580:
538:
514:
502:
1100:
957:
1023:, who then eat the fruit and disperse the seed elsewhere. One 2008 study in the New Zealand Journal of Ecology found a mean retention time of kahikatea seeds in kererū of 44.5 minutes. It was suggested in a 1989 study that the high water content of the receptacle may also help protect the seeds, which are vulnerable to drying out, from dry conditions. It may also serve as a storage vessel for water. The bluish seeds have very strong UV reflectance, which is visible to some species of birds.
526:
1140:, and contains trees up to 600 years old. Reservation of stands may not totally protect kahikatea, however, because the alluvial plains that they favour are prone to upheaval and erosion and so trees may still become damaged. Forest remnants outside of South Westland face the threat of never returning to their natural states, as a result of their small size, threats from weed species, and grazing by livestock. Despite this, kahikatea has been classified as
87:
940:
228:
62:
1112:, there still remained large remnant forests which European settlers came upon in the 18th and 19th centuries. Prospects for use as timber were accelerated by the vast numbers of straight and tall trees, but because the wood is soft and odourless, it was made into pulp, barrels and boxes–butter boxes in particular were made mostly out of kahikatea. Kahikatea's usually flat habitat, with its damp and
38:
487:. Male cones, which occur on different trees to female ones, are 1 cm long and rectangular. The pollen is a pale yellow colour and has a three-pored or trisaccate shape that is distinctive in the New Zealand flora and so can be identified easily. The fruit is highly modified with a yellow-orange fleshy
1064:
competition between kahikatea trees was found in a 1999 study to be an important factor in their survival and overall success, affecting both the rates of growth and of mortality. Older trees have a particularly large advantage over resources compared to newer ones, and also have higher growth rates.
2231:
1179:
have thrived in the deforested areas where kahikatea was previously dominant. The willows are fast-growing and have obstructed streams, displaced native vegetation, and contributed to a loss in native biodiversity. Kahikatea are considered a light-demanding species that struggles to progress beyond
471:
and grooved. Adult trees that grow in clusters develop interlocking root islands that may help prevents individual trees from falling during high winds. The wood itself is odourless and white. The majority of the trunk is branchless—in adults around three quarters—and has grey or dark grey coloured
1250:
all recorded the fruit of kahikatea being eaten, and that it was given its own name: koroī. Best described berries being collected in a basket and then hoisted down using a cord. J. H. Kerry-Nicholls and
William Colenso both recorded a blue or black dye being obtained from the soot of burning
590:
The banks were completely clothed with the finest timber my eyes ever beheld, of a tree we had before seen, but only at a distance . Thick woods of it were everywhere upon the banks, every tree as straight as a pine, and of immense size, and the higher we went the more numerous they
466:
tree reaching a height of 50–65 m (164–213 ft), making it the tallest New
Zealand tree, with a trunk 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) through. It has a 600 year life span and gains maturity after between 250 and 450 years. Near the base of the tree, the roots are typically
1232:, the god of forests and birds, and Hine-wao-riki. It served as an important source of wood for the making of tools, of dye, and of food from its berries. To collect the latter, Māori had to climb sometimes more than 100 ft (30 m) to reach them.
475:
In juveniles the leaves are 3–7 (reaching 4 mm in young adults) by 0.5–1 mm and a dark green to red colour that come to a marked point. They are narrow, arranged in almost opposite pairs spreading away from a wider base, and curved like a
1010:
Under optimal circumstances a mature kahikatea can produce 800 kilograms (1,800 lb) of fruit, equivalent to 4.5 million seeds, in a year. The fruit contains a special fleshy structure called a receptacle which helps attract birds such as the
2849:"Art. I.—Maori Medical Lore: Notes on the Causes of Disease and Treatment of the Sick among the Maori People of New Zealand, as believed and practised in Former Times, together with some Account of Various Ancient Rites connected with the Same"
1262:. The heartwood was far stronger and R. H. Matthews described it as being used in tools and weapons such as spears. Medicinal applications were described by W. H. Goldie, who recorded the leaves being used to cure "internal complaints" as a
1116:
soil, was also a prime location for dairy farming. Together this led to the felling of much of the remaining forests in the North and South
Islands during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today they are confined mostly to the
2746:
1107:
Prior to the arrival of humans in New
Zealand around 75% of the country was covered in trees, and kahikatea dominated its own and once widespread kahikatea forest type. Even after the burning of many forests by early
2093:"Distribution, abundance and biomass of epiphyte-lianoid communities in a New Zealand lowland Nothofagus-podocarp temperate rain forest: tropical comparisons: Epiphytic-lianoid communities in temperate rainforest"
2714:"Maori Forest Lore: being some Account of Native Forest Lore and Woodcraft, as also of many Myths, Rites, Customs, and Superstitions connected with the Flora and Fauna of the Tuhoe or Ure-wera District.—Part I."
2853:
2795:
2717:
2660:
450:
to eat them and disperse the seeds. The water storage ability of these structures may also act to protect seeds from drying out. It supports many smaller plants in its own branches, which are called
1635:"Semipreparative Isolation and Structure Determination of Pelargonidin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and Other Anthocyanins from the Tree Dacrycarpus dacrydioides"
1184:
has been successful in thinning mature grey willow canopies and providing a window for reestablishing native sedges, treated willows can rapidly reestablish their populations in an area due to
491:
that is 2.5–6.5 mm long. The purple-black seed is roughly spherical and 4–6 mm in diameter. Both the seed and the ovary are covered with a thin layer of wax. Kahikatea has a
1851:
3310:
3041:
1159:, a swamp-fen-bog complex south of Auckland on the North Island, was identified as an area of priority restoration as an ecosystem; the wetland is connected to the
1145:
1069:
in order to re-establish. Because of the consistency of these events in South
Westland however, many forested areas don't progress beyond regaining kahikatea and
2742:"The Origin, Physical Characteristics, and Manners and Customs of the Maori Race, from Data Derived During a Recent Exploration of the King Country, New Zealand"
3080:
1191:
The trees are also threatened by diminished seed availability and distribution due to a reduction in native bird species that dispersed the seeds, such as the
3400:
2517:"Vegetation recovery in rural kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) forest fragments in the Waikato region, New Zealand, following retirement from grazing"
537:
1251:
kahikatea's resin or heart wood, called kāpara or māpara. This was described as then being used in tattooing. This resin was also used as chewing gum.
2824:
480:. In adulthood the leaves change dramatically and are a brown-green colour and just 1–2 mm long, waxy, and grow overlapping one another tightly.
382:, it is New Zealand's tallest tree, gaining heights of 60 m over a life span of 600 years. It was first described botanically by the French botanist
3258:
2989:
2489:
2374:
1409:
1149:
513:
3415:
3323:
3271:
3054:
3002:
2353:
1136:
by them in 1914, and subsequently formally protected in the
Riccarton Bush Bill. It is the only surviving kahikatea forest remnant in the entire
1453:
Sukias, James P. S.; Tanner, Chris C.; Clarkson, Beverley R.; Bodmin, Kerry A.; Woodward, Simon; Bartlam, Scott; Costley, Kerry (January 2024).
561:
3’,5’-di-O-/β-glucopyranoside and 3’-0-β-xylopyranoside have been found only in kahikatea. The receptacles and seeds have been found to contain
3155:
3103:
1352:
3425:
2295:
1954:
1888:
708:
579:
1405:"The dispersal unit of Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (A. Rich.) de Laubenfels (Podocarpaceae) and the significance of the fleshy receptacle"
501:
1496:"Pollen morphology of the New Zealand species of Dacrydium Selander, Podocarpus L'Heritier, and Dacrycarpus Endlicher (Podocarpaceae)"
286:
2413:
1374:
472:
bark which falls off thickly in flakes. Young adults have no branches in a third to a half of the trunk and have a conic shape.
427:
and making of tools, of food in the form of its berries, and of dye. Its use for timber and its damp fertile habitat, ideal for
3297:
3028:
1736:
1541:
985:
Islands of New
Zealand. It inhabits mostly lowland forests between 0 and 600m above sea level, though may in rare cases reach
2635:
2524:
2331:
2013:
1988:
3328:
3059:
3420:
3410:
2054:
1837:
1816:
1795:
1710:
1500:
1188:. Exclusive use of glyphosate to control willow populations would require periodic herbicide application into perpetuity.
1199:, are also prolific seed-spreaders, survival of the kahikatea seeds are further threatened by introduced mice and rats.
428:
2931:
569:, which it was suggested in one 1988 paper make the fruit as a whole more attractive to prospective animal dispersers.
1239:
640:
525:
86:
3346:
3168:
2287:
3085:
1680:
2627:
2323:
1639:
644:
3108:
1727:
1590:
666:
401:
3351:
3173:
308:
1128:
is one notable example of forest remnant protection. The near 16-acre (6.47 ha) reserve was held in the
1103:
The
Palmerston Cooperage and Box Factory was one of many factories used to produce boxes from kahikatea wood.
962:
The kahikatea can support many other plants, such as those seen here up the trunk and in the higher branches.
2183:"Flood Disturbance and the Coexistence of Species in a Lowland Podocarp Forest, South Westland, New Zealand"
2097:
276:
1087:
2893:
2378:
1099:
846:
804:
290:
1706:
Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe : exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829
3007:
1141:
787:
197:
3276:
2848:
2819:
2790:
2713:
1258:, but Best recorded that because of the softness of the wood they were far inferior to those made from
956:
3134:
1882:
1585:
1035:. One 2002 study identified between 90 and 100 species occurring on one mature tree. This included 49
3405:
3338:
3095:
2963:
2791:"Art. XLVII.—Vestiges: Reminiscences: Memorabilia of Works, Deeds, and Sayings of the Ancient Maoris"
1686:
1599:
1495:
1156:
1129:
1020:
887:
2655:
3129:
1700:
1347:
1176:
488:
439:
51:
2575:
1883:"New insights into the phylogeny and evolution of Podocarpaceae inferred from transcriptomic data"
1307:
1124:
Conservation efforts have focused on protecting and fencing kahikatea forests around the country.
3372:
3204:
3160:
2771:
2458:
2212:
2187:
2163:
2138:
2114:
2030:
1921:
1771:
1763:
1566:
1379:
1045:
1040:
986:
870:
243:
81:
20:
1225:
3315:
3046:
404:. Analysis of DNA has confirmed its evolutionary relationship with other species in the genera
3245:
3116:
2940:
2763:
2631:
2533:
2409:
2327:
2291:
2254:
2204:
2155:
2073:
2022:
1950:
1913:
1905:
1859:
1755:
1658:
1615:
1558:
1517:
1476:
1426:
1137:
1118:
1031:
Kahikatea can support a vast number of non-parasitic plants that live in its branches, called
733:. They suggested it diverged from a common ancestor around 60 million years ago, in the early
691:
632:
359:
3196:
2755:
2693:
2656:"Essay on the Botany, Geographic and Economic, of the North Island of the New Zealand Group"
2570:
2444:
2419:
2301:
2262:
2246:
2196:
2147:
2106:
2063:
2009:"Seed retention times in the New Zealand pigeon (Hemiphaga novaezeelandiae novaeseelandiae)"
1960:
1897:
1745:
1648:
1607:
1550:
1509:
1466:
1418:
1302:
1196:
1066:
420:
3121:
3072:
1537:"Karyotypes, chromosome bands and genome size variation in New Zealand endemic gymnosperms"
939:
2879:
2651:
2494:
1247:
1185:
609:
383:
304:
262:
214:
1732:"A Revision Of The Melanesian And Pacific Rainforest Conifers, I. Podocarpaceae, In Part"
1109:
3147:
2434:
2092:
1603:
1454:
1065:
Following flooding or other natural events, kahikatea has been found to require an open
997:
soils with low levels of drainage, which in
Westland occur from post glaciation events.
698:
include: katea, kaikatea, koroī, kōaka, kahika, and the name kāī (for the young tree).
227:
3142:
2955:
2687:
1831:
1586:"Unique flavonoid glycosides from the new zealand white pine, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides"
1455:"Jump‐starting podocarp forest establishment in a wetland dominated by invasive willow"
1422:
1160:
1125:
1113:
1036:
990:
982:
432:
111:
2281:
1940:
1611:
1219:—Māori proverb or Whakataukī that illustrates the dangers of gathering the fruit,
3394:
3067:
2561:
2110:
1925:
1653:
1634:
1404:
1293:
1172:
1061:
658:
468:
394:
379:
164:
71:
66:
2552:
2118:
2050:"A test for ultraviolet reflectance from fleshy fruits of New Zealand plant species"
1775:
1284:
3377:
3250:
3209:
2945:
2440:
2232:"A checklist of New Zealand Cerambycidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), excluding Lamiinae"
2068:
1946:
1676:
1570:
1513:
1255:
1133:
1050:
978:
974:
946:
600:
596:
484:
424:
300:
154:
2250:
989:
areas. It used to dominate a swamp forest type that now exists almost only on the
3236:
2049:
1810:
1789:
1704:
723:. This group of species that share a common ancestor also gave rise to the other
3284:
3015:
2925:
2862:
2833:
2804:
2726:
2669:
2474:
1901:
1243:
1236:
695:
654:
562:
406:
375:
174:
2916:
2516:
2403:
1980:
1181:
1121:
region of the South Island, though small remnants still exist in some places.
566:
124:
2767:
2537:
2258:
2208:
2159:
2077:
2026:
1909:
1759:
1662:
1619:
1562:
1521:
1480:
1430:
2976:
1263:
1180:
the sapling stage in areas with high willow density. Although the herbicide
734:
728:
713:
686:
554:
412:
367:
272:
3364:
3186:
2348:
1917:
1750:
1259:
1192:
1074:
1016:
1012:
447:
443:
2266:
2091:
Hofstede, Robert G. M.; Dickinson, Katharine J. M.; Mark, Alan F. (2002).
1403:
Fountain, David W.; Holdsworth, Jacqueline M.; Outred, Heather A. (1989).
3359:
3230:
3181:
2910:
2747:
The
Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
2597:
1032:
994:
970:
558:
451:
371:
218:
2034:
2008:
1767:
1731:
3263:
2994:
2775:
2741:
2216:
2182:
2167:
2133:
1815:. Vol. 1. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 213 – via the
1554:
1229:
492:
463:
144:
134:
3289:
2134:"Competition and the Coexistence of Species in a Mixed Podocarp Stand"
1880:
Chen, Luo; Jin, Wei-Tao; Liu, Xin-Quan; Wang, Xiao-Quan (2022-01-01).
1471:
1043:, which the authors identified as comparable to the number found on a
37:
3020:
1536:
649:
477:
2887:
2759:
2200:
2151:
2598:"Assessment Details for Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (A.Rich.) de Laub"
2490:"Riccarton Bush a precious remnant of Canterbury's ecological past"
1981:"The kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) forest of South Westland"
1794:. Vol. 13. Paris: G. Dufour. 1825. p. 75 – via the
716:, or evolutionary tree, in which kahikatea is found to be within a
3302:
3033:
2981:
1098:
720:
578:
98:
2968:
2854:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2796:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2718:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2661:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1070:
19:"Kahikatea" redirects here. For Kahikatea statistical area, see
2891:
2443:: The Lyttleton Times Co., Ltd. pp. 39–40 – via the
454:; 100 different species have been recorded on one tree alone.
694:, and white pine. Other Māori names recorded by 19th century
608:
Kahikatea was first described in 1832 by the French botanist
2515:
Smale, Mark C.; Ross, Craig W.; Arnold, Gregory C. (2005).
1152:, which gives it an estimated population of above 100,000.
1709:(in French). Paris: J. Tastu. p. 358 – via the
1085:
This species plays host to the New Zealand endemic beetle
1077:, need the environment to improve before they can return.
423:, it is an important source of timber for the building of
2048:
Lee, W.G.; Hodgkinson, I.J.; Johnson, P.N. (1990-01-01).
993:
region of the South Island. Kahikatea prefers flooded or
1535:
Davies, B. J.; O'Brien, I. E. W.; Murray, B. G. (1997).
623:. There is an earlier record given in the 1825 issue of
2465:. Vol. I, no. 226. 28 October 1914. p. 3
483:
As a conifer, kahikatea has no flowers and instead has
2007:
Wotton, Debra M.; Clout, Mick N.; Kelly, Dave (2008).
431:, have led to its decimation almost everywhere except
1214:
The champion kahikatea climber is food for the roots
3220:
2900:
2230:Stephanie L. Sopow; John Bain (14 September 2017).
1584:Markham, Kenneth R.; Whitehouse, Lynley A. (1984).
2689:Te ika a maui, or New Zealand, and its inhabitants
1881:
680:means tear shaped fruit, and the specific epithet
1210:He toa piki rākau kahikatea, he kai na te pakiaka
1942:A field guide to the native trees of New Zealand
684:is after its similarity to species in the genus
442:attached to them, which encourage birds such as
1682:The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks 1768–1771
1207:
588:
1195:. Although some non-native birds, such as the
1146:International Union for Conservation of Nature
737:. This is represented in the cladogram below.
438:Kahikatea seeds have fleshy structures called
2820:"Reminiscences of Maori life fifty years ago"
2576:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42443A2980535.en
1308:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42443A2980535.en
583:A stand of kahikatea in the Pohangina Valley.
8:
1132:family for 70 years before it was gifted to
599:, possibly describing a former stand on the
1254:The wood could be made into canoes, called
690:. Common names include kahikatea, from the
2888:
226:
60:
36:
27:
2825:Transactions of the New Zealand Institute
2692:. Wertheim and Macintosh – via the
2574:
2067:
1749:
1652:
1470:
1306:
2602:New Zealand Threat Classification System
1410:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1150:New Zealand Threat Classification System
614:Essai d'une Flore de la Nouvelle Zélande
557:have been isolated from the leaves; the
1939:Salmon, John T. (John Tenison) (1986).
1791:Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle
1375:"NZ's tallest tree growing ever taller"
1275:
625:Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle
616:(Essay On The Flora of New Zealand) as
497:
256:
2436:The story of Christchurch, New Zealand
1679:(1962). Beaglehole, John Cawte (ed.).
1353:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
727:species as well as those in the genus
21:Frankton, Hamilton § Demographics
16:Coniferous tree endemic to New Zealand
2707:
2705:
2703:
2681:
2679:
2313:
2311:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1889:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1836:. Leipzig: A. Felix – via the
1722:
1720:
709:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
631:, but it lacks a description. It was
7:
3339:14896907-9bef-4fca-9d79-4df710babba2
3096:95ee1063-4e1e-4b6b-9e56-86bc30bb9385
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1398:
1396:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
3401:IUCN Red List least concern species
2562:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1294:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
862:
838:
779:
754:
747:
740:
1423:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00399.x
657:in 1891. It was given its current
543:Young adult's conical growth habit
14:
400:in 1969 by the American botanist
3352:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263469-1
3174:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:687947-1
2111:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00613.x
1654:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.42b-0462
955:
938:
536:
524:
512:
500:
85:
1737:Journal of the Arnold Arboretum
1542:Plant Systematics and Evolution
647:, and transferred to the genus
519:Female cones beginning to fruit
3416:Trees of mild maritime climate
2740:Kerry-Nicholls, J. H. (1886).
2525:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2069:10.1080/0028825X.1990.10412340
2014:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1989:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1514:10.1080/0028825x.1981.10425191
1:
2488:Fletcher, Jack (2018-09-13).
2408:. Wairau Press. p. 229.
2251:10.1080/00779962.2017.1357423
2055:New Zealand Journal of Botany
1852:"Kahikatea Plant Use Details"
1838:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1817:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1796:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1711:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1612:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84944-4
1501:New Zealand Journal of Botany
1373:Benson, Nigel (23 Jan 2014).
665:in 1969 by American botanist
3426:Endemic flora of New Zealand
1633:Andersen, Øyvind M. (1988).
1148:and "Not Threatened" by the
1073:, as other species, such as
393:, and was given its current
2379:"Podocarp-hardwood forests"
2181:Duncan, Richard P. (1993).
2132:Duncan, Richard P. (1991).
1902:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107341
1687:Angus and Robertson Limited
3444:
2375:Department of Conservation
2288:Cambridge University Press
1809:Cunningham, Allan (1838).
1348:"Dacrycarpus dacrydioides"
18:
2789:Colenso, William (1891).
2628:Victoria University Press
2433:Wigram, Henry F. (1916).
2324:Victoria University Press
2283:Vegetation of New Zealand
1833:Revisio generum plantarum
1812:Annals of natural history
1640:Acta Chemica Scandinavica
884:
867:
860:
843:
836:
801:
784:
777:
759:
752:
745:
663:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides,
645:Annals of Natural History
249:
242:
234:
225:
203:
196:
82:Scientific classification
80:
58:
49:
44:
35:
30:
3135:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
2956:Dacrycarpus_dacrydioides
2932:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
2902:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
2882:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
2818:Matthews, R. H. (1910).
2686:Taylor, Richard (1855).
2555:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
2239:New Zealand Entomologist
1856:Māori Plant Use Database
1346:de Lange, P. J. (2004).
1287:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
1228:kahikatea is a child of
930:Distribution and habitat
763:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
398:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
351:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
207:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
3222:Podocarpus dacrydioides
2098:Journal of Biogeography
1728:de Laubenfels, David J.
1701:d'Urville, Jules Dumont
1494:Pocknall, D.T. (1981).
495:chromosome count of 20.
315:Dacrycarpus ferrugineum
259:Podocarpus dacrydioides
2880:Gymnosperm Database -
2847:Goldie, W. H. (1904).
2832:: 598–605 – via
2725:: 180–200 – via
2402:Hadden, Peter (2014).
2280:Wardle, Peter (1991).
1979:Wardle, Peter (1974).
1751:10.5962/bhl.part.24691
1216:
1104:
847:Falcatifolium taxoides
805:Dacrycarpus imbricatus
606:
584:
507:Male cones with pollen
45:Mature kahikatea tree
2712:Eldson, Best (1907).
1830:Kuntze, Otto (1891).
1235:19th century British
1102:
1088:Agapanthida pulchella
788:Dacrycarpus compactus
643:in the 1838 issue of
582:
297:Dacrycarpus thuioides
3421:Least concern plants
3411:Trees of New Zealand
2622:Park, Geoff (1995).
2569:: e.T42443A2980535.
2349:"Rimu and kahikatea"
2318:Park, Geoff (1995).
2286:. Cambridge :
1301:: e.T42443A2980535.
1266:or in a steam bath.
1157:Whangamarino Wetland
888:Dacrydium pectinatum
629:Podocarpus thujoides
354:, commonly known as
283:Podocarpus thujoides
269:Dacrycarpus excelsum
237:D. dacrydioides
189:D. dacrydioides
2861:: 1–20 – via
2551:Thomas, P. (2013).
2347:Wassilieff, Maggy.
2326:. pp. 35, 49.
1689:. pp. 435–436.
1604:1984PChem..23.1931M
1459:Restoration Ecology
1283:Thomas, P. (2013).
1041:non-vascular plants
667:David de Laubenfels
402:David de Laubenfels
336:Podocarpus excelsus
323:Nageia dacrydioides
52:Conservation status
2803:: 449 – via
2463:Sun (Christchurch)
2188:Journal of Ecology
2139:Journal of Ecology
1555:10.1007/BF00985440
1380:New Zealand Herald
1161:Waikato Tainui iwi
1105:
1081:Pests and diseases
1046:Prumnopitys exigua
871:Dacrydium balansae
637:Dacrydium excelsum
585:
553:Several different
3388:
3387:
3117:Open Tree of Life
2894:Taxon identifiers
2668:: 31 – via
2405:North New Zealand
2297:978-0-521-25873-9
1956:978-0-474-00122-2
1860:Landcare Research
1472:10.1111/rec.14031
1138:Canterbury Plains
926:
925:
917:
916:
908:
907:
899:
898:
825:
824:
816:
815:
347:
346:
340:
332:
319:
311:
293:
279:
265:
253:Alphabetical list
235:Natural range of
75:
3433:
3381:
3380:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3213:
3212:
3200:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3076:
3075:
3063:
3062:
3050:
3049:
3037:
3036:
3024:
3023:
3011:
3010:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2889:
2867:
2866:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2709:
2698:
2697:
2694:Internet Archive
2683:
2674:
2673:
2652:Colenso, William
2648:
2642:
2641:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:Internet Archive
2430:
2424:
2423:
2420:Internet Archive
2418:– via the
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2302:Internet Archive
2300:– via the
2277:
2271:
2270:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2146:(4): 1073–1084.
2129:
2123:
2122:
2105:(8): 1033–1049.
2088:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1961:Internet Archive
1959:– via the
1936:
1930:
1929:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1753:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1598:(9): 1931–1936.
1581:
1575:
1574:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1450:
1435:
1434:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1343:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1280:
1220:
1203:In Māori culture
1197:common blackbird
1186:epicormic shoots
959:
942:
863:
839:
780:
755:
748:
741:
706:A 2022 study in
641:Allan Cunningham
604:
540:
528:
516:
504:
338:
330:
318:Houttee ex Gord.
317:
299:
285:
271:
261:
230:
209:
90:
89:
69:
64:
63:
40:
28:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3216:
3208:
3203:
3195:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2896:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2760:10.2307/2841577
2739:
2738:
2734:
2711:
2710:
2701:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2626:. New Zealand:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2416:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2383:www.doc.govt.nz
2373:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2322:. New Zealand:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2298:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2201:10.2307/2261519
2180:
2179:
2175:
2152:10.2307/2261099
2131:
2130:
2126:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1968:
1957:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1452:
1451:
1438:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1345:
1344:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1248:William Colenso
1226:Māori mythology
1222:
1218:
1205:
1171:The introduced
1169:
1097:
1083:
1059:
1037:vascular plants
1029:
1008:
1003:
967:
966:
965:
964:
963:
960:
951:
950:
949:
943:
932:
927:
918:
909:
900:
826:
817:
704:
675:
610:Achille Richard
605:
595:
587:
586:
575:
551:
544:
541:
532:
529:
520:
517:
508:
505:
462:Kahikatea is a
460:
384:Achille Richard
343:
339:(D. Don.) Druce
255:
254:
221:
211:
205:
192:
84:
76:
65:
61:
54:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3378:wfo-0000485084
3369:
3356:
3343:
3333:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:wfo-0000636634
3201:
3191:
3178:
3165:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3100:
3090:
3077:
3064:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3012:
2999:
2986:
2973:
2960:
2953:Conifers.org:
2950:
2937:
2922:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2874:External links
2872:
2869:
2868:
2839:
2810:
2781:
2732:
2699:
2675:
2643:
2636:
2630:. p. 35.
2614:
2589:
2543:
2532:(2): 261–269.
2507:
2480:
2459:"City Council"
2450:
2425:
2414:
2394:
2366:
2339:
2332:
2307:
2296:
2290:. p. 10.
2272:
2222:
2195:(3): 403–416.
2173:
2124:
2083:
2040:
1999:
1966:
1955:
1931:
1872:
1843:
1822:
1801:
1781:
1744:(3): 315–369.
1716:
1692:
1668:
1625:
1591:Phytochemistry
1576:
1549:(3): 169–185.
1527:
1486:
1436:
1417:(3): 197–207.
1392:
1365:
1321:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1240:Richard Taylor
1206:
1204:
1201:
1168:
1165:
1126:Riccarton Bush
1119:South Westland
1096:
1093:
1082:
1079:
1058:
1055:
1028:
1025:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
991:South Westland
961:
954:
953:
952:
944:
937:
936:
935:
934:
933:
931:
928:
924:
923:
920:
919:
915:
914:
911:
910:
906:
905:
902:
901:
897:
896:
893:
892:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
866:
861:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
842:
837:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
823:
822:
819:
818:
814:
813:
810:
809:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
783:
778:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
703:
700:
692:Māori language
674:
671:
593:
577:
576:
574:
571:
550:
549:Phytochemistry
547:
546:
545:
542:
535:
533:
530:
523:
521:
518:
511:
509:
506:
499:
459:
456:
433:South Westland
345:
344:
342:
341:
333:
328:Nageia excelsa
325:
320:
312:
294:
280:
266:
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:
240:
239:
232:
231:
223:
222:
212:
201:
200:
194:
193:
186:
184:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
78:
77:
59:
56:
55:
50:
47:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3439:
3438:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2415:9781927158319
2411:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:. p. 6.
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1792:
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1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:Banks, Joseph
1672:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
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1572:
1568:
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1560:
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1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
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1473:
1468:
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1443:
1441:
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1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1369:
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1355:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1338:
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1142:least concern
1139:
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1120:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1094:
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1080:
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1068:
1063:
1062:Intraspecific
1056:
1054:
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1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1026:
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1022:
1018:
1014:
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976:
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969:Kahikatea is
958:
948:
945:Kahikatea in
941:
929:
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664:
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659:binomial name
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633:superfluously
630:
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430:
429:dairy farming
426:
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421:Māori culture
417:
415:
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395:binomial name
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198:Binomial name
195:
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169:
166:
165:Podocarpaceae
163:
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112:Tracheophytes
110:
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100:
97:
94:
93:
88:
83:
79:
73:
68:
67:Least Concern
57:
53:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3221:
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2881:
2858:
2852:
2842:
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2784:
2751:
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2735:
2722:
2716:
2688:
2665:
2659:
2646:
2623:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2566:
2560:
2554:
2546:
2529:
2523:
2510:
2499:. Retrieved
2493:
2483:
2473:– via
2467:. Retrieved
2462:
2453:
2441:Christchurch
2435:
2428:
2404:
2397:
2386:. Retrieved
2382:
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2352:
2342:
2319:
2282:
2275:
2245:(2): 55–71.
2242:
2238:
2225:
2192:
2186:
2176:
2143:
2137:
2127:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2062:(1): 21–24.
2059:
2053:
2043:
2018:
2012:
2002:
1993:
1987:
1947:Reed Methuen
1945:. Auckland:
1941:
1934:
1893:
1887:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1855:
1846:
1832:
1825:
1811:
1804:
1790:
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1741:
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1681:
1671:
1644:
1638:
1628:
1595:
1589:
1579:
1546:
1540:
1530:
1508:(1): 67–95.
1505:
1499:
1489:
1462:
1458:
1414:
1408:
1384:. Retrieved
1378:
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1351:
1312:. Retrieved
1298:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1253:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1190:
1177:crack willow
1170:
1154:
1134:Christchurch
1123:
1106:
1095:Conservation
1086:
1084:
1060:
1051:cloud forest
1049:in Bolivian
1044:
1039:and over 50
1030:
1009:
968:
947:Lake Brunner
886:
885:
869:
868:
845:
844:
803:
802:
786:
785:
766:— Kahikatea
762:
761:
760:
729:
724:
717:
707:
705:
685:
682:dacrydioides
681:
677:
676:
662:
648:
636:
628:
624:
621:dacrydioides
620:
617:
613:
607:
601:Waihou River
597:Joseph Banks
589:
563:anthocyanins
552:
482:
474:
461:
437:
418:
411:
405:
397:
391:dacrydioides
390:
387:
363:
355:
350:
349:
348:
335:
327:
322:
314:
296:
282:
268:
258:
236:
206:
204:
188:
187:
175:
155:Araucariales
125:Gymnospermae
118:
105:
25:
3406:Dacrycarpus
3285:iNaturalist
3148:kew-2755036
3016:iNaturalist
2926:Wikispecies
2863:Papers Past
2834:Papers Past
2805:Papers Past
2754:: 187–209.
2727:Papers Past
2670:Papers Past
2582:19 November
2475:Papers Past
1647:: 462–468.
1314:19 November
1244:Eldson Best
1173:grey willow
1057:Competition
725:Dacrycarpus
678:Dacrycarpus
655:Otto Kuntze
567:gymnosperms
458:Description
440:receptacles
407:Dacrycarpus
386:in 1832 as
376:New Zealand
176:Dacrycarpus
3395:Categories
3143:Plant List
2637:0864732910
2624:Ngā Uruora
2501:2022-07-19
2388:2022-07-02
2360:2022-07-02
2333:0864732910
2320:Ngā Uruora
2021:(1): 1–6.
1896:: 107341.
1386:2022-02-20
1359:2022-02-12
1270:References
1182:glyphosate
718:Darcydioid
712:, found a
618:Podocarpus
565:, rare in
555:glycosides
531:Ripe fruit
489:receptacle
469:buttressed
464:coniferous
388:Podocarpus
368:coniferous
364:white pine
131:Division:
31:Kahikatea
3237:Q14947698
2768:0959-5295
2538:0110-6465
2267:Q56166058
2259:0077-9962
2209:0022-0477
2160:0022-0477
2078:0028-825X
2027:0110-6465
1926:243482772
1910:1055-7903
1760:0004-2625
1663:0904-213X
1620:0031-9422
1563:1615-6110
1522:0028-825X
1481:1061-2971
1431:0024-4074
1264:decoction
1033:epiphytes
1027:Epiphytes
1006:Dispersal
735:paleogene
730:Dacrydium
714:phylogeny
702:Evolution
687:Dacrydium
673:Etymology
452:epiphytes
413:Dacrydium
356:kahikatea
183:Species:
145:Pinopsida
135:Pinophyta
95:Kingdom:
3365:25600183
3360:Tropicos
3316:10597640
3303:263469-1
3231:Wikidata
3187:25600137
3182:Tropicos
3047:11160146
3034:687947-1
2917:Q1981615
2911:Wikidata
2654:(1868).
2263:Wikidata
2119:85726530
2035:24058095
1996:: 62–71.
1918:34740782
1776:88784997
1768:43781661
1730:(1969).
1703:(1832).
1021:bellbird
995:alluvial
594:—
573:Taxonomy
559:tricetin
380:podocarp
305:Solander
244:Synonyms
219:de Laub.
161:Family:
72:IUCN 3.1
3264:5286243
3197:5863322
2995:2687859
2969:1033665
2776:2841577
2469:19 July
2217:2261519
2168:2261099
1865:6 March
1600:Bibcode
1571:5624551
1167:Threats
1144:by the
1114:fertile
1001:Ecology
987:montane
983:Stewart
973:to the
971:endemic
612:in his
493:diploid
372:endemic
366:, is a
291:Bennett
263:A.Rich.
215:A.Rich.
171:Genus:
151:Order:
141:Class:
99:Plantae
70: (
3336:NZOR:
3329:519277
3290:405060
3194:uBio:
3156:PLANTS
3093:NZOR:
3060:505861
3008:101861
2774:
2766:
2634:
2607:2 July
2536:
2412:
2354:Te Ara
2330:
2294:
2265:
2257:
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2207:
2166:
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2076:
2033:
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1758:
1661:
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1479:
1429:
1260:tōtara
1246:, and
1193:kererū
1075:kāmahi
1067:canopy
1019:, and
1013:kererū
981:, and
650:Nageia
635:named
603:, 1769
478:scythe
444:kererū
362:) and
358:(from
331:Kuntze
3311:IRMNG
3277:29108
3251:6VR8L
3161:DADA2
3122:54153
3104:NZPCN
3086:56888
3073:42443
3042:IRMNG
3021:52390
2982:PODDA
2946:33T93
2772:JSTOR
2520:(PDF)
2495:Stuff
2235:(PDF)
2213:JSTOR
2164:JSTOR
2115:S2CID
2031:JSTOR
1984:(PDF)
1922:S2CID
1772:S2CID
1764:JSTOR
1567:S2CID
1465:(1).
1130:Deans
1110:Māori
979:South
975:North
721:clade
591:were.
485:cones
370:tree
360:Māori
309:Carr.
301:Banks
287:R.Br.
277:Lamb.
273:D.Don
119:Clade
106:Clade
3347:POWO
3324:ITIS
3298:IPNI
3272:GRIN
3259:GBIF
3169:POWO
3130:PfaF
3109:2099
3081:NCBI
3068:IUCN
3055:ITIS
3029:IPNI
3003:GRIN
2990:GBIF
2977:EPPO
2764:ISSN
2632:ISBN
2609:2022
2584:2021
2567:2013
2534:ISSN
2471:2022
2410:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2292:ISBN
2255:ISSN
2205:ISSN
2156:ISSN
2074:ISSN
2023:ISSN
1951:ISBN
1914:PMID
1906:ISSN
1867:2022
1756:ISSN
1659:ISSN
1616:ISSN
1559:ISSN
1518:ISSN
1477:ISSN
1427:ISSN
1316:2021
1299:2013
1256:waka
1230:Tāne
1175:and
1155:The
1071:rimu
446:and
425:waka
410:and
378:. A
3373:WFO
3246:CoL
3205:WFO
2964:EoL
2941:CoL
2756:doi
2571:doi
2247:doi
2197:doi
2148:doi
2107:doi
2064:doi
1898:doi
1894:166
1746:doi
1649:doi
1645:42b
1608:doi
1551:doi
1547:208
1510:doi
1467:doi
1419:doi
1303:doi
1224:In
1017:tūī
653:by
639:by
627:as
448:tūī
419:In
374:to
307:ex
303:et
289:In
275:in
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