33:
431:
55:
260:
is one such species which lacks these traits. Common with the characteristics of most scaled insects, the species within this genus too show sexual dimorphism between male and female individuals. Where females of the genus possess a simple morphology (standard body, with a head, mouth, legs, etc.),
313:), and males have five. They reproduce continuously year-round, with up to six generations per year. Eggs hatch very soon after they are laid, sometimes within minutes, and probably even occasionally while they are still inside the female.
525:
still use this process to color their textiles, particularly a red woolen garment worn by women around the shoulders, which each woman personalizes by choosing a different shade of red. They collect cochineals, probably
880:
467:, the true cochineal, is the species most commonly used today and historically, because it has a higher carminic acid content and yields a better quality pigment than its congeners. The insect has been
309:. Some species also infest the cactus fruits, flowers, stems, and roots; they are often found on the roots during times of the year when they are less active. Females have three developmental stages (
331:
species can be found on cacti in many types of dry habitat, including forests, grasslands, cultivated fields, disturbed and weedy areas, and gardens. They share cactus host plants with various
877:
1111:(Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) in Mexico: a historical perspective of use, interaction and distribution with particular emphasis on chemical and phylogenetic aspects of the
3088:
3114:
930:
1066:
3155:
248:
In general, cochineals are waxy gray scaled insects, with the key characteristic that adult females release the bright red substance when crushed known as
3062:
3101:
816:
3206:
530:, from the wild, press them into cakes, and use the dried cakes to dye the garments three at a time. One is left crimson, one is soaked in
491:
261:
though lacking wings of any kind; the males of the genus are the opposite, possessing a singular set of wings, and no mouth at all. (See
3191:
1142:
1039:
989:
845:
3201:
3106:
1102:
2971:
2958:
1077:
969:
953:
54:
956:
Paper 129 In: Proceedings, Textile
Society of America 11th Biennial Symposium, Lincoln, Nebraska, October 6–9, 2010.
923:
3041:
388:
3119:
3054:
900:
497:
The dried bodies of the female insects are roughly 12 to 16% carminic acid. The carmine obtained is a shade of
708:
3168:
736:
1135:
972:
Paper 44 In: Proceedings, Textile
Society of America 12th Biennial Symposium, Honolulu, September 4–7, 2008.
729:
679:
444:
404:
233:
151:
32:
1012:
722:
694:
665:
422:
The genus is now distributed throughout much of the world due to accidental and intentional introductions.
301:
3196:
2898:
701:
435:
2976:
396:
672:
3145:
3010:
2945:
715:
572:
341:
322:
2040:
2761:
2502:
2262:
2087:
1071:
809:
363:
2771:
2460:
2434:
983:
Titrimetric and polarographic determination of carminic acid and its quantification in cochineal (
305:. They gather in large clumps mainly in shady, sheltered areas on the cactus pads and feed on the
2061:
1938:
1929:
1128:
600:
412:
347:
49:
41:
486:, as they were the only source of red dye for clothing and other textiles. Red was the color of
221:). The cochineal is an insect of economic and historical importance as a main source of the red
430:
3127:
3093:
2997:
1721:
1681:
1443:
416:
2936:
228:. It has reportedly been used for this purpose in the Americas since the 10th century. Genus
3132:
2804:
2746:
2741:
2575:
2486:
2249:
2027:
2019:
1946:
1729:
1591:
237:
2799:
2766:
2705:
2609:
2604:
2541:
2516:
2257:
2110:
1951:
1915:
1905:
1887:
1823:
1478:
1211:
993:
934:
884:
820:
649:
628:
590:
510:
783:
sp. nov.) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae) from the
Chihuahuan Desert, Texas, U.S.A.
1117:
VII International
Congress on Cactus & Cochineal, Agadir, Morocco, October 22, 2010.
774:
3049:
3036:
2825:
2583:
2465:
2228:
2199:
2001:
1910:
1895:
1766:
1753:
1660:
1631:
1511:
1415:
1299:
1258:
982:
615:
is a cactus cultivated as a food crop, and it is the most commonly noted host plant of
562:. The first example of an herbivorous insect ever used for the biological control of a
289:
116:
317:
carries its eggs on its body in a mesh of fibers. The wax filaments are produced from
3185:
2873:
2861:
2833:
2692:
2632:
2614:
2570:
2554:
2439:
2424:
2322:
2071:
2056:
2048:
1782:
1705:
1697:
1607:
1483:
1420:
1385:
1346:
1333:
1268:
1248:
468:
452:
380:
376:
352:
249:
170:
2950:
2963:
2794:
2645:
2470:
2429:
2391:
2374:
2360:
2348:
2301:
2293:
2139:
2126:
2092:
1900:
1867:
1813:
1689:
1652:
1615:
1570:
1395:
1320:
1312:
1223:
1195:
487:
202:
136:
126:
3002:
643:. There are eleven species. In addition to the nine that long composed the genus,
850:
Costa (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) and their cacti hosts (Cactaceae: Opuntioideae).
3075:
2930:
2869:
2812:
2723:
2658:
2640:
2622:
2591:
2419:
2220:
1968:
1860:
1818:
1808:
1803:
1713:
1644:
1599:
1468:
1463:
1405:
1377:
1360:
479:
456:
501:, and this can be turned different shades by adding metal ions or changing the
2756:
2715:
2697:
2478:
2383:
2280:
2272:
2236:
2153:
1795:
1668:
1586:
1473:
1458:
1453:
1430:
1338:
1325:
1263:
1253:
1232:
547:
357:
252:. Most species belonging to this genus are covered in thin, sticky strands of
2921:
901:
Wind dispersal and settling of first-instar crawlers of the cochineal insect
623:
can be found in fields of the cultivated plant and on specimens in the wild.
3023:
2776:
2736:
2728:
2668:
2653:
2627:
2525:
2399:
2178:
2170:
2134:
1985:
1836:
1828:
1774:
1673:
1560:
1390:
1183:
1171:
1152:
1120:
686:
640:
581:
559:
483:
263:
214:
106:
86:
66:
2984:
2915:
2841:
2784:
2684:
2676:
2596:
2533:
2494:
2407:
2314:
2191:
2118:
2006:
1993:
1745:
1737:
1623:
1531:
1523:
1438:
1425:
1410:
1400:
1189:
1017:(Homoptera: Dactylopiidae): enhanced prospects for biological control of
535:
518:
295:
814:(Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) and identification of the symbiotic bacteria.
3163:
3067:
2989:
2789:
2751:
2452:
2444:
2327:
2207:
1448:
522:
498:
460:
448:
280:
225:
3080:
232:
is also important because several species have been used as agents of
213:, a name that also specifically refers to the best-known species, the
1294:
1278:
1177:
1165:
555:
514:
384:
336:
310:
276:
96:
76:
2892:
970:
Tracing cochineal through the collection of the
Metropolitan Museum.
3028:
554:
species have been employed as agents of biological pest control in
321:
on the juvenile insect's head. These webby filaments likely aid in
3140:
2865:
1544:
531:
494:
began, cochineals were shipped worldwide as a commercial product.
475:
429:
198:
563:
400:
318:
2896:
1857:
1508:
1208:
1124:
474:
Cochineals were of value to the pre-Columbian societies of the
3015:
954:
Identification of red dyes in textiles from the Andean Region.
506:
375:
The genus is native to the
Americas, with some originating in
332:
306:
253:
222:
887:
Scale
Insects. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS.
502:
415:
to Mexico with various agricultural products during the
534:
juice to turn it scarlet, and the third is rubbed with
1692:(cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, ground pearls)
2872:. Heteroptera with Coleorrhyncha were referred to as
2905:
2824:
2714:
2667:
2553:
2524:
2515:
2382:
2373:
2347:
2313:
2292:
2271:
2248:
2219:
2190:
2169:
2152:
2109:
2070:
2039:
2018:
1984:
1967:
1937:
1928:
1886:
1794:
1765:
1569:
1543:
1522:
1376:
1359:
1311:
1277:
1231:
1222:
588:has been effective against the weedy prickly pear
513:, while iron or alkaline compounds turn it a deep
2481:(assassin bugs, wheel bugs, thread-legged bugs)
1136:
1074:: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS
8:
201:of insect in the superfamily Coccoidea, the
451:carmine, which has long been used as a red
2893:
2521:
2379:
2344:
2166:
2106:
1981:
1934:
1883:
1879:
1854:
1519:
1505:
1373:
1228:
1219:
1205:
1143:
1129:
1121:
31:
20:
1013:Host-plant affinities of two biotypes of
443:The insects produce carminic acid as an
299:species. One species was collected from
997:Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society
749:
546:Some cacti are invasive plants, and as
399:today, occurring in Mexico and also in
1007:
1005:
924:Direction of dispersion of cochineal (
905:(Homoptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae).
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
846:Distribution and habitat in Mexico of
808:RamĂrez-Puebla, S. T., et al. (2010).
209:. These insects are known commonly as
1061:
1059:
918:
916:
895:
893:
844:Chávez-Moreno, C. K., et al. (2011).
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
325:of the insects by catching the wind.
205:. It is the only genus in the family
7:
3169:42F5CFDA-6867-4A77-944D-434091420F5C
3146:70FD0CDE-2C16-48D4-15AF-14E06EA29AB1
3055:ba247f0b-37b9-4a0b-95da-60452d1aa8fb
2635:(jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs)
1038:Vanegas-Rico, J. M., et al. (2010).
964:
962:
948:
946:
492:Spanish colonization of the Americas
482:stored supplies of the insects as a
411:originated in South America and was
2447:(plant bugs, leaf bugs, grass bugs)
2394:(minute pirate bugs or flower bugs)
2051:(marsh treaders or water measurers)
1048:(L.) Miller en el centro de MĂ©xico.
773:Van Dam, A. R. and B. May. (2012).
236:, and because several are known as
1011:Volchansky, C. R., et al. (1999).
407:studies of the genus suggest that
14:
2586:(giant shield bugs and relatives)
1341:(typical treehoppers, thorn bugs)
922:RodrĂguez, L. C., et al. (2001).
810:Molecular phylogeny of the genus
447:. It is processed to produce the
403:, but not in the region between.
981:Reyes-Salas, O., et al. (2011).
631:of this cactus in many regions.
509:salts or acids produce a bright
53:
2779:(milkweed bugs, true seed bugs)
2687:(squash bugs, leaf-footed bugs)
1954:(unique-headed bugs, gnat bugs)
471:and is reared for its product.
2210:(water scorpions, needle bugs)
339:, the larva of the snout moth
1:
968:Phipps, E. and N. Shibayama.
657:was newly described in 2012.
627:is an economically important
1067:"Dactylopiidae species list"
1021:(Cactaceae) in South Africa.
3207:Taxa named by Achille Costa
2836:(red bugs, cotton stainers)
928:Costa) within the Americas.
647:was transferred from genus
3223:
3192:Hemiptera of South America
1024:Journal of Applied Ecology
570:, which was released onto
389:southwestern United States
2857:
2343:
2105:
1882:
1878:
1853:
1663:(pupillarial palm scales)
1518:
1504:
1218:
1204:
1160:
183:
178:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
899:Mow, V., et al. (1982).
824:Environmental Entomology
781:Dactylopius gracilipilus
709:Dactylopius gracilipilus
1777:(woolly conifer aphids)
1051:Acta ZoolĂłgica Mexicana
737:Dactylopius zimmermanni
490:among the Incas. After
445:antipredator adaptation
234:biological pest control
2700:(scentless plant bugs)
1700:(Mediterranean scales)
1040:Enemigos naturales de
853:Neotropical Entomology
730:Dactylopius tomentosus
690:– true cochineal
680:Dactylopius ceylonicus
478:region. Rulers of the
440:
405:Molecular phylogenetic
3202:Sternorrhyncha genera
2844:(bordered plant bugs)
2617:(includes ebony bugs)
2283:(creeping water bugs)
1101:Chávez Moreno, C. K.
908:Ecological Entomology
903:Dactylopius austrinus
878:Family:Dactylopiidae.
723:Dactylopius salmianus
695:Dactylopius confertus
666:Dactylopius austrinus
433:
397:disjunct distribution
302:Corynopuntia schottii
3050:Fauna Europaea (new)
2815:(ash-grey leaf bugs)
2807:(atypical seed bugs)
2473:(old world bat bugs)
2402:(bed bugs, bat bugs)
2330:(pygmy backswimmers)
2239:(velvety shore bugs)
1831:(jumping plant lice)
1046:Opuntia ficus-indica
1042:Dactylopius opuntiae
1015:Dactylopius opuntiae
716:Dactylopius opuntiae
702:Dactylopius confusus
573:Opuntia ficus-indica
436:Dactylopius confusus
345:, a brown lacewing (
342:Laetilia coccidivora
2679:(broad-headed bugs)
2030:(velvet water bugs)
1618:(ornate pit scales)
598:is used to control
538:to turn it purple.
279:plants, especially
275:Cochineals live on
2202:(giant water bugs)
2129:(spiny shore bugs)
2062:Paraphrynoveliidae
1975:(semiaquatic bugs)
1930:Enicocephalomorpha
1724:(phenacoleachiids)
1722:Phenacoleachiidae
1684:(false pit scales)
1682:Lecanodiaspididae
992:2011-07-26 at the
985:Dactylopius coccus
933:2022-03-03 at the
926:Dactylopius coccus
883:2013-03-04 at the
819:2015-09-23 at the
687:Dactylopius coccus
601:Opuntia aurantiaca
542:Biological control
465:Dactylopius coccus
441:
379:and the others in
287:spp.), as well as
219:Dactylopius coccus
42:Dactylopius coccus
3179:
3178:
3128:Open Tree of Life
2899:Taxon identifiers
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2816:
2808:
2805:Rhyparochromidae
2780:
2732:
2701:
2688:
2680:
2649:
2636:
2618:
2600:
2587:
2579:
2576:Acanthosomatidae
2563:
2545:
2537:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2490:
2489:(royal palm bugs)
2487:Thaumastocoridae
2482:
2474:
2456:
2448:
2415:
2403:
2395:
2369:
2368:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2305:
2284:
2240:
2232:
2211:
2203:
2182:
2162:
2160:(true water bugs)
2148:
2147:
2130:
2122:
2101:
2100:
2080:
2052:
2031:
2010:
1997:
1977:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1924:
1923:
1873:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1832:
1786:
1778:
1757:
1749:
1748:(giant mealybugs)
1741:
1733:
1730:Phoenicococcidae
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1592:Asterolecaniidae
1579:
1553:
1535:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1444:Hypochthonellidae
1434:
1369:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1329:
1303:
1287:
1241:
775:A new species of
673:Dactylopius bassi
660:Species include:
417:pre-Columbian era
395:apparently has a
190:
189:
174:
155:
3214:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3135:
3123:
3122:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3083:
3071:
3070:
3058:
3057:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2894:
2864:are a different
2859:
2843:
2835:
2814:
2806:
2778:
2747:Cryptorhamphidae
2742:Colobathristidae
2730:
2699:
2686:
2678:
2647:
2634:
2616:
2599:(burrowing bugs)
2598:
2585:
2577:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2543:
2542:Termitaphididae
2535:
2522:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2454:
2446:
2412:Curalium cronini
2409:
2401:
2393:
2380:
2353:
2345:
2329:
2303:
2282:
2250:Aphelocheiroidea
2238:
2230:
2209:
2201:
2180:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2128:
2120:
2107:
2081:
2079:
2078:(water treaders)
2076:
2050:
2029:
2008:
1996:(water striders)
1995:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1953:
1952:Enicocephalidae
1947:Aenictopecheidae
1939:Enicocephaloidea
1935:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1855:
1830:
1784:
1776:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1662:
1654:
1647:(armored scales)
1646:
1638:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1533:
1520:
1506:
1432:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1340:
1327:
1301:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1229:
1220:
1206:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1122:
1107:(Cactaceae) and
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1076:. Archived from
1063:
1054:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1009:
1000:
979:
973:
966:
957:
950:
941:
920:
911:
897:
888:
875:
856:
842:
827:
806:
789:
771:
576:, then known as
238:invasive species
169:
150:
58:
57:
35:
21:
16:Genus of insects
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3087:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2901:
2891:
2878:
2849:
2820:
2800:Pachygronthidae
2767:Heterogastridae
2710:
2706:Stenocephalidae
2663:
2610:Parastrachiidae
2605:Thaumastellidae
2584:Tessaratomidae
2560:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2517:Pentatomomorpha
2507:
2365:
2352:(Coleorrhyncha)
2351:
2350:
2349:Peloridiomorpha
2335:
2309:
2288:
2267:
2258:Aphelocheiridae
2244:
2229:Gelastocoridae
2215:
2200:Belostomatidae
2186:
2181:(water boatmen)
2159:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2111:Leptopodomorpha
2097:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2035:
2014:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1959:
1920:
1916:Stemmocryptidae
1906:Hypsipterygidae
1888:Dipsocoromorpha
1874:
1870:
1864:
1841:
1824:Phacopteronidae
1790:
1761:
1756:(stictococcids)
1754:Stictococcidae
1738:Pseudococcidae
1716:(ensign scales)
1661:Halimococcidae
1577:(scale insects)
1576:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1514:
1488:
1479:Tettigometridae
1366:
1364:
1363:
1351:
1307:
1302:(hairy cicadas)
1300:Tettigarctidae
1284:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1214:
1212:Auchenorrhyncha
1200:
1156:
1149:
1098:
1096:Further reading
1093:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1044:(Cockerell) en
1035:
1034:
1030:
1019:Opuntia stricta
1010:
1003:
994:Wayback Machine
980:
976:
967:
960:
951:
944:
935:Wayback Machine
921:
914:
898:
891:
885:Wayback Machine
876:
859:
843:
830:
826:39(4), 1178-83.
821:Wayback Machine
807:
792:
772:
751:
746:
655:D. gracilipilus
637:
613:O. ficus-indica
610:
591:Opuntia stricta
544:
428:
373:
273:
246:
168:
149:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3220:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3160:
3150:
3137:
3124:
3111:
3098:
3085:
3072:
3059:
3046:
3037:Fauna Europaea
3033:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2968:
2955:
2942:
2927:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2834:Pyrrhocoridae
2830:
2828:
2826:Pyrrhocoroidea
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2633:Scutelleridae
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:Thyreocoridae
2612:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2544:(termite bugs)
2539:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2466:Plokiophilidae
2463:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2405:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2304:(backswimmers)
2298:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:Hydrometridae
2045:
2043:
2041:Hydrometroidea
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2002:Hermatobatidae
1999:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1911:Schizopteridae
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Ceratocombidae
1892:
1890:
1876:
1875:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1785:(phylloxerans)
1783:Phylloxeridae
1780:
1771:
1769:
1767:Phylloxeroidea
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1708:(giant scales)
1706:Monophlebidae
1703:
1698:Micrococcidae
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1637:Dactylopiidae
1634:
1632:Conchaspididae
1629:
1621:
1613:
1610:(carayonemids)
1608:Carayonemidae
1605:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1516:
1515:
1512:Sternorrhyncha
1509:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1433:(lanternflies)
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:Dictyopharidae
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1367:(planthoppers)
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1259:Clastopteridae
1256:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1226:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1055:
1053:26(2), 415-33.
1028:
1001:
974:
958:
942:
912:
889:
857:
828:
790:
748:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
691:
683:
676:
669:
639:This genus is
636:
633:
609:
606:
543:
540:
427:
424:
372:
369:
355:in the genera
290:Cylindropuntia
272:
269:
267:for example.)
245:
242:
188:
187:
181:
180:
176:
175:
161:
157:
156:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
117:Sternorrhyncha
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3219:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Dactylopiidae
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2875:
2874:Prosorrhyncha
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:Coleorrhyncha
2856:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Henicocoridae
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2693:Hyocephalidae
2691:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2646:Pentatomidae
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2578:(shield bugs)
2574:
2572:
2571:Urostylididae
2569:
2568:
2566:
2561:(shield bugs)
2556:
2555:Pentatomoidea
2552:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2503:Velocipedidae
2501:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:Polyctenidae
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2455:(damsel bugs)
2451:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2440:Microphysidae
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Lasiochilidae
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2392:Anthocoridae
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2323:Helotrephidae
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2302:Notonectidae
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2294:Notonectoidea
2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2263:Potamocoridae
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2127:Leptopodidae
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Madeoveliidae
2086:
2085:
2083:
2073:
2072:Mesovelioidea
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Macroveliidae
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2009:(riffle bugs)
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1868:Coleorrhyncha
1862:
1856:
1852:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1732:(palm scales)
1728:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:Margarodidae
1688:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1655:(felt scales)
1653:Eriococcidae
1651:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1626:(soft scales)
1622:
1620:
1616:Cerococcidae
1614:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1485:
1484:Tropiduchidae
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:Eurybrachidae
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1386:Acanaloniidae
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1362:
1361:Fulgoromorpha
1358:
1348:
1347:Myerslopiidae
1345:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1334:Melizoderidae
1332:
1330:
1328:(leafhoppers)
1326:Cicadellidae
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1269:Machaerotidae
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Aphrophoridae
1247:
1246:
1244:
1239:(froghoppers)
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1080:on 2015-09-24
1079:
1075:
1073:
1072:Scale Insects
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1032:
1029:
1026:36(1), 85-91.
1025:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:55(2), 88-93.
998:
995:
991:
988:
986:
978:
975:
971:
965:
963:
959:
955:
949:
947:
943:
939:
936:
932:
929:
927:
919:
917:
913:
910:7(4), 409-19.
909:
906:
904:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
858:
855:40(1), 62-71.
854:
851:
849:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:
813:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
791:
787:
784:
782:
778:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
750:
743:
739:
738:
734:
732:
731:
727:
725:
724:
720:
718:
717:
713:
711:
710:
706:
704:
703:
699:
697:
696:
692:
689:
688:
684:
682:
681:
677:
675:
674:
670:
668:
667:
663:
662:
661:
658:
656:
652:
651:
646:
642:
634:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
607:
605:
603:
602:
597:
593:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:
569:
568:D. ceylonicus
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:food coloring
450:
446:
438:
437:
432:
426:Cochineal dye
425:
423:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:North America
378:
377:South America
370:
368:
366:
365:
360:
359:
354:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
324:
320:
316:
315:D. tomentosus
312:
308:
304:
303:
298:
297:
292:
291:
286:
282:
281:prickly pears
278:
270:
268:
266:
265:
259:
255:
251:
250:carminic acid
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:Dactylopiidae
204:
203:scale insects
200:
196:
195:
186:
182:
177:
172:
167:
166:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
147:Dactylopiidae
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
133:Superfamily:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2906:
2813:Piesmatidae
2795:Oxycarenidae
2772:Idiostolidae
2731:(stilt bugs)
2648:(stink bugs)
2461:Pachynomidae
2435:Medocostidae
2430:Lyctocoridae
2411:
2375:Cimicomorpha
2361:Peloridiidae
2140:Aepophilidae
2121:(shore bugs)
2093:Mesoveliidae
1901:Dipsocoridae
1814:Carsidaridae
1714:Ortheziidae
1676:(lac scales)
1645:Diaspididae
1639:(cochineals)
1636:
1602:(beesoniids)
1600:Beesoniidae
1594:(pit scales)
1534:(whiteflies)
1532:Aleyrodidae
1524:Aleyrodoidea
1396:Achilixiidae
1339:Membracidae
1321:Aetalionidae
1313:Membracoidea
1224:Cicadomorpha
1196:Paraneoptera
1194:Superorder:
1188:Infraclass:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:the original
1070:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:(in Spanish)
1031:
1023:
1018:
1014:
996:
984:
977:
952:Roquero, A.
937:
925:
907:
902:
852:
847:
823:
811:
788:3573: 33–39.
785:
780:
776:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
685:
678:
671:
664:
659:
654:
653:in 2001 and
648:
644:
641:monophyletic
638:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:
599:
596:D. austrinus
595:
589:
585:
577:
571:
567:
551:
545:
527:
496:
473:
469:domesticated
464:
442:
434:
421:
408:
392:
383:, including
374:
371:Distribution
362:
356:
353:lady beetles
346:
340:
328:
327:
314:
300:
294:
288:
284:
274:
262:
257:
247:
229:
218:
210:
206:
193:
192:
191:
184:
164:
163:
146:
123:Infraorder:
40:
24:
18:
3156:Dactylopius
3076:iNaturalist
2964:Dactylopius
2951:Dactylopius
2937:Dactylopius
2931:Wikispecies
2907:Dactylopius
2870:Heteroptera
2724:Artheneidae
2698:Rhopalidae
2659:Megarididae
2641:Plataspidae
2623:Lestoniidae
2592:Dinidoridae
2536:(flat bugs)
2497:(lace bugs)
2479:Reduviidae
2420:Joppeicidae
2408:Curaliidae
2281:Naucoridae
2273:Naucoroidea
2237:Ochteridae
2231:(toad bugs)
2221:Ochteroidea
1969:Gerromorpha
1861:Heteroptera
1819:Homotomidae
1809:Calophyidae
1804:Aphalaridae
1740:(mealybugs)
1469:Nogodinidae
1464:Meenoplidae
1431:Fulgoridae
1406:Delphacidae
1378:Fulgoroidea
1233:Cercopoidea
1113:Dactylopius
1109:Dactylopius
987:) extracts.
848:Dactylopius
812:Dactylopius
777:Dactylopius
625:D. opuntiae
617:Dactylopius
586:D. opuntiae
578:O. vulgaris
552:Dactylopius
528:D. confusus
480:Inca Empire
457:natural dye
348:Symherobius
329:Dactylopius
244:Description
230:Dactylopius
194:Dactylopius
165:Dactylopius
127:Coccomorpha
25:Dactylopius
3186:Categories
3153:ScaleNet:
2777:Lygaeidae
2757:Geocoridae
2729:Berytidae
2716:Lygaeoidea
2400:Cimicidae
2384:Cimicoidea
2179:Corixidae
2171:Corixoidea
2154:Nepomorpha
1829:Psyllidae
1796:Psylloidea
1775:Adelgidae
1674:Kerriidae
1669:Kermesidae
1587:Aclerdidae
1545:Aphidoidea
1474:Ricaniidae
1459:Lophopidae
1454:Kinnaridae
1279:Cicadoidea
1264:Epipygidae
1254:Cercopidae
1182:Subclass:
1172:Arthropoda
1084:2019-02-18
940:75, 73-77.
744:References
550:of cacti,
536:wood ashes
413:introduced
364:Hyperaspis
358:Chilocorus
351:sp.), and
211:cochineals
113:Suborder:
87:Arthropoda
2842:Largidae
2737:Blissidae
2685:Coreidae
2677:Alydidae
2669:Coreoidea
2654:Canopidae
2628:Phloeidae
2597:Cydnidae
2534:Aradidae
2526:Aradoidea
2495:Tingidae
2135:Omaniidae
2119:Saldidae
2028:Hebridae
2020:Hebroidea
2007:Veliidae
1994:Gerridae
1986:Gerroidea
1859:Suborder
1837:Triozidae
1746:Putoidae
1624:Coccidae
1571:Coccoidea
1561:Aphididae
1510:Suborder
1391:Achilidae
1295:Cicadidae
1285:(cicadas)
1210:Suborder
1184:Pterygota
1164:Kingdom:
1153:Hemiptera
938:Antiquity
635:Diversity
621:D. coccus
619:species.
608:As a pest
584:in 1863.
582:Sri Lanka
560:Australia
548:parasites
519:Salasacas
484:commodity
409:D. coccus
393:D. coccus
323:dispersal
264:D. coccus
258:D. coccus
215:cochineal
185:See text
137:Coccoidea
107:Hemiptera
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
2985:BugGuide
2916:Wikidata
2785:Malcidae
2453:Nabidae
2445:Miridae
2328:Pleidae
2315:Pleoidea
2208:Nepidae
2192:Nepoidea
1551:(aphids)
1439:Gengidae
1426:Flatidae
1411:Derbidae
1401:Cixiidae
1190:Neoptera
1170:Phylum:
1166:Animalia
1155:families
1115:species.
990:Archived
931:Archived
881:Archived
817:Archived
645:D. bassi
461:textiles
387:and the
296:Grusonia
179:Species
152:Signoret
143:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
3164:ZooBank
3094:1278465
3068:2082235
2922:Q677616
2790:Ninidae
2752:Cymidae
1449:Issidae
1178:Insecta
1176:Class:
1151:Extant
1105:Opuntia
786:Zootaxa
779:Costa (
523:Ecuador
511:scarlet
499:crimson
488:royalty
449:pigment
439:crushed
337:spiders
311:instars
285:Opuntia
271:Biology
226:carmine
160:Genus:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
3133:737966
3107:200985
3081:202091
3029:1DACLG
2977:299442
2860:Note:
650:Coccus
594:, and
556:Africa
517:. The
515:purple
455:and a
385:Mexico
277:cactus
173:, 1835
154:, 1875
3141:Plazi
3120:38116
3089:IRMNG
3042:98280
3016:22597
2990:54090
2868:from
2866:clade
1865:(with
580:, in
532:lemon
476:Andes
319:setae
199:genus
197:is a
171:Costa
3115:NCBI
3102:ITIS
3063:GBIF
3024:EPPO
3003:3ZCT
2972:BOLD
1103:The
629:pest
566:was
564:weed
558:and
459:for
401:Peru
361:and
333:ants
293:and
3011:EoL
2998:CoL
2959:AFD
2946:ADW
521:of
507:tin
307:sap
254:wax
223:dye
3188::
3166::
3143::
3130::
3117::
3104::
3091::
3078::
3065::
3052::
3039::
3026::
3013::
3000::
2987::
2974::
2961::
2948::
2933::
2918::
1069:.
1058:^
1004:^
961:^
945:^
915:^
892:^
860:^
831:^
793:^
752:^
604:.
505:;
503:pH
463:.
419:.
391:.
367:.
335:,
256:;
240:.
2876:.
2414:)
2410:(
1871:)
1144:e
1137:t
1130:v
1087:.
283:(
217:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
