476:, a battalion commander of the 157th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Division wrote about the incident. Sparks watched as about 50 German prisoners captured by the 157th Infantry Regiment were confined in an area that had been used for storing coal. The area was partially enclosed by an L-shaped masonry wall about 8 ft (2.4 m) high and next to a hospital. The German POWs were watched over by a machine gun team from Company I. He left those men behind to head towards the center of the camp where there were SS who had not yet surrendered; he had only gone a short distance when he heard a soldier yell, "They're trying to get away!" and then machine-gun fire coming from the area he had just left. He ran back and kicked a 19-year-old soldier nicknamed "Birdeye" who was manning the machine gun and who had killed about 12 of the prisoners and wounded several more. The gunner, who was crying hysterically, said that the prisoners had tried to escape. Sparks said that he doubted the story; Sparks placed an
516:, U.S. forces killed 520 German soldiers, including 346 killed on the orders of 1st Lt. Jack Bushyhead, in an alleged mass execution in the coal yard several hours after the first hospital shooting. Buechner did not witness the alleged incident, and his sworn testimony was that he "saw 15 or 16 dead and wounded German soldiers lying along the wall." His sworn testimony in the official investigation report also did not include any mention of a second shooting. David L. Israel disputed this account in his book
50:
550:), 16 SS men were shot in the coal yard (one more killed by a camp inmate), 17 at Tower B, and perhaps a few more killed by U.S. soldiers in the incident. Anywhere from as few as 25 or more than 50 were killed by inmates. Zarusky's research makes use of the detailed interrogation records contained in Whitaker's official May 1945 investigation report, which became accessible in 1992, as well as a collection of documents compiled by General Henning Linden's son.
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exceed fifty, with thirty probably being a more accurate figure. The regimental records for that date indicate that over a thousand German prisoners were brought to the regimental collecting point. Since my task force was leading the regimental attack, almost all the prisoners were taken by the task force, including several hundred from Dachau.
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wounded German soldiers lying along the wall". He noted that some of the wounded soldiers were still moving, but he did not examine any of them. He answered "Yes, sir" when asked if he was the surgeon of the 3rd
Battalion, 157th Infantry, at that time, and did not know if any medical attention was called for the wounded.
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were beaten badly with fists, sticks and shovels. There was at least one incident where US soldiers looked away as two prisoners beat a German guard to death with a shovel, and Lt. Bill Walsh witnessed one such beating. Another soldier witnessed an inmate stomping on an SS trooper's face until "there
508:
in the United States Army and medical officer with the 3rd
Battalion, 157th Infantry) to Whitaker on May 5, 1945, did not contradict the Sparks account. Buechner's sworn testimony was that around 16:00 he arrived in the yard where the German soldiers had been shot, and that he "saw 15 or 16 dead and
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representative, Victor Maurer, and two SS troopers who said they were the camp commander and his assistant. They had come here on the night of the 28th to take over from the regular camp personnel for the purpose of surrendering the camp to the advancing
Americans. The Swiss Red Cross representative
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reads, "SC208765, Soldiers of the 42nd
Infantry Division, U.S. Seventh Army, order SS men to come forward when one of their number tried to escape from the Dachau, Germany, concentration camp after it was captured by U.S. forces. Men on the ground in background feign death by falling as the guards
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Walenty
Lenarczyk, a prisoner at Dachau, stated that following the camp's liberation "prisoners swarmed over the wire and grabbed the Americans and lifted them to their shoulders... other prisoners caught the SS men... The first SS man elbowed one or two prisoners out of his way, but the courage of
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faster than the
Germans expected. At noon on Sunday the camp was quiet, and the SS guards were at their posts in the towers when the cry "Americans!" went up. A prisoner rushed toward the gate, and a guard shot him. Outside, a single American soldier stood looking casually at the towers while the
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It was the foregoing incident which has given rise to wild claims in various publications that most or all of the German prisoners captured at Dachau were executed. Nothing could be further from the truth. The total number of German guards killed at Dachau during that day most certainly did not
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Upon moving deeper into the complex, and the prisoner area itself, the soldiers found more bodies. Some had been dead for hours or days before the camp's capture and lay where they had died. Soldiers reported seeing a row of concrete structures that contained rooms full of hundreds of naked and
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containing some 2,000 skeletal corpses parked on rail tracks just outside the complex itself. Brain tissue was splattered on the ground from one victim found nearby with a crushed skull. The smell of decaying bodies and human excrement and the sight of naked, emaciated bodies induced vomiting,
749:, an illegal act conducted to dissuade an enemy nation from performing its own illegal acts. The massacre was not officially sanctioned by the US military or government, and there was no explicit intention for the actions of US troops there to have a political effect on the enemy's conduct.
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said there were about 100 SS guards in the camp who had their arms stacked except for the people in the tower.... He had given instructions that there would be no shots fired and it would take about 50 men to relieve the guards, as there were 42,000 "half-crazed" inmates, many of them
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guards eyed him and others who were two or three hundred yards away. When the
Americans opened fire, the guards in the gate tower came down, hands in the air. One held a pistol behind his back, and the first American shot him. In the next few minutes a jeep drove up; in it were a
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The
Americans came on April 29, a Sunday. Work had stopped in the camp on Wednesday, and an evacuation was being organized. One transport of 4,000 prisoners was able to get away, but the 42nd and 45th Infantry Divisions covered the 40 miles from the
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Buechner's inaccuracies and arbitrary use of figures in citing the untrue story about the total liquidation of all SS troops found in Dachau was eagerly accepted by
Revisionist organizations and exploited to meet their own distorted stories of
692:, "in the light of the conditions which greeted the eyes of the first combat troops, it is not believed that justice or equity demand that the difficult and perhaps impossible task of fixing individual responsibility now be undertaken".
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What Would You Do?- Dachau
Liberation Reprisals. Army Records Search & Veteran Locator | TWS, US Army, army.togetherweserved.com/dispatches-articles/70/615/What+Would+You+Do%3F-+Dachau+Liberation+Reprisals. Accessed 28 Nov.
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infected... He asked if I were an officer. I replied, "I am Assistant Division Commander of the 42nd Infantry Division and will accept the surrender of the camp in the name of the Rainbow Division for the United States
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to the site of the complex, approximately one-half kilometre south of the bridge he crossed. He proceeded to take control of the camp in some tumult; thereafter, he toured the camp with a group of reporters (including
176:. It is unclear how many SS guards were killed in the incident, but most estimates place the number killed at around 35–50. In the days before the camp's liberation, SS guards at the camp had forced 7,000 inmates on a
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184:, they were variously shocked, horrified, disturbed, and angered at finding the massed corpses of prisoners, and by the combativeness of some of the remaining guards who allegedly fired on them.
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had already begun evacuating the camp, prioritizing Russian POWs and Jewish prisoners as they were considered the most dangerous in the event of a liberation by American soldiers. According to
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Corpses of prisoners who were left by their German guards to die in a train at Dachau. Thousands of prisoners were murdered by the Germans in the days before the camp's liberation.
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951:
Dachau April 29, 1945: the Rainbow liberation memoirs. 1998. Texas Tech University Press. p 14. Text from May 2, 1945 memorandum "Report on Surrender of Dachau Concentration Camp
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As we approached the southwest corner, three people came forward with a flag of truce. We met them about 75 yards north of the southwest corner. These three people were a Swiss
227:, a Belgian journalist (man with helmet looking to his left), Dr. Victor Maurer (back), Brig. Gen. Henning Linden (man with helmet, looking to his right) and some U.S. soldiers.
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After he had entered the camp, Walsh, along with Lt. Jack Bushyhead, the executive officer of Company "I", organized the segregation of POWs into those who were members of the
1343:
The Liberator : One World War II Soldier's 500-Day Odyssey from the Beaches of Sicily to the Gates of Dachau. Alex Kershaw. 2012. Crown. New York. pages 282, 283, 290
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men, who had left the camp during liberation, that they had beaten to death one of the most sadistic SS guards when they discovered him hiding in a barn, dressed as a
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The Liberator : One World War II Soldier's 500-Day Odyssey from the Beaches of Sicily to the Gates of Dachau. Alex Kershaw. 2012. Crown. New York. pages 281, 282
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the next morning and by nightfall had, along with XV Corps' other three divisions, captured the city that was the capital of Bavaria and the birthplace of Nazism.
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Whitaker reported that close to the back entrance to the camp, Lt. William P. Walsh, commander of Company "I", 157th Infantry, shot four German soldiers in a
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the prisoners mounted, they knocked them down and nobody could see whether they were stomped or what, but they were killed." Elsewhere in the camp SS men,
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The Liberator: One World War II Soldier's 500-Day Odyssey from the Beaches of Sicily to the Gates of Dachau. Alex Kershaw. 2012. Crown. New York. page 320
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barely clothed dead bodies piled floor to ceiling, a coal-fired crematorium, and a gas chamber. "The stench of death was overpowering," Sparks recalled.
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and those who were in the SS. The SS were marched into a separate enclosure and shot by members of "I" Company with several different types of weapons.
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Corporal Robert W. Flora, H Company, 22d Regiment Dachau April 29, 1945: the Rainbow liberation memoirs. 1998. Texas Tech University Press. page 76.
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240:
297:, who had been left in command of the camp, together with the camp guards and the SS garrisons, had also fled before the arrival of U.S. troops.
1389:
Goodell, Stephen, Kevin A Mahoney; Sybil Milton (1995). "1945: The Year of Liberation". Washington, D.C., U.S.: U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
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Cpl. Robert W. Flora, H Company, 22d Regiment Dachau April 29, 1945: the Rainbow liberation memoirs. 1998. Texas Tech University Press. page 77.
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crying, disbelief, and rage in the advancing troops. Advancing soldiers from H Company, 22nd Regiment, used a loudspeaker to call on the SS to
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Marcuse, Harold (2001). "Legacies of Dachau : The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933–2001". Cambridge University Press.
613:, was ordered to investigate after witnesses came forward testifying about the killings. He issued a report on June 8, 1945, called the
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Soldiers of the U.S. Seventh Army guard SS prisoners in a coal yard at Dachau concentration camp during its liberation. April 29, 1945 (
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Bodies of SS personnel lying at the base of the tower from which U.S. soldiers had initially come under attack by a German machine gun.
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248:
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Zarusky, JĂĽrgen, "'That is not the American Way of Fighting:' The Shooting of Captured SS-Men During the Liberation of Dachau," in:
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against those involved, including battalion commander Lt. Col. Felix Sparks, while Lt. Howard Buechner was cited in the report for
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Rabbi Eli A. Bohnen, Chaplain Dachau April 29, 1945: the Rainbow liberation memoirs. 1998. Texas Tech University Press. page 159.
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Wicker. According to Linden, he arrived at the command post in Dachau at about 15:00 and proceeded to make his way across the
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1048:, Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D. C., 1990, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75-619027
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next to the small Bavarian town of Lager Lechfeld, adjacent to Hurlach. Afterwards, soldiers of the 3rd Battalion,
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306:(killed after the surrender) was left in charge and had roughly 560 personnel at his disposal; these came from
433:. ...Troops of the 42nd and 45th Divisions who liberated Dachau in the afternoon on 29 April were fighting in
1310:"'That is not the American Way of Fighting:' The Shooting of Captured SS-Men During the Liberation of Dachau"
1250:"'That is not the American Way of Fighting:' The Shooting of Captured SS-Men During the Liberation of Dachau"
1129:"...investigation of alleged mistreatment of German guards at the Concentration Camp at Dachau, Germany..."
586:
wasn't much left." When the soldier said to him, "You've got a lot of hate in your heart," he simply nodded.
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Abram Sachar reported, "Some of the Nazis were rounded up and summarily executed along with the guard dogs."
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The Liberator: One World War II Soldier's 500-Day Odyssey from the Beaches of Sicily to the Gates of Dachau
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during the capture of the Dachau concentration camp. Pictured from left to right: SS aide, camp leader
404:: "Our forces liberated and mopped up the infamous concentration camp at Dachau. Approximately 32,000
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Dachau April 29, 1945: the Rainbow liberation memoirs. 1998. Texas Tech University Press. page 101
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who had surrendered to him. Pvt. Albert C. Pruitt then climbed into the boxcar and performed a
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on the gun before resuming his journey towards the center of the camp. Sparks further stated:
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1298:. citing Sachar, Abram L. The Redemption of the Unwanted. New York: St. Martin's/Marek, 1983
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Die Besatzer und die Ă–ffnung der Konzentrationslager in Bayern am Beispiel des Lagers Dachau
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The Dachau liberation reprisals were documented among others by U.S. Army photographers
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conducted by Lt. Col. Joseph Whitaker, the account given by Howard Buechner (then a
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that resulted in the death of many from exposure and shooting. When Allied soldiers
1417:, vol. 2, Studies and Reports (Dachau 2002), pp. 133–160. (German original in
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429:. The chaplain asked the prisoners, now crowding to the gate, to join him in the
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254:, approaching the sprawling Dachau complex from the southwest, found 39 railway
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inmates of the SS disciplinary prison inside the Dachau concentration camp and
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Boston.com | Boston Globe Online | Nation | The Secret History of World War II
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351:). A description of the surrender appears in Linden's memorandum to Maj. Gen.
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1316:. Vol. 2, Studies and Reports. Dachau: Verlag Dachauer Hefte. pp.
688:, concluded in late 1945 that, while there had probably been a violation of
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for not giving medical aid to the wounded SS men in the coal yard. However,
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1256:. Vol. 2, Studies and Reports. Dachau: Verlag Dachauer Hefte. p.
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157th Infantry Association, Felix L. Sparks, Secretary June 15, 1989. (
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According to JĂĽrgen Zarusky (originally published in a 1997 article in
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JĂĽrgen Zarusky also concluded that Buechner's claims were incorrect.
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Investigation of Alleged Mistreatment of German Guards at Dachau
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Investigation of Alleged Mistreatment of German Guards at Dachau
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Legacies of Dachau: The uses and abuses of a concentration camp
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The Day the Thunderbird Cried: Untold Stories of World War II
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fired a volley at the fleeing SS men. (157th Regt. 4/29/45)."
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Nazis executed by the United States military by firing squad
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The investigation resulted in the U.S. military considering
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Dead SS Guards lying at the foot of KZ Dachau Watchtower "B"
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World War II prisoner of war massacres by the United States
204:
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Military history of the United States during World War II
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Mass killing of SS guards during the liberation of Dachau
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Lt. Col. Joseph Whitaker, the Seventh Army's Assistant
1198:
Dachau: The Hour of the Avenger: An Eyewitness Account
1171:"Dachau Concentration Camp Liberation (A Documentary)"
514:
Dachau: The Hour of the Avenger: An Eyewitness Account
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1123:
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Extrajudicial killings by the United States military
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The U.S. Army in the occupation of Germany 1944–1946
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Dachau 29 April 1945: The Rainbow Liberation Memoirs
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Dachau 29 April 1945: the Rainbow liberation memoirs
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Military historian Earl Ziemke describes the event:
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128:
120:
100:
81:
73:
63:
34:
1383:Complete transcript of the US Army investigation
1200:. Metairie, Thunderdbird Press, Inc. p. 97.
408:; 300 SS camp guards were quickly neutralized."
357:Report on Surrender of Dachau Concentration Camp
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799:Americans: The Story of the 442nd Comabt Team
621:. In 1991, an archived copy was found in the
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1507:Nazis executed by American occupation forces
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1312:. In Wolfgang Benz; Barbara Distel (eds.).
1252:. In Wolfgang Benz; Barbara Distel (eds.).
980:. Texas Tech University Press. p. 57.
802:. Densho. Literary Licensing, LLC (2012).
48:
31:
1173:. Humanitas International. Archived from
739:The incident at Dachau does not meet the
684:Col. Charles L. Decker, an acting deputy
1064:"DACHAU CONCENTRATION CAMP – LIBERATION"
288:, American professor of German history,
263:, but they continued to fire in bursts.
168:and concentration camp prisoners at the
1221:Israel, David L. (September 30, 2005).
762:
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320:On April 29, Dachau was surrendered to
1487:Extrajudicial killings in World War II
725:The caption for the photograph in the
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1089:
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7:
1415:Dachau and the Nazi Terror 1933–1945
1314:Dachau and the Nazi Terror 1933–1945
1254:Dachau and the Nazi Terror 1933–1945
512:According to Buechner's 1986 book,
275:Two days prior to the liberation,
25:
1132:"Globe Secret History Index No.5"
231:On April 29, 1945, scouts of the
605:United States Army investigation
400:regarding the capture of Dachau
85:
1283:Staff, quoting Abram Sachar on
1020:Staff, quoting Abram Sachar on
423:blonde female war correspondent
233:522nd Field Artillery Battalion
1196:Buechner, Howard (June 1986).
1:
518:The Day the Thunderbird Cried
223:(mostly hidden by the aide),
702:List of massacres in Germany
1477:April 1945 events in Europe
1225:. Emek Press. p. 176.
1102:September 28, 2011, at the
861:: Crown. pp. 273, 274.
796:Shirey, Orville C. (2012).
158:Dachau liberation reprisals
35:Dachau liberation reprisals
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172:on April 29, 1945, during
1482:Dachau concentration camp
1413:, Barbara Distel (eds.):
448:Killings by U.S. soldiers
170:Dachau concentration camp
68:Dachau concentration camp
47:
39:
1308:Zarusky, JĂĽrgen (2002).
1285:The Liberation of Dachau
1248:Zarusky, JĂĽrgen (2002).
1095:Albert Panebianco (ed).
1022:The Liberation of Dachau
895:45thinfantrydivision.com
593:was told by three young
406:prisoners were liberated
386:Supreme Allied Commander
1443:48.272056°N 11.458306°E
1148:Retrieved June 11, 2014
1113:April 24, 2006, at the
841:"Dachau, May Day, 1945"
777:. U.S. Holocaust Museum
572:Killings by the inmates
241:157th Infantry Regiment
136:Former Dachau prisoners
853:Kershaw, Alex (2012).
828:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
727:U.S. National Archives
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329:42nd Infantry Division
245:45th Infantry Division
228:
197:
164:troops were killed by
1138:on September 18, 2013
1097:Dachau its liberation
669:, recently appointed
500:In the U.S. military
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455:
203:
195:
1497:Massacres in Germany
1448:48.272056; 11.458306
1290:May 9, 2008, at the
1062:Perez, R.H. (2002).
1050:Chapter XIV: Eclipse
1027:May 9, 2008, at the
901:on February 17, 2012
707:Liberation of Dachau
642:on the wounded men.
392:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1439: /
1169:R.H. Perez (2002).
1070:on October 10, 2013
660:dereliction of duty
629:, and made public.
300:SS-UntersturmfĂĽhrer
291:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
278:ObersturmbannfĂĽhrer
217:SS-UntersturmfĂĽhrer
960:Kerstin Schwenke,
559:George Gaberlavage
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402:concentration camp
349:Marguerite Higgins
249:Lieutenant Colonel
229:
198:
133:United States Army
111:Summary executions
1472:Massacres in 1945
1327:978-3-9808587-1-7
1267:978-3-9808587-1-7
1177:on March 24, 2010
974:Sam Dunn (1998).
942:, 1933–2001, p.52
809:978-1-258-42336-0
690:international law
671:military governor
623:National Archives
611:Inspector General
346:war correspondent
322:Brigadier General
209:Brigadier General
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496:Buechner account
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337:UntersturmfĂĽhrer
237:a satellite camp
207:men confer with
182:liberated Dachau
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530:David L. Israel
529:
498:
492:
490:Felix L. Sparks
489:
474:Lt. Col. Sparks
471:
450:
444:
441:
383:
304:Heinrich Wicker
273:
252:Felix L. Sparks
247:, commanded by
225:Paul M. G. LĂ©vy
221:Heinrich Wicker
190:
147:
135:
113:
109:
103:
93:
59:
28:
23:
22:
18:Dachau massacre
15:
12:
11:
5:
1540:
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1419:Dachauer Hefte
1407:
1397:
1387:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1333:Excerpt online
1326:
1300:
1296:Nizkor Project
1276:
1273:Excerpt online
1266:
1238:
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1033:Nizkor Project
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964:, (2008), p.11
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743:definition of
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686:judge advocate
679:cross-examined
656:courts-martial
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563:Sidney Rachlin
548:Dachauer Hefte
540:
539:Other accounts
537:
527:
497:
494:
487:
470:
469:Sparks account
467:
449:
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442:Earl F. Ziemke
439:
382:
376:
325:Henning Linden
286:Harold Marcuse
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212:Henning Linden
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1411:Wolfgang Benz
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1405:0-521-55204-4
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987:9780896723917
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859:New York City
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829:
825:
819:
816:
811:
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800:
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775:www.ushmm.org
772:
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639:coup de grâce
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567:Ed Royce, Sr.
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431:Lord's Prayer
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282:Eduard Weiter
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166:U.S. soldiers
163:
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33:
30:
19:
1434:11°27′29.9″E
1431:48°16′19.4″N
1424:
1418:
1414:
1366:
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1348:
1339:
1313:
1303:
1279:
1253:
1241:
1222:
1216:
1197:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:the original
1140:. Retrieved
1136:the original
1074:December 20,
1072:. Retrieved
1068:the original
1057:
1052:pp. 252,253.
1045:
1040:
1016:
1008:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
976:
969:
961:
956:
947:
939:
934:
924:
915:
903:. Retrieved
899:the original
894:
885:
876:
867:
854:
848:
836:
827:
818:
798:
791:
779:. Retrieved
774:
765:
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735:
721:
683:
653:
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631:
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608:
589:An American
588:
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555:Paul Averitt
552:
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542:
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356:
336:
319:
298:
295:Martin Weiss
289:
276:
274:
265:
230:
215:
174:World War II
157:
155:
129:Perpetrators
91:SS personnel
42:World War II
29:
1522:Vigilantism
1446: /
1181:January 14,
1108:backup site
355:, entitled
341:Amper River
308:conscripted
188:Discoveries
178:death march
156:During the
115:Vigilantism
102:Attack type
58:photograph)
1461:Categories
1007:Sam Dann,
757:References
681:in court.
397:communiqué
380:communiqué
1011:, p.14-15
648:Wehrmacht
583:informers
394:issued a
373:Army...."
365:Red Cross
333:U.S. Army
315:Waffen-SS
312:Hungarian
271:Surrender
261:surrender
160:, German
56:U.S. Army
1288:Archived
1111:Archived
1100:Archived
1025:Archived
905:April 1,
891:"Dachau"
824:"Dachau"
781:March 4,
746:reprisal
696:See also
591:chaplain
528:—
488:—
440:—
427:chaplain
378:Capture
317:troops.
235:located
107:Massacre
64:Location
40:Part of
1517:Revenge
1318:133–160
993:July 1,
675:Bavaria
599:peasant
525:Dachau.
389:General
331:of the
327:of the
256:boxcars
149:Revenge
145:Outrage
1403:
1393:
1324:
1264:
1229:
1204:
984:
806:
634:boxcar
595:Jewish
435:Munich
425:and a
418:Danube
370:typhus
141:Motive
124:~35–50
121:Deaths
82:Target
929:2023.
741:legal
713:Notes
579:Kapos
95:Kapos
1401:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1183:2011
1144:2013
1076:2013
995:2011
982:ISBN
907:2010
804:ISBN
783:2018
664:Gen.
581:and
565:and
74:Date
1258:156
673:of
625:in
478:NCO
335:by
1463::
1320:.
1294:,
1260:.
1153:^
1122:^
1084:^
1031:,
893:.
857:.
826:.
773:.
601:.
561:,
557:,
520::
359::
243:,
205:SS
162:SS
1330:.
1270:.
1235:.
1210:.
1185:.
1146:.
1117:)
1078:.
1035:.
997:.
909:.
830:.
812:.
785:.
20:)
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