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of the 2 alleles that come from a heterozygous individual. It is especially important to take low-template DNA into account when dealing with a mixture of DNA sample. This is because for one (or more) of the contributors in the mixture, they are more likely to have less than the optimal amount of DNA for the PCR reaction to work properly. Therefore, stochastic thresholds are developed for DNA profile interpretation. The stochastic threshold is the minimum peak height (RFU value), seen in an electropherogram where dropout occurs. If the peak height value is above this threshold, then it is reasonable to assume that allelic dropout has not occurred. For example, if only 1 peak is seen for a particular locus in the electropherogram but its peak height is above the stochastic threshold, then we can reasonably assume that this individual is homozygous and is not missing its heterozygous partner allele that otherwise would have dropped out due to having low-template DNA. Allelic dropout can occur when there is low-template DNA because there is such little DNA to start with that at this locus the contributor to the DNA sample (or mixture) is a true heterozygote but the other allele is not amplified and so it would be lost. Allelic drop-in can also occur when there is low-template DNA because sometimes the stutter peak can be amplified. The stutter is an artifact of PCR. During the PCR reaction, DNA Polymerase will come in and add nucleotides off of the primer, but this whole process is very dynamic, meaning that the DNA Polymerase is constantly binding, popping off and then rebinding. Therefore, sometimes DNA Polymerase will rejoin at the short tandem repeat ahead of it, leading to a short tandem repeat that is 1 repeat less than the template. During PCR, if DNA Polymerase happens to bind to a locus in stutter and starts to amplify it to make lots of copies, then this stutter product will appear randomly in the electropherogram, leading to allelic drop-in.
1858:
is so great that the judge would consider its probative value to be minimal and decide to exclude the evidence in the exercise of his discretion, but this gives rise to no new question of principle and can be left for decision on a case by case basis. However, the fact that there exists in the case of all partial profile evidence the possibility that a "missing" allele might exculpate the accused altogether does not provide sufficient grounds for rejecting such evidence. In many there is a possibility (at least in theory) that evidence that would assist the accused and perhaps even exculpate him altogether exists, but that does not provide grounds for excluding relevant evidence that is available and otherwise admissible, though it does make it important to ensure that the jury are given sufficient information to enable them to evaluate that evidence properly.
1671:" in 2010. It was not a witness or informant that tipped off law enforcement to the identity of the "Grim Sleeper" serial killer, who had eluded police for more than two decades, but DNA from the suspect's own son. The suspect's son had been arrested and convicted in a felony weapons charge and swabbed for DNA the year before. When his DNA was entered into the database of convicted felons, detectives were alerted to a partial match to evidence found at the "Grim Sleeper" crime scenes. David Franklin Jr., also known as the Grim Sleeper, was charged with ten counts of murder and one count of attempted murder. More recently, familial DNA led to the arrest of 21-year-old Elvis Garcia on charges of sexual assault and false imprisonment of a woman in
75:
1131:
released. Nine months later, this man's DNA was accidentally and illegally entered in the DNA database. New DNA is automatically compared to the DNA found at cold cases and, in this case, this man was found to be a match to DNA found at a rape and assault case one year earlier. The government then prosecuted him for these crimes. During the trial the DNA match was requested to be removed from the evidence because it had been illegally entered into the database. The request was carried out. The DNA of the perpetrator, collected from victims of rape, can be stored for years until a match is found. In 2014, to address this problem, Congress extended a bill that helps states deal with "a backlog" of evidence.
1007:
than one person or when a sample contains both the victim's and the assailant's DNA. The presence of more than one individual in a DNA sample can make it challenging to detect individual profiles, and interpretation of mixtures should be performed only by highly trained individuals. Mixtures that contain two or three individuals can be interpreted with difficulty. Mixtures that contain four or more individuals are much too convoluted to get individual profiles. One common scenario in which a mixture is often obtained is in the case of sexual assault. A sample may be collected that contains material from the victim, the victim's consensual sexual partners, and the perpetrator(s).
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matched that found at the scene of a car theft earlier in the day, but there were no good matches on the national DNA database. A wider search found a partial match to an individual; on being questioned, this man revealed he had a brother, Craig Harman, who lived very close to the original crime scene. Harman voluntarily submitted a DNA sample, and confessed when it matched the sample from the brick. As of 2011, familial DNA database searching is not conducted on a national level in the United States, where states determine how and when to conduct familial searches. The first familial DNA search with a subsequent conviction in the United States was conducted in
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present from each individual, the genotype combinations, and the total amount of DNA amplified. The DNA ratio is often the most important aspect to look at in determining whether a mixture can be interpreted. For example, if a DNA sample had two contributors, it would be easy to interpret individual profiles if the ratio of DNA contributed by one person was much higher than the second person. When a sample has three or more contributors, it becomes extremely difficult to determine individual profiles. Fortunately, advancements in probabilistic genotyping may make that sort of determination possible in the future.
955:, which portray DNA samples coming into a lab and being instantly analyzed, followed by the pulling up of a picture of the suspect within minutesâ . However, the reality is quite different, and perfect DNA samples are often not collected from the scene of a crime. Homicide victims are frequently left exposed to harsh conditions before they are found, and objects that are used to commit crimes have often been handled by more than one person. The two most prevalent issues that forensic scientists encounter when analyzing DNA samples are degraded samples and DNA mixtures.
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1105:, under which DNA samples must be deleted if suspects are acquitted or not charged, except in relation to certain (mostly serious or sexual) offenses. Public discourse around the introduction of advanced forensic techniques (such as genetic genealogy using public genealogy databases and DNA phenotyping approaches) has been limited, disjointed, unfocused, and raises issues of privacy and consent that may warrant the establishment of additional legal protections.
800:
47:
2229:, Ireland. A recently developed forensic test was subsequently used to capture DNA from saliva left on old stamps and envelopes by her suspected father, uncovered through painstaking genealogy research. The DNA in the first three samples was too degraded to use. However, on the fourth, more than enough DNA was found. The test, which has a degree of accuracy acceptable in UK courts, proved that a man named Patrick Coyne was her biological father.
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declaring a match. Studies conducted in the 2000s quoted relatively-high error rates, which may be cause for concern. In the early days of genetic fingerprinting, the necessary population data to compute a match probability accurately was sometimes unavailable. Between 1992 and 1996, arbitrary-low ceilings were controversially put on match probabilities used in RFLP analysis, rather than the higher theoretically computed ones.
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more peaks at two or more loci. If there are three peaks at only a single locus, then it is possible to have a single contributor who is tri-allelic at that locus. Two person mixtures will have between two and four peaks at each locus, and three person mixtures will have between three and six peaks at each locus. Mixtures become increasingly difficult to deconvolute as the number of contributors increases.
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in a state DNA database but there is not an exact match. After all other leads have been exhausted, investigators may use specially developed software to compare the forensic profile to all profiles taken from a state's DNA database to generate a list of those offenders already in the database who are most likely to be a very close relative of the individual whose DNA is in the forensic profile.
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clothing, kept in a police laboratory for over 40 years "in conditions that do not satisfy modern evidential standards", had had to be subjected to very new amplification techniques in order to yield any genetic profile. However, no DNA other than
Hanratty's was found on the evidence tested, contrary to what would have been expected had the evidence indeed been contaminated.
1690:, Prince William County prosecutor Paul Ebert and Fairfax County Police Detective John Kelly said the case would have been solved years ago if Virginia had used familial DNA searching. Aaron Thomas, the suspected East Coast Rapist, was arrested in connection with the rape of 17 women from Virginia to Rhode Island, but familial DNA was not used in the case.
2088:, Northern Ireland. Graham was convicted of the murder when his DNA was found on a sports bag left in the house as part of an elaborate ploy to suggest the murder occurred after a burglary had gone wrong. Graham was having an affair with the victim's wife at the time of the murder. It was the first time Low Copy Number DNA was used in Northern Ireland.
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profiles are obtained. Partial DNA profiles can be a powerful tool, but the probability of a random match is larger than if a full profile was obtained. One method that has been developed to analyse degraded DNA samples is to use miniSTR technology. In the new approach, primers are specially designed to bind closer to the STR region.
2155:, a four-year-old boy who vanished during a fishing trip. He was allegedly found alive eight months later in the custody of William Cantwell Walters, but another woman claimed that the boy was her son, Bruce Anderson, whom she had entrusted in Walters' custody. The courts disbelieved her claim and convicted Walters for the
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774:"extracted" from the cells within the sample and separated away from extraneous cellular materials and any nucleases that would degrade the DNA, the sample can then be introduced to the desired restriction enzymes to be cut up into discernable fragments. Following the enzyme digestion, a Southern Blot is performed.
1800:. Critics of this practice underline that this analogy ignores that "most people have no idea that they risk surrendering their genetic identity to the police by, for instance, failing to destroy a used coffee cup. Moreover, even if they do realize it, there is no way to avoid abandoning one's DNA in public."
967:(RFLP), which was the first technique used for DNA analysis in forensic science, required high molecular weight DNA in the sample in order to get reliable data. High molecular weight DNA, however, is lacking in degraded samples, as the DNA is too fragmented to carry out RFLP accurately. It was only when
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judges that
Hanratty's guilt, which had been strenuously disputed by campaigners, was proved "beyond doubt". Paul Foot and some other campaigners continued to believe in Hanratty's innocence and argued that the DNA evidence could have been contaminated, noting that the small DNA samples from items of
1706:(vacated as moot) suggested that this practice is somewhat analogous to a witness looking at a photograph of one person and stating that it looked like the perpetrator, which leads law enforcement to show the witness photos of similar looking individuals, one of whom is identified as the perpetrator.
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are 0.2% of the human population. Moreover, the rate of laboratory error is almost certainly higher than that and actual laboratory procedures often do not reflect the theory under which the coincidence probabilities were computed. For example, coincidence probabilities may be calculated based on the
980:
Low-template DNA can happen when there is less than 0.1 ng() of DNA in a sample. This can lead to more stochastic effects (random events) such as allelic dropout or allelic drop-in which can alter the interpretation of a DNA profile. These stochastic effects can lead to the unequal amplification
920:
Due to the paternal inheritance, Y-haplotypes provide information about the genetic ancestry of the male population. To investigate this population history, and to provide estimates for haplotype frequencies in criminal casework, the "Y haplotype reference database (YHRD)" has been created in 2000 as
911:
can be applied. This means that, if someone has the DNA type of ABC, where the three loci were independent, then the probability of that individual having that DNA type is the probability of having type A times the probability of having type B times the probability of having type C. This has resulted
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was matched to
Leiterman. DNA in a drop of blood on Mixer's hand was matched to John Ruelas, who was only four years old in 1969 and was never successfully connected to the case in any other way. Leiterman's defense unsuccessfully argued that the unexplained match of the blood spot to Ruelas pointed
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Familial DNA searching (sometimes referred to as "familial DNA" or "familial DNA database searching") is the practice of creating new investigative leads in cases where DNA evidence found at the scene of a crime (forensic profile) strongly resembles that of an existing DNA profile (offender profile)
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When looking at an electropherogram, it is possible to determine the number of contributors in less complex mixtures based on the number of peaks located in each locus. In comparison to a single source profile, which will only have one or two peaks at each locus, a mixture is when there are three or
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is a modified version of extraction in which DNA from two different types of cells can be separated from each other before being purified from the solution. Each method of extraction works well in the laboratory, but analysts typically select their preferred method based on factors such as the cost,
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from the cells and purified. There are many ways this can be accomplished, but all methods follow the same basic procedure. The cell and nuclear membranes need to be broken up to allow the DNA to be free in solution. Once the DNA is free, it can be separated from all other cellular components. After
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The original forms of forensic DNA testing and interpretation used in the 1980s and early 1990s were subject to much criticism during the "DNA Wars," the history of which has been ably told by others (Kaye, 2010; Lynch et al., 2008; see chapter 1). But these earlier techniques have been replaced in
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We can see no reason why partial profile DNA evidence should not be admissible provided that the jury are made aware of its inherent limitations and are given a sufficient explanation to enable them to evaluate it. There may be cases where the match probability in relation to all the samples tested
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Evidence from an expert who has compared DNA samples must be accompanied by evidence as to the sources of the samples and the procedures for obtaining the DNA profiles. The judge must ensure that the jury must understand the significance of DNA matches and mismatches in the profiles. The judge must
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As detection methods in DNA profiling advance, forensic scientists are seeing more DNA samples that contain mixtures, as even the smallest contributor can now be detected by modern tests. The ease in which forensic scientists have in interpenetrating DNA mixtures largely depends on the ratio of DNA
697:. This process regularly used large portions of DNA to analyze the differences between two DNA samples. RFLP was among the first technologies used in DNA profiling and analysis. However, as technology has evolved, new technologies, like STR, emerged and took the place of older technology like RFLP.
1974:
Three different fluorophoresâred, green, and blueâwere carefully fixed on the DNA rod surface to provide spatial information and create a nanoscale barcode. Epifluorescence and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy reliably deciphered spatial information between fluorophores. By moving
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Overall, this study's artificial genomic DNA, which kept copying itself using self-encoded proteins and made its sequence better on its own, is a good starting point for making more complex artificial cells. By adding the genes needed for transcription and translation to artificial genomic DNA, it
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FBI agents cannot legally store DNA of a person not convicted of a crime. DNA collected from a suspect not later convicted must be disposed of and not entered into the database. In 1998, a man residing in the UK was arrested on accusation of burglary. His DNA was taken and tested, and he was later
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Mixtures can generally be sorted into three categories: Type A, Type B, and Type C. Type A mixtures have alleles with similar peak-heights all around, so the contributors cannot be distinguished from each other. Type B mixtures can be deconvoluted by comparing peak-height ratios to determine which
1006:
Mixtures are another common issue faced by forensic scientists when they are analyzing unknown or questionable DNA samples. A mixture is defined as a DNA sample that contains two or more individual contributors. That can often occur when a DNA sample is swabbed from an item that is handled by more
1970:
Nano Script is a nanoparticle-based artificial transcription factor that is supposed to replicate the structure and function of TFs. On gold nanoparticles, functional peptides and tiny molecules referred to as synthetic transcription factors, which imitate the various TF domains, were attached to
1949:
Researchers at the
University of Tokyo integrated an artificial DNA replication scheme with a rebuilt gene expression system and micro-compartmentalization utilizing cell-free materials alone for the first time. Multiple cycles of serial dilution were performed on a system contained in microscale
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Critics also state that racial profiling could occur on account of familial DNA testing. In the United States, the conviction rates of racial minorities are much higher than that of the overall population. It is unclear whether this is due to discrimination from police officers and the courts, as
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It is possible to use DNA profiling as evidence of genetic relationship although such evidence varies in strength from weak to positive. Testing that shows no relationship is absolutely certain. Further, while almost all individuals have a single and distinct set of genes, ultra-rare individuals,
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the same location, but a laboratory worker may conclude that similar but not precisely-identical band patterns result from identical genetic samples with some imperfection in the agarose gel. However, in that case, the laboratory worker increases the coincidence risk by expanding the criteria for
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on
January 2, 1988. Pitchfork, a local bakery employee, had coerced his coworker Ian Kelly to stand in for him when providing a blood sampleâKelly then used a forged passport to impersonate Pitchfork. Another coworker reported the deception to the police. Pitchfork was arrested, and his blood was
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in the United
Kingdom on 4 July 2003. DNA evidence was matched to Gafoor's nephew, who at 14 years old had not been born at the time of the murder in 1988. It was used again in 2004 to find a man who threw a brick from a motorway bridge and hit a lorry driver, killing him. DNA found on the brick
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By placing the primers closer to the actual STR regions, there is a higher chance that successful amplification of this region will occur. Successful amplification of those STR regions can now occur, and more complete DNA profiles can be obtained. The success that smaller PCR products produce a
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techniques were invented that analysis of degraded DNA samples were able to be carried out. Multiplex PCR in particular made it possible to isolate and to amplify the small fragments of DNA that are still left in degraded samples. When multiplex PCR methods are compared to the older methods like
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rights. Privacy advocates are petitioning for DNA database restrictions, arguing that the only fair way to search for possible DNA matches to relatives of offenders or arrestees would be to have a population-wide DNA database. Some scholars have pointed out that the privacy concerns surrounding
989:
In instances in which DNA samples are degraded, like if there are intense fires or all that remains are bone fragments, standard STR testing on those samples can be inadequate. When standard STR testing is done on highly degraded samples, the larger STR loci often drop out, and only partial DNA
778:
are a size-based separation method that are performed on a gel with either radioactive or chemiluminescent probes. RFLP could be conducted with single-locus or multi-locus probes (probes which target either one location on the DNA or multiple locations on the DNA). Incorporating the multi-locus
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to "cut" the DNA at short and specific sequences throughout the sample. To start off processing in the laboratory, the sample has to first go through an extraction protocol, which may vary depending on the sample type or laboratory SOPs (Standard
Operating Procedures). Once the DNA has been
1208:) typically requires that each ORF be expressed, the encoded protein purified, antibodies produced, phenotypes examined, intracellular localization determined, and interactions with other proteins sought. In a study conducted by the life science company Nucleix and published in the journal
1710:
opposed to a simple higher rate of offence among minorities. Arrest-based databases, which are found in the majority of the United States, lead to an even greater level of racial discrimination. An arrest, as opposed to conviction, relies much more heavily on police discretion.
1959:
may be possible in the future to make artificial cells that can grow on their own when fed small molecules like amino acids and nucleotides. Using living organisms to make useful things, like drugs and food, would be more stable and easier to control in these artificial cells.
1906:, the Israeli researchers demonstrated that it is possible to manufacture DNA in a laboratory, thus falsifying DNA evidence. The scientists fabricated saliva and blood samples, which originally contained DNA from a person other than the supposed donor of the blood and saliva.
631:. Jeffreys discovered that a DNA examiner could establish patterns in unknown DNA. These patterns were a part of inherited traits that could be used to advance the field of relationship analysis. These discoveries lead to the first use of DNA profiling in a criminal case.
1909:
The researchers also showed that, using a DNA database, it is possible to take information from a profile and manufacture DNA to match it, and that this can be done without access to any actual DNA from the person whose DNA they are duplicating. The synthetic DNA
2159:. The boy was raised and known as Bobby Dunbar throughout the rest of his life. However, DNA tests on Dunbar's son and nephew revealed the two were not related, thus establishing that the boy found in 1912 was not Bobby Dunbar, whose real fate remains unknown.
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also ensure that the jury does not confuse the match probability (the probability that a person that is chosen at random has a matching DNA profile to the sample from the scene) with the probability that a person with matching DNA committed the crime. In 1996
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For instance, investigators with Denver
District Attorney's Office successfully identified a suspect in a property theft case using a familial DNA search. In this example, the suspect's blood left at the scene of the crime strongly resembled that of a current
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sent to
Jeffreys' lab for processing and profile development. Pitchfork's profile matched that of DNA left by the murderer which confirmed Pitchfork's presence at both crime scenes; he pleaded guilty to both murders. After some years, a chemical company named
590:
1971:
create Nano Script. We show that Nano Script localizes to the nucleus and begins transcription of a reporter plasmid by an amount more than 15-fold. Moreover, Nano Script can successfully transcribe targeted genes onto endogenous DNA in a nonviral manner.
2221:
populations. This led
Plebuch to conduct an extensive investigation, after which she concluded that her father had been switched (possibly accidentally) with another baby soon after birth. Plebuch was also able to identify the biological ancestors of her
1033:
Plant DNA profiling (fingerprinting) is a method for identifying cultivars that uses molecular marker techniques. This method is gaining attention due to Trade Related Intellectual property rights (TRIPs) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
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forensic DNA analysis by PCR- based STR discrete- allele typing. Courts now universally accept as generally reliable both the PCR process for amplification of DNA and the STR- based system of identifying and comparing alleles (Kaye, 2010, pp. 190â 191).
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probes allowed for higher discrimination power for the analysis, however completion of this process could take several days to a week for one sample due to the extreme amount of time required by each step required for visualization of the probes.
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Whitaker JP, Clayton TM, Urquhart AJ, Millican ES, Downes TJ, Kimpton CP, Gill P (April 1995). "Short tandem repeat typing of bodies from a mass disaster: high success rate and characteristic amplification patterns in highly degraded samples".
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1922:
quoted the lead author, Daniel Frumkin, saying, "You can just engineer a crime scene ... any biology undergraduate could perform this". Frumkin perfected a test that can differentiate real DNA samples from fake ones. His test detects
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In 2012, a case of babies being switched, many decades earlier, was discovered by accident. After undertaking DNA testing for other purposes, Alice Collins Plebuch was advised that her ancestry appeared to include a significant
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2074:, England, was arrested and detained for seven hours in connection with a burglary. He was released due to an inaccurate DNA match. His DNA had been retained on file after an unrelated domestic incident some time previously.
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was used to convict Mark Alan Bogan of murder. DNA from seed pods of a tree at the crime scene was found to match that of seed pods found in Bogan's truck. This is the first instance of plant DNA admitted in a criminal
1160:
It also helps with the regulation of variety quality, the preservation of variety rights and the use of molecular markers in breeding by providing location statistics, merging, comparison and genetic analysis function.
993:
In normal STR testing, the primers bind to longer sequences that contain the STR region within the segment. MiniSTR analysis, however, targets only the STR location, which results in a DNA product that is much smaller.
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groups in the UK, where police have wide-ranging powers to take samples and retain them even in the event of acquittal. The ConservativeâLiberal Democrat coalition partially addressed these concerns with part 1 of the
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analysis and therefore often misses sibling relationships. Partial matching has been used to identify suspects in several cases in both countries and has also been used as a tool to exonerate the falsely accused.
2193:âwas released after tests proved DNA from the scene was not his. It was later matched to DNA retrieved from the exhumed body of David Lace. Lace had previously confessed to the crime but was not believed by the
6317:
1666:
Prosecutor Rock Harmon is widely considered to have been the catalyst in the adoption of familial search technology in California. The technique was used to catch the Los Angeles serial killer known as the
1120:. CODIS enables law enforcement officials to test DNA samples from crimes for matches within the database, providing a means of finding specific biological profiles associated with collected DNA evidence.
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alleles were donated together. Type C mixtures cannot be safely interpreted with current technology because the samples were affected by DNA degradation or having too small a quantity of DNA present.
1339:
2067:, of Virginia had his death sentence commuted to life imprisonment a week before his scheduled execution date based on DNA evidence. He received a full pardon in 2000 based on more advanced testing.
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655:(ICI) introduced the first ever commercially available kit to the world. Despite being a relatively recent field, it had a significant global influence on both criminal justice system and society.
1151:
It manages huge amount of microsatellite DNA fingerprint data, performs genetic studies, and automates collection, storage and maintenance while decreasing human error and increasing efficiency.
605:
Starting in the 1980s, scientific advances allowed the use of DNA as a material for the identification of an individual. The first patent covering the direct use of DNA variation for forensics (
4645:
2000:, the city where DNA profiling was first developed. This was the first use of DNA fingerprinting in a criminal investigation, and the first to prove a suspect's innocence. The following year
732:
the DNA has been separated in solution, the remaining cellular debris can then be removed from the solution and discarded, leaving only DNA. The most common methods of DNA extraction include
2148:
In June 2003, because of new DNA evidence, Dennis Halstead, John Kogut and John Restivo won a re-trial on their murder conviction, their convictions were struck down and they were released.
6468:
972:
RFLP, a vast difference can be seen. Multiplex PCR can theoretically amplify less than 1 ng of DNA, but RFLP had to have a least 100 ng of DNA in order to carry out an analysis.
1822:
prohibits private individuals from covertly collecting biological samples (hair, fingernails, etc.) for DNA analysis but exempts medical and criminal investigations from the prohibition.
935:
mtDNA can be obtained from such material as hair shafts and old bones/teeth. Control mechanism based on interaction point with data. This can be determined by tooled placement in sample.
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912:
in the ability to generate match probabilities of 1 in a quintillion (1x10) or more. However, DNA database searches showed much more frequent than expected false DNA profile matches.
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in 1983 and 1986. In the murder inquiry, led by Detective David Baker, the DNA contained within blood samples obtained voluntarily from around 5,000 local men who willingly assisted
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5954:
4526:
670:
Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different that it is possible to distinguish one individual from another, unless they are
2077:
In 2000 Frank Lee Smith was proved innocent by DNA profiling of the murder of an eight-year-old girl after spending 14 years on death row in Florida, USA. However he had died of
4707:
700:
The admissibility of DNA evidence in courts was disputed in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s, but has since become more universally accepted due to improved techniques.
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3107:
1962:
On July 7, 2008, the American chemical society reported that Japanese chemists have created the world's first DNA molecule comprised nearly completely of synthetic components.
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793:
This technique was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis. PCR is now a common and important technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications.
1112:
of the United States provides a means for the U.S. government to get DNA samples from suspected terrorists. DNA information from crimes is collected and deposited into the
3025:
1781:
1694:
1044:
Identification, authentication, specific distinction, detecting adulteration and identifying phytoconstituents are all possible with DNA fingerprinting in medical plants.
6007:
4004:
3800:
Miller KW, Dawson JL, Hagelberg E (1996). "A concordance of nucleotide substitutions in the first and second hypervariable segments of the human mtDNA control region".
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just before his innocence was proven. In view of this the Florida state governor ordered that in future any death row inmate claiming innocence should have DNA testing.
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and Denver Police Department Crime Lab Director Gregg LaBerge. California was the first state to implement a policy for familial searching under then-Attorney General
1123:
When a match is made from a national DNA databank to link a crime scene to an offender having provided a DNA sample to a database, that link is often referred to as a
1946:
It is unknown how many police departments, if any, currently use the test. No police lab has publicly announced that it is using the new test to verify DNA results.
646:
with the investigation, resulted in the exoneration of Richard Buckland, an initial suspect who had confessed to one of the crimes, and the subsequent conviction of
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1023:
uses complex computer software to run through thousands of mathematical computations to produce statistical likelihoods of individual genotypes found in a mixture.
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1127:. A cold hit is of value in referring the police agency to a specific suspect but is of less evidential value than a DNA match made from outside the DNA Databank.
2709:, Jäckle, Herbert & Tautz, Diethard, "Process for analyzing length polymorphisms in DNA regions", published 1998-06-16, assigned to
4982:
4337:
3294:"Evaluation of forensic DNA mixture evidence: protocol for evaluation, interpretation, and statistical calculations using the combined probability of inclusion"
5778:
Gill P, Ivanov PL, Kimpton C, Piercy R, Benson N, Tully G, et al. (February 1994). "Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis".
2398:
4609:
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2049:
1196:", have at least two different sets of genes. There have been two cases of DNA profiling that falsely suggested that a mother was unrelated to her children.
6140:
5886:
5645:
1154:
The system may be tailored to specific laboratory needs, making it a valuable tool for plant breeders, forensic science, and human fingerprint recognition.
2356:
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In 2016 Anthea Ring, abandoned as a baby, was able to use a DNA sample and DNA matching database to discover her deceased mother's identity and roots in
530:
1148:
PIDS(Plant international DNA-fingerprinting system) is an open source web server and free software based plant international DNA fingerprinting system.
74:
1734:. Partial matching does not involve the use of familial search software, such as those used in the United Kingdom and the United States, or additional
581:
and medical research. DNA profiling has also been used in the study of animal and plant populations in the fields of zoology, botany, and agriculture.
1887:
5730:
4835:
2836:
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familial searching are similar in some respects to other police search techniques, and most have concluded that the practice is constitutional. The
998:
higher success rate with highly degraded samples was first reported in 1995, when miniSTR technology was used to identify victims of the Waco fire.
964:
783:
694:
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5419:
Patel, Sahishnu; Jung, Dongju; Yin, Perry T.; Carlton, Peter; Yamamoto, Makoto; Bando, Toshikazu; Sugiyama, Hiroshi; Lee, Ki-Bum (20 August 2014).
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RFLP stands for restriction fragment length polymorphism and, in terms of DNA analysis, describes a DNA testing method which utilizes restriction
6460:
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1902:
raised serious doubts concerning the use of DNA by law enforcement as the ultimate method of identification. In a paper published in the journal
1755:
Police forces may collect DNA samples without a suspect's knowledge, and use it as evidence. The legality of the practice has been questioned in
1096:(NDNAD), which is of similar size, despite the UK's smaller population. The size of this database, and its rate of growth, are giving concern to
4790:
4042:
2926:
2106:, hanged in 1962 for the "A6 murder", was exhumed and DNA samples from the body and members of his family were analysed. The results convinced
1173:, the theoretical risk of a coincidental match is 1 in 100 billion (100,000,000,000) although the practical risk is actually 1 in 1,000 because
5368:
1616:
3697:
3076:
6429:
3639:
3614:
3395:
3370:
2018:
rapist Tommie Lee Andrews was the first person in the United States to be convicted as a result of DNA evidence, for raping a woman during a
573:, comparing criminal suspects' profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime. It is also used in
5476:
Qi, Hao; Huang, Guoyou; Han, Yulong; Zhang, Xiaohui; Li, Yuhui; Pingguan-Murphy, Belinda; Lu, Tian Jian; Xu, Feng; Wang, Lin (1 June 2015).
5206:
4875:
1837:
Juries should weigh up conflicting and corroborative evidence, using their own common sense and not by using mathematical formulae, such as
5168:
5149:
5130:
4757:
2178:
was arrested for masterminding one of the most elaborately planned armored car heists in history. DNA evidence linked Curcio to the crime.
2107:
1093:
6339:
6171:
5541:
5015:
4487:
4179:
3971:
2468:
907:(having a certain number of repeats at one locus does not change the likelihood of having any number of repeats at any other locus), the
6734:
6553:
5981:
5825:
5274:
4862:
5585:
4653:
6594:
4222:
4162:
3099:
2960:
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1871:
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4090:
Jiang, Bin; Zhao, Yikun; Yi, Hongmei; Huo, Yongxue; Wu, Haotian; Ren, Jie; Ge, Jianrong; Zhao, Jiuran; Wang, Fengge (30 March 2020).
2894:
690:
are similar between closely related individuals, but are so variable that unrelated individuals are unlikely to have the same VNTRs.
6829:
5917:
4734:
3138:
2056:
hospital following a medical procedure. The tissue was tested using DNA fingerprinting, and showed that she bore no relation to the
482:
5672:
5041:
4958:
3495:
737:
6399:
5977:
4578:
2004:
was identified as the perpetrator of the same murder, in addition to another, using the same techniques that had cleared Buckland.
6616:
4204:
2808:
2123:
1726:
Partial DNA matches are the result of moderate stringency CODIS searches that produce a potential match that shares at least one
1659:
833: : A thermostable DNA polymerase which is Taq polymerase is commonly used at this step. This is done at a temperature of 72
431:
5752:
4254:
2274:
1102:
386:
284:
122:
5694:
3994:
1699:
1210:
951:
827:. This enables the primers to attach to a specific location on the single -stranded template DNA by way of hydrogen bonding.
523:
416:
244:
6091:
5232:
3549:
2574:
606:
4932:
4416:
903:
is in its statistical power of discrimination. Because the 20 loci that are currently used for discrimination in CODIS are
6059:
4555:
3843:
888:
From country to country, different STR-based DNA-profiling systems are in use. In North America, systems that amplify the
675:
401:
6763:
6037:
2213:. Profiling of Plebuch's genome suggested that it included distinct and unexpected components associated with Ashkenazi,
1050:
It also helps with determining the traits (such as seed size and leaf color) are likely to improve the offspring or not.
6859:
6854:
6377:
4447:
3967:
1524:
1489:
1392:
837:. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides in the 5'-3' direction and synthesizes the complementary strand of the DNA template .
733:
652:
421:
254:
6521:
921:
an online resource. It currently comprises more than 300,000 minimal (8 locus) haplotypes from world-wide populations.
727:
is obtained, the DNA is only a small part of what is present in the sample. Before the DNA can be analyzed, it must be
6864:
6713:
1638:
Familial DNA database searching was first used in an investigation leading to the conviction of Jeffrey Gafoor of the
499:
102:
4329:
2007:
In 1987, genetic fingerprinting was used in a US criminal court for the first time in the trial of a man accused of
1047:
DNA based markers are critical for these applications, determining the future of scientific study in pharmacognosy.
796:
PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction, is a widely used molecular biology technique to amplify a specific DNA sequence.
638:(FSS), was first used forensically in the solving of the murder of two teenagers who had been raped and murdered in
6869:
6849:
6682:
3847:
2390:
2186:
1609:
1499:
860:
639:
259:
4620:
1076:
in existence around the world. Some are private, but most of the largest databases are government-controlled. The
6834:
6148:
5894:
5637:
5394:
5009:"Supreme Court of the United States â Syllabus: Maryland v. King, Certiorari to the Court of Appeals of Maryland"
3782:
2053:
1402:
1291:
1113:
1085:
1068:
was the compilation of a Mitochondrial DNA Concordance, prepared by Kevin W. P. Miller and John L. Dawson at the
968:
882:
856:
841:
516:
504:
58:
5611:
6252:
2341:
1648:
1529:
1020:
761:
635:
627:
independently developed a process for DNA profiling in 1985 while working in the Department of Genetics at the
6740:
4909:
2984:
Rahman, Md Tahminur; Uddin, Muhammed Salah; Sultana, Razia; Moue, Arumina; Setu, Muntahina (6 February 2013).
6114:
3767:
6229:
2319:
2138:
1939:
context. Methylation at the promoter region is associated with gene silencing. The synthetic DNA lacks this
1772:
1639:
1069:
749:
628:
361:
346:
304:
4472:
6657:
6648:
5726:
5342:
4401:
3130:
2324:
2163:
1767:
1672:
1484:
1344:
1306:
1286:
963:
Before modern PCR methods existed, it was almost impossible to analyze degraded DNA samples. Methods like
904:
745:
614:
570:
331:
195:
6287:
4846:
2840:
4822:
4000:
3048:
2875:
2263:
2248:
2233:
2197:. He served time in prison for other crimes committed at the same time as the murder and then committed
2171:
to cross-contamination and raised doubts about the reliability of the lab's identification of Leiterman.
2092:
1818:
1602:
1455:
1359:
1329:
1324:
1059:
643:
574:
566:
144:
134:
92:
3896:
1465:
851:
6207:
2706:
2273:
In 2018, With the use of Next Generation Identification System's enhanced biometric capabilities, the
5612:"frontline: the case for innocence: the dna revolution: state and federal dna database laws examined"
4805:
2064:
1693:
Critics of familial DNA database searches argue that the technique is an invasion of an individual's
1440:
1425:
1368:
1281:
1276:
1261:
558:) characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called
461:
411:
391:
356:
234:
200:
6279:
5347:
5330:
6839:
6745:
5949:
4646:"New DNA Technique Led Police to 'Grim Sleeper' Serial Killer and Will 'Change Policing in America"
3750:
3068:
2252:
2142:
2037:
1867:
1658:, who later became Governor. In his role as consultant to the Familial Search Working Group of the
1445:
1205:
426:
294:
224:
219:
190:
185:
164:
149:
129:
4189:
3031:
Roberta Sitnik, Margareth Afonso Torres, Nydia Strachman Bacal, JoĂŁo Renato Rebello Pinho (2006).
817:
to dissociate the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs of the double-stranded DNA.
6612:
5803:
5210:
4963:
4879:
4518:
4390:
3825:
2985:
1975:
the three fluorophores on the DNA rod, this nanoscale barcode created 216 fluorescence patterns.
1918:
1581:
1430:
1387:
1349:
1218:
synthesized sample of DNA matching any desired genetic profile can be constructed using standard
1193:
770:
396:
336:
326:
269:
239:
229:
154:
139:
107:
6492:"To Solve Cold Cases, All It Takes Is Crime Scene DNA, a Genealogy Site and High-speed Internet"
5589:
5421:"NanoScript: A Nanoparticle-Based Artificial Transcription Factor for Effective Gene Regulation"
4772:
6185:
5856:
3164:
6629:
6600:
6590:
5795:
5695:"Court of Appeals of Arizona: Denial of Bogan's motion to reverse his conviction and sentence"
5533:
5515:
5497:
5458:
5440:
5360:
5089:
5008:
4510:
4382:
4307:
4228:
4218:
4158:
4131:
4113:
3963:
3929:
3817:
3635:
3610:
3572:
3530:
3487:
3442:
3391:
3366:
3325:
3223:
3007:
2966:
2956:
2788:
2781:
The Casebook of Forensic Detection: How Science Solved 100 of the World's Most Baffling Crimes
2761:
2688:
2633:
2531:
2476:
2437:
2346:
2267:
1838:
1687:
1546:
1509:
1504:
1450:
1435:
1334:
1219:
1174:
930:
671:
610:
351:
318:
159:
46:
6546:
5833:
5298:"Crime investigation through DNA methylation analysis: Methods and applications in forensics"
4417:"Familial searches allows law enforcement to identify criminals through their family members"
2784:
2162:
In 2005, Gary Leiterman was convicted of the 1969 murder of Jane Mixer, a law student at the
1743:
was wrongly convicted in connection with the rape and the murder of a young woman in 1984 in
6624:
6181:
5787:
5505:
5489:
5448:
5432:
5352:
5309:
4502:
4372:
4297:
4289:
4210:
4121:
4103:
3919:
3911:
3809:
3564:
3479:
3432:
3424:
3315:
3305:
3257:
3213:
3203:
2997:
2751:
2741:
2678:
2670:
2623:
2615:
2521:
2511:
2429:
2306:
1936:
1805:
1731:
1644:
1541:
1519:
1494:
1420:
1397:
1377:
1271:
1157:
It keeps track of experiments, standardizes data and promotes inter-database communication.
1072:
from 1996 to 1999 from data collected as part of Miller's PhD thesis. There are now several
945:
893:
687:
341:
299:
97:
66:
5478:"Engineering Artificial Machines from Designable DNA Materials for Biomedical Applications"
5164:
5145:
2433:
799:
6725:
5126:
5052:
4669:"Familial DNA Search Used In Grim Sleeper Case Leads to Arrest of Santa Cruz Sex Offender"
2335:
2001:
1928:
1911:
1651:
1514:
1382:
1315:
1301:
1109:
1097:
868:
647:
634:
The process, developed by Jeffreys in conjunction with Peter Gill and Dave Werrett of the
598:
466:
366:
112:
38:
31:
5668:
3464:
6698:â Blog that tracks scientific and legal developments pertinent to forensic DNA profiling
5266:
5056:
4968:
2134:
to face a murder charge. DNA "proved" he shot her, but he was cleared on other evidence.
855:
Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis on a simplified model: First, a DNA sample undergoes
6813:
6777:
5985:
5510:
5477:
5453:
4586:
4126:
4091:
3924:
3437:
3412:
3320:
3293:
3218:
3187:
2756:
2729:
2654:
2628:
2603:
2526:
2499:
2301:
2282:
2218:
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2175:
2103:
2030:
2008:
1813:
1785:
1744:
1663:
1460:
1354:
1233:
1089:
728:
714:
679:
620:
476:
178:
6701:
4302:
4277:
4236:
3262:
3192:
in children with and without black tooth stains: A polymerase chain reaction analysis"
2683:
2659:"Hypervariability of simple sequences as a general source for polymorphic DNA markers"
2658:
1943:
modification, which allows the test to distinguish manufactured DNA from genuine DNA.
6823:
5756:
5575:
Joseph Wambaugh, The Blooding (New York, New York: A Perigord Press Book, 1989), 316.
4506:
4325:
4037:
3733:
2366:
2045:
1883:
1809:(2013) that DNA sampling of prisoners arrested for serious crimes is constitutional.
1763:
1680:
1266:
1077:
775:
683:
624:
594:
559:
289:
264:
5807:
4424:
4394:
4250:
4203:
National Research Council (US) Committee on DNA Forensic Science: An Update (1996).
3829:
3428:
3032:
2730:"The man behind the DNA fingerprints: an interview with Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys"
2281:
of a suspect named Timothy David Nelson and arrested him 20 years after the alleged
1931:. Seventy percent of the DNA in any human genome is methylated, meaning it contains
6844:
6808:
6789:
6687:
4522:
4184:
2329:
2210:
2182:
2152:
1932:
1668:
1590:
1576:
1081:
1073:
1065:
900:
876:
589:
406:
274:
5701:
4032:
2294:
DNA testing has been used to establish the right of succession to British titles.
6584:
6081:
5356:
3026:
Figure 1 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International"
2879:
2619:
2052:
was tested after her death using samples of her tissue that had been stored at a
6796:
5641:
4924:
4154:
3548:
Weir BS, Triggs CM, Starling L, Stowell LI, Walsh KA, Buckleton J (March 1997).
2278:
2226:
2214:
2190:
1985:
1924:
1740:
1655:
943:
When people think of DNA analysis, they often think about television shows like
908:
753:
the time involved, the quantity of DNA yielded, and the quality of DNA yielded.
451:
249:
6772:
6051:
4563:
6801:
6369:
5493:
5314:
5297:
4954:
3915:
3310:
3002:
2863:
2351:
2156:
2151:
In 2004, DNA testing shed new light into the mysterious 1912 disappearance of
2119:
1940:
1879:
1556:
1535:
741:
456:
279:
84:
6633:
6604:
5501:
5444:
4117:
3208:
3186:
Ravikumar D, Gurunathan D, Gayathri R, Priya VV, Geetha RV (1 January 2018).
3011:
2970:
2674:
2441:
2141:, when crime scene evidence collected 12 years earlier was re-examined using
1845:
Presentation and evaluation of evidence of partial or incomplete DNA profiles
6176:
5399:
Front Line Genomics - Delivering the Benefits of Genomics to Patients Faster
4377:
4360:
2194:
2167:
2096:
1997:
1793:
1756:
1585:
1256:
863:
targeting certain STRs (which vary in lengths between individuals and their
578:
471:
17:
5519:
5462:
5364:
4823:"The Genealogy Detectives: A Constitutional Analysis of Familial Searching"
4514:
4386:
4311:
4232:
4135:
3933:
3491:
3446:
3363:
Forensic DNA typing : biology, technology, and genetics of STR markers
3329:
3227:
2765:
2746:
2637:
2535:
2022:; he was convicted on 6 November 1987, and sentenced to 22 years in prison.
674:. DNA profiling uses repetitive sequences that are highly variable, called
6430:""Buckskin Girl" case: DNA breakthrough leads to ID of 1981 murder victim"
5799:
4865:
Technical Bulletin, Chromosomal Laboratories, Inc. accessed 22 April 2011.
4108:
3821:
3576:
3534:
3365:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 68, 167â168.
2692:
2516:
2270:
that helped in this case also helped police with 18 other arrests in 2018.
2209:
component, despite a belief in her family that they were of predominantly
2033:
solved by DNA evidence, with the murderer sentenced to 23 years in prison.
1966:
A nano-particle based artificial transcription factor for gene regulation:
1886:. Detailed information on database laws in each state can be found at the
6086:
4452:
2241:
2057:
2019:
1676:
1566:
1215:
6695:
6145:
The National Registry of Exonerations, University of Michigan Law School
5891:
The University of Michigan Law School, National Registry of Exonerations
5395:"Is the use of artificial genomic DNA the future? - Front Line Genomics"
4488:"Family ties: the use of DNA offender databases to catch offenders' kin"
4092:"PIDS: A User-Friendly Plant DNA Fingerprint Database Management System"
2498:
Chambers GK, Curtis C, Millar CD, Huynen L, Lambert DM (February 2014).
2290:
DNA evidence as evidence to prove rights of succession to British titles
2258:
In 2018, William Earl Talbott II was arrested as a suspect for the 1987
5791:
5420:
3895:
Curtis C, Hereward J, Mangelsdorf M, Hussey K, Devereux J (July 2019).
3813:
3655:
3483:
3292:
Bieber FR, Buckleton JS, Budowle B, Butler JM, Coble MD (August 2016).
2198:
2115:
2085:
2071:
2015:
1474:
1411:
554:) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (
5436:
4293:
3786:
3568:
3465:"Characterization of new miniSTR loci to aid analysis of degraded DNA"
3033:"Using PCR for molecular monitoring of post-transplantation chimerism"
1647:, Colorado, in 2008, using software developed under the leadership of
658:
6731:
6652:
6400:"Living DNA provide closure on lifetime search for biological father"
2953:
Forensic DNA typing: biology, technology, and genetics of STR markers
2127:
2078:
2011:
with a mentally disabled 14-year-old female who gave birth to a baby.
1993:
1899:
1727:
892:
20 core loci are almost universal, whereas in the United Kingdom the
864:
724:
3100:"From the crime scene to the courtroom: the journey of a DNA sample"
6718:
3785:. University of Cambridge â Biological Anthropology. Archived from
2927:"Phenol-Chloroform Extraction - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1874:
chemist reads a DNA profile to determine the origin of a commodity.
597:, pioneer of DNA profiling. His discovery led to the conviction of
6118:
4361:"Human genetics. Finding criminals through DNA of their relatives"
4214:
3897:"Protecting trust in medical genetics in the new era of forensics"
2131:
1866:
1789:
1735:
889:
798:
760:
720:
693:
Before VNTRs and STRs, people like Jeffreys used a process called
678:(VNTRs), in particular short tandem repeats (STRs), also known as
657:
588:
45:
6237:
4423:. United Kingdom â A Pioneer in Familial Searches. Archived from
3870:"Restrictions on use and destruction of fingerprints and samples"
1914:
required for the procedure are common in molecular laboratories.
1766:, where it has been accepted, courts often rule that there is no
1686:
At a press conference in Virginia on 7 March 2011, regarding the
1683:
announced that Virginia would begin using familial DNA searches.
1222:
techniques without obtaining any actual tissue from that person.
6617:"Family Ties: Your Relatives' DNA Could Turn You Into a Suspect"
6547:"Judgment In the matter of the Baronetcy of Pringle of Stichill"
6461:"How a Genealogy Website Led to the Alleged Golden State Killer"
6370:"Who were my parents â and why was I left on a hillside to die?"
5329:
Frumkin D, Wasserstrom A, Davidson A, Grafit A (February 2010).
2604:"Forensic genealogy, bioethics and the Golden State Killer case"
2237:
2026:
1989:
1841:, so as to avoid "confusion, misunderstanding and misjudgment".
1797:
1571:
1170:
663:
6683:"Eureka moment that led to the discovery of DNA fingerprinting"
5945:"18 years on, man is jailed for murder of Briton in 'paradise'"
5042:
Collecting DNA at Arrest: Policies, Practices, and Implications
4486:
Greely HT, Riordan DP, Garrison NA, Mountain JL (Summer 2006).
2391:"Eureka moment that led to the discovery of DNA fingerprinting"
1241:
1117:
555:
27:
Technique used to identify individuals via DNA characteristics
6115:"Lynette White Case: How Forensics Caught the Cellophane Man"
3024:
Image by Mikael HäggstrÜm, MD, using following source image:
2084:
In May 2000 Gordon Graham murdered Paul Gault at his home in
1204:
The functional analysis of genes and their coding sequences (
5700:. Denver DA: www.denverda.org. 11 April 2005. Archived from
5588:. Txtwriter.com. 6 November 1987. p. 14. Archived from
4825:
American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 51, No. 1, 109â163, 2013.
4556:"Denver Uses 'Familial DNA Evidence' to Solve Car Break-Ins"
3751:"Application of DNA Fingerprinting for Plant Identification"
3632:
Advanced topics in forensic DNA typing : interpretation
3607:
Advanced topics in forensic DNA typing : interpretation
3413:"Low-template DNA: A single DNA analysis or two replicates?"
3388:
Advanced topics in forensic DNA typing : interpretation
1088:(CODIS) holding over 13 million records as of May 2018. The
6280:"Police name David Lace as true killer of Teresa De Simone"
2137:
In 2003, Welshman Jeffrey Gafoor was convicted of the 1988
896:
loci system is in use, and Australia uses 18 core markers.
6707:
4863:"Finding Criminals Through DNA Testing of Their Relatives"
867:). The resultant fragments are separated by size (such as
823: : During this stage the reaction is cooled to 50-65
6230:"challenging Leiterman's conviction in the Mixer murder"
5388:
5386:
4278:"DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination"
2711:
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften
1178:
probabilities that markers in two samples have bands in
6710:â A place to learn typing techniques by simulating them
5727:"DNA Forensics: Angiosperm Witness for the Prosecution"
5566:(New York, New York: A Perigord Press Book, 1989), 369.
5393:
Genomics, Front Line; Mobley, Immy (22 November 2021).
4791:"All in The Family: Privacy and DNA Familial Searching"
4700:"McDonnell Approves Familial DNA for VA Crime Fighting"
3872:. Wikicrimeline.co.uk. 1 September 2009. Archived from
3768:"DNA fingerprinting in Agricultural Genetics Programs"
3341:
3339:
2500:"DNA fingerprinting in zoology: past, present, future"
807:
Amplification is achieved by a series of three steps:
6761:
6732:
Making Sense of DNA Backlogs, 2012: Myths vs. Reality
4983:"U.S. Supreme Court allows DNA sampling of prisoners"
3745:
3743:
3390:. Oxford, England: Academic Press. pp. 159â161.
6708:
In silico simulation of Molecular Biology Techniques
4758:"Relative Doubt: Familial Searches of DNA Databases"
2955:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.
2895:"Chapter 13: Admissibility of DNA Evidence in Court"
2809:"DNA Profiling - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2114:
In August 2002, Annalisa Vicentini was shot dead in
5826:"Famous Trials and DNA Testing; Earl Washington Jr"
4731:"Other victims of East Coast Rapist suspect sought"
3160:
2420:Murphy E (13 October 2017). "Forensic DNA Typing".
881:The system of DNA profiling used today is based on
5209:. Healthanddna.com. 6 January 1996. Archived from
4276:Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (November 2000).
4151:Genome Mapping to Determine Disease Susceptibility
3411:Gittelson, S; Steffen, CR; Coble, MD (July 2016).
2783:(2nd ed.). New York: Berkeley Books. p.
6310:"Who Was She? A DNA Test Opened Up New Mysteries"
5267:"DNA Evidence Can Be Fabricated, Scientists Show"
3243:"DNA profiling technologies in forensic analysis"
2986:"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): A Short Review"
2145:techniques, resulting in a match with his nephew.
2122:in March 2003 on an extradition warrant heard at
6728:, Winston & Strawn LLP/The Innocence Project
6340:"I thought I was Irish â until I did a DNA test"
5094:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5076:. UK. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008
4549:
4547:
4065:"Congress OKs bill to cut rape evidence backlog"
3662:. National Institute of Standards and Technology
3634:. Oxford, England: Academic Press. p. 134.
3609:. Oxford, England: Academic Press. p. 140.
2025:In 1990, a violent murder of a young student in
1878:There are state laws on DNA profiling in all 50
5671:. Translated by VrĹĄovskĂ˝ P. Kriminalistika.eu.
5638:"Jak usvÄdÄit vraha omilostnÄnĂŠho prezidentem?"
2902:University of California Berkeley School of Law
2458:. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press, 2012. p815
2118:. Bartender Peter Hamkin, 23, was arrested, in
1855:
695:restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
577:, to establish immigration eligibility, and in
6522:"Fingerprint Technology Helps Solve Cold Case"
6172:"DNA clears man of 1914 kidnapping conviction"
5755:. Botanical Society of America. Archived from
4330:"Searching the Family DNA Tree to Solve Crime"
3698:"Introduction to STRmix and Likelifood Ratios"
813: : In this step, the DNA is heated to 95
613:in 1983, based upon work he had done while at
5978:"DNA evidence may not be infallible: experts"
4579:"Grim Sleeper' Arrest Fans Debate on DNA Use"
3458:
3456:
2070:In 1999, Raymond Easton, a disabled man from
1610:
524:
8:
5669:"Milan Lubas â a sex aggressor and murderer"
5233:"Forensic Science Database: Search By State"
5040:Samuels JE, Davies EH, Pope DB (June 2013).
4359:Bieber FR, Brenner CH, Lazer D (June 2006).
4209:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
4026:
4024:
4022:
3053:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2260:murders of Jay Cook and Tanya Van Cuylenborg
2091:In 2001, Wayne Butler was convicted for the
2050:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia
30:For DNA testing for inherited diseases, see
6589:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4448:"Killer convicted thanks to relative's DNA"
2357:International Society for Forensic Genetics
2130:to establish whether he should be taken to
6653:"Skeptoid #821: Forensic (Pseudo) Science"
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
2362:International Society of Genetic Genealogy
1617:
1603:
1229:
531:
517:
53:
6696:Forensic Science, Statistics, and the Law
5509:
5452:
5346:
5313:
5207:"Genelex: The DNA Paternity Testing Site"
4959:"Lawyers Fight DNA Samples Gained on Sly"
4923:Easteal PW, Easteal S (3 November 2017).
4495:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
4376:
4301:
4125:
4107:
3923:
3436:
3319:
3309:
3261:
3217:
3207:
3001:
2990:Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal
2831:
2829:
2755:
2745:
2682:
2627:
2525:
2515:
2251:was arrested as the main suspect for the
1888:National Conference of State Legislatures
1803:The United States Supreme Court ruled in
1165:Considerations in evaluating DNA evidence
6586:The Double Helix and the Law of Evidence
6008:"DNA proves Hanratty guilt 'beyond doubt
5335:Forensic Science International. Genetics
5331:"Authentication of forensic DNA samples"
5113:, EWCA Crim 734 (2001).
4876:"Denver District Attorney DNA Resources"
3844:"CODIS â National DNA Index System"
2882:– via Criminal Justice (ProQuest).
2649:
2647:
2385:
2383:
1904:Forensic Science International: Genetics
965:Restriction fragment length polymorphism
850:
789:Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis
784:Restriction fragment length polymorphism
765:Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
6768:
5819:
5817:
4251:"Two Women Don't Match Their Kids' DNA"
4206:The evaluation of forensic DNA evidence
3964:"DNA Testing Provisions in Patriot Act"
3802:International Journal of Legal Medicine
3734:"Plant DNA fingerprinting: an overview"
3250:International Journal of Human Genetics
3098:Curtis C, Hereward J (29 August 2017).
2608:Forensic Science International. Synergy
2379:
1954:Chances of making DNA change on purpose
1554:
1473:
1410:
1367:
1314:
1248:
1232:
65:
5129:, 1 Cr App R 369 (31 July 1996),
5087:
4045:from the original on 29 September 2019
3046:
2839:. Accessexcellence.org. Archived from
2434:10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092127
6082:"Mistaken identity claim over murder"
6062:from the original on 28 February 2009
6030:"Hanratty lawyers reject DNA 'guilt'"
5675:from the original on 30 December 2020
5302:Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences
5239:from the original on 11 November 2018
5183:. Wikicrimeline.co.uk. Archived from
4935:from the original on 19 February 2019
4798:Harvard Journal of Law and Technology
3501:from the original on 7 September 2017
3167:from the original on 23 February 2021
3129:Felch J, et al. (20 July 2008).
2602:Wickenheiser, Ray A. (12 July 2019).
2456:Handbook of Surveillance Technologies
2240:) was identified as Marcia King from
1116:database, which is maintained by the
7:
6559:from the original on 23 January 2017
6502:from the original on 6 December 2018
6290:from the original on 25 October 2021
6259:from the original on 5 December 2014
5924:from the original on 17 October 2012
5867:from the original on 25 October 2021
5277:from the original on 25 October 2021
4532:from the original on 8 December 2015
4460:from the original on 8 December 2015
4257:from the original on 28 October 2013
3943:from the original on 25 October 2021
3714:from the original on 25 October 2018
3463:Coble MD, Butler JM (January 2005).
6741:"Making Sense of Forensic Genetics"
6735:United States Department of Justice
6094:from the original on 21 August 2017
5982:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
5918:"Freedom in bag for killer Graham?"
5544:from the original on 22 August 2017
5482:Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews
5371:from the original on 19 August 2014
5021:from the original on 24 August 2017
4929:Australian Institute of Criminology
4925:"The forensic use of DNA profiling"
3141:from the original on 11 August 2011
3131:"FBI resists scrutiny of 'matches'"
3069:"Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)"
2864:"New DNA Technology for Cold Cases"
2255:using DNA and genealogy techniques.
6471:from the original on 28 April 2018
6410:from the original on 10 April 2018
5733:from the original on 29 April 2011
5648:from the original on 11 April 2021
5618:from the original on 19 March 2011
4733:. Associated Press. Archived from
4340:from the original on 14 April 2011
4253:. Abcnews.go.com. 15 August 2006.
4180:"False result fear over DNA tests"
4067:. Associated Press. Archived from
3962:Price-Livingston S (5 June 2003).
3685:. Academic Press. pp. 99â119.
3586:from the original on 29 April 2020
3350:. Academic Press. pp. 99â115.
3079:from the original on 29 April 2017
2475:. 9 September 2009. Archived from
2401:from the original on 26 April 2021
1716:Colorado Department of Corrections
1136:DNA profiling databases in Plants:
1039:Advantages of Plant DNA profiling:
803:steps of polymerase chain reaction
25:
6440:from the original on 22 June 2018
6350:from the original on 9 April 2018
5976:McCutcheon P (8 September 2004).
4989:from the original on 10 June 2013
3974:from the original on 29 July 2020
3696:Indiana State Police Laboratory.
3110:from the original on 25 July 2018
2244:using DNA genealogical techniques
2099:to be solved using DNA profiling.
1988:, despite having admitted to the
885:(PCR) and uses simple sequences.
6807:
6795:
6783:
6771:
6714:National DNA Databases in the EU
6380:from the original on 18 May 2018
6320:from the original on 6 June 2018
5824:Murnaghan I (28 December 2012).
4507:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00031.x
4471:
4446:Bhattacharya S (20 April 2004).
4400:
4007:from the original on 5 June 2019
3273:from the original on 6 June 2021
3161:"Y haplotype reference database"
2550:"Espacenet - Bibliographic data"
1863:DNA testing in the United States
1792:left for collection outside the
1660:California Department of Justice
1187:Evidence of genetic relationship
939:Issues with forensic DNA samples
666:allele lengths in 6 individuals.
432:Traffic collision reconstruction
73:
6526:Federal Bureau of Investigation
6490:Michaeli Y (16 November 2018).
6147:. 18 April 2014. Archived from
5534:"DNA pioneer's 'eureka' moment"
3783:"Mitochondrial DNA Concordance"
3429:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.012
3263:10.31901/24566330.2004/04.01.02
3073:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2029:was the first criminal case in
1226:DNA evidence in criminal trials
1103:Protection of Freedoms Act 2012
285:Questioned document examination
6117:. Lifeloom.com. Archived from
5916:Stephen G (17 February 2008).
3681:Butler J (2001). "Chapter 7".
3417:Forensic Science International
3346:Butler J (2001). "Chapter 7".
2837:"Use of DNA in Identification"
2469:"DNA pioneer's 'eureka' momen"
2185:âconvicted of 1979 killing of
1984:In 1986, Richard Buckland was
1927:modifications, in particular,
1898:In August 2009, scientists in
1700:Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
1211:Forensic Science International
909:product rule for probabilities
676:variable number tandem repeats
617:in the United States in 1981.
1:
5855:Jeffries S (8 October 2006).
5181:"WikiCrimeLine DNA profiling"
5165:[2006] EWCA Crim 1395
5146:[1997] EWCA Crim 2474
4729:Christoffersen J, Barakat M.
4336:(Blog). The Huffington Post.
3028:, from the following article:
2728:Jeffreys AJ (November 2013).
2166:, after DNA found on Mixer's
2124:Bow Street Magistrates' Court
2095:. It was the first murder in
1894:Development of artificial DNA
672:monozygotic (identical) twins
6036:. London, UK. Archived from
5357:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.06.009
5265:Pollack A (18 August 2009).
5127:[1996] EWCA Crim 728
5051:(Report). Washington, D.C.:
4554:Pankratz H (17 April 2011).
4178:Walsh NP (27 January 2002).
3968:Connecticut General Assembly
3557:Journal of Forensic Sciences
3472:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2620:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.07.003
2422:Annual Review of Criminology
1751:Surreptitious DNA collecting
1525:Declaration against interest
1393:Self-authenticating document
653:Imperial Chemical Industries
6052:"Hanratty: The damning DNA"
5893:. June 2012. Archived from
4610:"A New Track in DNA Search"
4577:Steinhaur J (9 July 2010).
3550:"Interpreting DNA mixtures"
1214:, scientists found that an
644:Leicestershire Constabulary
103:Bloodstain pattern analysis
6886:
5920:. Belfasttelegraph.co.uk.
2862:Marks, Kathy (June 2009).
1064:An early application of a
1057:
928:
874:
839:
781:
712:
640:Narborough, Leicestershire
36:
29:
6724:13 September 2019 at the
6459:Zhang S (17 April 2018).
5943:Dutter B (19 June 2001).
5494:10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0494
5315:10.1186/s41935-018-0042-1
4771:: 291â348. Archived from
4667:Dolan M (15 March 2011).
4031:Cole SA (1 August 2007).
3916:10.1038/s41436-018-0396-7
3846:. Fbi.gov. Archived from
3311:10.1186/s12863-016-0429-7
3003:10.3329/akmmcj.v4i1.13682
2236:(a body found in 1981 in
1403:Hague Evidence Convention
1292:Eyewitness identification
1086:Combined DNA Index System
969:Polymerase Chain Reaction
883:polymerase chain reaction
857:polymerase chain reaction
842:Polymerase chain reaction
402:Fire accelerant detection
6830:DNA profiling techniques
6702:Create a DNA Fingerprint
6200:"Jane Mixer murder case"
5953:. London. Archived from
5753:"Crime Scene Botanicals"
5729:. Human Genome Project.
5148: (16 October 1997),
4821:Kaye, David H., (2013).
3630:Butler, John M. (2015).
3605:Butler, John M. (2015).
3386:Butler, John M. (2015).
3361:Butler, John M. (2005).
3209:10.4103/1735-3327.240472
2342:Identification (biology)
2264:genealogical DNA testing
2044:In 1994, the claim that
1649:Denver District Attorney
1530:Present sense impression
1340:Public policy exclusions
1021:Probabilistic genotyping
636:Forensic Science Service
37:Not to be confused with
6681:McKie R (24 May 2009).
6170:Breed AG (5 May 2004).
6028:Steele (23 June 2001).
5074:"Human Tissue Act 2004"
4378:10.1126/science.1122655
4033:"Double Helix Jeopardy"
3196:Dental Research Journal
2874:(6): 36â38, 40â41, 43.
2554:worldwide.espacenet.com
2320:Forensic identification
2262:with the assistance of
2139:murder of Lynette White
1950:water-in-oil droplets.
1935:modifications within a
1773:California v. Greenwood
1675:in 2008. In March 2011
1640:murder of Lynette White
1070:University of Cambridge
1028:DNA profiling in plant:
750:Differential extraction
629:University of Leicester
571:criminal investigations
305:Social network analysis
6234:www.garyisinnocent.org
6018:, London, 11 May 2002.
3996:DNA: A Practical Guide
3656:"Tri-Allelic Patterns"
2747:10.1186/2041-2223-4-21
2734:Investigative Genetics
2675:10.1093/nar/17.16.6463
2663:Nucleic Acids Research
2504:Investigative Genetics
2325:Full genome sequencing
2164:University of Michigan
1875:
1860:
1853:, Moore-Bick LJ said:
1788:search and seizure of
1784:does not prohibit the
1768:expectation of privacy
1630:Familial DNA searching
1307:Consciousness of guilt
1080:maintains the largest
925:Mitochondrial analysis
905:independently assorted
872:
804:
766:
746:solid phase extraction
719:When a sample such as
667:
615:Rockefeller University
602:
552:genetic fingerprinting
387:Electrical engineering
51:
6188:on 14 September 2012.
5049:Justice Policy Center
4906:The Innocence Project
4804:: 328. Archived from
4109:10.3390/genes11040373
4001:Carswell Publications
2931:www.sciencedirect.com
2893:Roth, Andrea (2020).
2813:www.sciencedirect.com
2517:10.1186/2041-2223-5-3
2249:Joseph James DeAngelo
2102:In 2002, the body of
2093:murder of Celia Douty
1870:
1819:Human Tissue Act 2004
1776:(1988), in which the
1704:United States v. Pool
1456:Recorded recollection
1094:National DNA Database
1060:National DNA database
916:Y-chromosome analysis
854:
802:
764:
661:
592:
417:Materials engineering
245:Facial reconstruction
49:
6719:The Innocence Record
6240:on 22 December 2016.
6210:on 17 September 2008
6090:. 15 February 2003.
5540:. 9 September 2009.
5167: (7 July 2006),
3904:Genetics in Medicine
3190:Streptococcus mutans
3037:Einstein (Sao Paulo)
2189:, 22, in her car in
2065:Earl Washington, Jr.
2036:In 1992, DNA from a
2009:unlawful intercourse
1490:in United States law
736:(also called phenol
462:Perry Mason syndrome
250:Fingerprint analysis
50:The DNA double helix
6860:History of genetics
6855:Forensic statistics
6746:Sense about Science
6615:(13 October 2015).
6314:The Washington Post
6121:on 25 November 2010
6040:on 11 October 2018.
5988:on 11 February 2009
5897:on 29 November 2014
5759:on 22 December 2008
5644:. 29 January 2020.
5592:on 27 November 2002
5213:on 29 December 2010
5062:on 22 October 2015.
4971:on 25 October 2021.
4778:on 1 December 2010.
4765:Michigan Law Review
4704:The Washington Post
4566:on 19 October 2012.
4371:(5778): 1315â1316.
4192:on 25 October 2021.
4149:Schiller J (2010).
3876:on 23 February 2007
3789:on 22 January 2003.
3683:Forensic DNA Typing
3348:Forensic DNA Typing
3241:Kashyap VK (2004).
2268:genetic genealogist
2253:Golden State Killer
1996:of a teenager near
1330:Laying a foundation
1206:open reading frames
704:Profiling processes
565:DNA profiling is a
485:forensic entomology
422:Polymer engineering
380:Related disciplines
295:Forensic geophysics
275:Gloveprint analysis
255:Firearm examination
225:Body identification
6865:Identity documents
6628:. pp. 35â38.
5957:on 7 December 2008
5836:on 3 November 2014
5792:10.1038/ng0294-130
5271:The New York Times
5187:on 22 October 2010
4964:The New York Times
4912:on 28 August 2007.
4843:Pool 621F .3d 1213
4756:Murphy EA (2009).
4710:on 25 October 2021
4626:on 2 December 2010
4589:on 25 October 2021
4583:The New York Times
4427:on 7 November 2010
4239:on 30 August 2008.
3814:10.1007/bf01369668
3484:10.1520/JFS2004216
3188:"DNA profiling of
2951:Butler JM (2005).
2454:Petersen, K., J..
2174:In November 2008,
1919:The New York Times
1876:
1586:trusts and estates
1466:Dead Man's Statute
1431:Direct examination
1388:Best evidence rule
899:The true power of
873:
805:
767:
734:organic extraction
668:
603:
548:DNA fingerprinting
397:Fire investigation
280:Palmprint analysis
240:Election forensics
123:Forensic genealogy
52:
6870:Molecular biology
6850:Forensic genetics
6749:. 25 January 2017
6436:. 12 April 2018.
6406:. 19 March 2018.
6141:"Dennis Halstead"
6006:Joshua Rozenberg,
5887:"Frank Lee Smith"
5586:"Gene Technology"
5562:Joseph Wambaugh,
5437:10.1021/nn501589f
4852:on 27 April 2011.
4328:(12 April 2011).
4294:10.1101/gr.143000
4288:(11): 1788â1795.
3993:Goos L, Rose JD.
3641:978-0-12-405213-0
3616:978-0-12-405213-0
3569:10.1520/JFS14100J
3397:978-0-12-405213-0
3372:978-0-12-147952-7
3135:Los Angeles Times
3104:The Conversastion
2779:Evans C (2007) .
2669:(16): 6463â6471.
2479:on 22 August 2017
2347:Project Innocence
2234:the Buckskin girl
1826:England and Wales
1688:East Coast Rapist
1627:
1626:
1547:Implied assertion
1510:Dying declaration
1505:Excited utterance
1451:Proffer agreement
1436:Cross-examination
1249:Types of evidence
1220:molecular biology
1200:Fake DNA evidence
1175:monozygotic twins
931:Mitochondrial DNA
742:Chelex extraction
611:Jeffrey Glassberg
575:paternity testing
541:
540:
319:Digital forensics
260:Footwear evidence
16:(Redirected from
6877:
6835:Applied genetics
6812:
6811:
6800:
6799:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6776:
6775:
6767:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6692:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6651:(1 March 2022).
6644:
6642:
6640:
6621:
6608:
6583:Kaye DH (2010).
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6558:
6552:. 20 June 2016.
6551:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6487:
6481:
6480:
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6360:
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6299:
6297:
6295:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6255:. History Link.
6248:
6242:
6241:
6236:. Archived from
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6206:. Archived from
6196:
6190:
6189:
6184:. Archived from
6182:Associated Press
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6137:
6131:
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6128:
6126:
6110:
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6048:
6042:
6041:
6025:
6019:
6011:
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5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5984:. Archived from
5973:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5913:
5907:
5906:
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5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5857:"Suspect Nation"
5852:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5832:. Archived from
5821:
5812:
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5775:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
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5431:(9): 8959â8967.
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5296:Rana AK (2018).
5293:
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5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5055:. Archived from
5046:
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5026:
5020:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
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4972:
4967:. Archived from
4957:(3 April 2008).
4951:
4945:
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4942:
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4920:
4914:
4913:
4908:. Archived from
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4882:on 24 March 2011
4878:. Archived from
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4845:. Archived from
4840:
4832:
4826:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4795:
4789:Suter S (2010).
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4762:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4706:. Archived from
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4679:on 21 March 2011
4675:. Archived from
4664:
4658:
4657:
4656:on 30 July 2020.
4652:. Archived from
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4619:. Archived from
4614:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4585:. Archived from
4574:
4568:
4567:
4562:. Archived from
4551:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4492:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4398:
4380:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4305:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4235:. Archived from
4200:
4194:
4193:
4188:. Archived from
4175:
4169:
4168:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4129:
4111:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4028:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3927:
3910:(7): 1483â1485.
3901:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3702:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3660:strbase.nist.gov
3652:
3646:
3645:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3554:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3313:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3247:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3005:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2843:on 26 April 2008
2833:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2519:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2387:
2307:Pringle baronets
2219:Eastern European
2207:Ashkenazi Jewish
2187:Teresa De Simone
1937:CpG dinucleotide
1806:Maryland v. King
1782:Fourth Amendment
1619:
1612:
1605:
1542:Learned treatise
1520:Ancient document
1500:Business records
1398:Ancient document
1378:Chain of custody
1230:
1110:U.S. Patriot Act
985:MiniSTR analysis
976:Low-Template DNA
533:
526:
519:
445:Related articles
352:Network analysis
342:Malware analysis
300:Forensic geology
77:
67:Forensic science
54:
21:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6806:
6794:
6784:
6782:
6770:
6762:
6752:
6750:
6739:
6726:Wayback Machine
6680:
6677:
6672:
6663:
6661:
6647:
6638:
6636:
6619:
6611:
6597:
6582:
6578:
6576:Further reading
6573:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6530:
6528:
6520:
6519:
6515:
6505:
6503:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6474:
6472:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6443:
6441:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6413:
6411:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6381:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6351:
6344:The Irish Times
6338:
6337:
6333:
6323:
6321:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6293:
6291:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6262:
6260:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6213:
6211:
6198:
6197:
6193:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6152:
6151:on 2 April 2015
6139:
6138:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6097:
6095:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6065:
6063:
6058:. 10 May 2002.
6050:
6049:
6045:
6034:Daily Telegraph
6027:
6026:
6022:
6016:Daily Telegraph
6009:
6005:
6001:
5991:
5989:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5960:
5958:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5927:
5925:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5900:
5898:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5839:
5837:
5823:
5822:
5815:
5780:Nature Genetics
5777:
5776:
5772:
5762:
5760:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5710:
5708:
5707:on 24 July 2011
5704:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5678:
5676:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5649:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5621:
5619:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5593:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5545:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5392:
5391:
5384:
5374:
5372:
5348:10.1.1.179.2718
5328:
5327:
5323:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5278:
5264:
5263:
5252:
5242:
5240:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5214:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5169:Court of Appeal
5159:
5155:
5150:Court of Appeal
5140:
5136:
5131:Court of Appeal
5121:
5117:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5086:
5079:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5059:
5053:Urban Institute
5044:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4990:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4938:
4936:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4883:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4857:
4849:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4820:
4816:
4811:on 7 June 2011.
4808:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4737:on 28 June 2011
4728:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4560:The Denver Post
4553:
4552:
4545:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4463:
4461:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4334:HuffPost Denver
4324:
4323:
4319:
4282:Genome Research
4275:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4225:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4071:on 30 July 2020
4063:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4030:
4029:
4020:
4010:
4008:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3850:on 6 March 2010
3842:
3841:
3837:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3137:. pp. P8.
3128:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3045:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3019:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2963:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2868:Law & Order
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2582:docs.google.com
2577:
2575:"US5593832.pdf"
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2397:. 24 May 2009.
2389:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2336:Harvey v. Horan
2315:
2292:
2181:In March 2009,
2108:Court of Appeal
2054:Charlottesville
2038:palo verde tree
2002:Colin Pitchfork
1981:
1929:DNA methylation
1896:
1865:
1847:
1828:
1753:
1724:
1722:Partial matches
1652:Mitch Morrissey
1632:
1623:
1515:Party admission
1383:Judicial notice
1325:Burden of proof
1267:Real (physical)
1228:
1202:
1189:
1167:
1144:
1137:
1098:civil liberties
1062:
1056:
1040:
1030:
1004:
987:
978:
961:
941:
933:
927:
918:
879:
869:electrophoresis
849:
844:
811:1- Denaturation
791:
786:
759:
717:
711:
706:
680:microsatellites
648:Colin Pitchfork
623:geneticist Sir
609:) was filed by
599:Colin Pitchfork
587:
537:
492:
491:
490:
487:
484:
467:Pollen calendar
446:
438:
437:
436:
381:
373:
372:
371:
321:
311:
310:
309:
214:
206:
205:
181:
171:
170:
169:
113:DNA phenotyping
87:
42:
39:DNA phenotyping
35:
32:Genetic testing
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6883:
6881:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6804:
6792:
6780:
6760:
6759:
6737:
6729:
6716:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6693:
6676:
6675:External links
6673:
6671:
6670:
6649:Dunning, Brian
6645:
6609:
6596:978-0674035881
6595:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6538:
6513:
6482:
6451:
6421:
6391:
6361:
6331:
6301:
6270:
6243:
6221:
6191:
6162:
6132:
6105:
6073:
6043:
6020:
5999:
5968:
5935:
5908:
5878:
5847:
5813:
5786:(2): 130â135.
5770:
5744:
5718:
5686:
5659:
5629:
5603:
5577:
5568:
5555:
5525:
5488:(3): 288â297.
5468:
5411:
5382:
5321:
5288:
5250:
5224:
5198:
5172:
5153:
5134:
5115:
5110:R v. Loveridge
5101:
5065:
5032:
5000:
4974:
4946:
4915:
4893:
4867:
4855:
4827:
4814:
4781:
4748:
4721:
4690:
4659:
4637:
4600:
4569:
4543:
4501:(2): 248â262.
4478:
4450:. Daily News.
4438:
4407:
4351:
4317:
4268:
4242:
4224:978-0309053952
4223:
4195:
4170:
4164:978-1453735435
4163:
4141:
4082:
4056:
4018:
3985:
3954:
3887:
3861:
3835:
3808:(3): 107â113.
3792:
3773:
3759:
3739:
3725:
3688:
3673:
3647:
3640:
3622:
3615:
3597:
3563:(2): 213â222.
3540:
3529:(4): 670â677.
3512:
3452:
3403:
3396:
3378:
3371:
3353:
3335:
3284:
3233:
3202:(5): 334â339.
3178:
3152:
3121:
3090:
3060:
3017:
2976:
2962:978-0080470610
2961:
2943:
2918:
2885:
2854:
2825:
2800:
2794:978-1440620539
2793:
2771:
2720:
2698:
2643:
2594:
2566:
2541:
2490:
2460:
2447:
2412:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2302:Baron Moynihan
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:sexual assault
2271:
2256:
2245:
2230:
2223:
2215:Middle Eastern
2202:
2179:
2176:Anthony Curcio
2172:
2160:
2149:
2146:
2135:
2112:
2104:James Hanratty
2100:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2042:
2034:
2031:Czechoslovakia
2023:
2012:
2005:
1980:
1977:
1895:
1892:
1864:
1861:
1846:
1843:
1839:Bayes' theorem
1827:
1824:
1814:United Kingdom
1780:held that the
1752:
1749:
1745:North Carolina
1723:
1720:
1664:Alameda County
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:in English law
1479:
1478:
1477:and exceptions
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1461:Expert witness
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1369:Authentication
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1224:
1201:
1198:
1188:
1185:
1166:
1163:
1142:
1135:
1092:maintains the
1090:United Kingdom
1058:Main article:
1055:
1052:
1038:
1026:
1003:
1000:
986:
983:
977:
974:
960:
957:
940:
937:
929:Main article:
926:
923:
917:
914:
875:Main article:
848:
845:
840:Main article:
790:
787:
782:Main article:
776:Southern Blots
758:
755:
715:DNA extraction
713:Main article:
710:
709:DNA extraction
707:
705:
702:
684:minisatellites
662:Variations of
586:
583:
539:
538:
536:
535:
528:
521:
513:
510:
509:
508:
507:
502:
494:
493:
489:
488:
481:
479:
477:Trace evidence
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
367:Audio analysis
364:
362:Video analysis
359:
354:
349:
347:Mobile devices
344:
339:
337:Database study
334:
329:
327:Computer exams
323:
322:
317:
316:
313:
312:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
216:
215:
213:Criminalistics
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
182:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
167:
162:
157:
152:
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142:
137:
132:
127:
126:
125:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
89:
88:
83:
82:
79:
78:
70:
69:
63:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6882:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6791:
6781:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6748:
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6727:
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6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6555:
6548:
6542:
6539:
6527:
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6514:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6486:
6483:
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6462:
6455:
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6439:
6435:
6431:
6425:
6422:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6362:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6332:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6302:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6271:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6244:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6225:
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6195:
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6173:
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6120:
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6106:
6093:
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6077:
6074:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6047:
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6039:
6035:
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6024:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6003:
6000:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5969:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5950:The Telegraph
5946:
5939:
5936:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5909:
5896:
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5888:
5882:
5879:
5866:
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5848:
5835:
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5809:
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5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
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5774:
5771:
5758:
5754:
5748:
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5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5703:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5674:
5670:
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5660:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
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5591:
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5581:
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5543:
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5521:
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5512:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5472:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5415:
5412:
5400:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5341:(2): 95â103.
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5322:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5289:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5261:
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5257:
5255:
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5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5138:
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5128:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5097:
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5075:
5069:
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5058:
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5017:
5010:
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4960:
4956:
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4947:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4902:"Darryl Hunt"
4897:
4894:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4837:
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4770:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4749:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4722:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4698:Helderman R.
4694:
4691:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4655:
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4638:
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4588:
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4573:
4570:
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4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4493:. Symposium.
4489:
4482:
4479:
4474:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4453:New Scientist
4449:
4442:
4439:
4426:
4422:
4421:DNA Forensics
4418:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4366:
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4352:
4339:
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4321:
4318:
4313:
4309:
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4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4269:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4215:10.17226/5141
4212:
4208:
4207:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4160:
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4123:
4119:
4115:
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4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4083:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4038:IEEE Spectrum
4034:
4027:
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4023:
4019:
4006:
4002:
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3997:
3989:
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3973:
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3562:
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3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3523:BioTechniques
3516:
3513:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3457:
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3404:
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3259:
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3251:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3225:
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3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
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3191:
3182:
3179:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3078:
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3070:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
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2944:
2932:
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2922:
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2858:
2855:
2842:
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2832:
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2801:
2796:
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2423:
2416:
2413:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2367:Satellite DNA
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
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2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:Irish descent
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
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2144:
2140:
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2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
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2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2046:Anna Anderson
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:United States
1881:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1854:
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1844:
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1840:
1835:
1834:
1825:
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1815:
1810:
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1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:Supreme Court
1775:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1764:United States
1760:
1758:
1750:
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1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1695:4th Amendment
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1681:Bob McDonnell
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
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1646:
1641:
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1629:
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1379:
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1351:
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1341:
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1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:Genetic (DNA)
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Demonstrative
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
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1239:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:United States
1075:
1074:DNA databases
1071:
1067:
1061:
1054:DNA databases
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
984:
982:
975:
973:
970:
966:
958:
956:
954:
953:
948:
947:
938:
936:
932:
924:
922:
915:
913:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
886:
884:
878:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
846:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
826:
822:
818:
816:
812:
808:
801:
797:
794:
788:
785:
780:
777:
772:
763:
757:RFLP analysis
756:
754:
751:
747:
743:
740:extraction),
739:
735:
730:
726:
722:
716:
708:
703:
701:
698:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
665:
660:
656:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
625:Alec Jeffreys
622:
618:
616:
612:
608:
600:
596:
595:Alec Jeffreys
591:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
569:technique in
568:
563:
561:
560:DNA barcoding
557:
553:
549:
546:(also called
545:
544:DNA profiling
534:
529:
527:
522:
520:
515:
514:
512:
511:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
486:
483:Use of DNA in
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
442:
441:
433:
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428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
377:
376:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
332:Data analysis
330:
328:
325:
324:
320:
315:
314:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
290:Vein matching
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
265:Forensic arts
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
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243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
210:
209:
202:
199:
197:
196:Psychotherapy
194:
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187:
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180:
175:
174:
166:
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158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:DNA profiling
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
86:
85:Physiological
81:
80:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6751:. Retrieved
6744:
6688:The Observer
6686:
6662:. Retrieved
6656:
6637:. Retrieved
6623:
6585:
6561:. Retrieved
6541:
6531:18 September
6529:. Retrieved
6525:
6516:
6504:. Retrieved
6495:
6485:
6473:. Retrieved
6465:The Atlantic
6464:
6454:
6442:. Retrieved
6433:
6424:
6412:. Retrieved
6403:
6394:
6382:. Retrieved
6373:
6364:
6352:. Retrieved
6343:
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1066:DNA database
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5830:Explore DNA
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2279:fingerprint
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1656:Jerry Brown
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821:2-Annealing
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412:Linguistics
392:Engineering
357:Photography
235:Colorimetry
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6840:Biometrics
6824:Categories
6613:Koerner BI
6563:26 October
6506:6 December
6404:Living DNA
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2880:1074789441
2707:US 5766847
2483:14 October
2374:References
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2157:kidnapping
2120:Merseyside
1986:exonerated
1941:epigenetic
1925:epigenetic
1718:prisoner.
1673:Santa Cruz
1557:common law
1536:Res gestae
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220:Accounting
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186:Psychiatry
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6634:1059-1028
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6284:The Times
6278:Booth J.
6177:USA Today
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1794:curtilage
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6753:19 April
6722:Archived
6658:Skeptoid
6554:Archived
6500:Archived
6469:Archived
6438:Archived
6434:CBS News
6408:Archived
6378:Archived
6374:BBC News
6348:Archived
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6288:Archived
6257:Archived
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6204:CBS News
6092:Archived
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6060:Archived
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5922:Archived
5865:Archived
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5763:21 April
5737:21 April
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4683:17 April
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2399:Archived
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2242:Arkansas
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2058:Romanovs
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1677:Virginia
1577:Property
1567:Contract
1441:Redirect
1234:Evidence
1216:in vitro
1194:chimeras
1125:cold hit
601:in 1988.
567:forensic
505:Category
160:Podiatry
145:Medicine
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6814:Science
6778:Biology
6764:Portals
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6414:9 April
6384:21 July
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1762:In the
1475:Hearsay
1272:Digital
865:alleles
861:primers
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725:saliva
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