1324:
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1907:
1813:(or 'spoke') nodes. The repeaters are used to extend the maximum transmission distance of the physical layer, the point-to-point distance between the central node and the peripheral nodes. Repeaters allow greater transmission distance, further than would be possible using just the transmitting power of the central node. The use of repeaters can also overcome limitations from the standard upon which the physical layer is based.
2001:
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1036:(untwisted and possibly unshielded) has been a cost-effective media for serial protocols, especially within metallic enclosures or rolled within copper braid or foil, over short distances, or at lower data rates. Several serial network protocols can be deployed without shielded or twisted pair cabling, that is, with flat or ribbon cable, or a hybrid flat and twisted ribbon cable, should
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768:), a common computer network installation. Any given node in the LAN has one or more physical links to other devices in the network; graphically mapping these links results in a geometric shape that can be used to describe the physical topology of the network. A wide variety of physical topologies have been used in LANs, including
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in a closed loop. Data travels around the ring in one direction. When one node sends data to another, the data passes through each intermediate node on the ring until it reaches its destination. The intermediate nodes repeat (retransmit) the data to keep the signal strong. Every node is a peer; there
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In star topology, every peripheral node (computer workstation or any other peripheral) is connected to a central node called a hub or switch. The hub is the server and the peripherals are the clients. The network does not necessarily have to resemble a star to be classified as a star network, but all
1769:
In a distributed bus network, all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium with more than two endpoints, created by adding branches to the main section of the transmission medium – the physical distributed bus topology functions in exactly the same fashion as the
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In a linear bus network, all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has just two endpoints. When the electrical signal reaches the end of the bus, the signal is reflected back down the line, causing unwanted interference. To prevent this, the two endpoints of
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A signal containing the address of the intended receiving machine travels from a source machine in both directions to all machines connected to the bus until it finds the intended recipient, which then accepts the data. If the machine address does not match the intended address for the data, the data
1700:
sends a message, the message is processed by each computer in the ring. An advantage of the ring is that the number of transmitters and receivers can be cut in half. Since a message will eventually loop all of the way around, transmission does not need to go both directions. Alternatively, the ring
1403:
Repeaters work within the physical layer of the OSI model, that is, there is no end-to-end change in the physical protocol across the repeater, or repeater pair, even if a different physical layer may be used between the ends of the repeater, or repeater pair. Repeaters require a small amount of time
823:, the locations of nodes, and the links between the nodes and the cabling. The physical topology of a network is determined by the capabilities of the network access devices and media, the level of control or fault tolerance desired, and the cost associated with cabling or telecommunication circuits.
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As in the conventional star network, individual nodes may thus still be isolated from the network by a single-point failure of a transmission path to the node. If a link connecting a leaf fails, that leaf is isolated; if a connection to a non-leaf node fails, an entire section of the network becomes
1800:
The star topology is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. One advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes. The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub represents a single point of failure. Also, since all peripheral communication
1603:
is a network device for controlling network security and access rules. Firewalls are typically configured to reject access requests from unrecognized sources while allowing actions from recognized ones. The vital role firewalls play in network security grows in parallel with the constant increase in
1113:
is a glass fiber. It carries pulses of light that represent data. Some advantages of optical fibers over metal wires are very low transmission loss and immunity from electrical interference. Optical fibers can simultaneously carry multiple wavelengths of light, which greatly increases the rate that
826:
In contrast, logical topology is the way that the signals act on the network media, or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to the physical interconnection of the devices. A network's logical topology is not necessarily the same as its physical
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In a partially connected mesh topology, there are at least two nodes with two or more paths between them to provide redundant paths in case the link providing one of the paths fails. Decentralization is often used to compensate for the single-point-failure disadvantage that is present when using a
2008:
In a partially connected network, certain nodes are connected to exactly one other node; but some nodes are connected to two or more other nodes with a point-to-point link. This makes it possible to make use of some of the redundancy of mesh topology that is physically fully connected, without the
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Network nodes are the points of connection of the transmission medium to transmitters and receivers of the electrical, optical, or radio signals carried in the medium. Nodes may be associated with a computer, but certain types may have only a microcontroller at a node or possibly no programmable
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is widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and other work-sites for local area networks. The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire surrounded by an insulating layer (typically a flexible material with a high dielectric constant), which itself is surrounded by a conductive
1122:
Price is a main factor distinguishing wired- and wireless technology options in a business. Wireless options command a price premium that can make purchasing wired computers, printers and other devices a financial benefit. Before making the decision to purchase hard-wired technology products, a
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based on the destination MAC address in each frame. A switch is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the frames to the physical ports involved in the communication rather than all ports connected. It can be thought of as a multi-port bridge. It learns to associate physical ports to MAC
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linking any peripheral node to the central node will result in the isolation of that peripheral node from all others, but the remaining peripheral nodes will be unaffected. However, the disadvantage is that the failure of the central node will cause the failure of all of the peripheral nodes.
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A distributed star is a network topology that is composed of individual networks that are based upon the physical star topology connected in a linear fashion – i.e., 'daisy-chained' – with no central or top level connection point (e.g., two or more 'stacked' hubs, along with their
1152: – Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves are in the low gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Relay stations are spaced approximately 50 km (30 mi) apart.
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portion of the signal is ignored. Since the bus topology consists of only one wire it is less expensive to implement than other topologies, but the savings are offset by the higher cost of managing the network. Additionally, since the network is dependent on the single cable, it can be the
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that provides a computer with the ability to access the transmission media, and has the ability to process low-level network information. For example, the NIC may have a connector for accepting a cable, or an aerial for wireless transmission and reception, and the associated circuitry.
1094:. The transmission speed ranges from 2 million bits per second to 10 billion bits per second. Twisted pair cabling comes in two forms: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP). Each form comes in several category ratings, designed for use in various scenarios.
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is accomplished by connecting each computer in series to the next. If a message is intended for a computer partway down the line, each system bounces it along in sequence until it reaches the destination. A daisy-chained network can take two basic forms: linear and ring.
1505:
addresses by examining the source addresses of received frames. If an unknown destination is targeted, the switch broadcasts to all ports but the source. Switches normally have numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices, and cascading additional switches.
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direct links. Networks designed with this topology are usually very expensive to set up, but provide a high degree of reliability due to the multiple paths for data that are provided by the large number of redundant links between nodes. This topology is mostly seen in
2171:
A daisy chain network can have two types: linear and ring. A linear daisy chain network is like an electrical series, where the first and last nodes are not connected. A ring daisy chain network is where the first and last nodes are connected, forming a loop.
2136:
has individual peripheral nodes (e.g. leaves) which are required to transmit to and receive from one other node only and are not required to act as repeaters or regenerators. Unlike the star network, the functionality of the central node may be distributed.
1816:
A physical extended star topology in which repeaters are replaced with hubs or switches is a type of hybrid network topology and is referred to as a physical hierarchical star topology, although some texts make no distinction between the two topologies.
1184: – Wireless local area networks use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area.
1077:
is the most widely used medium for all telecommunication. Twisted-pair cabling consist of copper wires that are twisted into pairs. Ordinary telephone wires consist of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs. Computer network cabling (wired
1660:
The value of a permanent point-to-point network is unimpeded communications between the two endpoints. The value of an on-demand point-to-point connection is proportional to the number of potential pairs of subscribers and has been expressed as
2144:
To alleviate the amount of network traffic that comes from broadcasting all signals to all nodes, more advanced central nodes were developed that are able to keep track of the identities of the nodes that are connected to the network. These
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layer. The insulation between the conductors helps maintain the characteristic impedance of the cable which can help improve its performance. Transmission speed ranges from 200 million bits per second to more than 500 million bits per second.
1399:
segments from 15 meters to over a kilometer. In most twisted pair
Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than 100 meters. With fiber optics, repeaters can be tens or even hundreds of kilometers apart.
2017:
Hybrid topology is also known as hybrid network. Hybrid networks combine two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example, a
1370:. The three most significant octets are reserved to identify NIC manufacturers. These manufacturers, using only their assigned prefixes, uniquely assign the three least-significant octets of every Ethernet interface they produce.
1462:
to form a single network. This breaks the network's collision domain but maintains a unified broadcast domain. Network segmentation breaks down a large, congested network into an aggregation of smaller, more efficient networks.
1173:
use several radio communications technologies. The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next
2034:. However, a tree network connected to another tree network is still topologically a tree network, not a distinct network type. A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected.
1701:
can be used to improve fault tolerance. If the ring breaks at a particular link then the transmission can be sent via the reverse path thereby ensuring that all nodes are always connected in the case of a single failure.
1687:
puts a two-way link between one computer and the next. However, this was expensive in the early days of computing, since each computer (except for the ones at each end) required two receivers and two transmitters.
1893:
The value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of subscribers, assuming that communicating groups of any two endpoints, up to and including all the endpoints, is approximated by
1394:
at a higher power level, to the other side of an obstruction possibly using a different transmission medium, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. Commercial repeaters have extended
1555:
between networks by processing the routing information included in the packet or datagram (Internet protocol information from layer 3). The routing information is often processed in conjunction with the
1262:
transmitter can be connected by a pair of wires to one receiver, forming two nodes on one link, or a Point-to-Point topology. Some protocols permit a single node to only either transmit or receive (e.g.,
2076:
reduces the probability of a network failure by connecting all of the peripheral nodes (computers, etc.) to a central node. When the physical star topology is applied to a logical bus network such as
1473:
Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have been replaced with routers.
2080:, this central node (traditionally a hub) rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node. All
2168:
Daisy chain topology is a way of connecting network nodes in a linear or ring structure. It is used to transmit messages from one node to the next until they reach the destination node.
1988:
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that affects network performance and may affect proper function. As a result, many network architectures limit the number of repeaters that can be used in a row, e.g., the
Ethernet
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data can be sent, and helps enable data rates of up to trillions of bits per second. Optic fibers can be used for long runs of cable carrying very high data rates, and are used for
2254:
1824:
in the way star networks are connected together. A tier-star topology uses a central node, while a tree topology uses a central bus and can also be referred as a star-bus network.
1515:
is often used loosely to include devices such as routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic based on load or based on application content (e.g., a Web
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is no hierarchical relationship of clients and servers. If one node is unable to retransmit data, it severs communication between the nodes before and after it in the bus.
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technologies, a point-to-point circuit can be set up dynamically and dropped when no longer needed. Switched point-to-point topologies are the basic model of conventional
1363:
749:, or signal types may differ between two different networks, yet their logical topologies may be identical. A network's physical topology is a particular concern of the
1793:
of the peripheral nodes on the network must be connected to one central hub. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the central hub, which acts as a
1160: – Satellites communicate via microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically in
714:, etc.) of a communication network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including
1724:
In local area networks using bus topology, each node is connected by interface connectors to a single central cable. This is the 'bus', also referred to as the
1575:(MOdulator-DEModulator) are used to connect network nodes via wire not originally designed for digital network traffic, or for wireless. To do this one or more
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The simplest topology with a dedicated link between two endpoints. Easiest to understand, of the variations of point-to-point topology, is a point-to-point
2185:. The number of arbitrary forks in mesh networks makes them more difficult to design and implement, but their decentralized nature makes them very useful.
1086:) consists of 4 pairs of copper cabling that can be utilized for both voice and data transmission. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce
1315:, most address network concerns beyond the physical network topology and may be represented as single nodes on a particular physical network topology.
690:
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The study of network topology recognizes eight basic topologies: point-to-point, bus, star, ring or circular, mesh, tree, hybrid, or daisy chain.
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35,786 km (22,236 mi) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals.
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single device as a central node (e.g., in star and tree networks). A special kind of mesh, limiting the number of hops between two nodes, is a
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1560:(or forwarding table). A router uses its routing table to determine where to forward packets. A destination in a routing table can include a
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review of the restrictions and limitations of the selections is necessary. Business and employee needs may override any cost considerations.
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wherein communicating devices are modeled as nodes and the connections between the devices are modeled as links or lines between the nodes.
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layout used to link devices is the physical topology of the network. For conductive or fiber optical mediums, this refers to the layout of
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is a network topology in which there is a direct link between all pairs of nodes. In a fully connected network with n nodes, there are
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methods and protocols. Some networks are able to dynamically change their logical topology through configuration changes to their
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are common for board-level serial communication, particularly between certain types integrated circuits, a common example being
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The extended star network topology extends a physical star topology by one or more repeaters between the central node and the
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that can be tailored to give the required properties for transmission. Modems are commonly used for telephone lines, using a
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1362:(MAC) address—usually stored in the controller's permanent memory. To avoid address conflicts between network devices, the
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This makes it impractical for large networks. This kind of topology does not trip and affect other nodes in the network.
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networks of one or more controllers interconnected with sensors and actuators over, invariably, a physical bus topology.
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held in memory. This lookup table then allows future transmissions to be forwarded to the intended destination only.
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Application of a tetrahedral structure to create a resilient partial-mesh 3-dimensional campus backbone data network
2192:, where a linear or ring topology is used to connect systems in multiple directions. A multidimensional ring has a
940:. The media and protocol standards that enable communication between networked devices over Ethernet are defined by
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must flow through the central hub, the aggregate central bandwidth forms a network bottleneck for large clusters.
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A physical hierarchical star topology can also be referred as a tier-star topology. This topology differs from a
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because data can go into it, however, no further processing is done for said data, i.e. the packets are dropped.
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nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only. The
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is the placement of the various components of a network (e.g., device location and cable installation), while
1926:.) The simplest fully connected network is a two-node network. A fully connected network doesn't need to use
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944:. Ethernet transmits data over both copper and fiber cables. Wireless LAN standards (e.g. those defined by
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This article is about the topology of communication networks. For the topology of electrical networks, see
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The orders of the following wired technologies are, roughly, from slowest to fastest transmission speed.
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star network has an active central node that usually has the means to prevent echo-related problems.
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1243:, which gives slow two-way communication, but does not prevent sending large amounts of information.
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1366:(IEEE) maintains and administers MAC address uniqueness. The size of an Ethernet MAC address is six
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and recording the address/identifier of each connected node and which port it is connected to in a
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between nodes in the network is transmitted over this common transmission medium and is able to be
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847:(AFDX) can be a cascaded star topology of multiple dual redundant Ethernet switches; however, the
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illustrates how data flows within a network. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections,
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2420:. Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics. IGI Global. pp. xvii, 228, 250.
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1267:). Other protocols have nodes that can both transmit and receive into a single channel (e.g.,
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Two basic categories of network topologies exist, physical topologies and logical topologies.
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network interface in the form of an accessory card. A lot of network interfaces are built-in.
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structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically. It is an application of
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that appears, to the user, to be permanently associated with the two endpoints. A child's
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are capable of routing based on layer 3 addressing or additional logical levels. The term
1455:
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1348:
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380:
255:
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1934:. However, since the number of connections grows quadratically with the number of nodes:
2443:"Towards Network X-ities From a Topological Point of View: Evolvability and Scalability"
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between the components determines the logical topology of the network. In comparison,
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2626:, Third Annual International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies, archived from
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2111:(i.e. to and from the central node) plus any delay generated in the central node. An
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of the network. In this topology data being transferred may be accessed by any node.
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expense and complexity required for a connection between every node in the network.
2000:
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There is no need of network server to control the connectivity between workstations.
1867:
When the load on the network increases, its performance is better than bus topology.
1390:, cleans it of unnecessary noise and regenerates it. The signal may be reformed or
925:, these are defined at layers 1 and 2 — the physical layer and the data link layer.
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physical linear bus topology because all nodes share a common transmission medium.
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Aggregate network bandwidth is bottlenecked by the weakest link between two nodes.
1188:
defines a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology known as
1102:
2007 map showing submarine optical fiber telecommunication cables around the world
859:
previously used in aircraft. Logical topologies are often closely associated with
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can have many transceivers connected to a single bus). While the conventional
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Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote devices to LANs.
1135:
Personal computers are very often connected to networks using wireless links.
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Inc, S., (2002) . Networking
Complete. Third Edition. San Francisco: Sybex
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Ethernet hubs and repeaters in LANs have been mostly obsoleted by modern
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1231:
Extending the
Internet to interplanetary dimensions via radio waves, the
1213:
There have been various attempts at transporting data over exotic media:
1079:
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single-transmitter bus connections, thus following the safety model of a
746:
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2746:
2506:"Algorithms for the Logical Topology Design in WDM All-Optical Networks"
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is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices.
2551:
2085:
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894:
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2586:, The Disadvantages of Wired Technology, Laura Acevedo, Demand Media.
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are used to transmit light from one computer/network node to another.
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is a logical ring topology, but is wired as a physical star from the
2816:
Understanding
Computer Science (for Advanced Level): The Study Guide
2100:, the originating node must be able to tolerate the reception of an
2596:
2571:
Advantech Co., Ltd., Cable 50-Pin SCSI Ribbon type # PCL-10152-3E (
1200:
uses visible or invisible light for communications. In most cases,
881:
The transmission media (often referred to in the literature as the
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1999:
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network consists of two or more ring networks connected using a
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1012:) to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network.
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902:
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was a logical bus topology carried on a physical star topology.
2893:
2860:
An
Analysis of Scaling Issues in MPLS-TE Core Networks RFC 5439
2523:
Cable Serial Male To Female 25L 4' DB25 M-DB25 28 AWG 300V Gray
2128:) can be viewed as a collection of star networks arranged in a
2051:
topology is meshed at the core, but tree shaped at the edges.
1516:
1427:
933:
765:
2739:"What is Hybrid Topology ? Advantages and Disadvantages"
2157:
on each port during normal data transmission, examining the
2689:"What bridge devices and bridging do for computer networks"
1258:
device at all. In the simplest of serial arrangements, one
885:) used to link devices to form a computer network include
1358:
networks, each network interface controller has a unique
2556:
CANopen DR-303 V1.0 Cabling and
Connector Pin Assignment
1690:
By connecting the computers at each end of the chain, a
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the bus are normally terminated with a device called a
2217:
1942:
1415:A repeater with multiple ports is known as hub, an
2387:Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions
2248:
1982:
1531:A typical home or small office router showing the
960:uses a building's power cabling to transmit data.
932:of transmission media used in local area network (
1430:networks use hubs to form tiered-star topologies.
1364:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
2504:Leonardi, E.; Mellia, M.; Marsan, M. A. (2000).
2104:of its own transmission, delayed by the two-way
792:, common in vehicles, are primarily distributed
2715:Network Design Basics for Cabling Professionals
2597:"Bergen Linux User Group's CPIP Implementation"
1351:for either the NIC or the computer as a whole.
2778:. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing. p. 16.
2468:
2466:
1833:associated star connected nodes or 'spokes').
34:. For the topology of transport networks, see
2905:
684:
8:
1740:by all nodes in the network simultaneously.
760:Examples of network topologies are found in
2765:
2763:
1404:to regenerate the signal. This can cause a
1347:The NIC responds to traffic addressed to a
2912:
2898:
2890:
1228:. It was implemented in real life in 2001.
691:
677:
502:
286:
40:
2536:Ten ways to bulletproof RS-485 Interfaces
2409:
2407:
2245:
2218:
2216:
1979:
1949:
1941:
1450:connects and filters traffic between two
1983:{\displaystyle c={\frac {n(n-1)}{2}}.\,}
2417:Network Topology in Command and Control
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
808:Diagram of different network topologies
625:
591:
505:
496:
427:
372:
289:
278:
202:
78:
52:
2525:, Part no.: 12408, Jameco Electronics.
1489:is a device that forwards and filters
936:) technology is collectively known as
845:Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet
27:Arrangement of a communication network
2249:{\displaystyle {\frac {n(n-1)}{2}}\,}
7:
2441:Chiang, Mung; Yang, Michael (2004).
2354:Network+ Study Guide, Fourth Edition
2352:Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005).
1918:, all nodes are interconnected. (In
1583:by the digital signal to produce an
1470:Local bridges: Directly connect LANs
827:topology. For example, the original
706:is the arrangement of the elements (
2054:Two other hybrid network types are
1626:Point-to-point (telecommunications)
1466:Bridges come in three basic types:
2188:This is similar in some ways to a
956:signals as a transmission medium.
25:
2004:Partially connected mesh topology
2026:) is a hybrid topology in which
1197:Free-space optical communication
65:
2272:Broadcast communication network
1386:device that receives a network
857:single-transmitter bus topology
3017:Topology of the World Wide Web
2450:Proc. 42nd Allerton Conference
2322:Switched communication network
2236:
2224:
1967:
1955:
1116:undersea communications cables
32:Topology (electrical circuits)
18:Daisy chain (network topology)
1:
2153:the layout of the network by
1910:Fully connected mesh topology
1281:network interface controllers
2770:Sosinsky, Barrie A. (2009).
2717:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
2484:What Are Network Topologies?
2045:(MAU) as a centralized hub.
1337:network interface controller
1220:was a humorous April fool's
2617:A. Hooke (September 2000),
1996:Partially connected network
1118:to interconnect continents.
784:. Conversely, mapping the
718:radio networks, industrial
3059:
2414:Grant, T. J., ed. (2014).
2383:ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007
1886:
1840:
1777:
1717:
1623:
1250:
1138:
874:
29:
3012:
2945:
2927:
2884:Tetrahedron Core Network:
2510:Optical Networks Magazine
1539:network cable connections
1202:line-of-sight propagation
1157:Communications satellites
1092:electromagnetic induction
1000:technology uses existing
911:fiber-optic communication
544:Exponential random (ERGM)
211:Informational (computing)
2282:Computer network diagram
2196:topology, for instance.
2141:isolated from the rest.
2043:multistation access unit
1419:in Ethernet networks, a
1239:Both cases have a large
958:Power line communication
899:power line communication
790:Controller Area Networks
729:Network topology is the
231:Scientific collaboration
2620:Interplanetary Internet
2201:fully connected network
2096:If the central node is
2030:are interconnected via
1916:fully connected network
1902:Fully connected network
1746:single point of failure
1589:digital subscriber line
1233:Interplanetary Internet
660:Category:Network theory
180:Preferential attachment
2459:on September 21, 2013.
2250:
2005:
1984:
1911:
1852:
1789:
1715:
1696:can be formed. When a
1540:
1332:
1218:IP over Avian Carriers
1136:
1103:
1022:printed circuit boards
976:
809:
549:Random geometric (RGG)
2813:Bradley, Ray (2001).
2377:ATIS committee PRQC.
2251:
2126:hierarchical topology
2003:
1985:
1909:
1855:A ring topology is a
1851:Ring network topology
1850:
1788:Star network topology
1787:
1713:
1632:communication channel
1551:device that forwards
1530:
1326:
1275:building blocks of a
1241:round-trip delay time
1134:
1127:Wireless technologies
1101:
971:
875:Further information:
829:twisted pair Ethernet
807:
665:Category:Graph theory
2929:Arrangements of the
2749:on September 9, 2016
2307:Rhizome (philosophy)
2215:
1940:
1714:Bus network topology
1638:is one example of a
1509:Multi-layer switches
1360:Media Access Control
1222:Request for Comments
1044:constraints permit:
861:media access control
1535:telephone line and
1209:Exotic technologies
1162:geostationary orbit
919:wireless networking
817:transmission medium
762:local area networks
716:command and control
469:Degree distribution
120:Community structure
2921:Network topologies
2713:Bicsi, B. (2002).
2575:#923-PCL-10152-3E)
2573:Mouser Electronics
2312:Scale-free network
2297:Network simulation
2246:
2209:full mesh topology
2006:
1980:
1912:
1853:
1790:
1716:
1640:physical dedicated
1541:
1374:Repeaters and hubs
1333:
1319:Network interfaces
1137:
1104:
1008:, phone lines and
977:
973:Fiber-optic cables
964:Wired technologies
849:AFDX virtual links
810:
747:transmission rates
653:Network scientists
579:Soft configuration
36:Transport topology
3025:
3024:
2939:computer networks
2830:978-0-7487-6147-0
2785:978-0-470-43131-3
2649:U.S. Converters,
2560:CAN in Automation
2540:Texas Instruments
2393:on April 14, 2013
2292:Internet topology
2277:Butterfly network
2243:
2205:complete topology
2109:transmission time
2090:transmission line
2060:hierarchical star
1974:
1922:this is called a
1734:data transmission
1647:circuit-switching
1636:tin can telephone
1458:(layer 2) of the
1423:in USB networks.
1406:propagation delay
1341:computer hardware
1253:Node (networking)
928:A widely adopted
887:electrical cables
877:data transmission
841:media access unit
739:Physical topology
724:computer networks
701:
700:
621:
620:
529:Bianconi–Barabási
423:
422:
241:Artificial neural
216:Telecommunication
16:(Redirected from
3050:
3043:Decentralization
3038:Network topology
2914:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2776:Networking Bible
2772:"Network Basics"
2767:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2745:. Archived from
2735:
2729:
2728:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2691:. Archived from
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2669:. September 1996
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2625:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2593:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2549:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2452:. Archived from
2447:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2389:. Archived from
2374:
2368:
2367:
2349:
2287:Gradient network
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2219:
2176:Decentralization
2147:network switches
2024:star-bus network
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1950:
1928:packet switching
1828:Distributed star
1651:packet-switching
1452:network segments
1277:computer network
1141:Wireless network
952:, or others use
743:logical topology
704:Network topology
693:
686:
679:
564:Stochastic block
554:Hyperbolic (HGN)
503:
366:
355:
287:
195:Social influence
69:
41:
21:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3008:
2987:Switched fabric
2975:Arbitrated loop
2941:
2923:
2918:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2866:
2864:
2863:, February 2009
2857:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2831:
2823:. p. 244.
2812:
2811:
2807:
2798:
2796:
2786:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2663:"Define switch"
2661:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2600:
2599:. Blug.linux.no
2595:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2566:
2550:
2546:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2488:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2379:"mesh topology"
2376:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2267:
2220:
2213:
2212:
2178:
2068:
2015:
1998:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1904:
1891:
1889:Mesh networking
1885:
1874:Disadvantages:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1807:
1795:signal repeater
1782:
1776:
1767:
1765:Distributed bus
1754:
1722:
1708:
1684:linear topology
1671:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1597:
1577:carrier signals
1570:
1549:internetworking
1525:
1483:
1456:data link layer
1444:
1376:
1349:network address
1321:
1255:
1249:
1211:
1180:spread spectrum
1171:and PCS systems
1143:
1129:
966:
879:
873:
851:are modeled as
802:
697:
635:
600:Boolean network
574:Maximum entropy
524:Barabási–Albert
441:
358:
347:
135:Controllability
100:Complex network
87:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
54:Network science
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2965:Point-to-point
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2878:External links
2876:
2873:
2872:
2850:
2829:
2821:Nelson Thornes
2819:. Cheltenham:
2805:
2784:
2759:
2730:
2723:
2705:
2680:
2654:
2651:RS232 Repeater
2642:
2609:
2588:
2577:
2564:
2544:
2527:
2515:
2496:
2474:
2462:
2433:
2426:
2403:
2369:
2362:
2356:. Sybex, Inc.
2338:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:applications.
2242:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2177:
2174:
2134:tree structure
2067:
2066:Centralization
2064:
2014:
2011:
1997:
1994:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1924:complete graph
1903:
1900:
1887:Main article:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1841:Main article:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1806:
1803:
1778:Main article:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1753:
1750:
1718:Main article:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1688:
1674:Daisy chaining
1670:
1667:
1663:Metcalfe's Law
1624:Main article:
1621:
1620:Point-to-point
1618:
1613:
1612:Classification
1610:
1596:
1593:
1569:
1566:
1524:
1521:
1487:network switch
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1448:network bridge
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1375:
1372:
1320:
1317:
1251:Main article:
1248:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1193:
1175:
1165:
1153:
1139:Main article:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1096:
1095:
1082:as defined by
1069:
1040:, length, and
1029:
1013:
990:
965:
962:
883:physical media
872:
869:
867:and switches.
843:. Physically,
801:
798:
794:control system
751:physical layer
699:
698:
696:
695:
688:
681:
673:
670:
669:
668:
667:
662:
656:
655:
650:
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637:
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633:
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589:
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581:
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571:
566:
561:
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551:
546:
541:
539:Watts–Strogatz
536:
531:
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508:
507:
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486:
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388:
383:
375:
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370:
369:
368:
367:
360:Incidence list
356:
349:Adjacency list
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
318:Data structure
315:
310:
305:
300:
292:
291:
283:
282:
276:
275:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
246:Interdependent
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
205:
204:
200:
199:
198:
197:
192:
190:Network effect
187:
185:Balance theory
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
145:Social capital
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
89:
88:
86:
85:
79:
76:
75:
64:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
50:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3055:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
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2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2809:
2806:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2724:9780071782968
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2695:on 2012-04-20
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2633:on 2012-01-13
2629:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2610:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
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2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
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2531:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2427:9781466660595
2423:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2363:0-7821-4406-3
2359:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2327:Switched mesh
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Relay network
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
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2240:
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2202:
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2191:
2186:
2184:
2175:
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2169:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:tree topology
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2073:star topology
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:star networks
2025:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1849:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1822:tree topology
1818:
1814:
1812:
1805:Extended star
1804:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1693:ring topology
1689:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1606:cyber attacks
1602:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:analog signal
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:routing table
1554:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1519:identifier).
1518:
1514:
1510:
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1503:
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1480:
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1426:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1392:retransmitted
1389:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1110:optical fiber
1106:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1017:Signal traces
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:coaxial cable
1003:
999:
998:
995:
991:
987:
986:
985:Coaxial cable
982:
981:
980:
974:
970:
963:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:optical fiber
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
870:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:time-switched
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:repeater hubs
830:
824:
822:
818:
813:
806:
799:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
694:
689:
687:
682:
680:
675:
674:
672:
671:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
638:
631:
628:
627:
624:
615:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
595:
590:
585:
584:LFR Benchmark
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
569:Blockmodeling
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
534:Fitness model
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
509:
504:
501:
500:
495:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:Assortativity
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
444:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
426:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
377:
376:
371:
365:
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
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311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
294:
293:
288:
285:
284:
281:
277:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
207:
206:
203:Network types
201:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
150:Link analysis
148:
146:
143:
141:
140:Graph drawing
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
84:
81:
80:
77:
68:
59:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2992:Tree network
2982:Star network
2970:Ring network
2960:Mesh network
2955:Grid network
2920:
2865:, retrieved
2859:
2853:
2842:. Retrieved
2815:
2808:
2797:. Retrieved
2775:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:the original
2742:
2733:
2714:
2708:
2697:. Retrieved
2693:the original
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2666:
2657:
2645:
2635:, retrieved
2628:the original
2619:
2612:
2601:. Retrieved
2591:
2580:
2567:
2547:
2530:
2518:
2509:
2499:
2489:, retrieved
2487:, 5 May 2011
2483:
2477:
2454:the original
2449:
2436:
2416:
2395:. Retrieved
2391:the original
2382:
2372:
2353:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2190:grid network
2187:
2179:
2170:
2167:
2163:lookup table
2159:data packets
2154:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2097:
2095:
2071:
2069:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2032:bus networks
2023:
2020:tree network
2016:
2007:
1991:
1936:
1932:broadcasting
1920:graph theory
1915:
1913:
1892:
1873:
1863:Advantages:
1862:
1854:
1843:Ring network
1831:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1799:
1791:
1780:Star network
1768:
1755:
1742:
1732: – all
1723:
1691:
1682:
1672:
1659:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1615:
1598:
1591:technology.
1571:
1542:
1512:
1507:
1484:
1465:
1445:
1417:Ethernet hub
1414:
1402:
1377:
1353:
1346:
1334:
1256:
1238:
1225:
1224:, issued as
1212:
1195:
1182:technologies
1177:
1167:
1155:
1147:Terrestrial
1146:
1121:
1108:
1073:Twisted pair
1071:
1033:Ribbon cable
1031:
1015:
992:
983:
978:
929:
927:
882:
880:
825:
814:
811:
759:
742:
738:
735:graph theory
728:
703:
702:
559:Hierarchical
514:Random graph
362: /
351: /
333:Neighborhood
175:Transitivity
155:Optimization
2950:Bus network
2317:Shared mesh
2056:hybrid mesh
1857:daisy chain
1720:Bus network
1669:Daisy chain
1491:OSI layer 2
1186:IEEE 802.11
1010:power lines
1002:home wiring
950:radio waves
946:IEEE 802.11
915:radio waves
731:topological
720:fieldbusses
605:agent based
519:Erdős–Rényi
160:Reciprocity
125:Percolation
110:Small-world
3032:Categories
2931:data links
2867:2024-08-05
2844:2016-03-26
2799:2016-03-26
2753:2018-01-26
2699:2017-10-24
2637:2011-11-12
2603:2014-03-01
2491:2016-09-17
2397:2008-10-10
2334:References
2106:round trip
2082:peripheral
1896:Reed's Law
1811:peripheral
1759:terminator
1752:Linear bus
1562:black hole
1500:) between
1410:5-4-3 rule
1384:electronic
1178:Radio and
1084:IEEE 802.3
942:IEEE 802.3
921:). In the
837:Token Ring
800:Topologies
632:Categories
489:Efficiency
484:Modularity
464:Clustering
449:Centrality
437:Algorithms
261:Dependency
236:Biological
115:Scale-free
3002:Hypertree
2794:359673774
2743:OROSK.COM
2667:Webopedia
2231:−
2183:hypercube
2155:listening
2130:hierarchy
2049:Snowflake
2039:star-ring
1962:−
1655:telephony
1642:channel.
1595:Firewalls
1581:modulated
1494:datagrams
1460:OSI model
1339:(NIC) is
1313:firewalls
1285:repeaters
1265:ARINC 429
1149:microwave
1088:crosstalk
1042:bandwidth
923:OSI model
786:data flow
755:OSI model
381:Bipartite
303:Component
221:Transport
170:Homophily
130:Evolution
105:Contagion
2997:Fat tree
2839:47869750
2673:April 8,
2562:, p. 10.
2542:, p. 5.
2534:AN-1057
2512:: 35–46.
2265:See also
2259:military
2194:toroidal
2132:. This
2124:(a.k.a.
2078:Ethernet
1738:received
1726:backbone
1601:firewall
1537:Ethernet
1481:Switches
1435:switches
1380:repeater
1356:Ethernet
1309:gateways
1297:switches
1283:(NICs),
1279:include
1226:RFC 1149
1169:Cellular
1080:Ethernet
954:infrared
938:Ethernet
891:Ethernet
648:Software
610:Epidemic
592:Dynamics
506:Topology
479:Distance
416:Weighted
391:Directed
386:Complete
290:Features
251:Semantic
46:a series
44:Part of
2552:CANopen
2098:passive
2086:failure
1553:packets
1523:Routers
1454:at the
1442:Bridges
1421:USB hub
1301:routers
1293:bridges
913:), and
895:HomePNA
865:routers
821:cabling
753:of the
432:Metrics
401:Labeled
271:on-Chip
256:Spatial
165:Closure
2837:
2827:
2792:
2782:
2721:
2424:
2360:
2113:active
2013:Hybrid
1645:Using
1573:Modems
1568:Modems
1547:is an
1545:router
1513:switch
1498:frames
1397:RS-232
1388:signal
1382:is an
1368:octets
1311:, and
1305:modems
1273:system
1260:RS-232
1068:, etc.
1054:RS-485
1050:RS-422
1046:RS-232
948:) use
930:family
831:using
643:Topics
497:Models
454:Degree
411:Random
364:matrix
353:matrix
343:Vertex
298:Clique
280:Graphs
226:Social
83:Theory
2935:nodes
2631:(PDF)
2624:(PDF)
2457:(PDF)
2446:(PDF)
2207:, or
2151:learn
2149:will
2088:of a
1914:In a
1730:trunk
1728:, or
1502:ports
1247:Nodes
1190:Wi-Fi
1174:area.
994:ITU-T
871:Links
712:nodes
708:links
629:Lists
459:Motif
406:Multi
396:Hyper
373:Types
313:Cycle
95:Graph
2933:and
2835:OCLC
2825:ISBN
2790:OCLC
2780:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2675:2008
2422:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2102:echo
2070:The
2058:and
2022:(or
1883:Mesh
1837:Ring
1774:Star
1698:node
1579:are
1533:ADSL
1289:hubs
1090:and
1075:wire
1066:SCSI
1062:GPIB
997:G.hn
903:G.hn
815:The
782:star
780:and
778:mesh
770:ring
722:and
338:Path
328:Loop
323:Edge
266:Flow
2937:of
1930:or
1797:.
1706:Bus
1649:or
1517:URL
1428:USB
1354:In
1329:ATM
1327:An
1269:CAN
1107:An
1058:CAN
1038:EMC
1026:SPI
1020:on
934:LAN
905:),
774:bus
766:LAN
757:.
614:SIR
308:Cut
3034::
2833:.
2788:.
2774:.
2762:^
2741:.
2665:.
2558:,
2538:,
2508:.
2465:^
2448:.
2406:^
2385:.
2381:.
2342:^
2203:,
2199:A
2118:A
2062:.
2037:A
1898:.
1761:.
1681:A
1665:.
1657:.
1608:.
1599:A
1543:A
1485:A
1446:A
1412:.
1378:A
1335:A
1307:,
1303:,
1299:,
1295:,
1291:,
1287:,
1064:,
1060:,
1056:,
1052:,
1048:,
901:,
897:,
893:,
776:,
772:,
726:.
710:,
48:on
2913:e
2906:t
2899:v
2847:.
2802:.
2756:.
2727:.
2702:.
2677:.
2606:.
2554:,
2430:.
2400:.
2366:.
2241:2
2237:)
2234:1
2228:n
2225:(
2222:n
1977:.
1972:2
1968:)
1965:1
1959:n
1956:(
1953:n
1947:=
1944:c
1496:(
1437:.
1235:.
1192:.
1028:.
1004:(
917:(
909:(
889:(
764:(
692:e
685:t
678:v
612:/
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
