49:
567:
1483:
694:
Hence, Deccani experienced cultivation into a literary language under the
Sultanates, alongside its usage as a common vernacular. It also continued to be used by saints and Sufis for preaching. However, the Sultanates did not use Deccani for official purposes, preferring the prestige language Persian
690:
As the language of court and culture, Persian nevertheless served as the model for poetic forms, and a good amount of
Persian and Arabic vocabulary was present in the works of these writers. Hence Deccani attempted to strike a balance between Indian and Persian influences, though it did always retain
446:
The term "Deccani" and its variants are often used in two different contexts: a historical, obsolete one, referring to the medieval-era literary predecessor of Hindi-Urdu; and an oral one, referring to the Urdu dialects spoken in many areas of the Deccan today. Both contexts have intricate historical
707:
in the 17th century connected the southern regions of the subcontinent to the north, and introduced a hegemony of northern tastes. This began the decline of
Deccani poetry, as literary patronage in the region decreased. The sociopolitical context of the period is reflected in Hashmi Bijapuri's poem,
540:
for the linguistically diverse people of the region, primarily where the
Muslims had settled permanently. The Bahmanids greatly promoted Persian, and did not show any notable patronage for Deccani. However, their 150-year rule saw the burgeoning of a local Deccani literary culture outside the court,
2020:
Deccani finds a cultural core in and around
Hyderabad, where the highest concentration of speakers are; Telangana is one of the only four states of India to provide "Urdu" official status. Deccani Urdu in Hyderabad has found a vehicle of expression through humour and wit, which manifests in events
2091:
Deccani is often considered a predecessor of
Hindustani. The Deccani literary tradition is largely responsible for the development of modern Hindustani since contact with southern poets led to a shift in northern tastes and the development of Urdu as a literary language. Deccani also imparted the
1498:
Deccani dialect, and inherits many features from it. The term
Deccani distinguishes the lect from standard Urdu - however, it is commonly considered a "variety" of Urdu, and often gets subsumed under this name, both by its own speakers and the official administration. The demise of the literary
648:
roots of
Deccani without overshadowing it, and borrowed from neighbouring languages (especially Marathi; Matthews states that Dravidian influence was much less). In this regard, Shaheen and Shahid note that literary Deccani has historically been very close to spoken Deccani, unlike the northern
2385:
The
Deccani language developed between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries in the Deccan—it is known to be an old form of Hindi and Urdu. Deccani was influenced by the other languages of the region, that is, it borrowed some words from Telugu, Kannada and Marathi. Deccani was known as the
753:
slowed this down, but despite their patronage of regional culture, Deccani Urdu's literary tradition died. However, the spoken variety has lived on in the
Deccani Muslims, retaining some of its historical features and continuing to be influenced by the neighbouring Dravidian languages.
557:
by Fakhruddin Nizami in the region around Bidar. It is the earliest available manuscript of the Hindavi/Dehlavi/Deccani language, and contains loanwords from local languages such as Telugu and Marathi. Digby suggests that it was not produced in courtly settings.
2008:
in the spoken region. He further divides Telugu Deccani into two linguistic categories, corresponding to Andhra Pradesh, which he says has more Telugu influence; and Telangana, with more influence from standard Urdu. The latter is seen especially in Hyderabad.
2003:
These features are used to different degrees among speakers, as there tends to be regional variation. Mustafa names some varieties of Deccani as "Telugu Dakkhni, Kannada Dakkhni, and Tamil Dakkhni", based on their influence from the dominant
509:, Maharashtra), causing a mass migration; governors, soldiers and common people moved south, bringing the dialect with them. At this time (and for the next few centuries) the cultural centres of the northern Indian subcontinent were under
48:
3346:
643:
Although the poets of this era were well-versed in Persian, they were characterised by a preference for indigenous cultures, and a drive to stay independent of esoteric language. As a result, the language they cultivated emphasised the
545:
in the region (such as Shah Miranji) were an important vehicle of Deccani; they used it in their preachings since regional languages were more accessible (than Persian) to the general population. This era also saw production of the
1527:
Deccani retains some features of medieval Hindustani that have disappeared in contemporary Hindi-Urdu. It is also distinguished by grammar and vocabulary influences from Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu, due to its prolonged use as a
3301:
691:
mutual intelligibility with the northern Dehlavi. This contributed to the cultivation of a distinct Deccani identity, separate from the rulers from the north; many poets proudly extolled the Deccan region and its culture.
582:. These were also Persianate in culture, but were characterised by an affinity towards regional languages. They are largely responsible for the development of the Deccani literary tradition, which became concentrated at
745:
in this variety. His work inspired the Persianate poets of the north to compose in the local dialect, which in their hands became an intermediate predecessor of Hindustani known as
3329:
3339:
2386:
language from the South and it later travelled to the north of India and influenced Khari Boli. It also had a significant influence on the development of Hindi and Urdu.
3334:
735:
The literary centres of the Deccan had been replaced by the capital of the Mughals, so poets migrated to Delhi for better opportunities. A notable example is that of
1515:, especially those with large Muslim populations such as Aurangabad, Nanded, Akola, Amravati, Bijapur, Gulbarga, Mysore and Bangalore. In addition to members of the
1490:
The term Deccani today is given to a Hindustani lect spoken natively by many Muslims from Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra (who are known as the
3649:
2631:
2092:
practice of writing the local vernacular in the Perso-Arabic script, which eventually became the standard practice for Urdu all over the Indian subcontinent.
3616:
2012:
Deccani's use of Urdu as a standard register, and contact with Hindustani (widespread in India), has led to some of its distinctive features disappearing.
590:. Numerous Deccani poets were patronised in this time. According to Shaheen and Shahid, Golconda was the literary home of Asadullah Wajhi (author of
570:
Illustrated page from ibn-e-Nishati's "Phulban" (Flower Garden), a Deccani Urdu rendition of an unknown Persian work. Written under the patronage of
3128:
708:
composed two years after the fall of Bijapur, in a time when many southern poets were pressured to change their language and style for patronage:
749:. This accelerated the downfall of Deccani literature, as Rekhta came to dominate the competing dialects of Mughal Hindustan. The advent of the
1511:
Deccani speakers centre around Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana. Deccani is also spoken in many other urban areas of the Deccan region and
5490:
3399:
3208:
3182:
2463:
2436:
2409:
2349:
2322:
2259:
2234:
1384:
5470:
1258:
1251:
2373:
1853:
Common to Deccani and Urdu but largely restricted to classic literature and rarely used in the standard spoken registers of the latter
3642:
3238:
1393:
5175:
3256:
3051:
3002:
2812:
2602:
A History of the Freedom Movement:Being the Story of Muslim Struggle for the Freedom of Hind-Pakistan, 1707-1947 · Volume 3, Issue 2
3611:
3266:
1114:
930:
368:, and due to this, Deccani has had an influence from the Persian language. In the modern era, it has mostly survived as a spoken
2399:
5485:
3195:
2426:
1407:
1098:
4048:
2849:
2339:
2312:
1244:
1992:
Southern dialects of Deccani preserve diphthongs where northern dialects and standard Urdu have shifted to open-mid vowels
566:
4827:
3865:
3635:
2281:
Deccani Hindi is indebted for its development to the Muslim poets and writers chiefly belonging to the kingdom of Bijapur.
1022:
4798:
2484:
4618:
4464:
3784:
2586:
1421:
1105:
148:
5361:
5495:
5329:
5185:
1500:
1366:
1128:
923:
2600:
1482:
5500:
4895:
3523:
1437:
1265:
916:
909:
4332:
2453:
5510:
5475:
5334:
5035:
5009:
4448:
3596:
3392:
2224:
2143:
2078:(also called Dollywood) is based in Hyderabad and produces movies in Deccani, especially the Hyderabadi dialect.
1146:
1121:
2226:
Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism
5230:
3994:
1375:
1015:
5505:
3247:
Shaheen, Shagufta; Shahid, Sajjad (2018), Azam, Kousar J (ed.), "The Unique Literary Traditions of Dakhnī",
1008:
1001:
937:
610:
521:
502:
153:
133:
5480:
5438:
5307:
4583:
4377:
4204:
3732:
3555:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1157:
841:
792:
138:
5108:
4921:
4407:
4372:
4367:
4199:
3712:
2134:
2075:
2025:", poetic symposiums with comedic themes. An example of Deccani, spoken in such a context at Hyderabad:
1191:
1184:
834:
827:
547:
3281:
1532:
in the Deccan. Below is a non-exhaustive list of its unique features, with standard Urdu equivalents:
5396:
5371:
5240:
5210:
5067:
4847:
4837:
4647:
4226:
3658:
3601:
3571:
3444:
3439:
3385:
1029:
625:
490:
381:
143:
58:
3113:
5443:
5250:
4971:
4956:
4888:
4862:
4852:
4777:
4494:
4284:
4211:
4194:
3939:
3769:
3419:
2005:
1085:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
896:
787:
553:
461:
373:
342:
308:
304:
158:
5255:
5168:
5133:
4905:
4423:
4161:
3851:
3779:
3774:
3606:
3518:
3434:
3366:
3095:
3061:
2859:
2666:
2625:
2106:
850:
782:
629:
614:
583:
571:
5292:
5278:
5448:
5262:
4931:
4900:
4878:
4842:
4684:
4642:
4547:
4489:
4254:
4186:
4174:
4083:
4004:
3984:
3906:
3831:
3748:
3681:
3542:
3318:
3310:
3252:
3234:
3204:
3178:
3170:
3047:
2998:
2845:
2808:
2459:
2432:
2405:
2345:
2318:
2255:
2230:
2022:
1414:
1237:
1231:
1175:
1137:
994:
820:
807:
797:
637:
587:
579:
517:
350:
338:
2299:
The Deccani Hindi Poetry in its earlier phase was not so much Persianised as it became later.
5366:
5356:
5302:
5235:
5138:
5113:
5103:
5082:
5077:
5052:
4991:
4883:
4857:
4820:
4815:
4769:
4715:
4668:
4627:
4578:
4484:
4433:
4352:
4322:
4269:
4259:
4120:
4115:
4107:
4093:
4043:
3999:
3911:
3717:
3666:
3586:
3581:
3358:
3306:
2658:
2647:"Before Timur Came: Provincialization of the Delhi Sultanate through the Fourteenth Century"
777:
772:
510:
465:
397:
365:
5411:
5245:
5200:
5087:
5057:
5014:
4966:
4926:
4832:
4782:
4753:
4731:
4663:
4573:
4533:
4499:
4443:
4438:
4397:
4382:
4362:
4357:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4299:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4216:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4088:
4009:
3934:
3890:
3846:
3841:
3826:
3821:
3764:
3727:
3722:
3576:
3492:
3424:
3073:
2871:
2139:
2129:
2101:
2064:
1165:
814:
802:
494:
486:
440:
436:
429:
425:
385:
334:
320:
316:
206:
125:
3087:
739:(1667–1707), who adapted his Deccani sensibilities to the northern style and produced a
5421:
5163:
5072:
5004:
4999:
4981:
4961:
4748:
4741:
4710:
4604:
4552:
4392:
4387:
4342:
4317:
4309:
4264:
4234:
4179:
4055:
3964:
3929:
3921:
3885:
3836:
3702:
3044:
A Tentative Paradigm for the Study of Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad City
891:
740:
653:. Poet San'ati is a particular example of such conscious efforts to retain simplicity:
482:
405:
389:
377:
346:
223:
97:
606:
Bijapur played host to Hashmi Bijapuri, San‘ati, and Mohammed Nusrati over the years.
267:
5464:
5406:
5062:
4976:
4951:
4736:
4078:
3979:
3550:
3487:
3477:
3429:
3370:
3335:
Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Volume 22 (1963)
1640:
1519:
community, some Hindu Rajputs and Marathas in the Deccan speak Deccani Urdu as well.
1348:
1301:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1215:
1206:
1169:
1091:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
902:
875:
868:
861:
421:
328:
324:
234:
230:
3214:
2807:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–144.
5401:
4169:
3454:
3191:
736:
53:
A folio from the Kitab-i-Navras, a collection of Deccani poetry attributed to the
3226:
4479:
4294:
3800:
3591:
2709:
1343:
417:
85:
4588:
4557:
4528:
3528:
3362:
1360:
1353:
750:
506:
409:
101:
54:
3322:
2662:
5378:
5287:
5267:
3959:
3954:
3686:
1855:
Still commonly used in Deccani, roughly meaning 'that', 'which', or 'hence'
1429:
1401:
704:
650:
624:
It is widely considered to be the earliest Urdu poetry of a secular nature.
619:
475:
413:
401:
260:
248:
93:
89:
2899:
A descriptive study of Dakhni Urdu as spoken in the Chittoor District, A. P
2578:
5416:
5158:
4509:
3974:
3969:
3949:
3707:
3449:
2119:
2111:
1516:
1491:
1450:
can have lax allophones of when preceding consonants in medial position.
645:
525:
116:
2670:
2646:
1730:
Emphasis marker, Matthews comments that this is "probably from Marathi"
5350:
5221:
4694:
4428:
3944:
3627:
3482:
2123:
470:
443:
is the closest of these dialects to Standard Urdu and the most spoken.
393:
17:
4689:
4538:
4513:
4073:
4065:
3989:
3880:
3805:
3502:
3497:
1512:
746:
578:
In the early 16th century, the Bahmani Sultanate splintered into the
542:
349:. It later developed a literary tradition under the patronage of the
312:
80:
609:
The rulers themselves participated in these cultural developments.
4504:
4402:
2455:
Cultural Fusion of Sufi Islam: Alternative Paths to Mystical Faith
2314:
Cultural Fusion of Sufi Islam: Alternative Paths to Mystical Faith
2115:
2051:
1499:
tradition has meant that Deccani uses standard Urdu as its formal
1481:
565:
529:
498:
358:
70:
2374:"Language and Cinema: Schisms in the Representation of Hyderabad"
695:
as well as regional languages like Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu.
5205:
4518:
3408:
1914:
1901:
1704:
Third person plural pronoun, often used in first person as well
369:
354:
315:
region of south-central India and is the native language of the
191:
3631:
3381:
5297:
2925:
2923:
2398:
Emeneau, Murray B.; Fergusson, Charles A. (21 November 2016).
2027:
710:
655:
481:
In the early 14th century, this dialect was introduced in the
372:
and is not a literary language. Deccani differs from northern
105:
3231:
Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories
1318:
can be heard as either voiceless or voiced across dialects.
384:
with and loanwords from the Deccan's regional languages like
3175:
Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations
1639:
First and second person possessive pronouns often used with
1494:). It is considered to be the modern, spoken variety of the
319:. The historical form of Deccani sparked the development of
2844:. University of California Press. pp. 837 & 839.
2338:
Kellman, Steven G.; Lvovich, Natasha (30 September 2021).
435:
There are three primary dialects of Deccani spoken today:
3129:"Deccanwood: An Indian film industry taking on Bollywood"
2541:
2539:
727:
Your poetry is Dakhni, and only in it should you narrate
640:), a work of musical poetry written entirely in Deccani.
2651:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
3377:
2840:
Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003). Pollock, Sheldon (ed.).
2526:
2524:
3109:
3088:"Ghouse Khamakhan (Part 1): Dakhani Mazahiya Mushaira"
2511:
2509:
1887:
Conjunctive participle, all three are used in Deccani
725:
Why bother about patrons, in your own words do state;
536:
from the name of the region itself, and had become a
2946:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22 & 426.
2048:
It was but me who did something different altogether
5387:
5343:
5320:
5276:
5219:
5193:
5184:
5151:
5126:
5096:
5045:
5034:
5027:
4990:
4944:
4914:
4871:
4808:
4797:
4762:
4724:
4703:
4677:
4656:
4635:
4626:
4617:
4597:
4566:
4472:
4463:
4416:
4308:
4225:
4160:
4153:
4106:
4064:
4036:
4029:
4022:
3920:
3899:
3873:
3864:
3814:
3793:
3757:
3741:
3695:
3674:
3665:
3564:
3541:
3511:
3470:
3463:
617:wrote poetry in Deccani, which was compiled into a
364:The official language of the Deccan Sultanates was
353:. Deccani itself came to influence modern standard
341:, as trade and migration from the north introduced
258:
246:
241:
220:
200:
182:
122:
112:
76:
66:
34:
3330:Urban culture of Medieval Deccan (1300 AD-1650 AD)
3300:
3280:
3197:From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History
2341:The Routledge Handbook of Literary Translingualism
682:For them Dakhnī is a readily understood language.
541:as religious texts were made in the language. The
532:. By this time, the dialect had acquired the name
2277:Social, Economic, and Cultural History of Bijapur
2046:It's a coward who fears death while still alive,
420:. Deccani has been increasingly influenced by
376:sociolects due to archaisms retained from the
3643:
3393:
3274:(in Hindi), Allahabad: Hindi Sahitya Sammelan
2884:
2827:
2790:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2695:
2683:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
8:
3249:Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad
2479:
2477:
2475:
2295:A Comparative Phonology of Hindi and Panjabi
2252:Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad
675:I have restricted the use of Sanskrit words,
3042:Sharma, R.S. (2018). Azam, Kousar J (ed.).
2997:. Cambridge University Press. p. 413.
2033:buzdil hai woh jo jīte jī marne se ḍar gayā
5190:
5042:
5031:
4805:
4632:
4623:
4469:
4157:
4033:
4026:
3870:
3671:
3650:
3636:
3628:
3467:
3400:
3386:
3378:
2630:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2279:. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. p. 141.
2035:ek mai-ich thā jo kām hī kuch aur kar gayā
1985:
1983:
1972:
1970:
1957:
1955:
1944:
1942:
1913:
1911:
1900:
1898:
1562:First and second person singular pronouns
288:
280:
47:
40:
31:
2914:Dakhini Urdu : history and structure
2805:A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761
2618:Dakhini Urdu : History and Structure
1503:(i.e. for writing, news, education etc).
3029:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2929:
2778:
2730:
2297:. Panjabi Sahitya Akademi. p. xii.
1578:First and second person plural pronouns
1534:
1337:
766:
524:as its capital. This was later moved to
485:region through the military exploits of
3233:, Allied Publishers, pp. 185–186,
3171:"Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language"
3017:
2545:
2215:
2161:
680:Those who have no knowledge of Persian;
3098:from the original on 12 December 2021.
3069:
3059:
2867:
2857:
2623:
2530:
2515:
2500:
2404:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
2039:maĩ walaikum salām bola aur mar gayā.
1473:can be heard as in initial positions.
3110:"A Tongue Tied: The Story of Dakhani"
2901:. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University.
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
703:The Mughal conquest of the Deccan by
677:And made it free of unnecessary talk.
199:
7:
3351:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
3287:(Thesis). SOAS University of London.
2710:"Eighty Years of Dakani Scholarship"
2605:. Pakistan Historical Society. 1957.
2037:jab maut āko mereku karne lagī salām
649:tradition that has always exhibited
3229:, in Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (ed.),
3152:
2589:from the original on 29 April 2011.
2557:
1923:Deccani speakers have fully merged
1882:jākē/jākar, dʰōkē/dʰōkar/, ākē/ākar
574:, depicted here seated on a throne.
27:Indo-Aryan language spoken in India
3340:Deccani Painting by Mark Zebrowski
3116:from the original on 6 April 2009.
2372:Kama Maclean (26 September 2021).
718:terā shēr dakhnī hai dakhnīch bōl
661:rakhiyā kam sanskrit ke is me bōl,
468:spoken around Delhi then known as
25:
3357:(2). Bombay University: 137–138.
3345:Mohammed Abdul Muid Khan (1963).
2250:Azam, Kousar J. (9 August 2017).
2056:I said "walaikum salam" and died
1803:'with', both are used in Deccani
1436:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1300:
1291:
1284:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1214:
1190:
1183:
1156:
1145:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1104:
1097:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
874:
867:
849:
840:
833:
826:
464:, Deccani has its origins in the
439:, Mysore Urdu, and Madrasi Urdu.
5353:(unknown further classification)
3309:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
3268:दक्खिनी हिन्दी का उद्भव और विकास
2620:. New Delhi. pp. 3 & 6.
2050:When Death came to me and said "
3347:"The Arabian Poets of Golconda"
3094:. Siasat Daily. 19 March 2011.
2485:"Urdu-Phonology and Morphology"
2452:Alam, Sarwar (19 August 2019).
2311:Alam, Sarwar (19 August 2019).
1608:Third person singular pronouns
3617:Uddin & Begum Romanisation
3317:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
3283:Dakani Language and Literature
2275:Verma, Dinesh Chandra (1990).
1486:Areas where Deccani is spoken.
716:tuje chākrī kya tu apnīch bōl,
668:sō dakhnī zabān us kō āsān he
663:adīk bōlne te rakhiyā hũ amōl;
1:
3612:Progressive Writers' Movement
3299:Gricourt, Marguerite (2015).
3046:. Routledge. pp. 32–33.
2842:Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1
1623:Third person plural pronouns
666:jise fārsī kā na kuch gyān he
5491:Central Indo-Aryan languages
2897:Mustafa, Khateeb S. (1985).
2293:Arun, Vidya Bhaskar (1961).
1761:'on' or 'at' (postposition)
1427:
1399:
1358:
528:and once again, in 1430, to
5471:Culture of Hyderabad, India
3279:Matthews, David J. (1976).
3203:, Oxford University Press,
2708:Matthews, David J. (1993).
2425:Imam, Syeda (14 May 2008).
2146:which goes by the same name
1838:'it seems' or 'apparently'
1788:Plural future tense marker
520:was formed in 1347 AD with
460:As a predecessor of modern
5527:
3173:, in Michael Clyne (ed.),
2714:The Annual of Urdu Studies
2223:Khan, Abdul Jamil (2006).
5430:
3415:
3363:10.1017/S0035869X00123299
2993:Masica, Colin P. (1993).
2942:Masica, Colin P. (1993).
2912:Schmidt, Ruth L. (1981).
2885:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2828:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2791:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2767:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2755:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2743:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2696:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2684:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2616:Schmidt, Ruth L. (1981).
2401:Linguistics in South Asia
1996:
1984:
1971:
1956:
1943:
1912:
1899:
1543:Standard Urdu equivalent
1507:Geographical distribution
1453:Diphthong sounds include
1435:
1359:
1230:
1164:
1126:
1084:
890:
813:
769:
46:
39:
5231:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2995:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2944:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2830:, p. 116 & 143.
2663:10.1163/1568520041974657
2171:is spelled variously as
1820:(first person negative)
424:, especially noticed in
400:spoken in the states of
2803:Eaton, Richard (2005).
1463:can be heard as after
1325:of Urdu is merged with
611:Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
5486:Languages of Telangana
5439:Indo-Iranian languages
3556:Hindi-Urdu controversy
3315:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2044:
2031:
1487:
723:
714:
673:
659:
575:
428:, which serves as its
5109:Maharashtrian Konkani
3225:Mustafa, K.S (2008),
3177:, Walter de Gruyter,
3169:Dua, Hans R. (2012),
2645:Digby, Simon (2004).
2583:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2229:. Algora Publishing.
2135:Deccani film industry
2076:Deccani film industry
1783:kal jāyẽge, ab karẽge
1485:
569:
513:linguistic hegemony.
327:. Deccani arose as a
61:(16th-17th centuries)
5397:Andaman Creole Hindi
4828:Bishnupriya Manipuri
4648:Caribbean Hindustani
3659:Indo-Aryan languages
3265:Sharma, Ram (1964),
2428:The Untold Charminar
1962:(southern dialects)
1772:kal jaĩgā, ab karĩgā
1753:(southern dialects)
1631:(northern dialects)
1570:(southern dialects)
1554:(southern dialects)
626:Ibrahim Adil Shah II
491:Muhammad bin Tughluq
59:Ibrahim Adil Shah II
5444:Nuristani languages
5176:Mitanni superstrate
3785:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
3155:, pp. 383–384.
2916:. Bahri, New Delhi.
1619:un, un lōg, woh log
1536:
554:Kadam Rao Padam Rao
307:based on a form of
305:Indo-Aryan language
5496:Languages of India
5330:Proto-Indo-Iranian
5211:Early Ardhamagadhi
3305:. In Fleet, Kate;
3220:on 10 October 2014
2983:, p. 222-224.
2932:, p. 221-222.
2887:, p. 118-119.
2793:, p. 106-108.
2769:, p. 103-104.
2757:, p. 101-103.
2673:– via JSTOR.
2107:Urdu in Aurangabad
2074:Additionally, the
2006:Dravidian language
1629:mer(e)kū, ter(e)kū
1614:uno, uno logã, unõ
1593:Possessive marker
1535:
1488:
636:(Book of the Nine
615:Golconda Sultanate
594:), ibn-e-Nishati (
576:
572:Abdullah Qutb Shah
505:(near present-day
416:and some parts of
339:Bahmani Sultanates
325:late-Mughal period
5501:Deccan sultanates
5458:
5457:
5449:Iranian languages
5316:
5315:
5236:Dramatic Prakrits
5147:
5146:
5122:
5121:
5023:
5022:
4940:
4939:
4896:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
4793:
4792:
4613:
4612:
4459:
4458:
4449:list of languages
4149:
4148:
4102:
4101:
4018:
4017:
3860:
3859:
3625:
3624:
3537:
3536:
3210:978-0-19-906313-0
3184:978-3-11-088814-0
3133:www.aljazeera.com
2577:Matthews, David.
2465:978-0-429-87294-5
2438:978-81-8475-971-6
2411:978-3-11-081950-2
2351:978-1-000-44153-6
2324:978-0-429-87294-5
2261:978-1-351-39399-7
2236:978-0-87586-438-9
2072:
2071:
2023:Mazahiya Mushaira
2001:
2000:
1444:
1443:
1312:
1311:
733:
732:
688:
687:
630:Bijapur Sultanate
580:Deccan Sultanates
518:Bahmani Sultanate
351:Deccan Sultanates
274:
273:
16:(Redirected from
5518:
5511:Deccani language
5476:Dialects of Urdu
5335:Proto-Indo-Aryan
5191:
5114:Canarese Konkani
5043:
5032:
4806:
4633:
4624:
4470:
4158:
4034:
4027:
3871:
3672:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3468:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3374:
3326:
3304:
3288:
3286:
3275:
3273:
3261:
3243:
3221:
3219:
3213:, archived from
3202:
3187:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2574:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2470:
2469:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2369:
2356:
2355:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2220:
2203:
2166:
2028:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1867:jāko, dʰōko, āko
1599:un, in, une, ine
1537:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1338:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1304:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1218:
1209:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1160:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
940:
933:
926:
919:
912:
905:
878:
871:
864:
853:
844:
837:
830:
823:
767:
711:
656:
497:'s capital from
295:; also known as
290:
282:
270:
251:
226:
128:
51:
42:
32:
21:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5426:
5389:
5383:
5339:
5322:
5312:
5272:
5215:
5201:Ashokan Prakrit
5180:
5143:
5118:
5092:
5037:
5019:
4986:
4936:
4910:
4867:
4800:
4789:
4758:
4720:
4699:
4673:
4652:
4609:
4593:
4562:
4534:Hyderabadi Urdu
4455:
4412:
4304:
4221:
4145:
4098:
4089:Pahari-Pothwari
4060:
4014:
3995:Pahari Kinnauri
3916:
3895:
3856:
3822:Indus Kohistani
3815:Hazara Division
3810:
3789:
3753:
3737:
3691:
3661:
3656:
3626:
3621:
3560:
3533:
3519:Aurangabad Urdu
3507:
3459:
3411:
3406:
3344:
3311:Rowson, Everett
3298:
3295:
3293:Further reading
3278:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3246:
3241:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3200:
3190:
3185:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3127:Mumtaz, Roase.
3126:
3125:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3068:
3058:
3054:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2866:
2856:
2852:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2576:
2575:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2473:
2466:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2352:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2144:Marathi-Konkani
2142:, a dialect of
2140:Deccani Marathi
2130:Deccani Muslims
2102:Hyderabadi Urdu
2098:
2089:
2084:
2065:Ghouse Khamakha
2058:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2018:
1715:mai idharich hũ
1525:
1509:
1480:
1336:
1277:
1236:
1205:
1174:
1136:
1090:
1039:
993:
947:
901:
895:
860:
819:
796:
781:
765:
760:
729:
726:
720:
717:
701:
684:
681:
679:
678:
676:
670:
667:
665:
664:
662:
598:), and Ghwasi (
564:
487:Alauddin Khalji
474:and now called
466:contact dialect
458:
453:
441:Hyderabadi Urdu
437:Hyderabadi Urdu
430:formal register
426:Hyderabadi Urdu
380:, as well as a
321:Urdu literature
266:
247:
227:
222:
196:
185:
178:
129:
126:Language family
124:
83:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5524:
5522:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5506:Deccan Plateau
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5463:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5359:
5354:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5040:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4812:
4810:
4803:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4630:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4516:
4507:
4502:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4180:Lisan ud-Dawat
4172:
4166:
4164:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
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3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
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3422:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3307:Krämer, Gudrun
3302:"Dakhinī Urdū"
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3276:
3262:
3257:
3244:
3240:978-1139465502
3239:
3222:
3209:
3188:
3183:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3119:
3101:
3079:
3052:
3034:
3032:, p. 179.
3022:
3020:, p. 186.
3010:
3003:
2985:
2973:
2971:, p. 215.
2961:
2949:
2934:
2919:
2904:
2889:
2877:
2850:
2832:
2820:
2813:
2795:
2783:
2781:, p. 283.
2771:
2759:
2747:
2745:, p. 116.
2735:
2733:, p. 170.
2723:
2700:
2698:, p. 124.
2688:
2686:, p. 100.
2676:
2657:(3): 333–335.
2637:
2608:
2592:
2562:
2560:, p. 383.
2550:
2548:, p. 185.
2535:
2520:
2505:
2493:
2471:
2464:
2444:
2437:
2431:. Penguin UK.
2417:
2410:
2390:
2357:
2350:
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2285:
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2260:
2242:
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2097:
2094:
2088:
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2080:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2060:
2059:
2042:
2017:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1963:
1934:
1933:
1921:
1908:
1889:
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1885:
1870:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1816:(imperative),
1811:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1775:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:mẽ idhar hī hũ
1718:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1689:Plural marker
1687:
1677:
1661:
1660:
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764:
761:
759:
756:
731:
730:
721:
700:
697:
686:
685:
671:
634:Kitab-e-Navras
563:
560:
489:. In 1327 AD,
457:
454:
452:
449:
406:Andhra Pradesh
317:Deccani people
311:spoken in the
272:
271:
264:
256:
255:
252:
244:
243:
242:Language codes
239:
238:
228:
224:Writing system
221:
218:
217:
216:
215:
212:
209:
202:
198:
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184:Standard forms
183:
180:
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176:
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171:
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166:
132:
130:
123:
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119:
114:
110:
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98:Andhra Pradesh
78:
74:
73:
68:
67:Native to
64:
63:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5523:
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5509:
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5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:Urdu in India
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
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5423:
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5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5407:Haflong Hindi
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5362:Chinali–Lahul
5360:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5319:
5309:
5308:Khasa Prakrit
5306:
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5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
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5280:
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4709:
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4606:
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4596:
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4584:Chhattisgarhi
4582:
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4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:Rathwi Bareli
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
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4321:
4319:
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4134:
4132:
4129:
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4119:
4117:
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4063:
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4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Mahasu Pahari
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
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3878:
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3863:
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3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
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3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
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3773:
3771:
3768:
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3763:
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3729:
3726:
3724:
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3716:
3714:
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3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Urdu movement
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Standard Urdu
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:9781351393997
3254:
3251:, Routledge,
3250:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3192:Rahman, Tariq
3189:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3063:
3055:
3053:9781351393997
3049:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3030:Matthews 1976
3026:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3004:9780521299442
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:Matthews 1976
2977:
2974:
2970:
2969:Matthews 1976
2965:
2962:
2959:, p. 74.
2958:
2957:Matthews 1976
2953:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2930:Matthews 1976
2926:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2861:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2814:9780521254847
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:Matthews 1976
2775:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2731:Matthews 1976
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:, p. 27.
2532:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2503:, p. 22.
2502:
2497:
2494:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2458:. Routledge.
2457:
2456:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2375:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2344:. Routledge.
2343:
2342:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2317:. Routledge.
2316:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2254:. Routledge.
2253:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2040:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
1995:
1991:
1982:
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1969:
1968:
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1941:
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1823:From Marathi
1822:
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1641:postpositions
1638:
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1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1530:lingua franca
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1459:
1455:/əi,əe,əu,əo/
1452:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
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1213:
1211:
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1198:
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1189:
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1177:
1173:
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1077:
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1059:
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1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
991:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
939:
935:
932:
928:
925:
921:
918:
914:
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904:
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893:
889:
886:
884:
882:
880:
877:
873:
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866:
863:
859:
858:
855:
852:
848:
846:
843:
839:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
818:
816:
812:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
779:
776:
774:
771:
768:
762:
757:
755:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
728:
722:
719:
713:
712:
709:
706:
698:
696:
692:
683:
672:
669:
658:
657:
654:
652:
647:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
621:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
573:
568:
561:
559:
556:
555:
551:
550:
544:
539:
538:lingua franca
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:
473:
472:
467:
463:
455:
450:
448:
444:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:Standard Urdu
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:
330:lingua franca
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:Deccani Hindi
298:
294:
286:
278:
269:
265:
263:
262:
257:
253:
250:
245:
240:
236:
235:Urdu alphabet
232:
229:
225:
219:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
203:
193:
192:Standard Urdu
190:
189:
187:
181:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:Western Hindi
152:
151:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:
134:Indo-European
131:
127:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
60:
56:
50:
45:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5402:Bombay Hindi
5344:Unclassified
5241:Ardhamagadhi
5068:Berar Deccan
4922:Chittagonian
4915:Chittagonian
4523:
4408:Vaagri Booli
4373:Pauri Bareli
4368:Palya Bareli
4333:Dhodia–Kukna
4023:Northwestern
3713:Kundal Shahi
3524:British Urdu
3354:
3350:
3314:
3282:
3267:
3248:
3230:
3215:the original
3196:
3174:
3163:Bibliography
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:
3122:
3104:
3091:
3082:
3043:
3037:
3025:
3018:Mustafa 2008
3013:
2994:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2943:
2937:
2913:
2907:
2898:
2892:
2880:
2841:
2835:
2823:
2804:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2617:
2611:
2601:
2595:
2582:
2553:
2546:Mustafa 2008
2518:, p. 4.
2496:
2454:
2447:
2427:
2420:
2400:
2393:
2384:
2377:. Retrieved
2340:
2333:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2251:
2245:
2225:
2218:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2090:
2073:
2045:
2032:
2019:
2011:
2002:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1798:
1793:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1635:mujhe, tujhe
1634:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1529:
1526:
1510:
1495:
1489:
741:
737:Wali Deccani
734:
724:
715:
702:
693:
689:
674:
660:
642:
633:
618:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
577:
552:
548:
537:
533:
515:
493:shifted his
478:
469:
459:
445:
434:
378:medieval era
363:
329:
300:
297:Deccani Urdu
296:
292:
284:
276:
275:
259:
231:Perso-Arabic
163:
149:Central Zone
139:Indo-Iranian
29:
5390:and creoles
5372:Lahul Lohar
5251:Maharashtri
4848:Mal Paharia
4838:Kharia Thar
4480:Braj Bhasha
3582:Informatics
3138:23 February
3070:|work=
2868:|work=
2531:Rahman 2011
2516:Rahman 2011
2501:Rahman 2011
2379:12 February
1818:nahĩ cāhiye
1232:Approximant
418:Maharashtra
382:convergence
323:during the
86:Maharashtra
5465:Categories
5293:Apabhraṃśa
5279:Apabhraṃśa
5256:Shauraseni
4972:Bodo Parja
4957:Sambalpuri
4889:Goalpariya
4863:Tanchangya
4853:Noakhailla
4778:Bote-Darai
4589:Fiji Hindi
4558:Sadhukkadi
4529:Judeo-Urdu
4495:Hindustani
4285:Shekhawati
4227:Rajasthani
4212:Saurashtra
3940:Bhadarwahi
3770:Gawar-Bati
3577:Literature
3529:Roman Urdu
3493:Hyderabadi
3445:Vocabulary
3420:Hindustani
2851:0520228219
2151:References
2087:Hindustani
1568:hame, tume
1496:historical
1478:Modern era
763:Consonants
751:Asaf Jahis
646:Sanskritic
522:Daulatabad
507:Aurangabad
503:Daulatabad
462:Hindustani
410:Tamil Nadu
374:Hindustani
357:and later
347:the Deccan
343:Hindustani
333:under the
309:Hindustani
207:Hyderabadi
159:Hindustani
144:Indo-Aryan
102:Tamil Nadu
55:Adil Shahi
5379:Sheikhgal
5323:languages
5288:Abahattha
5268:Paishachi
5169:Classical
5134:Maldivian
4906:Surjapuri
4872:Kamarupic
4774:Kuswaric
4636:Bhojpuric
4424:Khandeshi
3960:Chambeali
3955:Bilaspuri
3852:Mankiyali
3780:Shumashti
3775:Nangalami
3687:Kishtwari
3464:Varieties
3440:Phonology
3371:163860407
3323:1873-9830
3227:"Dakkhni"
3072:ignored (
3062:cite book
2870:ignored (
2860:cite book
2626:cite book
2210:Citations
2112:Nawayathi
1997:Sources:
1736:kaiku, ki
1584:kane, kan
1092:voiceless
1086:Fricative
949:aspirated
903:voiceless
897:Affricate
793:Post-alv.
788:Retroflex
758:Phonology
705:Aurangzeb
651:diglossia
632:produced
620:kulliyyāt
495:Sultanate
476:Old Hindi
414:Karnataka
402:Telangana
261:Glottolog
249:ISO 639-3
113:Ethnicity
94:Telangana
90:Karnataka
5435:See also
5417:Nefamese
5412:Nagamese
5303:Kamarupi
5263:Gāndhārī
5220:Middle (
5159:Sanskrit
5097:Konkanic
5046:Marathic
5036:Marathi–
5028:Southern
4932:Rohingya
4901:Rangpuri
4879:Assamese
4843:Kurmukar
4821:dialects
4801:Kamarupa
4685:Maithili
4678:Maithili
4643:Bhojpuri
4548:Kannauji
4510:Hinglish
4490:Haryanvi
4255:Dhundari
4205:Wadiyara
4187:Jandavra
4175:Gujarati
4162:Gujarati
4084:Khetrani
4049:dialects
4005:Sirmauri
3985:Jaunsari
3975:Mandeali
3970:Pangwali
3950:Bhateali
3907:Garhwali
3866:Northern
3832:Chilisso
3708:Brokskat
3682:Kashmiri
3675:Kashmiri
3543:Politics
3488:Dhakaiya
3471:Dialects
3450:Nastaliq
3430:Alphabet
3313:(eds.).
3194:(2011),
3153:Dua 2012
3114:Archived
3096:Archived
2720:: 92–93.
2671:25165052
2587:Archived
2558:Dua 2012
2197:Dakkhini
2193:Dakkhani
2120:Honnavar
2096:See also
2021:called "
1973:(ـَے)
1945:(ـَے)
1872:suffix -
1861:suffix -
1834:lagta hē
1766:suffix -
1709:suffix -
1664:suffix -
1540:Deccani
1523:Features
1501:register
1492:Deccanis
783:Alveolar
600:Tutinama
584:Golconda
526:Gulbarga
303:) is an
268:dakh1244
201:Dialects
117:Deccanis
5388:Pidgins
5367:Chinali
5357:Bazigar
5351:Badeshi
5246:Magadhi
5222:Prakrit
5139:Sinhala
5127:Insular
5104:Konkani
5083:Katkari
5078:Phudagi
5058:Varhadi
5053:Marathi
5038:Konkani
5010:Bhunjia
4884:Kamrupi
4858:Sylheti
4816:Bengali
4809:Bengali
4770:Kumhali
4737:Kochila
4725:Tharuic
4716:Kurmali
4704:Sadanic
4695:Bajjika
4669:Khortha
4619:Eastern
4579:Bagheli
4567:Eastern
4524:Deccani
4500:Kauravi
4485:Bundeli
4473:Western
4465:Central
4434:Dawoodi
4429:Lambadi
4353:Bhilori
4323:Bhilali
4270:Marwari
4260:Harauti
4200:Parkari
4154:Western
4121:Kholosi
4116:Jadgali
4094:Saraiki
4044:Punjabi
4037:Eastern
4030:Punjabi
4000:Hinduri
3945:Churahi
3922:Western
3912:Kumaoni
3900:Central
3874:Eastern
3801:Kalasha
3794:Chitral
3749:Pashayi
3742:Pashayi
3718:Kalkoti
3602:Writers
3483:Dakhini
3455:Braille
3435:Grammar
3425:History
3092:YouTube
2201:Dakkani
2189:Dakhini
2185:Dakhani
2169:Deccani
2124:Bhatkal
2016:Culture
1799:ke sātʰ
1757:par, pē
1695:ap(p)an
1574:ham, āp
1558:mẽ, tum
1552:mai, tu
1517:Deccani
1349:Central
1279:breathy
1207:breathy
1041:breathy
862:breathy
808:Glottal
798:Palatal
699:Decline
628:of the
613:of the
596:Phulban
592:Sab Ras
588:Bijapur
549:masnavi
534:Dakhni,
511:Persian
471:Dehlavi
451:History
398:Marathi
394:Kannada
366:Persian
293:dakhanī
277:Deccani
214:Madrasi
164:Deccani
35:Deccani
5321:Proto-
5277:Late (
5186:Middle
5088:Kadodi
5015:Nahari
4992:Halbic
4967:Bhatri
4927:Chakma
4833:Hajong
4799:Gauda–
4783:Danwar
4763:Others
4754:Musasa
4690:Angika
4664:Magahi
4657:Magahi
4628:Bihari
4598:Others
4574:Awadhi
4539:Rekhta
4514:Urdish
4444:Romani
4439:Domari
4417:Others
4398:Vasavi
4383:Pardhi
4363:Magari
4358:Mawchi
4348:Bauria
4338:Dhanki
4328:Chodri
4300:Nimadi
4290:Dhatki
4280:Mewari
4275:Mewati
4250:Gujari
4245:Loarki
4240:Goaria
4217:Vaghri
4141:Sindhi
4136:Memoni
4131:Luwati
4126:Kutchi
4108:Sindhi
4074:Hindko
4066:Lahnda
4010:Sarazi
3990:Kullui
3935:Kangri
3891:Nepali
3881:Doteli
3847:Tirahi
3842:Kalami
3827:Bateri
3806:Khowar
3765:Dameli
3728:Palula
3723:Ushoji
3667:Dardic
3592:Poetry
3587:Cinema
3572:Awards
3503:Urdish
3498:Rekhta
3369:
3321:
3255:
3237:
3207:
3181:
3050:
3001:
2848:
2811:
2669:
2579:"Urdu"
2462:
2435:
2408:
2348:
2321:
2258:
2233:
2181:Dakhni
2177:Dakani
2082:Legacy
1986:(ـَو)
1958:(ـَو)
1814:mat/na
1794:sangāt
1745:'why'
1700:āp lōg
1604:us, is
1546:Notes
1513:Mumbai
1334:Vowels
1238:voiced
1176:voiced
1138:voiced
995:voiced
821:voiced
778:Dental
773:Labial
747:Rekhta
562:Growth
483:Deccan
456:Origin
447:ties.
386:Telugu
313:Deccan
285:dakanī
211:Mysore
81:Deccan
77:Region
18:Dakhni
5422:Vedda
5194:Early
5164:Vedic
5073:Varli
5005:Kamar
5000:Halbi
4982:Kupia
4962:Desia
4749:Majhi
4742:Buksa
4732:Tharu
4711:Sadri
4605:Parya
4553:Sansi
4505:Hindi
4403:Wagdi
4393:Kalto
4388:Gamit
4343:Dubli
4318:Bhili
4265:Malvi
4235:Bagri
4195:Kachi
4191:Koli
4056:Sansi
3965:Gaddi
3930:Dogri
3886:Jumli
3837:Gowro
3758:Kunar
3703:Shina
3696:Shina
3607:Poets
3597:Music
3512:Forms
3367:S2CID
3272:(PDF)
3218:(PDF)
3201:(PDF)
2667:JSTOR
2488:(PDF)
2173:Dakni
2156:Notes
2116:Kumta
2052:salam
1927:with
1809:nakko
1674:mardã
1448:/e,o/
1344:Front
1166:Trill
815:Nasal
803:Velar
742:divan
638:Rasas
543:Sufis
530:Bidar
499:Delhi
390:Tamil
359:Hindi
335:Delhi
299:and
289:دکھنی
71:India
57:king
5206:Pāli
5063:Andh
4977:Reli
4952:Odia
4945:Odia
4519:Urdu
4310:Bhil
4079:Inku
3733:Sawi
3565:Arts
3409:Urdu
3319:ISSN
3253:ISBN
3235:ISBN
3205:ISBN
3179:ISBN
3140:2018
3074:help
3048:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2872:help
2846:ISBN
2809:ISBN
2632:link
2460:ISBN
2433:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2381:2024
2346:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2199:and
1876:or -
1829:kate
1670:logã
1653:tera
1645:mera
1471:/əu/
1461:/əi/
1361:High
1354:Back
1321:The
892:Stop
586:and
516:The
370:lect
355:Urdu
337:and
281:دکنی
41:دکنی
5298:Elu
5152:Old
4170:Aer
3359:doi
2659:doi
2054:",
1920:)
1907:)
1878:kar
1779:ẽge
1768:ĩgā
1741:kyũ
1711:ich
1683:, -
1589:pās
1465:/h/
1430:Low
1402:Mid
1327:/x/
1323:/q/
1316:/h/
1170:Tap
1069:dʒʱ
977:tʃʰ
501:to
345:to
287:or
106:Goa
5467::
4295:Od
3365:.
3355:96
3353:.
3349:.
3131:.
3112:.
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