BL, Rigo J (2003). "First all-solid pediatric phantom for dual X-ray absorptiometry measurements in infants".
310:(QCT) are capable of measuring the bone's volume, and are, therefore, not susceptible to the confounding effect of bone-size in the way that DXA results are susceptible.
341:
270:
for children. To avoid an overestimation of bone mineral deficits, BMD scores are commonly compared to reference data for the same gender and age (by calculating a
823:
PĹ‚udowski P, Lebiedowski M, Lorenc RS (April 2004). "Evaluation of the possibility to assess bone age on the basis of DXA derived hand scans-preliminary results".
1671:
2776:
2460:
471:
has no requirements for DXA technicians. Many states require a training course and certificate from the
International Society of Clinical Densitometry (ISCD).
2590:
2602:
406:
skewed results due to its method of indirectly calculating fat mass by subtracting it from the LST and/or body cell mass (BCM) that DXA actually measures.
2930:
2202:
2078:
3038:
2030:
281:
Because DXA calculates BMD using area (aBMD: areal Bone
Mineral Density), it is not an accurate measurement of true bone mineral density, which is
2568:
749:
557:
2573:
1653:
609:
591:
252:
A T-score more than -2.5 standard deviations below the young adult female reference mean in the presence of one or more fragility fractures.
1448:
1085:
Horlick M, Thornton J, Wang J, Levine LS, Fedun B, Pierson RN (July 2000). "Bone mineral in prepubertal children: gender and ethnicity".
2414:
1936:
958:"Reference data for bone density and body composition measured with dual energy x ray absorptiometry in white children and young adults"
565:
207:
173:
2966:
2845:
2585:
2494:
2087:
1931:
515:
377:
of total body calcium but this is not suitable for paediatric subjects and studies have been carried out on paediatric-sized animals.
3126:
2424:
613:
1130:"Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-measured lean soft tissue mass: differing relation to body cell mass across the adult life span"
2409:
2404:
1990:
1985:
307:
2489:
2472:
2850:
2697:
2597:
2580:
1882:
410:
94:
1172:
Meral R, Ryan BJ, Malandrino N, Jalal A, Neidert AH, Muniyappa R, Akıncı B, Horowitz JF, Brown RJ, Oral EA (October 2018).
2976:
2830:
2429:
2304:
2296:
2195:
523:
437:, much less than a standard chest or dental x-ray. However, the dose delivered by older DEXA radiation sources (that used
3087:
3021:
2953:
2943:
2921:
2692:
2660:
2291:
1581:
Njeh CF, Fuerst T, Hans D, Blake GM, Genant HK (January 1999). "Radiation exposure in bone mineral density assessment".
176:
uses the laser to measure the thickness of the region scanned, allowing for varying proportions of lean soft tissue and
2751:
2719:
2702:
1174:""Fat Shadows" From DXA for the Qualitative Assessment of Lipodystrophy: When a Picture Is Worth a Thousand Numbers"
2825:
2560:
2300:
1919:
2023:
3066:
2734:
2724:
409:
DXA scans have been suggested as useful tools to diagnose conditions with an abnormal fat distribution, such as
3131:
3105:
3056:
2835:
2714:
2687:
2448:
2233:
2188:
2045:
1836:
3004:
2840:
2781:
2766:
2655:
2477:
2453:
714:
Gilsanz V (January 1998). "Bone density in children: a review of the available techniques and indications".
218:
calculator, which includes many different clinical risk factors including prior fragility fracture, use of
3061:
2875:
2744:
2675:
2482:
1955:
1826:
1794:
347:
Some clinics may routinely carry out DXA scans on pediatric patients with conditions such as nutritional
243:
The World Health
Organization has defined the following categories based on bone density in white women:
2739:
2670:
2536:
2419:
2338:
2245:
1924:
325:
2102:
1423:
188:
3082:
2771:
2709:
2531:
2013:
1733:
402:
90:
31:
569:
3028:
2906:
2729:
2465:
2165:
1975:
1897:
1128:
St-Onge MP, Wang J, Shen W, Wang Z, Allison DB, Heshka S, Pierson RN, Heymsfield SB (August 2004).
753:
398:
352:
956:
van der Sluis IM, de Ridder MA, Boot AM, Krenning EP, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM (October 2002).
3136:
3016:
2865:
2860:
2761:
2644:
2499:
2250:
2107:
2040:
1841:
1789:
1705:
1528:
1356:
1110:
848:
374:
262:
The WHO committee did not have enough data to create definitions for men or other ethnic groups.
1456:
413:. They are also used to assess adiposity in children, especially to conduct clinical research.
2855:
2820:
2815:
2756:
2504:
2353:
2143:
2097:
1892:
1887:
1738:
1598:
1563:
1546:
Blake GM, Fogelman I (July 1997). "Technical principles of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry".
1520:
1405:
1348:
1340:
1304:
1254:
1203:
1151:
1102:
1064:
1025:
987:
938:
897:
840:
805:
731:
696:
1644:
2793:
2682:
2541:
2313:
2265:
2083:
2008:
1590:
1555:
1512:
1503:
Lewis MK, Blake GM, Fogelman I (January 1994). "Patient dose in dual x-ray absorptiometry".
1395:
1387:
1332:
1294:
1286:
1244:
1234:
1193:
1185:
1141:
1094:
1056:
1017:
977:
969:
928:
887:
879:
832:
795:
787:
723:
688:
394:
129:
46:
1479:
528:
2891:
2343:
2309:
2282:
2277:
2211:
2068:
2063:
1846:
604:
442:
356:
219:
1663:
1275:"Spectrum of disease associated with partial lipodystrophy: lessons from a trial cohort"
3033:
2158:
2073:
2018:
1877:
1831:
1658:
1478:
Radiology (ACR), Radiological
Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of.
1400:
1375:
1299:
1274:
1249:
1222:
1198:
1173:
982:
957:
933:
916:
892:
867:
800:
775:
637:
177:
1594:
1559:
915:
Barnes C, Newall F, Ignjatovic V, Wong P, Cameron F, Jones G, Monagle P (April 2005).
727:
658:
3120:
2665:
2634:
2622:
2617:
2375:
2270:
1968:
1867:
1810:
1728:
1391:
236:
161:
1376:"Identifying the best body mass index metric to assess adiposity change in children"
1360:
1114:
852:
3048:
2901:
2896:
2803:
2627:
2612:
2546:
2128:
2092:
2035:
1784:
1769:
1754:
1532:
438:
230:
201:
153:
121:
114:
102:
496:
2971:
2526:
2358:
2348:
2328:
2318:
2260:
2255:
2224:
2138:
2133:
1963:
1779:
1764:
1649:
1098:
141:
110:
1146:
1129:
692:
2607:
2370:
2365:
2333:
2153:
2123:
1980:
1774:
1759:
1336:
1060:
836:
791:
464:
290:
267:
1344:
1021:
679:
Blake GM, Fogelman I (2007). "Effect of bone strontium on BMD measurements".
59:
2934:
2870:
2323:
1911:
1872:
1862:
430:
416:
318:
125:
1602:
1409:
1352:
1308:
1258:
1207:
1155:
1106:
1068:
1029:
991:
942:
901:
844:
809:
700:
1567:
1524:
1239:
735:
17:
2957:
1374:
Kakinami L, Henderson M, Chiolero A, Cole TJ, Paradis G (November 2014).
973:
883:
468:
299:
165:
420:
DXA Fat shadow of a child with rare congenital generalized lipodystrophy
385:
180:
within the soft tissue to be controlled for and improving the accuracy.
2986:
2389:
1516:
434:
371:
367:
348:
271:
54:
1290:
1189:
68:
2981:
286:
149:
214:
A person's risk can be measured using the
University of Sheffield's
516:"Physical Principles and Measurement Accuracy of Bone Densitometry"
3008:
2219:
2180:
1946:
446:
415:
384:
295:
229:
187:
98:
467:, for example, requires coursework and a state-run test, whereas
1713:
1695:
445:) could be as high as 35 mGy, considered a significant dose by
282:
215:
157:
106:
2184:
1667:
1223:"Very-low-carbohydrate diets and preservation of muscle mass"
160:, resulting in effective photon energies of about 40 and 70
866:
Sung RY, Lau P, Yu CW, Lam PK, Nelson EA (September 2001).
266:
developed adults. This would lead to an over-diagnosis of
317:
DXA results need to be adjusted if the patient is taking
917:"Reduced bone density in children on long-term warfarin"
1480:"Patient Safety - Radiation Dose in X-Ray and CT Exams"
1455:. Radiological Society of North America. Archived from
1424:"Patient Safety - Radiation Dose in X-Ray and CT Exams"
868:"Measurement of body fat using leg to leg bioimpedance"
433:
dose of current DEXA systems is small, as low as 0.001
120:
The DXA scan is typically used to diagnose and follow
596:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
429:
DXA uses X-rays to measure bone mineral density. The
3075:
3047:
3003:
2952:
2929:
2919:
2884:
2801:
2792:
2643:
2559:
2519:
2438:
2397:
2388:
2232:
2218:
2116:
2056:
2001:
1954:
1945:
1910:
1855:
1819:
1803:
1747:
1721:
1712:
1430:. Radiological Society of North America. 2012-04-25
370:measured by DXA has been validated in adults using
53:
39:
27:Diagnostic test for bone mineral density testing
342:International Society for Clinical Densitometry
1645:Non-invasive testing of bone density explained
2196:
1679:
776:"Pediatric DXA: technique and interpretation"
401:with a high degree of accuracy comparable to
8:
1041:
1039:
393:DXA scans can also be used to measure total
164:. There is also a DXA scanner type using a
2926:
2808:
2798:
2394:
2238:
2229:
2203:
2189:
2181:
1951:
1718:
1686:
1672:
1664:
1621:Health Department (Government of Victoria)
1080:
1078:
45:
30:"DXA" redirects here. For other uses, see
2079:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
1399:
1298:
1248:
1238:
1197:
1145:
1003:
1001:
981:
932:
891:
799:
774:Binkovitz LA, Henwood MJ (January 2007).
3039:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
2031:Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
245:
488:
332:Current clinical practice in pediatrics
289:. In order to distinguish DXA BMD from
603:Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the
552:
550:
548:
36:
1617:"Bone mineral densitometer operators"
1167:
1165:
610:American Academy of Family Physicians
592:American Academy of Family Physicians
510:
508:
506:
389:DXA Fat shadow of an obese individual
298:of the bone mineral content versus a
7:
499:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
169:alternating between 45 and 100 keV.
140:Soft tissue and bone have different
1937:Autologous chondrocyte implantation
566:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
306:Other imaging technologies such as
208:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
174:dual X-ray absorptiometry and laser
64:
2846:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
2088:Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
1932:Knee cartilage replacement therapy
1134:J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci
934:10.1203/01.PDR.0000155943.07244.04
113:absorption is subtracted out, the
25:
659:"Strontium dexa scan adjustments"
562:uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org
314:sensitivity of the measurements.
249:Severe (established) osteoporosis
3101:
3100:
1392:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305163
308:quantitative computed tomography
79:Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
40:Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
2603:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
1449:"Bone Densitometry (DEXA, DXA)"
148:One type of DXA scanner uses a
124:, as contrasted to the nuclear
2851:Radioactive iodine uptake test
968:(4): 341–7, discussion 341–7.
750:"2007 ISCD Official Positions"
568:. January 2011. Archived from
411:familial partial lipodystrophy
1:
2831:Radionuclide ventriculography
2305:Lower gastrointestinal series
2297:Upper gastrointestinal series
1595:10.1016/S0969-8043(98)00026-8
1560:10.1016/S0001-2998(97)80025-6
728:10.1016/S0720-048X(97)00093-4
524:National Osteoporosis Society
340:The official position of the
324:DXA can also used to measure
105:, are aimed at the patient's
3022:Optical coherence tomography
2944:Myocardial perfusion imaging
2532:Dental panoramic radiography
1221:Manninen AH (January 2006).
558:"Screening for Osteoporosis"
381:Body composition measurement
1659:Bone Densitometry explained
1099:10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.7.1393
497:"Bone mineral density test"
202:Bone density § Testing
3153:
2826:Ventilation/perfusion scan
2301:Small-bowel follow-through
1920:Articular cartilage repair
693:10.1016/j.jocd.2006.10.004
199:
89:) is a means of measuring
29:
3096:
3067:Dynamic angiothermography
2811:
2735:Abdominal ultrasonography
2241:
1703:
1337:10.1007/s12020-016-1002-x
837:10.1007/s00198-003-1545-6
792:10.1007/s00247-006-0153-y
65:
44:
3127:Diagnostic endocrinology
3057:Non-contact thermography
2836:Radionuclide angiography
2688:Doppler echocardiography
2046:Finger joint replacement
1837:Distraction osteogenesis
1650:Information for patients
1147:10.1093/gerona/59.8.B796
640:. Courses.washington.edu
184:Bone density measurement
142:attenuation coefficients
2841:Radioisotope renography
1279:Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)
2876:Gastric emptying study
1827:Femoral head ostectomy
1795:Vertebral augmentation
421:
390:
240:
192:
101:beams, with different
2537:X-ray motion analysis
2420:X-ray microtomography
2339:Hysterosalpingography
2246:Pneumoencephalography
2024:Weaver–Dunn procedure
1925:Microfracture surgery
1694:Procedures involving
1484:www.radiologyinfo.org
1240:10.1186/1743-7075-3-9
419:
388:
326:trabecular bone score
233:
191:
3062:Contact thermography
2772:Emergency ultrasound
2710:Transcranial Doppler
2461:Abdominal and pelvis
2014:Shoulder replacement
1976:Intervertebral discs
1734:Orthognathic surgery
974:10.1136/adc.87.4.341
884:10.1136/adc.85.3.263
403:hydrostatic weighing
115:bone mineral density
91:bone mineral density
32:DXA (disambiguation)
3029:Confocal microscopy
2907:Indium-111 WBC scan
2730:Echoencephalography
2466:Virtual colonoscopy
2166:Arthroscopic lavage
1898:Tension band wiring
1061:10.1385/JCD:8:3:298
638:"Bone densitometry"
447:radiological health
172:The combination of
3017:Optical tomography
2866:Dacryoscintigraphy
2861:Immunoscintigraphy
2500:Whole body imaging
2251:Dental radiography
2108:Triple arthrodesis
2103:Broström procedure
2041:Brunelli procedure
1842:Ilizarov apparatus
1790:Vertebral fixation
1706:Orthopedic surgery
1517:10.1007/BF02352255
1087:J. Bone Miner. Res
1022:10.1385/JCD:6:1:17
425:Radiation exposure
422:
391:
375:neutron activation
241:
193:
3114:
3113:
3076:Target conditions
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2915:
2914:
2856:Bone scintigraphy
2821:Scintimammography
2816:Cholescintigraphy
2661:contrast-enhanced
2555:
2554:
2515:
2514:
2505:Full-body CT scan
2405:General operation
2384:
2383:
2354:Angiocardiography
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2144:Joint replacement
2098:Ankle replacement
1906:
1905:
1893:External fixation
1888:Internal fixation
1739:Chin augmentation
1453:RadiologyInfo.org
1428:RadiologyInfo.org
1291:10.1111/cen.13311
1227:Nutr Metab (Lond)
1190:10.2337/dc18-0978
1184:(10): 2255–2258.
661:. Osteopenia3.com
256:
255:
76:
75:
55:OPS-301 code
16:(Redirected from
3144:
3104:
3103:
2927:
2809:
2799:
2683:Echocardiography
2542:Hounsfield scale
2395:
2314:Cholecystography
2239:
2230:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2182:
2084:Knee replacement
2009:Shoulder surgery
1952:
1719:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1665:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1583:Appl Radiat Isot
1578:
1572:
1571:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1459:on June 16, 2018
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1380:Arch. Dis. Child
1371:
1365:
1364:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1005:
996:
995:
985:
962:Arch. Dis. Child
953:
947:
946:
936:
912:
906:
905:
895:
872:Arch. Dis. Child
863:
857:
856:
820:
814:
813:
803:
771:
765:
764:
762:
761:
752:. Archived from
746:
740:
739:
711:
705:
704:
676:
670:
669:
667:
666:
655:
649:
648:
646:
645:
634:
628:
627:
626:
624:
619:on June 24, 2012
618:
612:, archived from
600:
588:
582:
581:
579:
577:
554:
543:
542:
540:
539:
533:
527:. Archived from
520:
512:
501:
500:
493:
443:x-ray generators
395:body composition
246:
130:body composition
95:spectral imaging
69:edit on Wikidata
49:
37:
21:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3132:Medical imaging
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3092:
3071:
3043:
2991:
2977:PET mammography
2948:
2911:
2897:Gallium-67 scan
2892:Octreotide scan
2880:
2788:
2639:
2551:
2511:
2434:
2415:High-resolution
2380:
2344:Skeletal survey
2310:Cholangiography
2223:
2214:
2212:Medical imaging
2209:
2179:
2170:
2112:
2069:Hip replacement
2064:Hip resurfacing
2052:
1997:
1941:
1902:
1851:
1847:Phemister graft
1815:
1799:
1743:
1708:
1699:
1692:
1641:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1049:J Clin Densitom
1045:
1044:
1037:
1010:J Clin Densitom
1007:
1006:
999:
955:
954:
950:
914:
913:
909:
865:
864:
860:
822:
821:
817:
773:
772:
768:
759:
757:
748:
747:
743:
713:
712:
708:
681:J Clin Densitom
678:
677:
673:
664:
662:
657:
656:
652:
643:
641:
636:
635:
631:
622:
620:
616:
605:ABIM Foundation
598:
590:
589:
585:
575:
573:
556:
555:
546:
537:
535:
531:
518:
514:
513:
504:
495:
494:
490:
486:
477:
460:
455:
427:
383:
357:Turner syndrome
334:
228:
220:glucocorticoids
204:
198:
186:
138:
72:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3034:Endomicroscopy
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3013:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2924:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2307:
2294:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2159:Arthrocentesis
2156:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2081:
2076:
2074:Rotationplasty
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2019:Bankart repair
2016:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1878:Epiphysiodesis
1875:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Astragalectomy
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1647:
1640:
1639:External links
1637:
1635:
1634:
1608:
1573:
1548:Semin Nucl Med
1538:
1505:Osteoporos Int
1495:
1470:
1440:
1415:
1386:(11): 1020–4.
1366:
1331:(2): 411–421.
1314:
1285:(5): 698–707.
1264:
1213:
1161:
1140:(8): 796–800.
1120:
1074:
1055:(3): 298–304.
1035:
997:
948:
907:
858:
825:Osteoporos Int
815:
780:Pediatr Radiol
766:
741:
706:
671:
650:
629:
583:
572:on 30 May 2013
544:
502:
487:
485:
482:
476:
473:
459:
456:
454:
451:
426:
423:
382:
379:
333:
330:
254:
253:
250:
227:
224:
200:Main article:
197:
194:
185:
182:
178:adipose tissue
152:filter with a
137:
134:
74:
73:
66:
63:
62:
57:
51:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3149:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Ga-68-DOTATOC
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Intravascular
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2635:Synthetic MRI
2633:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Electron beam
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2376:Orbital x-ray
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2271:Bronchography
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1969:Spinal fusion
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Bone grafting
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1811:Acromioplasty
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Jaw reduction
1727:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:(1): 215–36.
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:(3): 210–28.
1553:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:Diabetes Care
1175:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:(7): 1393–7.
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
949:
944:
940:
935:
930:
927:(4): 578–81.
926:
922:
918:
911:
908:
903:
899:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
862:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:(4): 317–22.
830:
826:
819:
816:
811:
807:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
767:
756:on 2012-05-09
755:
751:
745:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:(2): 177–82.
721:
717:
710:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
672:
660:
654:
651:
639:
633:
630:
615:
611:
607:
606:
597:
593:
587:
584:
571:
567:
563:
559:
553:
551:
549:
545:
534:on 2018-02-06
530:
526:
525:
517:
511:
509:
507:
503:
498:
492:
489:
483:
481:
474:
472:
470:
466:
458:United States
457:
452:
450:
448:
444:
440:
439:radioisotopes
436:
432:
424:
418:
414:
412:
407:
404:
400:
396:
387:
380:
378:
376:
373:
369:
364:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
338:
331:
329:
327:
322:
321:supplements.
320:
315:
311:
309:
304:
301:
297:
292:
288:
285:divided by a
284:
279:
275:
273:
269:
263:
260:
251:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:Fabry disease
232:
225:
223:
221:
217:
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70:
61:
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56:
52:
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19:
3083:Acute stroke
3049:Thermography
2804:scintigraphy
2794:Radionuclide
2782:pre-hospital
2628:Tractography
2547:Radiodensity
2449:calcium scan
2410:Quantitative
2287:
2148:
2129:Arthroplasty
2093:Ankle fusion
2036:Hand surgery
1991:Arthroplasty
1986:Annuloplasty
1785:Foraminotomy
1770:Laminoplasty
1755:Coccygectomy
1625:. Retrieved
1623:. health.vic
1620:
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1582:
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921:Pediatr. Res
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744:
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653:
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632:
621:, retrieved
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522:
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171:
154:tube voltage
147:
139:
122:osteoporosis
119:
93:(BMD) using
86:
82:
78:
77:
2972:Cardiac PET
2745:renal tract
2720:Gynecologic
2652:Techniques
2623:restriction
2598:Angiography
2581:Neurography
2527:Fluoroscopy
2473:Angiography
2454:angiography
2398:Techniques:
2359:Aortography
2349:Angiography
2329:Cystography
2319:Mammography
2261:Myelography
2256:Sialography
2225:radiography
2139:Arthroscopy
2134:Synovectomy
1964:Arthrodesis
1780:Facetectomy
1765:Laminectomy
1511:(1): 11–5.
1463:December 8,
687:(1): 34–8.
449:standards.
399:fat content
366:Whole-body
196:Indications
111:soft tissue
3121:Categories
2885:Full body:
2671:endoscopic
2645:Ultrasound
2574:functional
2371:Lymphogram
2366:Venography
2334:Arthrogram
2154:Arthrogram
2124:Arthrotomy
1981:Discectomy
1775:Corpectomy
1760:Laminotomy
1698:and joints
1627:11 October
1489:2019-03-12
1434:2013-05-22
760:2012-05-24
665:2013-05-22
644:2013-05-22
623:August 14,
538:2018-02-05
484:References
465:California
453:Regulation
291:volumetric
268:osteopenia
18:DEXA scans
3137:Radiology
3088:Pregnancy
2967:Brain PET
2935:gamma ray
2871:DMSA scan
2725:Obstetric
2618:diffusion
2613:Sequences
2591:perfusion
2483:Pulmonary
2430:Cone beam
2324:Pyelogram
1912:Cartilage
1883:Reduction
1873:Osteotomy
1863:Ostectomy
1345:1559-0100
1325:Endocrine
576:20 August
475:Australia
431:radiation
319:strontium
126:bone scan
3106:Category
2958:positron
2478:Coronary
2149:imaging:
1603:10028639
1410:24842797
1361:19689303
1353:27473102
1309:28199729
1259:16448570
1208:30237235
1156:15345728
1115:24475001
1107:10893689
1069:16055960
1030:12665698
992:12244017
943:15695604
902:11517118
853:26672947
845:14615883
810:16715219
701:17289524
469:Maryland
300:cuboidal
166:samarium
3005:Optical
2987:PET-MRI
2767:Carotid
2762:Scrotal
2656:doppler
2586:Cardiac
2495:Thyroid
2439:Targets
2390:CT scan
2117:General
1856:General
1652:, from
1568:9224663
1533:6225880
1525:8148566
1401:4215345
1300:5395301
1250:1373635
1199:6150431
983:1763043
893:1718893
801:1764599
736:9518226
372:in-vivo
368:calcium
349:rickets
272:Z-score
226:Scoring
136:Physics
109:. When
2982:PET-CT
2757:Breast
2752:Rectal
2676:duplex
2608:Breast
2445:Heart
1947:Joints
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3009:Laser
2931:SPECT
2740:renal
2569:Brain
2520:Other
2220:X-ray
1956:Spine
1748:Spine
1714:Bones
1696:bones
1529:S2CID
1357:S2CID
1233:: 9.
1111:S2CID
849:S2CID
617:(PDF)
599:(PDF)
532:(PDF)
519:(PDF)
353:lupus
296:ratio
107:bones
99:X-ray
85:, or
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2777:FAST
2490:Head
1722:Face
1654:RSNA
1629:2021
1599:PMID
1564:PMID
1521:PMID
1465:2018
1406:PMID
1349:PMID
1341:ISSN
1305:PMID
1255:PMID
1204:PMID
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1103:PMID
1065:PMID
1026:PMID
988:PMID
939:PMID
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732:PMID
697:PMID
625:2012
578:2012
397:and
283:mass
216:FRAX
206:The
87:DEXA
2954:PET
2922:ECT
2920:3D/
2802:2D/
2703:ICE
2698:TEE
2693:TTE
2561:MRI
2292:DXR
2288:DXA
2283:KUB
2278:AXR
2266:CXR
2057:Leg
2002:Arm
1820:Leg
1804:Arm
1591:doi
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