267:
231:
then formulated a strategy of bribing lodge leaders to defect, which was successful in bringing Ling to heel, and the
Emperor promoted him to Viceroy. Ye would later be in charge of purging Guangdong of any anti-government outlaw. Over one million people from Guangdong were sentenced to death and
278:
but fought through much of the country round it for more than a year. Failure to co-ordinate had exhausted the supplies of the rebel alliance, which faltered during the attack on the provincial capital
Guangzhou, where the gentry had succeeded in raising a force of militia to defend the city
168:
were formed originally for self-defence in feuds between locals and migrants from neighboring provinces. They were organized into scattered local lodges, each under a lodge-master (堂主) and in
October 1854 elected Li Wenmao and Chen Kai as joint alliance-masters (盟主).
388:
In
February 1861, the Qing army attacked Xiujing. The city fell after a six-month long siege. Chen Kai was killed in the battle. The rebellion then entered an insurgency phase of actively resisting the Qing army until the last rebel holdouts surrendered in May 1864.
1251:
397:
The
British involvement in the counter-insurgency involved selling British weaponry to government forces and allowing the Chinese shipping carrying them to avoid rebel attack by using the British flag. That would lead to the
1315:
347:
The
Dacheng Kingdom army was joined by the forces of other Yue Chinese rebels such as Huang Dingfeng (黃鼎鳳), Li Wencai (李文彩) and Li Jingui (李錦貴), all of whom had rebelled against the Qing since the 1850s.
385:, Li Wenmao was killed. Liuzhou then fell to the Qing. In 1859, Chen Kai led a large land and naval force in an attack on Wuzhou. The attack failed, and Chen Kai had to retreat with heavy losses.
1149:
235:
To fund the further defence of the province against the
Taiping rebellion, heavy taxes begun to be levied on the population. That resulted in the people becoming alienated, and flooding of the
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1871:
1244:
1915:
1751:
1590:
1330:
946:
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1706:
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781:
1407:
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By 1856, after failing to capture
Guangzhou, Red Turban forces, hoping to regroup with the Taiping forces in Nanjing, retreated north, occupied parts of
1395:
1380:
1082:
2180:
2210:
2118:
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The initial core of the rebels were
Tiandihui secret societies that were involved in both revolutionary activity and organised crime, such as
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1390:
1619:
1370:
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1022:
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1835:
1204:
1077:
901:
2124:
1965:
1840:
1197:
774:
709:
540:
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Other short-term rebel regimes were established alongside
Dacheng, such as the Yanling Kingdom and the Shengping Heavenly Kingdom.
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1935:
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956:
916:
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370:) and captured the city. In September 1857, the Dacheng Kingdom managed to expand half of Guangxi, an area equal to northern
1117:
1057:
724:
184:, forty miles northeast of the provincial capital. The Red Turbans were formed by religious members from Tiandihui, such as
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1845:
1701:
1385:
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Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration Between the United States and South China, 1882–1943
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and made it their headquarters. Ling Shiba was connected to the Taiping Rebels, as he was also a member of the Taiping
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managed to recover most of the territory. The rebels retreated west to Guangxi and captured Xunzhou (modern-day
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227:), to the border to deal with the situation, but most of them defected to the rebels. Provincial Governor
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992:
896:
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1970:
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381:. However, the Qing army, commanded by Jiang Yili (蒋益澧) managed to recapture Wuzhou. During a battle in
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84:
31:
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2009:
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Guangdong and Chinese Diaspora: The Changing Landscape of Qiaoxiang – Yow Cheun Hoe – Google Books
1980:
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736:
Kim, Jaeyoon (2009). "The Heaven and Earth Society and Red Turban Rebellion in Late Qing China".
658:
Kim, Jaeyoon (2009). "The Heaven and Earth Society and Red Turban Rebellion in Late Qing China".
631:
Kim, Jaeyoon (2009). "The Heaven and Earth Society and Red Turban Rebellion in Late Qing China".
556:
Kim, Jaeyoon (2009). "The Heaven and Earth Society and Red Turban Rebellion in Late Qing China".
446:
Kim, Jaeyoon (2009). "The Heaven and Earth Society and Red Turban Rebellion in Late Qing China".
419:
Kim, Jaeyoon (2009). "The Heaven and Earth Society and Red Turban Rebellion in Late Qing China".
291:
224:
208:
30:
This article is about the rebellion of 1854–1856. For the Red Turban Rebellion of 1351–1368, see
510:
Yeh Ming-Ch'en: Viceroy of Liang Kuang 1852-8 By J. Y. Wong, Senior Lecturer in History J Y Wong
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Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839-1861. by Frederick Wakeman (review)
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galvanised the Tiandihui to redouble its revolutionary efforts. A group, allied with the
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in which a pirate ship with a British flag was captured by Chinese government forces.
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587:(Reprint, revised ed.). University of California Press. pp. 137–139.
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The rebellion was led by Chen Kai (陳開) and Li Wenmao (李文茂), both of whom were
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with thousands more. In September, forces commanded by Taiping-affiliated
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2017:
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Socioeconomic Origins of Emigration: Guangdong to California, 1850–1882
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China Encyclopedia: History of Tiandihui Archives 中國大百科全書：天地會之史料及其參考書目
608:
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312:) of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Many were crushed en route by the
260:
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added to their economic woes. The Taiping victory in the capture of
1741:
1300:
295:
265:
374:, and issued their own currency called Pingjing Shengbao (平靖勝寶).
172:
In Summer 1854, 50,000 outlaws, proclaiming a restoration of the
1400:
585:
Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839-1861
259:, which was followed by Chen Kai's capture of the major city of
763:
27:
Revolt against Qing rule in Guangdong Province, China (1854-56)
270:
Guangdong province and neighbouring provinces in South China
1911:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
306:. Some of them were consolidated as the Flower Flag Force (
255:. The rebel leader He Liu proceeded to capture the city of
302:
province, where they coalesced with the Taiping forces of
274:
The Red Turbans did not succeed in taking the city of
180:. That roused the Tiandihui to revolt in the city of
2083:
2051:
2008:
2001:
1916:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
1870:
1715:
1647:
1568:
1473:
1269:
1160:
970:
877:
807:
798:
129:of 1854–1856 was a rebellion by members of the
41:
1316:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
328:. They captured several counties and besieged
1736:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
1707:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
775:
701:Politics and Identity in Chinese Martial Arts
307:
218:
212:
8:
283:, which intervened on the government side.
251:Province, succeeded in seizing the city of
2005:
804:
782:
768:
760:
38:
1396:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
738:Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
660:Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
633:Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
558:Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
535:. Stanford University Press. p. 26.
448:Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
421:Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
1245:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1852:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
471:
469:
411:
2150:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
1391:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
7:
1371:Ministry of Posts and Communications
2119:History of Qing (People's Republic)
362:. In April 1857, Chen Kai captured
141:, Heaven and Earth Society) in the
1836:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1205:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1198:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1078:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
902:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
25:
2125:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
1966:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
1841:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
993:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
366:. They advanced to Yongzhou (now
344:(秀京), and made it their capital.
1936:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1252:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1008:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
983:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
869:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2181:Rebellions in the Qing dynasty
1637:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
927:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
686:Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom
1:
2211:Military history of Guangdong
2071:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
1846:Islam during the Qing dynasty
1702:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
1386:Provincial military commander
1376:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1361:Imperial Household Department
1188:Preparative Constitutionalism
892:Sino-Russian border conflicts
1830:Researches on Manchu Origins
1235:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
845:Transition from Ming to Qing
835:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
488:S. Y. Teng (December 1968).
377:In 1857, Li Wenmao attacked
1730:Changzhou School of Thought
1240:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1215:Railway Protection Movement
1193:1909 Parliamentary election
1178:British expedition to Tibet
1088:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1048:Self-Strengthening Movement
1023:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
493:Political Science Quarterly
2242:
2130:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1018:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
957:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
947:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
917:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
583:Wakeman, Frederic (1997).
29:
2140:Names of the Qing dynasty
1788:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
1118:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
1113:Gongche Shangshu movement
1058:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
907:Chinese Rites controversy
607:June Mei (October 1979).
529:Hsu, Madeline Y. (2000).
340:) in 1855, renamed it to
308:
219:
213:
138:
96:
46:
2061:Great Qing Treasure Note
1881:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
1591:Administrative divisions
1408:Administrative divisions
1336:Flag of the Qing dynasty
298:province and finally to
190:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
2191:19th-century rebellions
1657:Chengde Mountain Resort
1458:Three Eastern Provinces
1108:First Sino-Japanese War
1083:Northern Chinese Famine
942:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
840:Qing invasion of Joseon
704:. New York: Routledge.
620:(subscription required)
500:(subscription required)
202:God-Worshipping Society
2038:Great Qing Copper Coin
1926:Convention of Tientsin
1859:Annotated Bibliography
1807:Qing official headwear
850:Battle of Shanhai Pass
698:Lu, Zhouxiang (2018).
358:besieged and captured
279:alongside the British
271:
2112:Draft History of Qing
1971:Treaty of Shimonoseki
1752:performance criticism
1356:Imperial Commissioner
1346:Great Qing Legal Code
1145:Eight-Nation Alliance
1128:Third plague pandemic
1038:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
962:White Lotus Rebellion
684:Steven Platt (2012).
477:Strangers at the Gate
269:
207:Viceroy of Guangdong
85:Hakka-Punti Clan Wars
32:Red Turban Rebellions
2043:Great Qing Gold Coin
1976:Treaty of Tarbagatai
1921:Convention of Peking
1801:Pentaglot Dictionary
1783:Literary inquisition
1493:Ever Victorious Army
1326:Deliberative Council
1230:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1183:1905 Batang uprising
1123:Hundred Days' Reform
1013:Small Swords Society
245:Small Swords Society
127:Red Turban Rebellion
80:Rebellion suppressed
42:Red Turban Rebellion
2096:Anti-Qing sentiment
1946:Treaty of the Bogue
1886:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1818:Complete Tang Poems
1498:Green Standard Army
1381:Provincial governor
1351:Imperial Clan Court
1331:Diplomatic missions
1306:Consultative Bureau
1053:Tongzhi Restoration
932:Afaqi Khoja revolts
912:Ten Great Campaigns
820:Jurchen unification
1981:Treaty of Tientsin
1692:Western Qing tombs
1687:Eastern Qing tombs
1513:Peking Field Force
1257:Manchu Restoration
1150:Declaration of war
1103:Jindandao incident
922:Lhasa riot of 1750
354:In November 1856,
272:
18:Da Cheng Rebellion
2226:Taiping Rebellion
2206:Conflicts in 1856
2201:Conflicts in 1855
2196:Conflicts in 1854
2168:
2167:
2079:
2078:
1991:Treaty of Whampoa
1986:Treaty of Wanghia
1961:Treaty of Nanking
1931:Li–Lobanov Treaty
1906:Chefoo Convention
1901:Burlingame Treaty
1772:Kangxi Dictionary
1677:Old Summer Palace
1508:Firearm Battalion
1311:Cup of Solid Gold
1265:
1264:
1210:Manchurian plague
1173:Late Qing reforms
1164:(1901–1912)
1098:Sikkim expedition
1028:Panthay Rebellion
998:Taiping Rebellion
974:(1801–1900)
952:Sino-Nepalese War
897:Dzungar–Qing Wars
883:(1683–1799)
811:(1616–1683)
290:, proclaimed the
225:irregular militia
188:, who joined the
123:
122:
116:Red Turban rebels
92:
91:
16:(Redirected from
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2145:New Qing History
2028:Qianlong Tongbao
2006:
1951:Treaty of Canton
1891:Unequal treaties
1697:Fuling Mausoleum
1296:Advisory Council
1225:Wuchang Uprising
1165:
1068:Tianjin Massacre
1033:Second Opium War
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937:Sino-Burmese War
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862:Battle of Penghu
830:Seven Grievances
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1997:
1956:Treaty of Kulja
1941:Treaty of Aigun
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1866:
1765:History of Ming
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1569:Special regions
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1503:Imperial Guards
1469:
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1220:1911 Revolution
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1133:Boxer Rebellion
1093:Sino-French War
1043:Amur Annexation
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1073:Margary Affair
1070:
1065:
1063:Mudan incident
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
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1030:
1025:
1020:
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1003:Nian Rebellion
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802:
796:
795:
789:
787:
786:
779:
772:
764:
756:
755:
728:
717:
710:
690:
677:
650:
623:
618:(4): 463–501.
600:
593:
575:
548:
541:
521:
512:
503:
498:(4): 658–660.
481:
465:
438:
410:
409:
407:
404:
394:
391:
321:
318:
121:
120:
118:
117:
113:
111:
109:
108:
102:
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:
81:
73:
69:
68:
62:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2238:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:1856 in China
2219:
2217:
2216:1854 in China
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:Manchu people
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Canton System
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Hubu Guanpiao
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1869:
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1757:
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1743:
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1738:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:Society &
1714:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:Summer Palace
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:Mukden Palace
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:Palaces &
1646:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
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1613:
1609:
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1514:
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1501:
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1489:
1488:Eight Banners
1486:
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1476:
1472:
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1463:
1459:
1456:
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1411:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Grand Council
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
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1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
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1280:
1277:
1276:
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1272:
1268:
1258:
1255:
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1246:
1243:
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1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1161:20th century
1159:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
971:19th century
969:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
887:
880:
876:
870:
867:
863:
860:
859:
858:
855:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
815:
806:
803:
801:
797:
792:
785:
780:
778:
773:
771:
766:
765:
762:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
729:
726:
721:
718:
713:
711:9781351610032
707:
703:
702:
694:
691:
687:
681:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
654:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:
624:
617:
614:
610:
604:
601:
596:
590:
586:
579:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
552:
549:
544:
542:9780804746878
538:
534:
533:
525:
522:
516:
513:
507:
504:
497:
494:
491:
485:
482:
478:
472:
470:
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
442:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
415:
412:
405:
403:
401:
392:
390:
386:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
320:Dacheng phase
319:
317:
315:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
277:
268:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
230:
226:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
136:
132:
128:
115:
114:
112:
107:
104:
103:
101:
100:
95:
86:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:Qing victory
74:
71:
70:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2155:Treaty ports
2117:
2110:
2084:Other topics
1857:
1850:
1828:
1816:
1799:
1794:Peiwen Yunfu
1792:
1770:
1763:
1734:
1483:Beiyang Army
1465:Zongli Yamen
1321:Da-Qing Bank
1138:Red Lanterns
1007:
791:Qing dynasty
744:(1): 25–26.
741:
737:
731:
720:
700:
693:
685:
680:
666:(1): 22–23.
663:
659:
653:
639:(1): 10–11.
636:
632:
626:
615:
613:Modern China
612:
603:
584:
578:
561:
557:
551:
531:
524:
515:
506:
495:
492:
484:
476:
451:
447:
441:
424:
420:
414:
396:
387:
376:
353:
350:
346:
341:
323:
285:
273:
234:
206:
174:Ming dynasty
171:
154:prostitution
151:
145:province of
126:
124:
106:Qing dynasty
97:Belligerents
75:
36:
2091:Aisin Gioro
2053:Paper money
1812:Qing poetry
1533:Wuwei Corps
1528:Shuishiying
1289:Family tree
479:pp. 132-133
326:Yue Chinese
237:Pearl River
229:Ye Mingchen
209:Xu Guangjin
176:, captured
147:South China
2175:Categories
1759:Four Wangs
1650:mausoleums
1603:Golden Urn
1576:Inner Asia
1553:Xiang Army
1523:Hushenying
1448:Liangguang
1428:Liangjiang
1366:Lifan Yuan
1271:Government
594:0520212398
454:(1): 7–9.
427:(1): 4–5.
406:References
332:, but the
314:Xiang Army
281:Royal Navy
232:executed.
194:Ling Shiba
1581:Manchuria
1548:Huai Army
1538:Yong Ying
1423:Shaan-Gan
879:High Qing
825:Later Jin
750:1934-7227
672:1934-7227
645:1934-7227
570:1934-7227
564:(1): 67.
475:Wakeman,
460:1934-7227
433:1934-7227
356:Li Wenmao
334:Qing army
330:Guangzhou
304:Shi Dakai
276:Guangzhou
196:captured
186:Qiu Ersao
143:Guangdong
131:Tiandihui
83:Start of
64:Guangdong
54:1854–1856
2033:Hongqian
2002:Currency
1872:Treaties
1778:Kaozheng
1725:Booi Aha
1667:Hetu Ala
1620:Timeline
1615:Xinjiang
1586:Mongolia
1543:Chu Army
1518:New Army
1475:Military
1413:Viceroys
383:Huaiyuan
257:Dongguan
178:Qingyuan
59:Location
2018:Zhiqian
2010:Coinage
1747:Economy
1718:culture
1453:Yun-Gui
1443:Min-Zhe
1438:Sichuan
1433:Huguang
1279:Emperor
800:History
688:. Knopf
372:Vietnam
368:Nanning
360:Liuzhou
342:Xiujing
338:Guiping
300:Jiangxi
253:Huizhou
241:Nanjing
198:Luoding
182:Conghua
164:. Many
135:Chinese
1632:Taiwan
808:Early
793:topics
748:
708:
670:
643:
591:
568:
539:
458:
431:
393:Impact
379:Guilin
364:Wuzhou
261:Foshan
249:Fujian
166:lodges
160:, and
158:piracy
137::
72:Result
1824:Queue
1742:Dibao
1598:Tibet
1418:Zhili
1301:Amban
296:Hunan
223:, or
1560:Navy
1401:Ejen
1284:List
746:ISSN
706:ISBN
668:ISSN
641:ISSN
589:ISBN
566:ISSN
537:ISBN
456:ISSN
429:ISSN
125:The
51:Date
309:花旗军
214:徐廣縉
139:天地會
2177::
740:.
662:.
635:.
611:.
560:.
496:83
468:^
450:.
423:.
316:.
204:.
156:,
149:.
783:e
776:t
769:v
752:.
742:3
714:.
674:.
664:3
647:.
637:3
616:5
597:.
572:.
562:3
545:.
462:.
452:3
435:.
425:3
220:勇
211:(
133:(
34:.
20:)
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