Digital Millennium Copyright Act

1248:

works online", which they believe is "essential to the development of the digital marketplace for creative content". However, with respect to the question of whether the security research exemption granted in the 2015 Triennial cycle should be made permanent in some form, the Office recommended "that Congress consider expanding the reach of this exemption, easing the strict authorization requirement for researchers and restrictions on the use of information generated from the research, and abandoning or clarifying the multifactor test," stating that "it continues to believe that the exemption adopted in 2015 can be a useful starting point, and notes that most of the security researchers who petitioned for that exemption ... agree."

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researchers petitioned to conduct research to keep pace with evolving cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, stating: "Without such an exemption, security risks will lie unaddressed and the public will be substantially less safe." The bills are intended to address the fact that section 1201 prevents circumvention even when doing so is not copyright infringement. In addition, the section requires exemption proponents to bear the burden of proof every time their exemption comes up for triennial review, instead of there being a presumption of renewal for an exemption whose importance was previously proven.

40: 2667:, Statement of MaryBeth Peters, The Register of Copyrights, before the Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property, Committee on the Judiciary, Oct. 23, 1997 ("It is a long-held view of the Office that a gap exists in legal protection for the designs of useful articles. Existing bodies of federal intellectual property law do not provide appropriate and practical coverage for such designs, while state law is largely preempted in this area. Consequently, while considerable investment and creativity may go into the creation of innovative designs, they often can be copied with impunity."). 1849:(2005) based on the fact they were operated commercially and promoted the ability to share copyrighted works. Non-commercial and open-source peer-to-peer services were able to survive from these case laws, leading entertainment groups to deploy software on the services to track downloads, and subsequently attempted to serve takedown notices and sue users on the services for copyright violations under the DMCA since around 2003. However, many of these methods were imprecise, leading to a number of false accusations at users. 1783:(owned by Automattic, Inc.) critical of Straight Pride UK that included material from a press release sent to him by Straight Pride UK's press officer, Nick Steiner. Steiner sent WordPress a DMCA takedown notice claiming that Hotham's article infringed their copyright. WordPress and Hotham sued in a federal District Court in California, under §512(f) of the DMCA, claiming that the takedown notice was fraudulent, and that the takedown cost the plaintiffs time, lost work and attorneys' fees. In 2015, the court issued a 2203: 2041:

or, in these cases, how original it is. In fact, many complain that Amazon fails to vet works for even simple issues such as formatting and layout. Though Amazon will, sometimes, remove works that violates their terms of service after they get complaints, they're happy to sell the books and reap the profits until they get such a notice. And, from Amazon's perspective, this is completely legal. They are protected by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) as well as other laws, in particular

1822:

ones. This has caused accidental takedowns of legitimate content, such as a record company accidentally removing a music video from their own artist. Third, the lack of consequences for perjury in claims encourages censorship. This has caused temporary takedowns of legitimate content that can be financially damaging to the legitimate copyright holder, who has no recourse for reimbursement. This has been used by businesses to censor competition.

2175: 405:

previously, and current law was only concerned with unlawful acts of copyright violations. Since digital technology could allow for infinite numbers of exact copies of works to be made, the lawmakers agreed they had to extend copyright to include limits on devices and services which could be used for circumvention in addition to acts of circumvention. In establishing this, the lawmakers also recognized this would have a negative impact on

1432: 2189: 1114:), on December 29, 2015, the Copyright Office initiated a study to assess the operation of section 1201 and the triennial rulemaking process. This is different from usual public comments on exemption proposals. It includes the role of the anti-trafficking provisions and permanent exemptions, and the requirements of the rulemaking itself. The Office has issued a Notice of Inquiry requesting public comment. 649: 440: 5407: 397:, and led to numerous interested groups to express concerns for how the treaties should be implemented, including content producers and distributors, technology manufacturers, online service providers, researchers and academics, and consumer groups. Some groups urged for stronger copyright enforcement while others sought more relaxing of rules. As the bill was being formed in the 1555:

YouTube could not be held liable based on "general knowledge" that users on its site were infringing copyright. The case was sent back to the District Court in New York, and on April 18, 2013, Judge Stanton issued another order granting summary judgment in favor of YouTube. Before it was sent back to the Court of Appeals, a settlement was reached; no money changed hands.

2100:" for service providers, requiring them to take measures to prevent material that has already been determined to be violating copyright to be re-uploaded by users. While the draft was praised by the entertainment industry, free speech advocacy groups feared the language would require services to employ automatic filtering and would further limit freedom of expression. 1333:. The ruling established that the DMCA was not unconstitutional, and that while it did place a burden on users accessing works for fair use, the DMCA did not outright restrict fair use. In the case of the ebook example, the ruling observed that the user may have to type a quote from the ebook rather than copy and paste from the unprotected version. 1627:. In September 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed, holding that "a software user is a licensee rather than an owner of a copy where the copyright owner (1) specifies that the user is granted a license; (2) significantly authorized the user's ability to transfer the software; and (3) imposes notable use authorizations." 2910: 2833: 1375:; this was intended to prevent unauthorized opening. Skylink utilized a resynchronization feature of the Chamberlain security software to create a universal remote that worked with the Chamberlain openers. Chamberlain sued Skylink, arguing that the rolling code was effectively an access control device, and Skylink violated the DMCA. Both the 1602:, on the basis of the DMCA, holding that the defendant's video-sharing web site complied and was entitled to the protection of the statute's "safe harbor" provision. Even though Veoh won the court case, it blamed the litigation as one of the causes of its preparing to file Chapter 7 bankruptcy and its subsequent sale to Qlipso. 1411:. The Sixth Circuit acknowledged that Lexmark's programs to manage the lockout were copyrightable and thus eligible for protections under the DMCA. However, the appeals court pointed out that Lexmark failed to include an anti-circumvention device that "effectively controls access" to the printer lockout program. 1711:. The district court found that the defendant had knowledge of its users' infringing activity and also failed to prevent future infringing activity. As such the plaintiff's motion for preliminary injunction was granted. On appeal, however, the Seventh Circuit vacated the injunction, citing the standard set in 1930:

The implementation of ACP has been ill-regarded by some video enthusiasts. Many claim that the technology has led to signal issues with VCRs and analog video equipment. Some VCRs misread the encryption used to prevent copying, distorting the video image regardless of whether the recording is original

1821:

Currently, there are three main abuses of the DMCA. First, fair use has been a legal gray area, and subject to opposing interpretations. This has caused inequity in the treatment of individual cases. Second, the DMCA has often been invoked overbearingly, favoring larger copyright holders over smaller

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say they are not aware that the anti-trafficking provisions of section 1201(a)(2) and 1201(b) have had any impact in deterring copyright infringement. They do know, however, that the provisions have created an absurd, Catch-22 situation for any archives that sought to adhere to the letter of the law.

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Computer programs, where the circumvention is undertaken on a lawfully acquired device or machine on which the computer program operates, or is undertaken on a computer, computer system, or computer network on which the computer program operates with the authorization of the owner or operator of such

1069:

Computer programs that are contained in and control the functioning of a lawfully acquired device that is primarily designed for use by consumers, when circumvention is a necessary step to allow the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of such a device, and is not accomplished for the purpose of gaining

1004:

Video games in the form of computer programs embodied in physical or downloaded formats that have been lawfully acquired as complete games, that do not require access to an external computer server for gameplay, and that are no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace, solely for the

942:

Literary works consisting of compilations of data generated by medical devices that are wholly or partially implanted in the body or by their corresponding personal monitoring systems, where such circumvention is undertaken by a patient for the sole purpose of lawfully accessing the data generated by

884:

Computer programs that enable smartphones and portable all-purpose mobile computing devices to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the smartphone or device

782:

A new exemption was implemented allowing circumvention to allow wireless telephone handsets to connect to wireless networks. This exemption was revised in 2010 to specify used handsets and require authorization from the wireless network operator. Another exemption for wireless handsets was introduced

404:

In evaluating the enforcement of the WIPO Copyright Treaty with its anti-circumvention provisions with U.S. copyright law, lawmakers recognized that traditionally copyright law did not generally account for the medium of the work, as it was generally impossible to make an exact copy of an analog work

1946:

uses analog signals to convey video from television to a mobile device. However, the encryption used by ACP blocks analog transmission, rendering the Slingbox unusable. Additionally ACP blocks the use of recording for educational purposes. On one or more accounts, students have not been able to cite

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distribution. Adobe requested the U.S. Department of Justice take action against the company for violating the DMCA. Elcom argued in court that the DMCA was unconstitutionally vague and allowed for circumvention of use controls for purposes of fair use. The company also claimed that the act violated

1261:

The anti-circumvention provisions in Section 1201 of the DMCA have seen some challenges in the courts but which have generally been upheld. While initially the challenges were focused on clear applications to software-based access control products, some cases considered how the DMCA also extended to

988:

Computer programs that are contained in and control the functioning of a motorized land vehicle such as a personal automobile, commercial motor vehicle, or mechanized agricultural vehicle, except for computer programs primarily designed for the control of telematics or entertainment systems for such

926:

1843:(2001) which ruled that Napster was liable for enabling copyright infringement under the DMCA since they maintained central servers that tracked file sharing; by switching to the peer-to-peer model, these new services avoided this possible legality. However, some still saw legal challenges, such as 1731:

In this case of Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc., the court denied plaintiff's attempt to find liability for YouTube and Myspace's takedowns of the plaintiff's homemade videos. Despite potential fair use claims, the court found it impossible to use the DMCA takedown provisions as a foundation

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Viacom claims the popular video-sharing site was engaging in "massive intentional copyright infringement" for making available a contended 160,000 unauthorized clips of Viacom's entertainment programming. Google relied on the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act's "safe harbor" provision to shield

1300:

content. The studios argued that the code was an anti-circumvention device as defined by the DMCA. While Reimerdes and Kazan entered into consent decrees and were subsequently dropped from the suit, Corley continued the case. He argued that DeCSS, as computer code, was protected as free speech, and

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In June 2017, the Copyright Office published a report where it "shares the concern" that Section 1201 can affect activities unrelated to copyright infringement, but also expressed concerns over weakening "the right of copyright owners to exercise meaningful control over the terms of access to their

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hold there is no need to amend the statute or to significantly alter the rulemaking. They are happy with the protection they are being granted, including anti-trafficking provisions, and talk of placing the cart before the horse, when they argue about requiring a proof of the mindset that consumers

1085:

Computer programs, except video games, that have been lawfully acquired and that are no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace, solely for the purpose of lawful preservation of a computer program, or of digital materials dependent upon a computer program as a condition of access,

1081:

Video games in the form of computer programs embodied in physical or downloaded formats that have been lawfully acquired as complete games, when the copyright owner or its authorized representative has ceased to provide access to an external computer server necessary to facilitate an authentication

1061:

Computer programs that enable routers and dedicated network devices to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the router or dedicated network device, and is

1011:

1000:

934:

834:

or software, that enable used wireless telephone handsets to connect to a wireless telecommunications network, when circumvention is initiated by the owner of the copy of the computer program solely in order to connect to a wireless telecommunications network and access to the network is authorized

694:

The exemption rules are revised every three years. Exemption proposals are submitted by the public to the Registrar of Copyrights, and after a process of hearings and public comments, the final rule is recommended by the Registrar and issued by the Librarian. Exemptions expire after three years and

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Bills in 2015 included the Unlocking Technology Act of 2015, and the Breaking Down Barriers to Innovation Act of 2015. Republicans are considering legislation as well, as it becomes clear that Section 1201 is impeding the country's security. Facing escalating numbers of cyberthreats, cybersecurity

2040:

or copyright theft before allowing them to be published. According to Bailey, "Amazon doesn't do much to vet the books it publishes. Plagiarism isn't even mentioned in its KDP help files. What this means is that it's trivial to publish almost anything you want regardless of the quality of the work

1593:

Veoh has simply established a system whereby software automatically processes user-submitted content and recasts it in a format that is readily accessible to its users. Veoh preselects the software parameters for the process from a range of default values set by the thirdparty software... But Veoh

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On April 5, 2012, the federal Second Circuit Court of Appeals vacated Judge Louis Stanton's ruling, and instead ruled that Viacom had presented enough evidence against YouTube to warrant a trial, and the case should not have been thrown out in summary judgment. The court did uphold the ruling that

1419:

Case law is currently unsettled with regard to websites that contain links to infringing material; however, there have been a few lower-court decisions which have ruled against linking in narrowly prescribed circumstances. It is considered a violation when the owner of a website has been issued an

1347:

from MGM Studios that their software did not violate the DMCA, or sought to have the DMCA ruled unconstitutional. The case, heard in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, ruled against 321 Studios on both arguments. The court ruled that 321 Studios' software was

1015:

Computer programs that operate 3D printers that employ microchip-reliant technological measures to limit the use of feedstock, when circumvention is accomplished solely for the purpose of using alternative feedstock and not for the purpose of accessing design software, design files, or proprietary

854:

that prevent access due to malfunction or damage and which are obsolete. A dongle shall be considered obsolete if it is no longer manufactured or if a replacement or repair is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace. (A renewed exemption from 2006, based on a similar exemption

1934:

The DMCA has been criticized for forcing all producers of analog video equipment to support the proprietary copy protection technology of Rovi Corporation, a commercial firm. The producers of video equipment are forced by law to support and implement the corporation's proprietary technology. This

1856:-winning journalist Bradley Hope, complained that abusing the DCMA was "how fraudsters curate their online reputation." They stated that, shortly after publishing a story on 10 October 2023 reporting that Indian businessman Gaurav Srivastava was fraudlently representing himself as an agent of the 1049:

Computer programs that enable smartphones, tablets, and portable all-purpose mobile computing devices, and smart televisions to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer

938:

922:

1406:

on the cartridge to validate the authenticity of the product. Static Control Components reverse engineered the chip using the program from the printer and were able to make their own ink cartridges compatible with Lexmark printers. Lexmark sued, claiming a DMCA violation, and won at the District

976:

Computer programs that enable smartphones, tablets and portable all-purpose mobile computing devices, and smart televisions to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer

896:

Motion pictures and other audiovisual works on DVDs that are protected by the Content Scrambling System, or that are distributed by an online service and protected by technological measures that control access to such works, where circumvention is related to developing captioning and descriptive

838:

Video games accessible on personal computers and protected by technological protection measures that control access to lawfully obtained works, when circumvention is accomplished solely for the purpose of good faith testing for, investigating, or correcting security flaws or vulnerabilities, if:

1100:

Video games in the form of computer programs, embodied in lawfully acquired physical or downloaded formats, and operated on a general-purpose computer, where circumvention is undertaken solely for the purpose of allowing an individual with a physical disability to use software or hardware input

1666:

Lenz notified YouTube immediately that her video was within the scope of fair use, and demanded that it be restored. YouTube complied after six weeks—not two weeks, as required by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act—to see whether Universal planned to sue Lenz for infringement. Lenz then sued

1622:

in response to his eBay listings, Timothy S. Vernor sued Autodesk in August 2007, alleging that Autodesk abused the DMCA and disrupted his right to sell used software he bought at a garage sale. In May 2008, a federal district judge in Washington State Autodesk's authorized that the software's

804:

when circumvention is accomplished solely in order to accomplish the incorporation of short portions of motion pictures into new works for the purpose of criticism or comment, and where the person engaging in circumvention believes and has reasonable grounds for believing that circumvention is

2647:

17 U.S.C. 101 (defining "Pictorial, graphic and sculptural works" as "Such works shall include works of artistic craftsmanship insofar as their form but not their mechanical or utilitarian aspects are concerned; the design of a useful article, as defined in this section, shall be considered a

1477:

to affirm his first amendment rights when reverse engineering the censorware product of defendant N2H2 in case he intended to publish the finding. N2H2 filed a motion to dismiss, which the court granted on the basis that Edelman had not finished reverse engneeering, and the court did not make

1065:

Computer programs that are contained in and control the functioning of a lawfully acquired motorized land vehicle or marine vessel such as a personal automobile or boat, commercial vehicle or vessel, or mechanized agricultural vehicle or vessel, except for programs accessed through a separate

1383:

ruled in favor of Skylink that there was no DMCA violation. The courts ruled the DMCA did not create a new property right, and thus consumers that owned Chamberlain's product had a right to circumvent any restrictions, since this was typical practice on the market. They also pointed out that

543:

from a copyright holder or the copyright holder's agent (a "notice and takedown" process). OCILLA also includes a counternotification provision that offers OSPs a safe harbor from liability to their users when users claim that the material in question is not, in fact, infringing. OCILLA also

956:

Motion pictures (including television shows and videos), as defined in 17 U.S.C. 101, where circumvention is undertaken solely in order to make use of short portions of the motion pictures for the purpose of criticism or comment, for supervised educational purposes, or to accommodate for

490:, adopted at the WIPO Diplomatic Conference in December 1996. The treaties have two major portions. One portion includes works covered by several treaties in U.S. copy prevention laws and gave the title its name. For further analysis of this portion of the Act and of cases under it, see 1029:

539:) against copyright infringement liability, provided they meet specific requirements. OSPs must adhere to and qualify for certain prescribed safe harbor guidelines and promptly block access to alleged infringing material (or remove such material from their systems) when they receive 2045:

of the Communications Decency Act, that basically mean they are under no obligation to vet or check the works they publish. They are legally free to produce and sell books, physical and digital, regardless of whether they are plagiarized, copyright infringing or otherwise illegal."

918:

Computer programs that enable the following types of wireless devices to connect to a wireless telecommunications network, when circumvention is undertaken solely in order to connect to a wireless telecommunications network and such connection is authorized by the operator of such

506:

in specified situations. Although section 1201(c) of the title stated that the section does not change the underlying substantive copyright infringement rights, remedies, or defenses, it did not make those defenses available in circumvention actions. The section does not include a

1768:

consoles. Hotz argued that because he had purchased the product, he had the right to do with it as he pleased. After three months, Sony and Hotz decided to settle out of court. This also included an injunction against George Hotz, barring him from hacking any more Sony products.

1089:

Computer programs that operate 3D printers that employ technological measures to limit the use of material, when circumvention is accomplished solely for the purpose of using alternative material and not for the purpose of accessing design software, design files, or proprietary

1190:

gives a vivid and detailed description of a flourishing market which is only possible because of DMCA. They are deeply concerned about people with disabilities, but that concern is already being taken care of by the copyright holders, so that no permanent exception is needed.

409:

without exceptions, with electronic works potentially falling into the public domain but still locked beyond circumvention measures, but they also needed to balance the rights of copyright holders. The DMCA as passed contained some basic fair use allowance such as for limited

888:

Computer programs that enable certain types of wireless devices to connect to a wireless telecommunications network, when circumvention is undertaken solely in order to connect to a wireless telecommunications network and such connection is authorized by the operator of such

690:

issue exemptions from the prohibition against circumvention of access-control technology. Exemptions are granted when it is shown that access-control technology has had a substantial adverse effect on the ability of people to make non-infringing uses of copyrighted works.

2648:

pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work only if, and only to the extent that, such design incorporates pictorial, graphic, or sculptural features that can be identified separately from, and are capable of existing independently of, the utilitarian aspects of the article.")

1037:

Literary works, distributed electronically, that are protected by technological measures that either prevent the enabling of read-aloud functionality or interfere with screen readers or other applications or assistive technologies, or for research purposes at educational

1594:

does not itself actively participate or supervise the uploading of files. Nor does it preview or select the files before the upload is completed. Instead, video files are uploaded through an automated process which is initiated entirely at the volition of Veoh's users.

1502:

for violating copyright law in selling its RealDVD software, allowing users to copy DVDs and store them on a harddrive. The DVD Copy Control Association claimed that Real violated the DMCA by manufacturing and trafficking a tool that circumvented anti-piracy measures

1305:

rejected Corley's arguments. While the court agreed that a computer program qualifies as protected speech, the distribution of anti-circumvention devices was not considered a fair use option by Section 1201, and thus DeCSS was not protected by First Amendment rights.

1066:

subscription service, when circumvention is a necessary step to allow the diagnosis, repair, or lawful modification of a vehicle or vessel function, where such circumvention is not accomplished for the purpose of gaining unauthorized access to other copyrighted works;

1371:– Chamberlain manufactured garage door openers and accessories, while Skylink created universal remotes that worked with a variety of door openers. Chamberlain developed a security protocol for its remotes that matched the remote to the door via software-based 826:

handsets to execute software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications, when they have been lawfully obtained, with computer programs on the telephone handset. (A new exemption in

501:

provisions. These provisions changed the remedies for the circumvention of copy-prevention systems (also called "technical protection measures"). The section contains a number of specific limitations and exemptions, for such things as government research and

1045:

Computer programs that enable wireless devices to connect to a wireless telecommunications network when circumvention is undertaken solely in order to connect to a wireless telecommunications network and such connection is authorized by the operator of such

972:

1041:

Literary works consisting of compilations of data generated by medical devices that are wholly or partially implanted in the body or by their corresponding personal monitoring systems, for the sole purpose of lawfully accessing the data on one's own

968:

Literary works consisting of compilations of data generated by medical devices that are wholly or partially implanted in the body or by their corresponding personal monitoring systems, for the sole purpose of lawfully accessing the data on one's own

2089:(CBDTPA), known in early drafts as the Security Systems and Standards Certification Act (SSSCA). This bill, if it had passed, would have dealt with the devices used to access digital content and would have been even more restrictive than the DMCA. 1073:

Computer programs that are contained in and control the functioning of a lawfully acquired medical device or system, and related data files, when circumvention is a necessary step to allow the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of such a device or

1868:

that republished the content of their story and backdated it to 8 October 2023, two days before their article came out. Following a copyright infringement complaint filed on legal archive Lumen and without checking the veracity of the source,

1057:

Computer programs that enable voice assistant devices to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the

1053:

Computer programs that enable smart televisions to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the smart

984:

980:

992:

Computer programs that are contained in and control the functioning of a lawfully acquired smartphone or home appliance or home system when circumvention is a necessary step to allow the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of such a device or

1550:

On June 23, 2010, U.S. District Judge Louis Stanton granted summary judgment in favor of YouTube. The court held that YouTube is protected by the safe harbor of the DMCA. Viacom appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

910:

892:

734:

The 2000 "literary works including computer programs" exemption was limited to "Computer programs protected by dongles that prevent access due to malfunction or damage and which are obsolete" and this exemption was renewed in both 2006 and

2858: 745:

A new exemption was made for "Computer programs and video games distributed in formats that have become obsolete and which require the original media or hardware as a condition of access." This exemption was renewed in 2006 but not in

1732:

for liability. The court found that the safe harbor provision serves "to limit the liability of internet service providers, not to create liability that could not otherwise be imposed under existing law independent of the DMCA."

996:

Computer programs, where the circumvention is undertaken on a lawfully acquired device or machine on which the computer program operates solely for the purpose of good-faith security research and does not violate any applicable

930:

5752: 1578:

IO Group alleged that Veoh was responsible for copyright infringement by allowing videos owned by IO Group to be accessed through Veoh's online service without permission over 40,000 times between the dates June 1 and June 22.

491: 479: 5599: 1684:

In 2015, the court ultimately upheld the finding that Universal was liable under 17 USC 512(f) (the DMCA's bad faith notice and takedown provision) for failing to consider fair use before sending its initial takedown notice.

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protection for boat hull designs. Boat hull designs were not considered covered under copyright law because boats are useful articles whose form cannot be separated from their function as determined by the Supreme Court case

718:"Literary works, including computer programs and databases, protected by access control mechanisms that fail to permit access because of malfunction, damage, or obsoleteness." (revised and limited in 2003 and again in 2006). 5594: 5939: 1981:, an activity legal in both Russia and the United States. Paradoxically, under the DMCA, it is not legal in the United States to provide such a tool. Sklyarov was arrested in the United States after presenting a speech at 862:

format when all existing e-book editions of the work (including digital text editions made available by authorized entities) contain access controls that prevent the enabling either of the book's read-aloud function or of

964:

914:

880:

1420:

injunction against posting infringing material on their website, and then links to the same material to circumvent the injunction. Another area involves linking to software or devices which are designed to circumvent

3437:"Comments Of The Association Of American Universities, The American Council On Education, The Association Of Public And Land-Grant Universities, And Educause On Section 1201 Of The Digital Millennium Copyright Act" 1150:

notice that DMCA adversely affects good faith security research by forbidding researchers from circumventing technological protection measures (TPMs) to analyze software for vulnerabilities. Cyberlaw Clinic at

1376: 1008:

Computer programs used to operate video game consoles solely to the extent necessary for an eligible library, archives, or museum to engage in the preservation activities for the video game exceptions above;

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clearinghouse. Takedown notices targeting a competing business made up over half (57%) of the notices Google has received, the company said, and more than one-third (37%) "were not valid copyright claims."

4368: 2454: 1393: 6027: 5810: 4765: 4160: 5526: 3737: 3710: 3683: 3656: 3629: 3602: 3575: 3548: 3521: 3494: 3467: 3440: 3413: 3386: 3359: 3332: 3305: 3278: 3251: 3224: 3163: 3136: 3082: 2850: 1326: 845:

The information derived from the security testing is used or maintained in a manner that does not facilitate copyright infringement or a violation of applicable law. (A new exemption in 2010.)

779:

A new exemption was implemented covering the audiovisual works included in the educational library of a college or university's film or media studies department; this was not renewed in 2010.

3109: 3055: 6483: 1540: 483: 379: 4186: 6337: 5923: 4604: 4029: 1489: 1912:(formerly Macrovision, now TiVo), is designed to thwart users' attempts to reproduce content via analog cables. When a DVD is played through an analog video cable and recorded using a 2086: 401:, the committee recognized that the final bill would be far more encompassing than just copyright reform but would be establishing key principles in the digital commerce marketplace. 6126: 5834: 5787: 5747: 2295: 2065: 1380: 1348:

not protected speech and violated the DMCA. Additionally, they argued that the issues pertaining to the constitutionality of the DMCA were answered by prior cases, as case law from

524: 6150: 6078: 6003: 5915: 4391: 1366: 1302: 4437: 1586:

user uploaded videos to Flash format it became a direct infringer and the materials were under their direct control, thereby disqualifying them for DMCA safe harbor protection.

1034:

for disabled students in educational institutions, for preservation of the motion picture by a library, archive, or museum, or for research purposes at educational institutions;

6493: 6488: 6158: 4342: 4301: 1408: 398: 5209: 2517: 6498: 989:

vehicle, when circumvention is a necessary step undertaken by the authorized owner of the vehicle to allow the diagnosis, repair or lawful modification of a vehicle function;

927:

vehicle, when circumvention is a necessary step undertaken by the authorized owner of the vehicle to allow the diagnosis, repair or lawful modification of a vehicle function,

842:

The information derived from the security testing is used primarily to promote the security of the owner or operator of a computer, computer system, or computer network; and

6142: 1969:

in 2001, for alleged infringement of the DMCA, was a highly publicized example of the law's use to prevent or penalize development of anti-DRM measures. While working for

1743: 1667:

Universal Music in California for her legal costs, claiming the music company had acted in bad faith by ordering removal of a video that represented fair use of the song.

426:

to review the state of copyrights and fair use to make limited classes of allowance for fair use which would be considered lawful means of using circumvention technology.

6533: 6508: 6182: 5131: 4706: 2339: 2160: 6222: 5519: 4112: 2235: 1338: 1142:

also talks of Catch-22 on stressing that since it is up to proponents to show that an exemption is relevant, they need to show that there's overwhelming market demand

5100: 6086: 5987: 5062:"Jacobsen v Katzer: Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgement and Denying Defendants Motion for Partial Summary Judgement" 631: 560:

of the copyright title so that those repairing computers could make certain temporary, limited copies while working on a computer. It reversed the precedent set in

3869: 3002: 6345: 5899: 4412: 4364: 1678:

ruled that copyright holders cannot order a deletion of an online file without determining whether that posting reflected "fair use" of the copyrighted material.

209: 5241: 742:

for which technological protection measures prevented the use of read-aloud software or screen readers. This exemption was renewed in 2006, 2010, 2012, and 2015.

5562: 5411: 1225: 2256: 1681:

On February 25, 2010, Judge Fogel issued a ruling rejecting several of Universal's affirmative defenses, including the defense that Lenz suffered no damages.

5471: 4965: 4566: 2628: 6523: 6262: 5995: 5679: 5512: 4796: 4083: 4893: 4757: 4156: 6503: 6278: 6134: 1965:

research community, since an argument can be made that any cryptanalytic research violates, or might violate, the DMCA. The arrest of Russian programmer

1522: 5907: 4244: 3733: 3706: 3679: 3652: 3625: 3598: 3571: 3544: 3517: 3490: 3463: 3436: 3409: 3382: 3355: 3328: 3301: 3274: 3247: 3220: 3159: 3132: 3105: 3078: 3051: 2064:

was introduced to attempt to exempt non-infringing uses from the anti-circumvention clause. However, the bill was not passed by Congress. In 2014, the

1343:– 321 Studios made copies that allowed users to copy DVDs, including those with CSS copy protection, to another DVD or to a CD-ROM. The company sought 6478: 6246: 1825:

The use of DMCA-enabled takedown notices has been raised for a number of services that allow users to provide content. Early concerns were focused on

1272: 792:

Rulemaking was scheduled to occur in 2009, but the final rule was not issued until the following year. The 2010 exemptions, issued in July 2010, are:

4472: 4276: 3799:

Sieber, Albert (2003). "The Constitutionality of the DMCA Explored: Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley & (and) United States v. Elcom Ltd".

562: 371: 292: 55: 1927:) that the user cannot see are used for functions like closed captioning. Rovi Corporation uses these blank lines to implement its ACP technology. 5867: 5736: 2940: 2892: 2387: 2369: 2274: 1086:

by an eligible library, archives, or museum, where such activities are carried out without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage.

487: 387: 5979: 4182: 5463: 4817: 3844:

Sapp, Heather A. (2005). "Garage Door Openers and Toner Cartridges: Why Congress Should Revisit the Anti-circumvention Provisions of the DMCA".

3761: 3195: 295:(WIPO). It criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures that control access to 6401: 6166: 6070: 6054: 5963: 5770: 2381: 2249: 2079: 1726: 253: 221: 187: 5342: 4025: 6369: 6174: 4592: 3823:

Barker, Diane M. (2005). "Defining the contours of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act: The growing body of case law surrounding the DMCA".

2609: 2553: 1839: 1566: 1198: 1129:

would have when utilizing circumvention tools before actual acts of circumvention occur. In their opinion, the meaning of Section 1201 is to

370:

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) had its basis as part of the United States' commitment to comply with two treaties passed by the

4731: 4542: 4208: 6385: 6361: 6238: 6011: 2263: 2061: 1210: 1206: 1809:

asserted misuse of the DMCA in a filing concerning New Zealand's copyright act, quoting results from a 2005 study by California academics

3052:"Reply Comments of: Association of American Publishers, Motion Picture Association of America, Recording Industry Association of America" 6393: 6294: 5955: 5637: 5568: 3028: 2449: 2221: 1845: 1221: 769: 715:"Compilations consisting of lists of websites blocked by filtering software applications" (renewed in 2003 but not renewed in 2006); and 5317: 5267: 4388: 3898: 6353: 6198: 6110: 6019: 5931: 5701: 5546: 5535: 4536:"Efficient Process or 'Chilling Effects'? Takedown Notices Under Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Summary Report" 4433: 1703: 1187: 1122: 351: 324: 51: 4338: 4312: 3778:

Mihet, Harry (2002). "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley: The Constitutional Underpinnings of Fair Use Remain an Open Question".

6254: 6046: 5389: 5205: 5153: 2509: 1712: 4991: 4501: 2021:

software projects to defend against conversion of software (i.e., license violations) that involved removal of copyright notices.

1893:

a researcher with legal access to Volkswagen's software could have discovered the code that changed how the cars behave in testing

6513: 5487: 4002: 2548: 419: 393:

The process of ratifying the treaties for the United States was the first major piece of copyright-related legislation since the

195: 3945: 2816: 6443: 6310: 5426: 4060: 3976: 3924: 3846: 3825: 3801: 2774:"Rulemaking on Exemptions from Prohibition on Circumvention of Technological Measures that Control Access to Copyrighted Works" 2742:"Rulemaking on Exemptions from Prohibition on Circumvention of Technological Measures that Control Access to Copyrighted Works" 2710:"Rulemaking on Exemptions from Prohibition on Circumvention of Technological Measures that Control Access to Copyrighted Works" 2678:"Rulemaking on Exemptions from Prohibition on Circumvention of Technological Measures that Control Access to Copyrighted Works" 1473:

filed a lawsuit on the behalf of Benjamin Edelman, a computer researcher at Berkman Center for Internet and Society, seeking a

1325:

the First Amendment by placing too much burden on those seeking to use protected works for fair use. The initial ruling at the

1241: 867:

that render the text into a specialized format. (A renewed exemption from 2006, based on a similar exemption approved in 2003.)

703:

The Copyright Office approved two exemptions in 2000, four in 2003, six each in 2006 and 2010, five in 2012, and nine in 2015.

118: 110: 5123: 4940: 4696: 2851:"Federal Register | Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" 2806:"Federal Register | Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" 1663:, which owned the copyrights to the song, ordered YouTube to remove the video enforcing the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. 6518: 5556: 5313: 4108: 2935: 2778: 2746: 2714: 2682: 2155: 2150: 2109: 1470: 1424:

devices, or links from websites whose sole purpose is to circumvent copyright protection by linking to copyrighted material.

1134: 579: 423: 4673: 2719: 1179:, jointly advocated making the security research exemption granted in the 2015 Triennial Section 1201 Rulemaking permanent. 2751: 2485: 1186:

of America (LDA) commented that circumventing DRM restrictions to meet accessibility needs deserves a permanent exception.

6528: 6302: 6270: 6206: 5707: 5093: 4625:

Banerjee, Anirban; Faloutsos, Michalis; Bhuyan, Laxmi (2008-04-24). "The P2P war: Someone is monitoring your activities".

4212: 2687: 2308: 1638: 355: 5293: 2068:

was passed, granting a specific exemption for unlocking cell phones, without affecting the other provisions of the DMCA.

658: 449: 6409: 6377: 5730: 5718: 5068: 3865: 3599:"Joint Comments Of The Dvd Copy Control Association And The Advanced Access Content System Licensing Administrator, Llc" 2994: 2333: 1886: 1757: 1495: 80: 4408: 2660: 1183: 5891: 5231: 3780: 2134:

Impedes competition, such as blocking aftermarket competition in toner cartridges, garage door openers, and enforcing

1857: 1749: 1311: 6456: 1935:

benefits Rovi Corporation financially, whereas those forced to implement it receive neither profit nor compensation.

5036: 4919: 4860: 2973: 2096:

introduced a draft revision of the DMCA in December 2020. A fundamental change in his language would be to support "

1402:

that would prevent use of any third party ink cartridges. The mechanism used a program in the printer along with an

808:

Educational uses by college and university professors and by college and university film and media studies students;

6190: 4969: 2135: 1924: 1696: 1385: 1284: 1202: 5468: 5018: 4593:"The Digital Millennium Copyright Act Takedown Notice Procedure: Misuses, Abuses, and Shortcomings of the Process" 1528: 6438: 6286: 5695: 4570: 4458: 2625: 1956: 1861: 1826: 1421: 801: 536: 343: 300: 4788: 4087: 39: 5712: 5441: 4889: 2439: 2029: 2009:

secure-computing scheme because of his concern about being arrested under the DMCA when he travels to the U.S.

1814: 1613: 213: 147:

5 (Government Organization and Employees); 17 (Copyrights); 28 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure); 35 (Patents)

390:

worked to normalize the copyright protections for performed works as uniformly for member states as possible.

4234: 3949: 5793: 5724: 5587: 5572: 5480: 4239: 2783: 1796: 1644: 1293: 532: 374:(WIPO) in December 1996 that dealt with the nature of copyright with modern information systems such as the 332: 2928:"Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" 2880:"Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" 1701:

In the case of Flava Works Inc. v. Gunter the court denied the defendant safe harbor protection under DMCA

5582: 5418: 4634: 2412: 2281: 2242: 1986: 1905: 515:

requirement, so criminal liability could attach to even unintended circumvention for legitimate purposes.

308: 4265: 6214: 6062: 5663: 5647: 5632: 5627: 5622: 2055: 1761: 1660: 1233: 687: 394: 359: 137: 103: 5183: 2927: 2879: 1078:

computer, computer system, or computer network, solely for the purpose of good-faith security research.

2202: 5642: 5422: 4821: 4476: 3758: 3188: 2180: 2097: 2018: 1998: 1982: 1675: 1619: 1474: 1344: 1094: 540: 415: 316: 247: 234: 1539:

for copyright infringement seeking more than $ 1 billion in damages. The complaint was filed in the

1050:

programs on the smartphone or device or to permit removal of software from the smartphone or device;

977:

programs on the smartphone or device or to permit removal of software from the smartphone or device;

923:

programs on the smartphone or device or to permit removal of software from the smartphone or device,

6449: 5875: 5338: 4639: 2112:

documented harmful consequences of the anti-circumvention provisions. They document that the DMCA:

1624: 1301:

the DMCA allowed users to make copies of media they legally owned. Both the District Court and the

1160: 1005:

purpose of preservation of the game in a playable form by an eligible library, archives, or museum;

503: 411: 5947: 5883: 5287: 5236: 4701: 4535: 2570: 1403: 1356:

effectively established that the DMCA could not be challenged on the basis of constitutionality.

1217: 1195: 1164: 1152: 593: 498: 383: 339: 152: 5381: 1582:

Veoh is a Flash video site relying on user contributed content. IO Group argued that since Veoh

5431: 4132:"Content sharing company Qlipso buys Veoh" (Apr 9, 2010) Athena Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd. 1977:, a software application allowing users to strip usage restriction information from restricted 172: 5843: 5577: 5385: 5371: 2605: 2578: 2006: 1715:, which states that courts should not rely on categorical rules as a standard for injunction. 1652: 1648: 1504: 1172: 1117:

Several comments were posted by individuals and organizations. An individual recalls that the

586: 528: 3024: 2601: 2582: 817:

Noncommercial videos. (A new exemption in 2010, similar to a previous educational exemption.)

6428: 6102: 5859: 5551: 5377: 5309: 5264:"Unintended Consequences: Twelve Years under the DMCA | Electronic Frontier Foundation" 5263: 4668: 4644: 3890: 3133:"Rapid7, Bugcrowd, & HackerOne Joint Comments to US Copyright Office Section 1201 Study" 2887: 2562: 2033: 1909: 1784: 1599: 1237: 1118: 739: 4995: 4941:"First Indictment Under Digital Millennium Copyright Act Returned Against Russian National" 4758:"Researchers Could Have Uncovered Volkswagen's Emissions Cheat If Not Hindered by the DMCA" 1062:

not accomplished for the purpose of gaining unauthorized access to other copyrighted works;

382:

identified numerous electronic works as eligible for copyright protection, and stated that

338:

The DMCA's principal innovation in the field of copyright is the exemption from direct and

6329: 6230: 6118: 5971: 5851: 5475: 5297: 5022: 4395: 4142: 3980: 3765: 2664: 2632: 2345: 2301: 2269: 2208: 2194: 2117: 1966: 1399: 328: 5145: 768:

A new exemption was made for sound recordings allowed after security flaws were found in

311:

itself. In addition, the DMCA heightens the penalties for copyright infringement on the

665:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

456:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

6094: 5367: 4509: 2443: 2406: 2366:, Benefit Authors without Limiting Advancement or Net Consumer Expectations Act of 2003 2002: 1853: 1756:

over violating the Section 1201 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act as well as the

1176: 1093:

Computer programs, solely for the purpose of investigating a potential infringement of

683: 347: 304: 199: 5176:"S.990 – 114th Congress (2015-2016): Breaking Down Barriers to Innovation Act of 2015" 3994: 2805: 2188: 2036:

subsidiary) with no incentive to find new innovations for vetting submitted books for

1431: 1316:– Moscow-based Elcom had developed software that was able to remove protections on an 6472: 6433: 5504: 4531: 2914: 2837: 2321: 2121: 1994: 1990: 1810: 1780: 1765: 1511:, as well as breaking Real's licensing agreement with the Content Scrambling System. 1317: 1031: 958: 864: 4944: 4052: 3973: 3920: 2005:, who has declined to publish information about vulnerabilities he discovered in an 835:

by the operator of the network. (Revised from a similar exemption approved in 2006.)

602:

Added provisions relating to collective bargaining and the transfer of movie rights.

2393: 2075: 1962: 1889:. It has been suggested that had the DMCA not prevented access to the software "... 1671: 1499: 1372: 823: 599:

Added provisions to assist libraries with keeping phonorecords of sound recordings.

474:

Title I: WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act

320: 264: 191: 5469:

Info on Dealing with Digital Copyrights Infringement including filing DMCA Notices

5232:"Sen. Thom Tillis Proposes 'Notice and Stay Down' Rewrite of Online Copyright Law" 5146:"Text of H.R. 1587 (114th): Unlocking Technology Act of 2015 (Introduced version)" 4842: 3705:

Kerry Maeve Sheehan; Raza Panjwani; John Bergmayer; Charles Duan (April 2, 2016).

619: 615: 5499: 5437: 4663: 4648: 2741: 2709: 2478: 1707: 557: 5447: 2434:

Loi sur le Droit d'Auteur et les Droits Voisins dans la Société de l'Information

2363: 2093: 2042: 1753: 1279: 682:

In addition to the safe harbors and exemptions the statute explicitly provides,

624: 58:

2677: 1985:

and subsequently spent nearly a month in jail. The DMCA has also been cited as

1938:

Additionally, some criticize the implementation of ACP as a violation of their

5406: 5290: 2375: 2170: 2037: 1882: 1830: 1168: 226: 5061: 2657: 759:

The 2003 exemption on obsolete computer programs and video games was renewed.

1970: 1919:

The technology works by adding additional lines to the video signal. In the

1583: 296: 285: 4389:

Sony follows up, officially sues Geohot and fail0verflow over PS3 jailbreak

4339:"myVidster: A Victory for Innovation and a Vote for Sensible Copyright Law" 5753:

WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act

5481:

Interview of Marcia Hoffman from the EFF on Lenz v. Universal DMCA lawsuit

5458: 492:

WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act

480:

WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act

5600:

5452: 4915: 4868: 4664:"File Sharing Lawsuits at a Crossroads, After 5 Years of RIAA Litigation" 4157:"Autodesk sued for $ 10 million after invoking DMCA to stop eBay resales" 2965: 2128: 1943: 1939: 1508: 831: 762:

The 2003 exemption on computer programs protected by dongles was renewed.

545: 512: 508: 406: 375: 312: 122: 5595:

5040: 2108:

On the fifth anniversary of the DMCA, and several times afterwards, the

805:

necessary to fulfill the purpose of the use in the following instances:

5015: 3545:"Initial Comments of the Software and Information Industry Association" 2574: 2350: 2116:

Stifles free expression, such as in its use against Russian programmer

2078:, a congressman from Virginia, led previous efforts by introducing the 1916:, Rovi's ACP technology will distort the copy partially or completely. 1834: 1656: 1532: 384:

circumvention of technological measures used to secure electronic works

63: 5094:"How Amazon Could Fix Its Plagiarism Problem And Why It Never Will..." 1384:

customers purchasing a Chamberlain garage door opener did not sign an

4309:

Court rule in favour of plaintiff's motion for preliminary injunction

3572:"Reply Comments of the Software and Information Industry Association" 3273:

Stanley Pierre-Louis; Ben Golant; Steven K. Englund (April 1, 2016).

3246:

Stanley Pierre-Louis; Ben Golant; Steven K. Englund (March 3, 2016).

2429: 2425: 1978: 1870: 1865: 1806: 1536: 1147: 1139: 859: 851: 4732:"Fake Blogs Taken Down As Conman Gaurav Srivastava's Cover-Up Fails" 4434:"Sony and PlayStation 3 jailbreaker George Hotz settle out of court" 4365:"Ouellette v. Viacom, Dist. Court, D. Montana 2011 – Google Scholar" 2566: 585:

Added ephemeral copy for broadcasters provisions, including certain

216:(Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection) 17: 5124:"Awesome new bill legalizes cell phone unlocking, 'fixes' the DMCA" 5494: 2773: 2298:(OCILLA) (more information about the DMCA 512 takedown provisions) 1377:

United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois

1321: 1289: 800:

that are lawfully made and acquired and that are protected by the

783:

in 2010 specific to interoperability software on the phone itself.

4843:"V – V to M to VIR | WhatIs.com – Search Results | {1}" 3464:"Initial Comments – Copyright Alliance 1201 Study Comments final" 3221:"Initial Comments – Learning Disabilities Association of America" 2913:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2836:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2626:

Music Industry A-Listers Call on Congress to Reform Copyright Act

2060:

There have been several Congressional efforts to modify the Act.

1623:

license agreement preempted the seller from his rights under the

3759:

Section 1201 of Title 17: A report of the Register of Copyrights

2139: 1920: 1572: 773: 519:

Title II: Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act

5508: 4473:"Google submission on TCF Draft ISP Copyright Code of Practice" 1575:

in the U.S. District Court for California's Northern District.

497:

The second portion (17 U.S.C. 1201) is often known as the DMCA

4398:. Nilay Patel, Engadget (2011-01-12). Retrieved on 2011-02-16. 2455:

Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty

1913: 1426: 1394:

Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.

1297: 885:

or to permit removal of software from the smartphone or device

797: 642: 433: 288: 3866:"Linking to infringing content is probably illegal in the US" 1407:

Court. However, the case was overturned shortly after by the

4209:"Yes, you own it: Court release holds EULAs, digital resale" 4183:"Court smacks Autodesk, affirms right to sell used software" 3678:

Raza Panjwani; Charles Duan; Kerry Sheehan (March 4, 2016).

2549:"A Riff on Fair Use in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act" 1787:

in favor of WordPress and Hotham in the amount of $ 25,084.

346:

and other intermediaries. This exemption was adopted by the

5175: 4789:"The EPA Opposes Rules That Could've Exposed VW's Cheating" 1947:

and record cable sources properly due to ACP restrictions.

1589:

The ruling judge disagreed with the argument, stating that

1571:

On June 23, 2006, IO Group, Inc. filed a complaint against

1327:

U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California

5339:"EFF sues US government to void 'onerous' copyright rules" 4109:"Transcoding Is Not A Crime, Says Court In Veoh Porn Case" 3597:

Bruce H. Turnbull; David Jonathan Taylor (March 3, 2016).

3329:"Initial Comments – American Association of Law Libraries" 303:

or DRM). It also criminalizes the act of circumventing an

5495:

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) page on the DMCA

3734:"Reply Comments of AAA (American Automobile Association)" 3408:

Jessica L. Simmons; Steven J. Metalitz (March 30, 2016).

1655:" and posted a 29-second video on the video-sharing site 1647:

made a home video of her 13-month-old son dancing to the

1541:

U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York

552:

Title III: Computer Maintenance Competition Assurance Act

315:. Passed on October 12, 1998, by a unanimous vote in the 6338:

Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.

3381:

Jessica L. Simmons; Steven J. Metalitz (March 2, 2016).

3077:

Dennis E. Meissner; Nancy Beaumont (February 18, 2016).

1490:

RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Association, Inc.

1483:

RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Association, Inc.

158:

17 U.S.C. §§ 512, 1201–1205, 1301–1332; 28 U.S.C. § 4001

5500:

Unintended Consequences: Ten Years under the DMCA – EFF

5459:

Cybertelecom's DMCA information and background material

3410:"Reply Comments – Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers" 3383:"Reply Comments – Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers" 3248:"Initial Comments – Entertainment Software Association" 2658:"Vessel Hull Design Protection Act of 1997 (H.R. 2696)" 2087:

Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act

1659:. Four months after the video was originally uploaded, 1443: 876:

The 2012 exemptions, issued in November 2012, are for:

6127:

Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.

5788:

Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act

5748:

Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act

5310:"Unintended Consequences: Twelve Years under the DMCA" 4697:"The Inexact Science Behind D.M.C.A. Takedown Notices" 3160:"Comment of the Cyberlaw Clinic at Harvard Law School" 3050:

Allan R. Adler; Benjamin S. Sheffner (April 1, 2016).

2296:

Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act

2066:

Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act

2017:

In at least one court case, the DMCA has been used by

1381:

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

1025:

The 2021 exemptions, issued in October 2021, are for:

952:

The 2018 exemptions, issued in October 2018, are for:

906:

The 2015 exemptions, issued in October 2015, are for:

525:

Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act

6151:

Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.

6079:

Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.

5916:

Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.

3275:"Reply Comments – Entertainment Software Association" 1398:– Lexmark had developed a lock-out mechanism for its 1367:

Chamberlain Group, Inc. v. Skylink Technologies, Inc.

731:

The 2000 filtering exemption was revised and renewed.

327:

to extend the reach of copyright, while limiting the

6159:

Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.

4337:

Samuels, Julie P.; Higgins, Parker (6 August 2012).

3921:"RealNetworks loses critical ruling in RealDVD case" 3818: 3816: 1409:

United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

1194:

Comments have also been submitted by, among others,

711:

In 2000, the first rulemaking, the Office exempted:

574:

DMCA Title IV contains an assortment of provisions:

212:(Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property); 166:

17 U.S.C. §§ 101, 104, 104A, 108, 132, 114, 117, 701

6321: 6038: 5833: 5824: 5803: 5780: 5763: 5688: 5672: 5656: 5615: 5608: 4459:"WordPress Wins $ 25,000 From DMCA Takedown Abuser" 4026:"Appeals Court Gives Viacom Second Shot at YouTube" 3970:

Viacom Int'l Inc., et al., v. YouTube, Inc., et al.

1133:, not merely duplicate, copyright holder's rights. 765:

The 2003 exemption on electronic books was renewed.

695:must be resubmitted for the next rulemaking cycle. 170: 162: 151: 143: 133: 128: 109: 99: 94: 86: 75: 62: 46: 6143:Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc. 4892:. Electronic Frontier Foundation. 15 August 2006. 3995:"Google defeats Viacom in landmark copyright case" 1774:Automattic, Inc. and Oliver Hotham v. Nick Steiner 1744:Sony Computer Entertainment America v. George Hotz 1643:In 2007, Stephanie Lenz, a writer and editor from 961:for disabled students in educational institutions; 399:Commerce Committee in the House of Representatives 5488:How To Win (DMCA) Exemptions And Influence Policy 4597:Minnesota Journal of Law Science & Technology 4569:. New Zealand PCWorld. 2009-03-16. Archived from 3518:"Initial Comments – ACM US Public Policy Council" 3516:Eugene H. Spafford; Paul Hyland (March 3, 2016). 2340:Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act 1155:points out that the rulemaking is a complicated, 661:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 452:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 6484:United States federal communications legislation 6223:Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd. 4053:"Veoh Faces Copyright Suit, A Test of Web Video" 3491:"Reply Comments – Copyright Alliance 1201 Study" 3079:"Comments Of The Society Of American Archivists" 2415:(SOPA) (introduced in 2011, stopped by protests) 2236:321 Studios v. Metro Goldwyn Mayer Studios, Inc. 1993:(including, in a well-known instance, Professor 1339:321 Studios v. Metro Goldwyn Mayer Studios, Inc. 1101:methods other than a standard keyboard or mouse. 1012:by an eligible library, archives, or museum; and 6087:Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp. 5988:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. 4471:Carolyn Dalton; Antoine Aubert (6 March 2009). 4084:"Test For Web Video? Veoh Faces Copyright Suit" 3435:Jonathan Band; Jessica Sebeok (March 6, 2016). 1852:Project Brazen, an investigative outlet run by 1282:, Shawn Reimerdes, and Roman Kazan, editors of 632:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc. 548:against OSPs to provide their users' identity. 482:, amends U.S. copyright law to comply with the 6346:Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc. 6183:Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l 5900:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. 3356:"Initial Comments – BSA The Software Alliance" 755:In 2006, the Office made the following rules: 727:In 2003, the Office made the following rules: 238:on September 17, 1998 (unanimous consent) 5563:Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices 5520: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 1837:was sued by several music industry groups in 1226:Software and Information Industry Association 251:on October 8, 1998 (consent) and by the 8: 4235:"Woman can sue over YouTube clip de-posting" 3972:, Nos. 07-Civ-2103 (LLS), 07-Civ-3582 (LLS) 3680:"Section 1201 Comments for Copyright Office" 2085:A prominent bill related to the DMCA is the 1908:(ACP), the encryption technology created by 1864:), a fake blog was created on blogging site 1598:The Court has granted the Veoh's motion for 1159:, and unduly burdensome process. Professors 32: 6494:United States federal copyright legislation 6489:United States federal computing legislation 6263:Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha 5908:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States 5680:Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 3768:– United States Copyright Office, June 2017 1779:In 2013, Oliver Hotham wrote an article on 1228:, DVD Copy Control Association ("DVD CCA") 943:his or her own device or monitoring system. 335:for copyright infringement by their users. 6499:United States federal criminal legislation 6279:Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. 6135:American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc. 5830: 5612: 5527: 5513: 5505: 4890:"Another DMCA Misuse: Macrovision v. Sima" 3626:"Initial Comments – Microsoft Corporation" 2257:Lexmark Int'l v. Static Control Components 1942:rights. A TV-streaming product called the 1813:and Jennifer Urban based on data from the 1523:Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. 1236:, Association for Competitive Technology, 607:Title V: Vessel Hull Design Protection Act 242:Reported by the joint conference committee 6247:Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc. 5438:U.S. Copyright Office summary of the DMCA 4638: 3847:Buffalo Intellectual Property Law Journal 3300:Catherine R. Gellis (February 16, 2015). 2409:(introduced in 2011, stopped by protests) 1989:to legitimate users, such as students of 1877:Abuse of the anti-circumvention provision 1273:Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes 814:Obsolete software and video game formats. 578:Clarified and added to the duties of the 291:that implements two 1996 treaties of the 6534:October 1998 events in the United States 6509:Acts of the 105th United States Congress 5980:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4141:"UMG v. Veoh: victory has never been so 3653:"ACT Comments re USCO Sec 1201 Study v4" 2596:Band, Jonathan; Katoh, Masanobu (2011). 2159:alleging that Section 1201 violates the 2145:Interferes with computer intrusion laws. 1885:abused the DMCA to hide their vehicles' 1329:rejected both arguments on the basis of 563:MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc. 372:World Intellectual Property Organization 293:World Intellectual Property Organization 56:World Intellectual Property Organization 5868:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony 5737:Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998 4966:"Adobe FAQ: ElcomSoft legal background" 4567:"Google submission hammers section 92A" 3946:"Viacom sues Google over YouTube clips" 3302:"Initial Comments – R Street Institute" 2470: 2388:Digital Transition Content Security Act 2370:Inducing Infringement of Copyrights Act 2275:United States v. ElcomSoft and Sklyarov 1275:/Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley 488:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty 388:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty 6402:Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc. 6175:A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. 6071:Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates 6055:Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co. 5964:Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A. 5771:Family Entertainment and Copyright Act 5244:from the original on December 29, 2020 4409:"Sony/Hotz settlement details surface" 3112:from the original on December 16, 2020 3058:from the original on December 16, 2020 2898:from the original on December 25, 2020 2754:from the original on November 23, 2013 2690:from the original on November 26, 2020 2250:Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc. 1873:delisted the Project Brazen article. 1840:A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. 1727:Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc. 1720:Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc. 1292:, an algorithm designed to bypass the 323:on October 28, 1998, the DMCA amended 31: 6370:RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc. 5092:Bailey, Jonathan (26 February 2019). 4768:from the original on November 8, 2020 4726: 4724: 3570:Christopher A. Mohr (April 1, 2016). 3543:Christopher A. Mohr (March 3, 2016). 3183: 3181: 2722:from the original on December 6, 2020 2554:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1567:IO Group, Inc. v. Veoh Networks, Inc. 1560:IO Group, Inc. v. Veoh Networks, Inc. 1199:American Association of Law Libraries 541:notification of an infringement claim 257:on October 12, 1998 (voice vote) 7: 6386:Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC 6362:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. 6239:Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. 6012:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. 4709:from the original on January 2, 2021 4662:Kravitz, David (September 4, 2009). 4345:from the original on 13 October 2012 3891:"Feature on Edelman v. N2H2 lawsuit" 3707:"Reply Comments of Public Knowledge" 3489:Keith Kupferschmid (April 1, 2016). 3354:Christian Troncoso (March 3, 2016). 2264:Murphy v. Millennium Radio Group LLC 2062:The Unlocking Technology Act of 2013 2013:Effect on innovation and competition 2001:), and security consultants such as 1961:The DMCA has affected the worldwide 1670:In August 2008, U.S. District Judge 1211:Association of American Universities 1207:Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers 738:A new exemption was implemented for 6394:Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc. 6295:Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. 6167:Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp. 6028:Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith 5956:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. 5638:International Copyright Act of 1891 5230:Maddaus, Gene (December 22, 2020). 5039:. Securityfocus.com. Archived from 5025:2002-01-07, Retrieved on 2007-02-26 4676:from the original on August 8, 2024 4051:Delaney, Kevin J. (June 29, 2006). 3578:from the original on March 12, 2021 3327:Emily Feltren (February 26, 2016). 3158:Andrew F. Sellars (March 3, 2016). 2786:from the original on August 6, 2009 2450:Copyright law of the European Union 2382:Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act 2222:Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement 2080:Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act 1862:the Gaurav Srivastava Fake Spy Scam 1846:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. 1516:Viacom Inc. v. YouTube, Google Inc. 1222:Association for Computing Machinery 6524:Controversies in the United States 6354:Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena 6199:In re Aimster Copyright Litigation 6111:Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd. 6020:Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. 5932:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. 5702:Copyright Remedy Clarification Act 5536:Copyright law of the United States 4992:"Sklyarov: A Huge Sigh of Release" 4918:. Electronic Frontier Foundation. 4896:from the original on 8 August 2020 4341:. Electronic Frontier Foundation. 4145:" (Dec 22, 2011) Engadget, Newstex 4063:from the original on July 31, 2017 4032:from the original on April 8, 2012 4005:from the original on June 17, 2011 3740:from the original on March 8, 2021 3713:from the original on March 9, 2021 3686:from the original on July 29, 2020 3659:from the original on July 30, 2020 3632:from the original on March 8, 2021 3605:from the original on March 8, 2021 3551:from the original on July 29, 2020 3524:from the original on March 8, 2021 3497:from the original on March 8, 2021 3470:from the original on March 8, 2021 3443:from the original on March 8, 2021 3416:from the original on March 8, 2021 3389:from the original on March 9, 2021 3362:from the original on March 8, 2021 3335:from the original on March 9, 2021 3308:from the original on March 8, 2021 3281:from the original on March 9, 2021 3254:from the original on March 9, 2021 3227:from the original on March 8, 2021 3166:from the original on March 8, 2021 3139:from the original on March 8, 2021 3085:from the original on March 8, 2021 3031:from the original on July 29, 2020 2304:(clearinghouse for DMCA takedowns) 1188:Entertainment Software Association 1123:Association of American Publishers 1070:access to other copyrighted works; 830:Computer programs, in the form of 776:CDs; this was not renewed in 2010. 570:Title IV: Miscellaneous Provisions 366:Background and legislative history 352:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000 325:Title 17 of the United States Code 25: 6504:Internet law in the United States 6255:Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc. 6047:Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc. 5186:from the original on May 29, 2015 5134:from the original on 3 July 2013. 5103:from the original on 20 June 2022 4756:Walsh, Kit (September 21, 2015). 4461:, TorrentFreak.com, March 5, 2015 3219:Steve Noble (February 25, 2016). 2946:from the original on May 28, 2023 1760:due to facilitating consumers to 1713:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C. 1184:Learning Disabilities Association 1082:process to enable local gameplay; 1001:process to enable local gameplay; 935:process to enable local gameplay, 511:exemption from criminality nor a 319:and signed into law by President 307:, whether or not there is actual 6479:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 6004:Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com 5996:Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands 5742:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 5419:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 5412:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 5405: 5206:"Engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu" 5037:"Video crypto standard cracked?" 4943:. Cybercrime.gov. Archived from 3993:Sandoval, Greg (June 23, 2010). 3781:Duke Law & Technology Review 3732:Jill Ingrassia (April 1, 2016). 3025:"Initial Comments – David Oster" 2908: 2831: 2201: 2187: 2173: 1901:Effect on analog video equipment 1430: 1320:PDF file, such as those used in 1262:hardware-based access controls. 1224:U.S. Public Policy Council, the 647: 566:, 991 F.2d 511 (9th Cor. 1993). 438: 278:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 38: 33:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 6444:Home Recording Rights Coalition 5345:from the original on 2016-07-23 5320:from the original on 2020-11-27 5270:from the original on 2020-11-27 5212:from the original on 2015-10-18 5156:from the original on 2020-11-24 5074:from the original on 2011-07-23 4922:from the original on 2020-09-23 4799:from the original on 2020-12-10 4607:from the original on 2020-08-03 4548:from the original on 2020-11-11 4440:from the original on 2011-11-04 4415:from the original on 2021-07-27 4371:from the original on 2019-03-23 4300:Grady, John F. (27 July 2011). 4282:from the original on 2011-07-17 4247:from the original on 2012-03-05 4233:Egelko, Bob (August 20, 2008). 4215:from the original on 2024-08-08 4189:from the original on 2012-04-15 4163:from the original on 2012-04-19 4115:from the original on 2011-09-19 3952:from the original on 2024-08-08 3927:from the original on 2012-03-07 3901:from the original on 2022-09-30 3872:from the original on 2015-07-03 3826:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 3802:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 3201:from the original on 2020-10-16 3131:Harley Geiger (March 3, 2016). 3005:from the original on 2024-08-08 2976:from the original on 2020-11-29 2861:from the original on 2015-11-21 2822:from the original on 2014-01-04 2520:from the original on 2020-08-12 2491:from the original on 2007-08-08 2290:DMCA notice-and-takedown issues 1278:– Eight movie studios had sued 1242:American Automobile Association 1111: 850:Computer programs protected by 592:Added provisions to facilitate 5557:United States Copyright Office 5314:Electronic Frontier Foundation 5130:. Designtechnica Corporation. 4762:Electronic Frontier Foundation 4500:Keall, Chris (16 March 2009). 4181:Lee, Timothy B. (2008-05-23). 4024:Davis, Wendy (April 6, 2012). 3895:American Civil Liberties Union 2936:United States Copyright Office 2779:United States Copyright Office 2747:United States Copyright Office 2715:United States Copyright Office 2683:United States Copyright Office 2510:"U.S.C. Title 17 – COPYRIGHTS" 2156:Green v. Department of Justice 2151:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2110:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2028:argued that the DMCA has left 1471:American Civil Liberties Union 1135:Society of American Archivists 858:Literary works distributed in 822:Computer programs that enable 424:United States Copyright Office 418:. Lawmakers opted to create a 1: 6303:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. 6271:Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc. 6207:NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute 5708:Copyright Renewal Act of 1992 5464:A citizen's guide to the DMCA 5174:Wyden, Ron (April 16, 2015). 4268:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. 4207:Anderson, Nate (2010-09-10). 4086:. paidContent. Archived from 3948:. News.cnet.com. 2007-03-13. 3919:Sandoval, Greg (2009-08-11). 3651:Morgan Reed (March 3, 2016). 3023:David Oster (March 4, 2016). 2309:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. 2228:DMCA anti-circumvention cases 1923:video standard, blank lines ( 1639:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. 1632:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. 1415:Linking to infringing content 1288:, for publishing the code of 639:Anti-circumvention exemptions 356:Information Society Directive 6410:Hachette v. Internet Archive 6378:Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co. 5731:Copyright Term Extension Act 5719:Uruguay Round Agreements Act 5122:Couts, Andrew (9 May 2013). 4990:Farhad Manjoo (2001-08-07). 4695:Stone, Brad (June 5, 2008). 4649:10.1016/j.comnet.2008.01.011 4155:Cheng, Jacqui (2007-09-13). 3624:Dave Green (March 3, 2016). 3462:Terry Hart (March 3, 2016). 3104:Kyle Wiens (March 3, 2016). 2384:(introduced 2003 & 2005) 2334:Copyright Term Extension Act 1975:The Advanced eBook Processor 1496:DVD Copy Control Association 333:providers of online services 81:105th United States Congress 52:title 17, United States Code 5892:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus 5035:Ann Harrison (2001-08-13). 5016:RIAA challenges SDMI attack 4994:. Wired.com. Archived from 4968:. Adobe.com. Archived from 4534:and Jennifer Urban (2005). 2353:, the "No Electronic Theft" 1925:vertical blanking intervals 1858:Central Intelligence Agency 1833:. Such services grew after 1758:Federal Fraud and Abuse Act 1750:Sony Computer Entertainment 1312:United States v. Elcom Ltd. 27:United States copyright law 6550: 6191:Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp. 4806:– via www.wired.com. 4111:. TechCrunch. 2008-08-27. 3189:"Section 1201 of Title 17" 2372:(INDUCE) (introduced 2004) 2216:Proposed international law 2153:sued the US government in 2053: 1954: 1794: 1741: 1724: 1697:Flava Works Inc. v. Gunter 1694: 1690:Flava Works Inc. v. Gunter 1636: 1611: 1564: 1520: 1487: 1386:end user license agreement 1285:2600: The Hacker Quarterly 1203:Business Software Alliance 1110:After much criticism (see 386:was to be prohibited. The 358:2001 implemented the 1996 344:Internet service providers 284:) is a 1998 United States 6424: 6287:Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc 5696:Visual Artists Rights Act 5542: 5453:Title 17 of the U.S. Code 5128:Digital Trends Newsletter 4082:Ali, Rafat (2006-06-28). 3983:(S.D.N.Y. June 24, 2010). 3868:. WebTVWire. 2006-09-12. 2420:Related international law 1957:Digital rights management 1827:peer-to-peer file sharing 1535:and its corporate parent 1422:digital rights management 802:Content Scrambling System 309:infringement of copyright 301:digital rights management 299:works (commonly known as 210:House Judiciary Committee 179: 37: 6457:You Wouldn't Steal a Car 5713:Audio Home Recording Act 4614:– via Hein Online. 4506:National Business Review 2440:Digital Economy Act 2010 2030:Kindle Direct Publishing 1973:in Russia, he developed 1802:Abuse of takedown notice 1614:Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc. 1607:Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc. 1531:filed a lawsuit against 770:a copy protection system 556:DMCA Title III modified 533:online service providers 225:on August 4, 1998 ( 214:House Commerce Committee 188:House of Representatives 6514:History of the Internet 5794:Music Modernization Act 5725:No Electronic Theft Act 5588:Section 108 Study Group 5448:Wikimediafoundation.org 5266:. Eff.org. 2010-03-03. 5097:www.plagiarismtoday.com 4591:Cobia, Jeffrey (2008). 4502:"Google piles into S92" 4240:San Francisco Chronicle 4057:The Wall Street Journal 2855:www.federalregister.gov 2813:www.federalregister.gov 2598:Interfaces on Trial 2.0 2358:Proposed US legislation 1797:Censorship by copyright 1645:Gallitzin, Pennsylvania 1294:Content Scramble System 1266:Software-based case law 811:Documentary filmmaking; 614:Title V added sections 544:facilitates issuing of 206:Committee consideration 163:U.S.C. sections amended 6439:Don't Copy That Floppy 6194:(9th Cir. 2002 / 2003) 5940:Quality King v. L'anza 5583:Register of Copyrights 4457:Van der Sar, Ernesto. 2547:Nimmer, David (2000). 2413:Stop Online Piracy Act 2401:Shelved US Legislation 2282:Universal v. Reimerdes 2243:Chamberlain v. Skylink 2120:, Princeton Professor 1906:Analog Copy Protection 1596: 1498:won a lawsuit against 1388:waiving those rights. 1360:Durable goods case law 1296:(CSS) used to encrypt 527:("OCILLA"), creates a 422:mechanism through the 6519:Hardware restrictions 6215:BMG Music v. Gonzalez 6063:Eltra Corp. v. Ringer 5664:Copyright Act of 1976 5648:Copyright Act of 1909 5633:Copyright Act of 1870 5628:Copyright Act of 1831 5623:Copyright Act of 1790 2970:U.S. Copyright Office 2750:. November 27, 2006. 2600:. MIT Press. p. 2056:Digital Copyright Act 1661:Universal Music Group 1620:DMCA takedown notices 1591: 1547:them from liability. 1234:Microsoft Corporation 1144:if only it were legal 688:Librarian of Congress 484:WIPO Copyright Treaty 395:Copyright Act of 1976 380:WIPO Copyright Treaty 360:WIPO Copyright Treaty 138:Copyright Act of 1976 6529:1998 in American law 5643:Printing Act of 1895 5455:, Cornell Law School 5427:US Statutes at Large 5099:. Plagiarism Today. 4512:on 25 September 2017 4302:"Memorandum opinion" 3106:"Comments of iFixit" 2966:"Section 1201 Study" 2939:. October 21, 2021. 2891:. October 26, 2018. 2718:. October 28, 2003. 2686:. October 27, 2000. 2396:(introduced in 2007) 2181:United States portal 2098:notice and stay down 1676:San Jose, California 1494:In August 2009, the 1478:advisory opinions. 1475:declaratory judgment 1345:declaratory judgment 1095:free and open source 684:17 U.S.C. 1201(a)(1) 317:United States Senate 244:on October 8, 1998; 6450:Nimmer on Copyright 6333:(C.C.D. Mass. 1841) 5876:Banks v. Manchester 4947:on October 17, 2011 4865:Publicknowledge.org 4318:on 19 December 2011 4211:. Arstechnica.com. 4185:. Arstechnica.com. 4159:. Arstechnica.com. 2999:www.regulations.gov 2024:Jonathan Bailey of 1737:Sony v. George Hotz 1625:first-sale doctrine 1573:Veoh Networks, Inc. 1527:On March 13, 2007, 1161:Andrea M. Matwyshyn 796:Motion pictures on 699:Previous exemptions 523:DMCA Title II, the 504:reverse engineering 412:reverse engineering 267:on October 28, 1998 173:Legislative history 54:, to implement the 34: 5948:Eldred v. Ashcroft 5884:Callaghan v. Myers 5485:Seth Finkelstein, 5474:2021-02-11 at the 5296:2020-10-22 at the 5288:OdioWorks v. Apple 5021:2011-07-21 at the 4847:www.techtarget.com 4702:The New York Times 4394:2017-10-19 at the 3979:2024-08-08 at the 3764:2020-10-16 at the 2663:2021-03-19 at the 2636:Hollywood Reporter 2631:2020-11-08 at the 2149:In July 2016, the 2124:, and journalists; 2050:Legislative reform 1951:Effect on research 1442:. You can help by 1257:Anti-circumvention 1218:Copyright Alliance 1196:R Street Institute 1165:Steven M. Bellovin 1153:Harvard Law School 1097:computer programs; 897:audio technologies 855:approved in 2003.) 824:wireless telephone 686:requires that the 594:distance education 587:statutory licenses 499:anti-circumvention 478:DMCA Title I, the 340:indirect liability 202:) on July 29, 1997 6466: 6465: 6420: 6419: 6373:(W.D. Wash. 2000) 5844:Wheaton v. Peters 5820: 5819: 5578:Copyright Catalog 5410:Works related to 5373:Digital Copyright 4627:Computer Networks 3974:Opinion and Order 2995:"Regulations.gov" 2782:. July 26, 2010. 2611:978-0-262-01500-4 2390:(introduced 2005) 2378:(introduced 2004) 2316:Economic concepts 1829:services such as 1748:In January 2011, 1505:ARccOS Protection 1460: 1459: 1173:J. Alex Halderman 1121:has limitations. 680: 679: 535:(OSPs, including 471: 470: 416:security research 274: 273: 246:agreed to by the 112:Statutes at Large 16:(Redirected from 6541: 6429:Berne Convention 6405:(C.D. Cal. 2015) 6357:(M.D. Fla. 1993) 6349:(N.D. Cal. 1986) 6311:Naruto v. Slater 6103:Whelan v. Jaslow 5860:Trade-Mark Cases 5831: 5613: 5552:Copyright Clause 5529: 5522: 5515: 5506: 5409: 5395: 5378:Prometheus Books 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5306: 5300: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5180:www.congress.gov 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5073: 5066: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5032: 5026: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4867:. Archived from 4857: 4851: 4850: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4820:. Archived from 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4736:The Friday Times 4728: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4642: 4633:(6): 1272–1280. 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4547: 4540: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4508:. Archived from 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482:on 20 March 2009 4481: 4475:. Archived from 4468: 4462: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4405: 4399: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4317: 4311:. 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April 5, 2016. 2624:Cullins, Ashley 2622: 2616: 2615: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2544: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2490: 2483: 2475: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2183: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2026:Plagiarism Today 1997:and students at 1910:Rovi Corporation 1896: 1892: 1815:Chilling Effects 1785:default judgment 1710: 1600:summary judgment 1455: 1452: 1434: 1427: 1238:Public Knowledge 1119:Copyright Clause 740:electronic books 675: 672: 666: 659:factual accuracy 651: 650: 643: 580:Copyright Office 466: 463: 457: 450:factual accuracy 442: 441: 434: 190:as H.R. 2281 by 175: 155:sections created 113: 90:October 28, 1998 68: 42: 35: 21: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6416: 6413:(S.D.N.Y. 2023) 6397:(S.D.N.Y. 2013) 6389:(S.D.N.Y. 2010) 6381:(S.D.N.Y. 2005) 6365:(S.D.N.Y. 1999) 6341:(E.D.N.Y. 1973) 6330:Folsom v. Marsh 6317: 6314:(9th Cir. 2018) 6306:(9th Cir. 2015) 6290:(9th Cir. 2013) 6274:(9th Cir. 2012) 6258:(9th Cir. 2010) 6250:(2nd Cir. 2008) 6242:(9th Cir. 2006) 6234:(2nd Cir. 2006) 6231:Blanch v. Koons 6226:(2nd Cir. 2006) 6218:(7th Cir. 2005) 6202:(7th Cir. 2003) 6186:(5th Cir. 2002) 6178:(9th Cir. 2001) 6170:(1st Cir. 2000) 6162:(9th Cir. 2000) 6146:(9th Cir. 1997) 6138:(2nd Cir. 1995) 6122:(2nd Cir. 1992) 6119:Rogers v. Koons 6114:(5th Cir. 1988) 6098:(9th Cir. 1986) 6082:(7th Cir. 1983) 6074:(9th Cir. 1978) 6066:(4th Cir. 1978) 6058:(9th Cir. 1970) 6034: 5972:Golan v. Holder 5852:Baker v. Selden 5826: 5816: 5799: 5776: 5759: 5684: 5668: 5652: 5604: 5538: 5533: 5476:Wayback Machine 5403: 5398: 5392: 5368:Litman, Jessica 5366: 5362: 5360:Further reading 5357: 5348: 5346: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5323: 5321: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5298:Wayback Machine 5286: 5282: 5273: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5215: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5046: 5044: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5023:Wayback Machine 5014: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4975: 4973: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4950: 4948: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4925: 4923: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4874: 4872: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4827: 4825: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4802: 4800: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4741: 4739: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4610: 4608: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4576: 4574: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4396:Wayback Machine 4387: 4383: 4374: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4250: 4248: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4216: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4192: 4190: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4166: 4164: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4118: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4093: 4091: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3981:Wayback Machine 3968: 3964: 3955: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3904: 3902: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3875: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3822: 3821: 3814: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3766:Wayback Machine 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2909: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2665:Wayback Machine 2656: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2633:Wayback Machine 2623: 2619: 2612: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2567:10.2307/3312825 2546: 2545: 2532: 2523: 2521: 2514:www.govinfo.gov 2508: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2346:Inducement rule 2328:Related US laws 2287: 2270:Dmitry Sklyarov 2209:Internet portal 2207: 2200: 2195:Politics portal 2193: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2161:First Amendment 2118:Dmitry Sklyarov 2106: 2058: 2052: 2015: 1967:Dmitry Sklyarov 1959: 1953: 1903: 1894: 1890: 1887:emissions cheat 1879: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1777: 1746: 1740: 1729: 1723: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1641: 1635: 1618:After numerous 1616: 1610: 1569: 1563: 1525: 1519: 1492: 1486: 1467: 1464:Edelman v. N2H2 1456: 1450: 1447: 1440:needs expansion 1417: 1404:electronic chip 1400:inkjet printers 1362: 1268: 1259: 1254: 1108: 1021:2021 rulemaking 948:2018 rulemaking 902:2015 rulemaking 872:2012 rulemaking 788:2010 rulemaking 751:2006 rulemaking 723:2003 rulemaking 707:2000 rulemaking 701: 676: 670: 667: 664: 656:This section's 652: 648: 641: 609: 572: 554: 521: 476: 467: 461: 458: 455: 447:This section's 443: 439: 432: 368: 270: 261:Signed into law 171: 111: 104:Pub. L. 105-304 76:Enacted by 66: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6547: 6545: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6471: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6406: 6398: 6390: 6382: 6374: 6366: 6358: 6350: 6342: 6334: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6307: 6299: 6298:(2d Cir. 2015) 6291: 6283: 6282:(2d Cir. 2012) 6275: 6267: 6266:(2d Cir. 2011) 6259: 6251: 6243: 6235: 6227: 6219: 6211: 6210:(2d Cir. 2004) 6203: 6195: 6187: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6155: 6154:(2d Cir. 1998) 6147: 6139: 6131: 6130:(2d Cir. 1992) 6123: 6115: 6107: 6106:(3d Cir. 1986) 6099: 6095:Fisher v. Dees 6091: 6090:(3d Cir. 1983) 6083: 6075: 6067: 6059: 6051: 6050:(2d Cir. 1964) 6042: 6040: 6039:Appeals courts 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6024: 6016: 6008: 6000: 5992: 5984: 5976: 5968: 5960: 5952: 5944: 5936: 5928: 5924:Feist v. Rural 5920: 5912: 5904: 5896: 5888: 5880: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5848: 5839: 5837: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5791: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5739: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5705: 5699: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5566: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5483: 5478: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5445: 5435: 5432:H.R. 2281 5429: 5414:at Wikisource 5402: 5401:External links 5399: 5397: 5396: 5390: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5330: 5316:. March 2010. 5301: 5280: 5255: 5222: 5197: 5166: 5137: 5114: 5084: 5053: 5027: 5008: 4982: 4957: 4932: 4907: 4881: 4852: 4834: 4809: 4787:Davies, Alex. 4779: 4748: 4720: 4687: 4654: 4640:10.1.1.76.9451 4617: 4583: 4558: 4523: 4492: 4463: 4450: 4425: 4400: 4381: 4356: 4329: 4292: 4257: 4225: 4199: 4173: 4147: 4134: 4125: 4100: 4074: 4043: 4016: 3985: 3962: 3937: 3911: 3882: 3857: 3836: 3812: 3791: 3770: 3751: 3724: 3697: 3670: 3643: 3616: 3589: 3562: 3535: 3508: 3481: 3454: 3427: 3400: 3373: 3346: 3319: 3292: 3265: 3238: 3211: 3177: 3150: 3123: 3096: 3069: 3042: 3015: 2986: 2957: 2919: 2871: 2842: 2797: 2765: 2733: 2701: 2669: 2650: 2640: 2617: 2610: 2588: 2561:(3): 673–742. 2530: 2501: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2452: 2447: 2444:United Kingdom 2437: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2410: 2407:PROTECT IP Act 2403: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2299: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2278: 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