182:(RNS). ROS and RNS are known to cause DNA damage via oxidative processes. Figure 2 shows each of the reactive sites for the nucleic acids involved in adduction and damage, with each form of transfer distinguished by arrow color. These positions are of interest to researchers studying DNA adduct formation. Research has indicated that many different chemicals may change human DNA and that lifestyle and host characteristics can impact the extent of DNA damage. Humans are constantly exposed to a diverse combination of potentially dangerous substances that might cause DNA damage.
191:
370:
155:
342:, but eating chicken does not have this risk. The increased risk of colon cancer from red meat may be due to higher increases in DNA adducts from digestion of red meat. When rats were fed either beef or chicken, three types of DNA adducts in colon tissue were significantly higher after consumption of beef than after consumption of chicken. These adducts were a type of methyl-cytosine (possibly N3-methyl-cytosine), an adduct of two malondialdehyde molecules with guanine, and carboxyl-adenine.
31:
122:
The presence of endogenous carcinogens contributes to levels of DNA adducts in a patient. This can bias the quantification of carcinogens that are from environmental exposure. Ongoing research on DNA adducts seeks to overcome these complications. It is the hope that in future medical practices DNA
106:
process. These interactions typically cause chemical adducts to form in the cell. This allows for DNA adducts to serve as biomarkers of exposure to carcinogens from the environment. They are attractive biomarkers because they are stable, abundant, and easily characterizable. Exposure to them can
385:
industries. Tests were conducted to understand the differences in the level of urinary BD-DNA adducts among various ethnic groups – white, Japanese
American, and Native Hawaiian. It was determined that Japanese American smokers exhibited heightened levels of urinary BD-induced
77:
of exposure. They are especially useful in quantifying an organism's exposure to a carcinogen. The presence of such an adduct indicates prior exposure to a potential carcinogen, but it does not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer in the subject animal.
319:
contains an antigen in solution that can bind with DNA adducts. Any remaining free antigen will fluoresce. This allows ELISA to quantify DNA adducts as well as map an inverse relationship between DNA damage and the intensity of the samples
413:; while it is unclear if a direct link between cancer and PM exposure exists, it is likely that PM exposure leads to some degree of cell damage. Upon further investigation, it was determined that PM exposure causes
85:. A scientific journal will often incorporate the name of the carcinogen with their experimental design. For example, the term "DMBA-DNA adduct" in a scientific journal refers to a piece of DNA that has DMBA (
101:
through external and internal factors. Carcinogens are chemical or physical agents that cause DNA damage, which may later develop into cancer. They can initiate mutagenesis in DNA by interfering with the
1566:
Quezada-Maldonado EM, Sánchez-PĂ©rez Y, Chirino YI, GarcĂa-Cuellar CM (October 2021). "Airborne particulate matter induces oxidative damage, DNA adduct formation and alterations in DNA repair pathways".
1390:
Hemeryck LY, Van Hecke T, Vossen E, De Smet S, Vanhaecke L (September 2017). "DNA adductomics to study the genotoxic effects of red meat consumption with and without added animal fat in rats".
394:
and genetic factors driving these differences in urinary BD-DNA adduct presence is the next step for this research, serving as a link between sociology and the life sciences.
516:
Maltzman TH, Christou M, Gould MN, Jefcoate CR (November 1991). "Effects of monoterpenoids on in vivo DMBA-DNA adduct formation and on phase I hepatic metabolizing enzymes".
1094:
Guengerich FP, McCormick WA, Wheeler JB (November 2003). "Analysis of the kinetic mechanism of haloalkane conjugation by mammalian theta-class glutathione transferases".
285:
32P-postlabeling assays screen for DNA adducts by transferring 32P-ATP into a carcinogenic labeled nucleotide sequence, with selectivity favoring modified nucleotides.
139:
sites. The N3 and N7 locations (nucleotide positioning) of guanine and adenine are believed to be the most nucleophilic, and hence, they form adducts selectively over
35:
358:
reacting directly with DNA to form adducts. In addition, there are other tobacco-specific carcinogens to consider in humans that are activated metabolically, such as
350:
Human exposure to tobacco smoke has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Tobacco smoke can impose great risk to DNA, with chemicals such as
293:
410:
107:
directly or indirectly cause DNA damage. In the direct case, a carcinogen can bind to DNA and cause it to distort or become cross-linked. Although
390:
adducts than white and Native
Hawaiian individuals, while there were no differences in outcome by ethnicity among non-smokers. Understanding the
296:
to a greater extent has replaced the 32P-postlabeling assay as the method of choice for the detection of structurally characterized DNA adducts.
1268:
1227:
617:
1181:
Singh R, Farmer PB (February 2006). "Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry: the future of DNA adduct detection".
915:"IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man: some aziridines, N-, S- & O-mustards and selenium"
81:
DNA adducts are researched in laboratory settings. A typical experimental design for studying DNA adducts is to induce them with known
305:
426:
366:(NNN). These carcinogens end up forming adducts when reacted with DNA, with those being called pyridyl oxobutyl (POB) adducts.
227:
151:, making it more suitable for adduction than when compared to adenine's N3 position, which is orientated in the minor groove.
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in these individuals. These findings support the theory that DNA adduct presence indicates a level of carcinogenic activity.
212:
86:
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43:
190:
369:
382:
179:
148:
136:
695:"DNA adducts: Formation, biological effects, and new biospecimens for mass spectrometric measurements in humans"
111:
under normal circumstances, sometimes the DNA will not repair itself. This could be the start of a mutation, or
175:
174:
compounds generated by inflammatory processes cause oxidative stress. This can result in the formation of a
425:
from residents of heavily-populated cities (e.g. pollution, long-term traffic); a common component of PMs,
154:
635:"Differential damage and repair of DNA-adducts induced by anti-cancer drug cisplatin across mouse organs"
1427:"DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture"
429:(PAH), was one of the many molecules considered to be highly correlated with the presence of DNA bulky
135:, and the capacity of the compounds to bind with DNA, potentially driving adduct formation to specific
1576:
1517:
Jokipii
Krueger CC, Park SL, Madugundu G, Patel Y, Le Marchand L, Stram DO, Tretyakova N (May 2021).
706:
646:
363:
166:
and cause DNA damage. Furthermore, reactive intermediates can be produced in the body as a result of
600:
Weston A, Poirier MC (2005). "Carcinogen–DNA Adduct
Formation and DNA Repair.". In Wexler P (ed.).
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1047:"In vivo formation and persistence of modified nucleosides resulting from alkylating agents"
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998:"Methylating agents and DNA repair responses: Methylated bases and sources of strand breaks"
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Several diseases, including cancer, develop from mutated DNA. These mutations are caused by
984:
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Adduct formation is determined by the structures of reactive chemicals, the movement(s) of
218:
103:
1255:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 817. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 207–230.
1251:
Brown K (2012). "Methods for the
Detection of DNA Adducts". In Parry JM, Parry E (eds.).
421:(DSBs). In regards to DNA adduct formation, this analysis was conducted after looking at
1580:
944:
IARC Monographs
Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010).
710:
650:
123:
adducts may serve to guide therapeutic treatments that are more targeted and effective.
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752:"Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures"
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1468:"Recent Studies on DNA Adducts Resulting from Human Exposure to Tobacco Smoke"
1237:
919:
IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man
418:
270:
158:
Figure 2: Reactive Sites of
Interest for Nucleic Acids in DNA Adduct Formation
108:
98:
82:
66:
1534:
1519:"Ethnic differences in excretion of butadiene-DNA adducts by current smokers"
875:"Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene"
873:
IARC Working Group on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2002).
832:
IARC Working Group on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2007).
791:
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2014).
750:
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010).
1194:
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170:, thus harming the DNA. Some chemical carcinogens, metabolites, as well as
17:
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oxygen atoms. The generation of DNA adducts is also influenced by certain
335:
568:
381:(BD) is a human carcinogen that is found in cigarette smoke among other
1359:
1342:
1062:
387:
1149:
1107:
1013:
718:
417:– creating reactive oxygen species, forming DNA adducts, and inducing
442:
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208:, which binds to DNA and causes crosslinking (leading to cell death)
69:. This process could lead to the development of cancerous cells, or
551:
Barnes JL, Zubair M, John K, Poirier MC, Martin FL (October 2018).
377:
Further analysis has been conducted on the topic, determining that
469:"DNA adducts as exposure biomarkers and indicators of cancer risk"
368:
334:
Human consumption of more than 2.5–3.5 oz (70–100 g) of
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189:
153:
29:
950:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
879:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
838:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
797:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
756:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
359:
62:
162:
Many compounds require enzyme metabolic activation to become
834:"Smokeless tobacco and some tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines"
946:"Some aromatic amines, organic dyes, and related exposures"
793:"Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some Nitroarenes"
147:. Guanine's N7 position is exposed in the major groove of
304:
Certain DNA adducts can also be detected by the means of
985:
https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19952006807
693:
Hwa Yun B, Guo J, Bellamri M, Turesky RJ (March 2020).
633:
Yimit A, Adebali O, Sancar A, Jiang Y (January 2019).
405:(PM), broadly known as air pollution, is considered a
194:
Figure 3: DNA damaged by carcinogenic 2-aminofluorene
73:. DNA adducts in scientific experiments are used as
373:Figure 4: Effects of Tobacco on Healthy Human DNA
338:(beef, lamb or pork) a day increases the risk of
289:Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS):
27:Segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical
1132:Balbo S, Turesky RJ, Villalta PW (March 2014).
308:because they contain fluorescent chromophores.
1343:"Potential health hazards of eating red meat"
1222:(Third ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press.
8:
202:, a significant constituent of tobacco smoke
411:International Agency for Research on Cancer
312:Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA):
1542:
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1466:Ma B, Stepanov I, Hecht SS (March 2019).
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294:Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
996:Wyatt MD, Pittman DL (December 2006).
1127:
1125:
7:
688:
686:
325:DNA adduct as biomarkers of exposure
360:nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone
256:heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs)
221:, a naturally-occurring product of
25:
1051:Environmental Health Perspectives
473:Environmental Health Perspectives
115:. Repeated mutations can lead to
1294:"Red Meat and Colorectal Cancer"
557:Biochemical Society Transactions
228:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1138:Chemical Research in Toxicology
1096:Chemical Research in Toxicology
1002:Chemical Research in Toxicology
427:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
186:Chemicals that form DNA adducts
1404:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.129
1216:Boffetta P, Hainaut P (2019).
610:10.1016/B0-12-369400-0/00191-5
604:. Elsevier. pp. 440–445.
213:7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
87:7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
1:
1444:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0020
1589:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117313
1347:Journal of Internal Medicine
1261:10.1007/978-1-61779-421-6_11
553:"Carcinogens and DNA damage"
119:– the beginnings of cancer.
398:Airborne particulate matter
1638:
1292:Aykan NF (February 2015).
659:10.1038/s41467-019-08290-2
602:Encyclopedia of Toxicology
1431:Molecular Cancer Research
1045:Singer B (October 1985).
699:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
530:10.1093/carcin/12.11.2081
180:reactive nitrogen species
89:) attached to it.
1425:Kastan MB (April 2008).
1341:Wolk A (February 2017).
467:Poirier MC (June 1997).
281:32P-postlabeling assay:
1569:Environmental Pollution
300:Fluorescence labeling:
176:reactive oxygen species
127:Mechanism of DNA damage
67:cancer-causing chemical
1535:10.1093/carcin/bgab020
1310:10.4081/oncol.2015.288
1219:Encyclopedia of cancer
485:10.1289/ehp.97105s4907
374:
195:
159:
50:
1485:10.3390/toxics7010016
1195:10.1093/carcin/bgi260
639:Nature Communications
372:
364:N'-nitrosonornicotine
193:
157:
92:
33:
479:(Suppl 4): 907–912.
419:double-strand breaks
1617:Genetics techniques
1581:2021EPoll.28717313Q
711:2020MSRv...39...55H
651:2019NatCo..10..309Y
569:10.1042/BST20180519
93:Carcinogens' impact
1360:10.1111/joim.12543
1253:Genetic Toxicology
1063:10.1289/ehp.856241
407:group 1 carcinogen
403:Particulate matter
375:
260:methylating agents
223:lipid peroxidation
196:
160:
149:double-helical DNA
109:DNA repair happens
55:molecular genetics
51:
1270:978-1-61779-421-6
1229:978-0-12-812485-7
1150:10.1021/tx4004352
1134:"DNA adductomics"
1108:10.1021/tx034157r
1102:(11): 1493–1499.
1014:10.1021/tx060164e
1008:(12): 1580–1594.
719:10.1002/mas.21570
619:978-0-12-369400-3
524:(11): 2081–2087.
383:synthetic polymer
277:Detection methods
266:alkylating agents
16:(Redirected from
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168:oxidative stress
61:is a segment of
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925:: 1–268. 1975.
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1523:Carcinogenesis
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1392:Food Chemistry
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1353:(2): 106–122.
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1183:Carcinogenesis
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192:
185:
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177:
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169:
165:
156:
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150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:electrophiles
126:
124:
120:
118:
114:
110:
105:
100:
90:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1252:
1246:
1218:
1211:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1141:
1137:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1005:
1001:
991:
980:
953:
949:
939:
922:
918:
909:
882:
878:
868:
841:
837:
827:
800:
796:
786:
759:
755:
745:
702:
698:
642:
638:
628:
601:
595:
560:
556:
546:
521:
517:
511:
476:
472:
462:
401:
376:
356:acetaldehyde
352:formaldehyde
349:
340:colon cancer
333:
311:
306:fluorescence
299:
288:
280:
237:Nitrosamines
200:acetaldehyde
161:
137:nucleophilic
130:
121:
96:
80:
58:
52:
46:
44:intercalated
1398:: 378–387.
448:Adductomics
346:Tobacco use
271:Haloalkanes
113:mutagenesis
104:replication
99:carcinogens
83:carcinogens
65:bound to a
49:, at center
40:benzopyrene
18:DNA adducts
1611:Categories
1575:: 117313.
1304:(1): 288.
1238:1061558350
645:(1): 309.
454:References
423:leukocytes
392:epigenetic
362:(NNK) and
242:Aflatoxins
233:nitro-PAHs
172:endogenous
75:biomarkers
59:DNA adduct
47:DNA adduct
36:metabolite
1478:(1): 16.
1057:: 41–48.
956:: 1–658.
885:: 1–556.
844:: 1–592.
803:: 9–699.
762:: 1–853.
330:Beef diet
206:cisplatin
178:(ROS) or
164:mutagenic
141:exocyclic
42:forms an
1622:Oncology
1597:34022687
1553:33693566
1504:30893918
1453:18403632
1412:28407925
1377:24130100
1369:27597529
1328:26779313
1279:22147575
1203:16272169
1168:24437709
1116:14615977
1032:17173371
972:21528837
901:12687954
860:18335640
819:26442290
778:21141735
737:29889312
677:30659176
587:30287511
437:See also
336:red meat
247:Mustards
1577:Bibcode
1544:8163050
1495:6468371
1319:4698595
1159:3997222
1081:4085444
1072:1568687
1023:2542901
963:5046080
931:1234596
892:4781602
851:4781254
810:4781216
769:4781319
728:6289887
707:Bibcode
668:6338751
647:Bibcode
578:6195640
538:1934293
503:9255579
494:1470061
431:lesions
409:by the
388:guanine
1595:
1551:
1541:
1502:
1492:
1472:Toxics
1451:
1410:
1375:
1367:
1326:
1316:
1277:
1267:
1236:
1226:
1201:
1166:
1156:
1114:
1079:
1069:
1030:
1020:
970:
960:
929:
899:
889:
858:
848:
817:
807:
776:
766:
735:
725:
675:
665:
616:
585:
575:
536:
501:
491:
443:Adduct
264:other
230:(PAHs)
211:DMBA (
1373:S2CID
317:ELISA
1593:PMID
1549:PMID
1500:PMID
1449:PMID
1408:PMID
1365:PMID
1324:PMID
1275:PMID
1265:ISBN
1234:OCLC
1224:ISBN
1199:PMID
1164:PMID
1112:PMID
1077:PMID
1028:PMID
968:PMID
927:PMID
897:PMID
856:PMID
815:PMID
774:PMID
733:PMID
673:PMID
614:ISBN
583:PMID
534:PMID
499:PMID
354:and
57:, a
1585:doi
1573:287
1539:PMC
1531:doi
1490:PMC
1480:doi
1439:doi
1400:doi
1396:230
1355:doi
1351:281
1314:PMC
1306:doi
1257:doi
1191:doi
1154:PMC
1146:doi
1104:doi
1067:PMC
1059:doi
1018:PMC
1010:doi
958:PMC
887:PMC
846:PMC
805:PMC
801:105
764:PMC
723:PMC
715:doi
663:PMC
655:doi
606:doi
573:PMC
565:doi
526:doi
489:PMC
481:doi
477:105
63:DNA
53:In
38:of
1613::
1591:.
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1571:.
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1537:.
1527:42
1525:.
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1110:.
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1006:19
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