1521:
involving transgender students, such as "failure to promptly and equitably resolve a transgender student's complaint of sex discrimination; ... failure to assess whether sexual harassment (i.e., unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature) or gender-based harassment (i.e., based on sex stereotyping, such as acts of verbal, nonverbal, or physical aggression, intimidation, or hostility based on sex or sex-stereotyping, such as refusing to use a transgender student's preferred name or pronouns when the school uses preferred names for gender-conforming students or when the refusal is motivated by animus toward people who do not conform to sex stereotypes) of a transgender student created a hostile environment; ... failure to take steps reasonably calculated to address sexual or gender-based harassment that creates a hostile environment; ... retaliation against a transgender student after concerns about possible sex discrimination were brought to the recipient's attention; ... and different treatment based on sex stereotyping (e.g., based on a student's failure to conform to stereotyped notions of masculinity or femininity)."
1406:
Specifically, OCR stated that, although Title IX does not prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, "he fact that the harassment includes anti‐LGBT comments or is partly based on the target's actual or perceived sexual orientation does not relieve a school of its obligation under Title IX to investigate and remedy overlapping sexual harassment or gender‐based harassment." In a 2014 Q&A document, OCR wrote unequivocally that "Title IX's sex discrimination prohibition extends to claims of discrimination based on gender identity or failure to conform to stereotypical notions of masculinity or femininity and OCR accepts such complaints for investigation."
1806:
School district lawyers reached out to Dallas High School administrators informing them that recent interpretations of Title IX provide against discrimination of transgender students. Before allowing Yoder to use the boy's locker room, the school distributed letters to the male students that would share the locker room with Yoder informing them and their parents of the situation. The boys shared photos of the letter on their social media. The next School Board meeting was full of Dallas High School parents determined to change the administration's decision. Many parents voiced their worry regarding their children's safety and privacy. One resident read a
1434:(DOJ) and DOE issued joint guidance to educational institutions on the scope of Title IX, in the form of a Dear Colleague letter and an accompanying compendium of actual policies and practices, which had previously been enacted by state agencies and school districts throughout the U.S. The guidance formalized the administration's previously stated view that Title IX prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender identity and clarified that transgender students should therefore be treated consistent with their gender identity at school.
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1846:, sued the district to reverse the policy. While previous cases (like those above) have found for schools to have such transgender restroom policies to support the rights of transgender individuals under Title IX, this suit specifically focused on the infringement of the rights of others. The District Court refused to grant an injunction to block the policy, and when the Alliance appealed to the Third Circuit, the three-judge panel ruled from the bench that Boyertown's policy was constitutional. In May 2019, the
1819:, Herb Gray, a district attorney, claimed that the other students civil rights were being violated by forcing them to undress in front of someone of the opposite biological sex. The judge presiding over this case had a 56-page ruling that stated that, "high school students do not have a fundamental privacy right to not share school restrooms, lockers, and showers with transgender students whose biological sex is different than theirs." In the end, the judge dismissed the lawsuit, and the
1414:, stemming from the complaint by a transgender boy, who was denied the use of boys' restrooms and locker rooms and was required to sleep alone in a separate cabin on an overnight school trip. In reaching the conclusion that Title IX applied to the facts of the Arcadia case, OCR took the position discriminating against a transgender student can be a form of sex discrimination, and that the scope of Title IX should be analyzed in light of parallel precedent under
1508:, which would remove the ability to apply federal civil rights protections to transgender individuals. Olson stated the legislation was in reaction to "the Obama Administration strongly by unilaterally redefining the definition of "sex" with respect to the Civil Rights Act outside of the lawmaking process." Olson went on to call on Congress to "reject the notion of false power stolen from Congress by a White House seeking to impose social policy on America."
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haltingly but inexorably – in the direction of fairness, inclusion, and equality for all
Americans. This is not a time to act out of fear. This is a time to summon our national virtues of inclusivity, diversity, compassion, and open-mindedness. What we must not do – what we must never do – is turn on our neighbors, our family members, our fellow Americans, for something they cannot control, and deny what makes them human.
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the plaintiff states alleged that by "rewriting" Title IX to cover discrimination on the basis of gender identity, the federal government had "conspired to turn ... educational settings across the country into laboratories for a massive social experiment, flouting the democratic process, and running roughshod over commonsense policies protecting children and basic privacy rights". The case was assigned to Judge
1969:
year. This justification solidly placed the responsibility upon all LGBTQ+ students to choose their educational institutions with full knowledge of their community standards and religious exemption status. Additionally, Grace
University assumed all LGBTQ+ students would have already self-identified as queer, when Powell herself had not yet recognized her LGBTQ+ identity when signing the community standards.
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receiving federal funding — as long as the institution's actions do not violate any other legislation. For LGBTQ+ students, Title IX is the only legislation that has been interpreted to protect them from discrimination in their educational institution, so a religious exemption from Title IX leaves them undefended.
1968:
In 2012, the private
Christian Grace University expelled Danielle Powell for her lesbian relationship. Grace University, which had a religious exemption from Title IX, argued Powell brought the expulsion on herself, as she signed an agreement to obey all the university's community standards her first
1768:
in at attempt to overturn the Dear
Colleague letter and other administration efforts to protect transgender students under Title IX. Joining lead plaintiff Texas were the states of Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia and Wisconsin. In their complaint,
1752:
This action is about a great deal more than just bathrooms This is about the dignity and respect we accord our fellow citizens, and the laws that we, as a people and as a country, have enacted to protect them – indeed, to protect all of us. It's about the founding ideals that have led this country –
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and the Equal
Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. In September 2016, a federal district court decided that the school district must let him use the boys' restroom. The school district appealed, and a three-judge panel of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously ruled in the student's
1520:
In June 2017, Acting
Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights Candice Jackson issued instructions to directors of DoEdE's regional civil rights offices, providing that, although the Obama-era guidance had been rescinded, they may investigate and resolve certain kinds of allegations of sex discrimination
1516:
In
February 2017, the Department of Justice and Department of Education under the Trump administration withdrew the guidance on gender identity issued by the Obama administration. A letter issued by the departments cited a need to "more completely consider the legal issues involved", and stated that
1696:
On March 23, 2016, North
Carolina enacted the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act. Among the provisions of the Act is a requirement on North Carolina schools to prohibit transgender students from using bathroom and changing facilities corresponding to their gender identity. On May 4, 2016,
1980:
applied for a religious exemption from Title IX through the Office of Civil Rights. Even though the discrimination technically violated Title IX since the university had not obtained the exemption at the time of refusing the student's request, the Office of Civil Rights still granted the exemption
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comment from a city council member that threatened to physically harm any student that tries to use the locker room that doesn't align with their biological sex. The School Board defended itself by stating that not allowing Yoder to use the boy's locker room could violate state or federal law and
1373:
Congress kept the core provision of Title IX very brief, only one sentence long. The interpretation and implementation of Title IX was left to the executive, whom
Congress expressly "authorized and directed to effectuate the by issuing rules, regulations, or orders of general applicability which
1939:
federal civil rights laws such as Title VII and Title IX prohibit discrimination "on the basis of sex," but, unlike the MHRA, do not explicitly prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation . . . Nonetheless, courts interpreting Title VII and Title IX have found policies relating to
1902:
ruled that separating the use of male and female bathrooms in the public schools based on a student's biological sex doesn't violate the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment or Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972. Previously, in August 2020, a three judge panel of the
1805:
In 2015 freshman Elliot Yoder asked the administration to use the boys locker room to change for his PE class. His reason for asking was up until that point he used a unisex restroom to change before PE. However, the restroom was not close to the gym, and Yoder described it as a "walk of shame."
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Starting in 2010, OCR brought a number of successful enforcement actions under Title IX on behalf of students who were subject to harassment or discrimination on the basis of their gender identity, gender expression, or failure to conform to gender stereotypes. Eight of the cases were settled in
1524:
In February 2018, a DoEd spokesperson clarified that "Title IX prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, not gender identity ... Where students, including transgender students, are penalized or harassed for failing to conform to sex-based stereotypes, that is sex discrimination prohibited by
1814:
After unsuccessfully trying to exclude transgender students from using the facilities that match their gender identity, Dallas High School parents filed a lawsuit against the Dallas School District. The parents were part of The Parents' Rights in Education group (PRIE). The parents claimed that
1647:
The district court case continue, and in August 2019, ruled in Grimm's favor in summary judgement. Grimm was awarded attorney's fees, court expenses, and a nominal $ 1 in damages, and the court issued a permanent injunction requiring the school board to update Grimm's official school records to
1534:
obtained a memo issued by the Department of Health and Human Services that would propose a strict definition of gender for Title IX, using the person's sex as assigned at birth and could not be changed, effectively eliminating recognition of transgender students and potentially others. The memo
1949:
If an educational institution is able to prove to the Department of Education that any provision of Title IX conflicts with a certain religious tenet of the organization, the department grants an exemption. The educational institution is thus able to continue gender-based discrimination while
1405:
The Obama administration's efforts to apply Title IX to protect LGBT students go back to President Obama's first term in office. In an October 2010 "Dear Colleague" letter, OCR issued guidance on clarifying that Title IX protects LGBT students from harassment on the basis of sex stereotypes.
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reversed several of the prior positions of the Obama administration, including the DOE/OCR's stance on transgender status under Title IX, and informed this to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court subsequently vacated the injunction due to the Trump administration's now-controlling policy.
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In 2024, the U.S. Department of Education issued a new rule about how to enforce Title IX, and the state of Tennessee swiftly sued the Department of Education. While the U.S. district court was considering the case, it said that, "to prevent immediate harm to the plaintiffs," the Biden
1984:
In 2018, Christian Pennsylvania school Clark Summit University expelled Gary Campbell for violating their "sexual purity" policy. He was six credits away from graduation after taking personal leave, and Clark Summit University had not applied for religious exemption from Title IX.
1409:
Simultaneously with evolving subregulatory guidance, OCR started conducting enforcement actions under Title IX against school districts where discrimination against transgender students was alleged to have taken place. For example, in 2013, OCR reached a settlement with the
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1535:
stated that the government needed to define gender "on a biological basis that is clear, grounded in science, objective and administrable". The news brought immediate protests in several locations as well as online social media under the "#WontBeErased" hashtag.
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deference. The District Court found for Grimm and issued a preliminary injunction against the school board in June 2016. The board petitioned to the Supreme Court which had certified the case prior to the election of Donald Trump. After Trump took office, the
1801:
starting in November 2015 by being allowed to use the boys locker room at Dallas High School. The topic of debate centered around interpretations of the Title IX Education Amendments of 1972, and whether transgender students fall under its protection.
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After the suit was filed and before any court action, Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick urged schools to ignore the federal government's Title IX guidance and refuse to allow transgender students to use the facilities consistent with their gender identity.
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ruled to uphold the District Court's ruling for Grimm that the school board's bathroom policy was discriminatory. The Supreme Court declined to certified the school board's petition to this decision, and ultimately settled with Grimm for
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favor, finding that "a policy that requires an individual to use a bathroom that does not conform with his or her gender identity punishes that individual for his or her gender non‐conformance, which in turn violates Title IX."
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school district implemented a policy in 2016 to comply with the Obama administration's guidance, allowing transgender students to use either restroom as they saw fit. Several non-transgender students, including an unidentified
1618:
to pass a resolution requiring students to use restrooms of their biological sex or of unisex bathrooms they subsequently created at the high school. Grimm refused to use these and ended up using the school nurse's bathroom.
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1713:), and asked North Carolina not to implement it. Failure to comply could result in the loss of billions of dollars in federal funding to the state, including $ 1.4 billion for the UNC system and $ 800 million for
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1418:, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of "sex" in an employment context. Title VII has also been interpreted to encompass discrimination based on sex stereotypes, gender identity, and transgender status by the
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determined that the question of access to sex-segregated facilities should be left to the states and local school districts to decide. The validity of the executive's position is being tested in the federal courts.
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Upon his inauguration on January 20, 2021, Biden issued an "Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation." He referenced Title VII and Title IX.
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permit all students to participate in sex-segregated activities and use sex-segregated facilities (including bathrooms, locker rooms, and overnight accommodations) in accordance with their gender identity,
1609:
became the first Court of Appeals to rule on the scope of Title IX as applied to transgender students, in the case of Virginia high school student Gavin Grimm. Grimm came out as a transgender boy while at
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In July 2016, Ash Whitaker, a transgender boy, filed suit against the Kenosha Unified School District in Wisconsin because the district denied him access to the boys' restrooms in violation of
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1626:, the Fourth Circuit overturned the ruling and remanded the case, asserting the District Court failed to consider the DOE and OCR's "controlling weight" of Title IX interpretation based on
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Title IX ... In the case of bathrooms, however, long-standing regulations provide that separating facilities on the basis of sex is not a form of discrimination prohibited by Title IX."
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transgender persons discriminate "on the basis of sex" because the "discriminator is necessarily referring to the individual’s sex to determine incongruence between sex and gender."
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The guidance permitted a limited exception for athletics, where accommodating transgender students would impair "the competitive fairness or physical safety of the sport."
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expressed hope that the guidance would give transgender students "a safe, supportive environment that allows them to thrive and grow." First Lady of New York City
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that discrimination on the basis of gender identity is discrimination "on the basis of sex" and is prohibited under Title IX (federal civil rights law) and the
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called on the federal government to take no position on discrimination against transgender students, which in his view should be an issue for the states. Rep.
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signed into law the "Fairness in Women's Sports Act", also known as House Bill 500. This legislation, the first of its kind in the United States, prohibits
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Grimm, with help of the ACLU and the DOJ, sued the school board on discrimination on the basis of his sex. Though the case was initially dismissed by the
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prohibits discrimination "on the basis of sex" in educational programs and activities that receive financial assistance from the federal government. The
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urged school officials to disregard the administration's Title IX guidance, which he considered "blackmail." Republican presidential candidate
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In practical terms, the administration instructed schools that Title IX's prohibition on discrimination means that schools generally must:
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allowing transgender students to use the locker room caused shame, humiliation, and anxiety among the community. During the hearing in
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On May 9, 2016, North Carolina and the federal government filed suits against each other. McCrory filed one lawsuit and Senate leader
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said that the guidance "sen a message that every student deserves to be treated fairly and supported by their teachers and schools."
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1744:), asking the court to stop the state from discriminating against transgender people based, in part, on Title IX. Attorney General
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2479:"U.S. Departments of Education and Justice Release Joint Guidance to Help Schools Ensure the Civil Rights of Transgender Students"
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In 2014, a trans male student at George Fox University requested to live in campus all-male housing. The private Quaker college
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they would lose their funding. Dallas School District never repealed their decision to allow Yoder to use the boy's facilities.
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3499:"Justice Department Files Complaint Against the State of North Carolina to Stop Discrimination Against Transgender Individuals"
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was withdrawn by the plaintiff states in light of the recission by the Education and Justice Departments of guidance letters.
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On February 27, 2023, while ruling that Minnesota state law requires that a trans woman be allowed to compete as a female in
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Mississippi and Kentucky have joined the original plaintiffs in the litigation, and Kansas is considering joining as well.
1517:"there must be due regard for the primary role of the States and local school districts in establishing education policy".
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4332:"Federally Funded and Religiously Exempt: Exploring Title IX Exemptions and Their Discriminatory Effect on LGBT Students"
4292:"Federally Funded and Religiously Exempt: Exploring Title IX Exemptions and Their Discriminatory Effect on LGBT Students"
4252:"Federally Funded and Religiously Exempt: Exploring Title IX Exemptions and Their Discriminatory Effect on LGBT Students"
4212:"Federally Funded and Religiously Exempt: Exploring Title IX Exemptions and Their Discriminatory Effect on LGBT Students"
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2594:(Press release). Office of Congressman Pete Olson, Representing the 22nd District of Texas. June 7, 2017. Archived from
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declined to accept the petition to challenge the federal court ruling, leaving the bathroom policy allowance in place.
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1736:), seeking declaratory judgment that the Act was not discriminatory. The DOJ filed suit against North Carolina in the
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reflect his gender identity. The school board appealed to the Fourth Circuit, during which the Supreme Court ruled in
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2313:"United States Reaches Agreement with Arcadia, California, School District to Resolve Sex Discrimination Allegations"
1957:'s 1964 Civil Rights Act, which allows religious educational institutions to discriminate in their hiring practices.
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2699:"Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation"
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and treated the discrimination as allowed, citing a "presumed" exemption based on those of similar institutions.
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The religious exemption was based on the precedent of Representative Graham Purcell of Texas's amendment to
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athletes from competing in female-only sports. In April 2020, the ACLU and the Legal Voice filed a lawsuit,
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Adams ex rel. Kasper v. School Board of St. Johns County, Florida, No. 18-13592 (11th Cir. Dec. 30, 2022).
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1393:. Primary responsibility for Title IX enforcement in educational institutions was delegated to DOE's
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2754:"Transgender Student Loses Fight over Expulsion from University of Pittsburgh over Restroom Issues"
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in Virginia. His use of the boys' bathrooms upset some of the students and parents, prompting the
1500:. In 2016 (HR 5812), and again in 2017 (HR 2796) after the prior bill had died in committee, Rep.
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2625:"The Education Department Officially Says It Will Reject Transgender Student Bathroom Complaints"
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4065:"Idaho Banned Trans Athletes From Competing In Women's Sports—Now Federal Courts Will Weigh In"
3875:"Appeals court supports Dallas School District's transgender policy on bathrooms, locker rooms"
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3105:"Court rules 'resoundingly yes' for transgender rights in Gavin Grimm bathroom access battle"
2672:"#WontBeErased: Transgender People and Allies Mobilize Against Trump Administration Proposal"
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2114:"US Department of Education Principal Office Functional Statements: Office for Civil Rights"
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314:
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3274:"North Carolina's HB 2 Violates Federal Civil Rights Law, Justice Department Says: Report"
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3928:"Federal Court Emphatically Shoots Down Anti-Trans Lawsuit in Rare Ruling From the Bench"
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favor of the students. Several private lawsuits were brought as well on similar grounds.
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3956:"Supreme Court leaves Pennsylvania school transgender student bathroom policy in place"
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2018:
Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235 (June 23, 1972), codified at 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681–1688
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In the United States District Court Northern District of Texas Wichita Falls Division
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As of March 2019, 277 educational institutions are religiously exempt from Title IX.
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introduced HR 5294 to invalidate the "Dear Colleague" letter until superseded by an
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2937:"Appeals Court Sides With Trans Student Denied Access To High School Boys Bathroom"
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spoke approvingly of the guidance, saying that it "reaffirms a basic human right."
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3418:"McCrory, NC lawmakers sue Justice Department over HB2; feds counter with lawsuit"
2343:"What You Should Know About EEOC and the Enforcement Protections for LGBT Workers"
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includes both sexual orientation and gender identity. The Fourth Circuit used the
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245:
4037:"Civil rights groups file federal lawsuit against Idaho's transgender sports ban"
2784:"Gov. McCrory files brief to reverse Gloucester transgender restroom policy case"
2444:"Examples of Policies and Emerging Practices for Supporting Transgender Students"
2281:"Letter to Dr. Joel Shawn, Superintendent of the Arcadia Unified School District"
4893:
4765:
4603:
4584:
4558:
4514:
4495:
4397:
3247:"Feds Tell North Carolina Governor That Anti-LGBT Law Violates Civil Rights Act"
2592:"House Members Act to Restore Congressional Authority on Transgender Definition"
1869:
1865:
1698:
1598:
1493:
1385:(HEW) to carry this out. In 1980, HEW was split into two separate agencies —the
1357:
673:
571:
285:
266:
240:
196:
177:
44:
4348:
4308:
4268:
4228:
3020:"Federal judge sides with Gavin Grimm in transgender rights, bathroom ban case"
5028:
4534:
4519:
3479:. United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina. 2016
3195:. United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit. 2017. Archived from
3071:"Court rules in favor of transgender student barred from using boys' bathroom"
2035:"Trump administration rescinds Obama-era protections for transgender students"
1842:", at the school felt that this policy violated their rights, and through the
1501:
793:
216:
201:
5630:
4508:
3142:
3082:
1597:
cape and a T-shirt reading "No Body Is Illegal", speaks on stage at the 2018
1484:
Conservative politicians voiced opposition to the letter. Texas Lt. Governor
190:
5447:
5013:
4553:
4473:
4439:
4420:
3190:"Ashton Whitaker v Kenosha Unified School District No. 1 Board of Education"
2644:"'Transgender' Could Be Defined Out of Existence Under Trump Administration"
1060:
778:
235:
155:
121:
102:
4860:
1462:
Reactions to the Dear Colleague letter were sharply polarized. Head of the
3982:
3131:"Virginia School Board to Pay $ 1.3 Million in Transgender Student's Suit"
2547:"Transgender Directives for Schools Draw Reaction From Across the Country"
5552:
4569:
4546:
4013:
3788:"Transgender Oregon student wages lonely battle to use boys' locker room"
3690:"Dan Patrick Launches Crusade Against Every Transgender Student In Texas"
3164:"Gavin Grimm: School board will pay $ 1.3m in trans student's legal fees"
1839:
1807:
1797:
A transgender boy by the name of Elliot Yoder sparked controversy in the
1678:
1337:
1225:
251:
228:
3629:"Federal judge in transgender case sided with states in similar lawsuit"
2844:"Gavin's Story: Gavin Grimm is the new face of the transgender movement"
4576:
4502:
4467:
2968:"Federal Court Orders School Board To Let Transgender Boy Use Restroom"
2909:. United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Archived from
1506:
legislation which would limit gender identity to biological assignation
258:
184:
149:
3902:"Oregon Judge Rules in Favor of Transgender Students in Bathroom Case"
2377:"U.S. Directs Public Schools to Allow Transgender Access to Restrooms"
2251:"Federal Officials Protect Transgender Student Against Discrimination"
5542:
4540:
4366:
1764:
On May 25, 2016, eleven states sued to the federal government in the
1452:
1215:
222:
3449:"McCrory, lawmakers want courts to declare HB2 doesn't discriminate"
2818:"Appeals Court Favors Transgender Student in Virginia Restroom Case"
1878:, arguing that this law violates the US Constitution and Title IX.
1686:
North Carolina's Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act (HB2)
4483:
3533:"States Sue Obama Administration Over Transgender Bathroom Policy"
2417:. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office for Civil Rights. Archived from
1861:
1685:
1588:
165:
1890:
Adams ex rel. Kasper v. School Board of St. Johns County, Florida
1624:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
5562:
4524:
1419:
1235:
206:
5634:
4370:
3045:"ACLU Comment on District Court Ruling in Favor of Gavin Grimm"
1629:
Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
5567:
4092:"Appeals court rules against transgender man in bathroom case"
3960:
3752:"Kansas may join federal transgender lawsuit in Wichita Falls"
3659:"Texas' Lt. Gov. Asks Schools to Ignore Transgender Directive"
2725:"Memorandum opinion and order: Civil Action No. 2: 24-072-DCR"
2642:
Green, Erica; Benner, Katie; Pear, Robert (October 21, 2018).
2182:
United States Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights
1728:
filed a second lawsuit against the United States, both in the
1240:
3387:"North Carolina's transgender law creates tangle of lawsuits"
3332:"NC College System's Federal Funds in Crosshairs of LGBT Law"
2576:
Text of the Student Privacy Protection and Safety Act of 2016
2286:. U.S. Department of Education. July 24, 2013. Archived from
2218:
United States Department of Education Office for Civil Rights
2142:"Resources for Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Students"
1348:
interpreted Title IX to cover discrimination on the basis of
4009:"Idaho's transgender sports ban challenged in federal court"
3817:"Judge's ruling supports Oregon school's transgender policy"
3416:
Jarvis, Craig; Blythe, Anne; Gordon, Michael (May 9, 2016).
3721:"Mississippi and Kentucky join federal transgender lawsuit"
3603:"11 States Sue Obama Administration Over Transgender Rules"
2994:"Supreme Court Won't Hear Major Case on Transgender Rights"
3304:. U.S. Department of Justice. May 4, 2016. Archived from
2874:"For Transgender Americans, Legal Battles Over Restrooms"
1374:
shall be consistent with achievement of objectives ..."
4148:"Adams v. The School Board of St. Johns County, Florida"
4121:"Adams v. The School Board of St. Johns County, Florida"
2513:"Solace and Fury as Schools React to Transgender Policy"
4156:
United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
2211:"Questions and Answers on Title IX and Sexual Violence"
1905:
United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
1900:
United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
4789:
Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism
3222:"US Justice Department: HB2 violates Civil Rights Act"
2375:
Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Apuzzo, Matt (May 12, 2016).
1910:
Adams v. The School Board of St. Johns County, Florida
1883:
Adams v. The School Board of St. Johns County, Florida
1558:
administration's new rule could not take effect yet.
2028:
2026:
2024:
1792:
Dallas High School parents v. Dallas School District
1441:
provide an environment free of sex-based harassment,
5814:
5718:
5668:
5528:
5504:
5271:
5221:
5122:
5115:
4985:
4846:
4764:
4696:
4614:
4407:
2449:. U.S. Dept. of Education. May 2016. Archived from
2406:
2404:
2402:
1451:protect transgender students' privacy by avoiding
3811:
3809:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3531:Montgomery, David; Blinder, Alan (May 25, 2016).
2511:Healy, Jack; Pérez-Peña, Richard (May 13, 2016).
2073:Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 2005.
1935:competitions, a Minnesota state court found that
4493:
3601:Holden, Dominic; Geidner, Chris (May 25, 2016).
175:
2615:
2613:
2412:"Dear Colleague Letter on Transgender Students"
2033:David Smith; Molly Redden (February 23, 2017).
1964:Cases of discrimination against LGBTQ+ students
1750:
1444:honor transgender students' names and pronouns,
2370:
2368:
18:Dallas School District locker room controversy
5646:
4382:
2473:
2471:
1709:(UNC) system that the Act violates Title IX (
1545:Social policy of the Joe Biden administration
1387:Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
1318:
8:
2758:The LGBT Bar Association of Greater New York
2540:
2538:
2347:U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
1692:Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act
2811:
2809:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
1672:Whitaker v. Kenosha Unified School District
1383:Department of Health, Education and Welfare
5653:
5639:
5631:
5119:
4389:
4375:
4367:
3474:"United States v. State of North Carolina"
2244:
2242:
1703:North Carolina Department of Public Safety
1325:
1311:
31:
4347:
4307:
4267:
4227:
3526:
3524:
3380:
3378:
2904:"G. G. v. Gloucester County School Board"
2506:
2504:
2169:
2167:
1416:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
3560:
3558:
3358:"McCrory: Feds 'being a bully' over HB2"
1412:Arcadia (Calif.) Unified School District
5695:History of violence against LGBT people
3823:. katu. Associated Press. July 25, 2018
3503:The United States Department of Justice
2317:The United States Department of Justice
2011:
1995:Transgender rights in the United States
1572:G. G. v. Gloucester County School Board
43:
27:Gender identity in educational settings
4716:Legal recognition of non-binary gender
3983:"Idaho H0500 | 2020 | Regular Session"
3719:Collins, Christopher (June 21, 2016).
1907:affirmed a 2018 lower court ruling in
1579:G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board
3750:Collins, Christopher (June 3, 2016).
3627:Collins, Christopher (June 1, 2016).
2146:United States Department of Education
1919:14th Amendment to the US Constitution
1828:Doe v. Boyertown Area School District
1697:the federal government notified Gov.
1654:that discrimination against "sex" in
7:
5934:Transgender law in the United States
4184:. State of Minnesota. Archived from
4035:Kelley, Alexandra (April 15, 2020).
2084:"Landmark Title IX Cases in History"
5832:LGBT movements in the United States
4336:University of Pittsburgh Law Review
4330:Bell, Andrew T. (January 1, 2020).
4296:University of Pittsburgh Law Review
4290:Bell, Andrew T. (January 1, 2020).
4256:University of Pittsburgh Law Review
4250:Bell, Andrew T. (January 1, 2020).
4216:University of Pittsburgh Law Review
4210:Bell, Andrew T. (January 1, 2020).
4179:"JayCee Cooper v. USA Powerlifting"
2935:Farias, Cristian (April 19, 2016).
2816:Fausset, Richard (April 19, 2016).
2670:Mervosh, Sarah (October 22, 2018).
360:Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy
3786:Parks, Casey (December 19, 2015).
2545:Hauser, Christine (May 13, 2016).
2184:. October 26, 2010. Archived from
1945:Religious exemptions from Title IX
1848:Supreme Court of the United States
1730:Eastern District of North Carolina
25:
5924:LGBTQ rights in the United States
3954:de Vogue, Ariena (May 28, 2019).
3566:"State of Texas v. United States"
3018:Fearing, Sarah (August 9, 2019).
2966:Holden, Dominic (June 24, 2016).
1823:(2018) agreed with the decision.
1738:Middle District of North Carolina
1656:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
1539:Views of the Biden administration
1512:Views of the Trump administration
1401:Views of the Obama administration
5929:Transgender in the United States
5893:
5892:
5613:
4063:Coyne, Marley (April 15, 2020).
4007:Moreau, Julie (April 16, 2020).
3129:Patel, Vimal (August 30, 2021).
2249:Geidner, Chris (July 24, 2013).
2000:Transphobia in the United States
1295:
1294:
1282:
1270:
421:Assisted reproductive technology
5822:African-American LGBT community
3900:Zaveri, Mihir (July 26, 2018).
3842:Dorn, Andrew; Sabatier, Julie.
3385:Drew, Jonathan (May 12, 2016).
2880:. July 27, 2015. Archived from
2319:. July 24, 2013. Archived from
5919:LGBTQ law in the United States
5806:Gender identity under Title IX
5801:Transgender disenfranchisement
5014:Cisgender / cissexual
5009:Childhood gender nonconformity
3665:. May 31, 2016. Archived from
3049:American Civil Liberties Union
2992:Liptak, Adam (March 6, 2017).
2790:. May 10, 2016. Archived from
2485:. May 13, 2016. Archived from
1821:Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
1715:federally backed student loans
1616:Gloucester County School Board
779:Cisgender / cissexual
774:Childhood gender nonconformity
400:Facial masculinization surgery
1:
5840:HIV/AIDS in the United States
5700:History of transgender people
5583:Social construction of gender
3505:. May 9, 2016. Archived from
1395:Office for Civil Rights (OCR)
1391:Department of Education (DOE)
1256:Social construction of gender
5866:Lists of LGBT organizations
5063:Gender-sexuality questioning
3926:Stern, Mark (May 24, 2018).
3299:"Letter to Gov. Pat McCrory"
3278:International Business Times
2842:Riley, John (May 12, 2016).
1707:University of North Carolina
1342:Education Amendments of 1972
828:Gender-sexuality questioning
5827:Population and demographics
3688:Ford, Zack (June 1, 2016).
3024:Williamsburg Yorktown Daily
393:Facial feminization surgery
5950:
5662:LGBTQ in the United States
4998:Androphilia and gynephilia
4706:Gender self-identification
4349:10.5195/lawreview.2020.721
4309:10.5195/lawreview.2020.721
4269:10.5195/lawreview.2020.721
4229:10.5195/lawreview.2020.721
3272:Julia Glum (May 4, 2016).
1926:Cooper v. USA Powerlifting
1894:In December 2022, sitting
1887:
1844:Alliance Defending Freedom
1766:Northern District of Texas
1689:
1582:
1576:
1542:
1426:2016 Dear Colleague letter
763:Androphilia and gynephilia
463:Gender self-identification
5890:
5779:Employment discrimination
5593:
4774:Against non-binary people
4455:Non-binary or genderqueer
2732:storage.courtlistener.com
2175:""Dear Colleague" Letter"
1976:refused his request, and
1651:Bostock v. Clayton County
1464:DOJ Civil Rights Division
1453:non-consensual disclosure
1422:and many federal courts.
137:Non-binary or genderqueer
582:Parental rights movement
491:Political office-holders
370:Gender-affirming surgery
4899:Non-binary People's Day
4779:Against transgender men
4494:
4427:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
3881:. The Statesman Journal
2483:U.S. Dept. of Education
1915:Equal Protection Clause
1835:Boyertown, Pennsylvania
1748:described the lawsuit:
1593:Gavin Grimm, wearing a
1549:Presidency of Joe Biden
1455:of their gender status.
1381:initially directed the
176:
109:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
5620:Transgender portal
5573:Sex–gender distinction
5040:Gender detransitioning
4856:Anatomical terminology
3422:The Charlotte Observer
1942:
1799:Dallas School District
1759:Texas v. United States
1755:
1612:Gloucester High School
1602:
1277:Transgender portal
1246:Sex–gender distinction
805:Gender detransitioning
692:Anatomical terminology
5767:Transgender personnel
5558:Queer heterosexuality
5078:Rapid-onset dysphoria
4756:Yogyakarta Principles
3844:"Transgender Student"
2623:(February 12, 2018).
2293:on September 20, 2015
1937:
1771:Reed Charles O'Connor
1592:
1543:Further information:
1479:Human Rights Campaign
1432:Department of Justice
1430:On May 13, 2016, the
1340:of the United States
1231:Queer heterosexuality
843:Rapid-onset dysphoria
626:Yogyakarta Principles
5875:Rights organizations
5757:LGBT in the military
5743:Domestic partnership
5683:First to hold office
5052:Gender transitioning
5004:Blanchard's typology
4926:fictional characters
4784:Anti-gender movement
4736:Rights organizations
4098:. December 31, 2022.
3854:on February 22, 2020
3582:on December 28, 2016
3543:on November 15, 2016
3447:WRAL (May 9, 2016).
3356:WRAL (May 8, 2016).
3202:on February 19, 2018
3103:Stratford, Michael.
2764:on February 17, 2017
2353:on February 23, 2018
2071:A Place on the Team.
1641:Trump administration
1362:Trump administration
1346:Obama administration
817:Gender transitioning
769:Blanchard's typology
697:Fictional characters
643:Events and awareness
549:Anti-gender movement
5845:Veterans healthcare
5688:Members of Congress
5538:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
4871:LGBTQ-related films
4848:Society and culture
3251:The Huffington Post
2094:on December 6, 2022
1742:Thomas D. Schroeder
1740:(assigned to Judge
1732:(assigned to Judge
1504:introduced federal
1211:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
756:Theory and concepts
638:Society and culture
619:Trans panic defense
5882:Youth homelessness
5852:LGBTQ+ Pride Month
5796:Transgender rights
5762:Sexual orientation
5748:by municipal areas
5578:Sexual orientation
4884:Day of Remembrance
3906:The New York Times
3663:The New York Times
3537:The New York Times
3135:The New York Times
2878:The New York Times
2705:. January 21, 2021
2677:The New York Times
2649:The New York Times
2551:The New York Times
2517:The New York Times
2381:The New York Times
2323:on January 1, 2015
1783:On March 3, 2017,
1724:and House Speaker
1603:
1531:The New York Times
1251:Sexual orientation
1090:Disenfranchisement
659:Day of Remembrance
560:trans-exclusionary
45:Transgender topics
5906:
5905:
5870:community centers
5857:Retirement issues
5628:
5627:
5524:
5523:
5046:Gender expression
4889:Day of Visibility
4410:Gender identities
3879:Statesman Journal
3756:Times Record News
3725:Times Record News
3633:Times Record News
3226:charlotteobserver
3170:. August 28, 2021
2947:on April 22, 2016
2916:on April 26, 2016
2598:on August 1, 2017
2227:on April 29, 2014
2191:on March 13, 2011
1528:In October 2018,
1335:
1334:
1181:elected officials
811:Gender expression
664:Day of Visibility
473:Non-binary gender
439:Standards of Care
96:Gender identities
16:(Redirected from
5941:
5896:
5895:
5784:Local ordinances
5655:
5648:
5641:
5632:
5618:
5617:
5495:
5362:
5328:
5299:
5249:
5167:
5140:
5120:
5054:
5042:
5000:
4921:Media portrayals
4849:
4627:Gender dysphoria
4620:
4499:
4411:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4368:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4351:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4311:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4191:on March 2, 2023
4190:
4183:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4159:. August 7, 2020
4152:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4117:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3873:Selsky, Andrew.
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3850:. Archived from
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3783:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3758:. Archived from
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3731:on June 22, 2016
3727:. Archived from
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3696:. Archived from
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3635:. Archived from
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3575:. Archived from
3570:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3539:. Archived from
3528:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3424:. Archived from
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3393:. Archived from
3391:The Boston Globe
3382:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3327:
3321:
3320:
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3303:
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3269:
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3006:
3004:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2943:. Archived from
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2884:on July 27, 2015
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2850:. Archived from
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2760:. Archived from
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2729:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2695:
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2608:
2607:
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2588:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2553:. Archived from
2542:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2519:. Archived from
2508:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2383:. Archived from
2372:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2349:. Archived from
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2261:on July 26, 2013
2257:. Archived from
2246:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2220:. Archived from
2215:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2179:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2148:. Archived from
2138:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2090:. Archived from
2080:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2030:
2019:
2016:
1817:Portland, Oregon
1667:by August 2021.
1666:
1595:trans pride flag
1327:
1320:
1313:
1298:
1297:
1289:LGBTQ portal
1287:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1125:
952:
819:
807:
765:
712:Media portrayals
565:
564:
563:radical feminism
561:
557:
509:Military service
441:
429:
412:
402:
395:
386:
379:
372:
362:
343:
333:
324:
317:
315:Gender dysphoria
310:
181:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
32:
21:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5886:
5810:
5772:Intersex people
5728:Same-sex unions
5714:
5664:
5659:
5629:
5624:
5612:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5520:
5507:
5500:
5489:
5356:
5322:
5293:
5267:
5243:
5217:
5161:
5134:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5100:Transmedicalism
5068:Gender variance
5058:Gender identity
5050:
5038:
4996:
4987:
4981:
4847:
4842:
4760:
4731:Rights movement
4692:
4644:Hormone therapy
4639:Puberty blocker
4615:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4460:Gender fluidity
4409:
4403:
4395:
4365:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4272:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4103:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3794:. The Oregonian
3785:
3784:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3762:on June 4, 2016
3749:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3700:on June 2, 2016
3687:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3669:on June 8, 2016
3657:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3639:on June 2, 2016
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3509:on May 11, 2016
3497:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3428:on May 10, 2016
3415:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3397:on May 13, 2016
3384:
3383:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3168:The Independent
3162:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3075:Washington Post
3069:Davies, Emily.
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2941:Huffington Post
2934:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2854:on May 19, 2016
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2794:on May 12, 2016
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2734:. July 10, 2024
2727:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2703:The White House
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2621:Holden, Dominic
2619:
2618:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2557:on May 16, 2016
2544:
2543:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2523:on May 16, 2016
2510:
2509:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2489:on May 16, 2016
2477:
2476:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2456:on May 27, 2016
2453:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2424:on May 13, 2016
2421:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2387:on May 15, 2016
2374:
2373:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2152:on May 16, 2016
2140:
2139:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
1991:
1966:
1947:
1929:
1892:
1886:
1875:Hecox v. Little
1860:In March 2020,
1858:
1855:Hecox v. Little
1831:
1795:
1762:
1694:
1688:
1675:
1664:
1635:Auer v. Robbins
1587:
1581:
1575:
1564:
1551:
1541:
1514:
1498:Act of Congress
1471:Chirlane McCray
1428:
1403:
1371:
1354:gender identity
1331:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1119:
1113:
1106:
946:
891:
885:
875:
874:
865:Transmedicalism
833:Gender variance
823:Gender identity
815:
803:
761:
757:
749:
748:
688:
683:
654:Beauty pageants
645:
639:
631:
630:
587:Transgender men
562:
559:
556:Gender-critical
555:
554:
545:
495:
481:Rights movement
477:
458:
447:
446:
437:
425:
408:
405:
398:
391:
382:
375:
368:
365:
358:
341:Hormone therapy
339:
336:
329:
320:
313:
306:
302:
291:
290:
142:Gender fluidity
98:
88:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5947:
5945:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5911:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5740:
5735:
5724:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5635:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5548:Gender studies
5545:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5512:
5510:
5508:office-holders
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5455:United Kingdom
5452:
5451:
5450:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5344:2016 bill C-16
5336:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5288:
5277:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5203:
5201:United Kingdom
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5128:
5126:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5048:
5043:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5024:Cross-dressing
5021:
5019:Cisnormativity
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4879:Awareness Week
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4796:Asylum seekers
4793:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4768:
4766:Discrimination
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4744:bathroom bills
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4592:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4505:
4500:
4491:
4486:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4405:
4404:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4362:
4342:(3): 763–764.
4322:
4302:(3): 753–754.
4282:
4242:
4222:(3): 735–766.
4202:
4170:
4139:
4112:
4101:
4083:
4055:
4027:
3999:
3974:
3946:
3918:
3892:
3865:
3834:
3805:
3773:
3742:
3711:
3680:
3650:
3619:
3593:
3554:
3520:
3490:
3465:
3439:
3408:
3374:
3348:
3322:
3311:on May 8, 2016
3290:
3264:
3238:
3213:
3181:
3155:
3121:
3095:
3061:
3036:
3010:
2998:New York Times
2984:
2958:
2927:
2895:
2865:
2834:
2822:New York Times
2805:
2775:
2745:
2716:
2690:
2662:
2634:
2609:
2583:
2568:
2534:
2500:
2467:
2435:
2398:
2364:
2334:
2304:
2272:
2238:
2202:
2163:
2126:
2105:
2075:
2069:Suggs, Welsh.
2062:
2060:20 U.S.C. 1682
2053:
2020:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1965:
1962:
1946:
1943:
1928:
1923:
1888:Main article:
1885:
1880:
1857:
1852:
1830:
1825:
1794:
1789:
1761:
1756:
1734:Terrence Boyle
1690:Main article:
1687:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1607:Fourth Circuit
1601:San Francisco.
1577:Main article:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1540:
1537:
1513:
1510:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1427:
1424:
1402:
1399:
1370:
1367:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1279:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1221:Gender studies
1218:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:Cafeteria riot
1183:
1178:
1168:
1166:United Kingdom
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1068:United Kingdom
1065:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1000:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
975:
974:
973:
968:
963:
953:
941:
936:
931:
930:
929:
919:
914:
909:
908:
907:
902:
887:
886:
881:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
867:
862:
861:
860:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
813:
808:
801:
796:
791:
789:Cross-dressing
786:
784:Cisnormativity
781:
776:
771:
766:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
725:
724:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
684:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
649:Awareness Week
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
623:
622:
621:
616:
606:
601:
596:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
572:Discrimination
569:
568:
567:
544:
543:
542:
541:
536:
534:Bathroom bills
528:
523:
522:
521:
516:
506:
501:
494:
493:
488:
483:
476:
475:
470:
465:
459:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
430:
423:
418:
413:
404:
403:
396:
389:
388:
387:
384:male-to-female
380:
377:female-to-male
364:
363:
356:
355:
354:
349:
335:
334:
331:Sex assignment
327:
326:
325:
311:
303:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
282:
281:
274:
264:
263:
262:
255:
248:
238:
233:
232:
231:
226:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
187:
182:
173:
168:
158:
153:
146:
145:
144:
134:
129:
124:
119:
112:
105:
99:
94:
93:
90:
89:
87:
86:
81:
76:
70:
67:
66:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5946:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5901:
5900:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5656:
5651:
5649:
5644:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5584:
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5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5517:
5516:United States
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5503:
5493:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:legal history
5470:
5469:
5468:
5467:United States
5465:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:South Africa
5428:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5360:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5326:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5297:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5236:ancient Egypt
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5206:United States
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5106:
5105:Transmisogyny
5103:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5088:Transfeminism
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5073:Postgenderism
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5034:Gender binary
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
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4995:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
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4941:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4927:
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4922:
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4917:
4914:
4912:
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4905:
4902:
4900:
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4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:Transmisogyny
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
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4777:
4775:
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4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4754:
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4747:
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4732:
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4684:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:masculinizing
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4548:
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4536:
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4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
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4506:
4504:
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4472:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4461:
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4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:Gender bender
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
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4431:
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4428:
4424:
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4419:
4418:
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4412:
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4402:
4399:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
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4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4283:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4243:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4203:
4187:
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4171:
4158:
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4149:
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4140:
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4122:
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4113:
4110:
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4102:
4097:
4093:
4087:
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4072:
4071:
4066:
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4043:
4038:
4031:
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4000:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3947:
3935:
3934:
3929:
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3880:
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3869:
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3853:
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3806:
3793:
3789:
3782:
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3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3743:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3712:
3699:
3695:
3694:ThinkProgress
3691:
3684:
3681:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3440:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3409:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3253:. May 4, 2016
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3198:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3011:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
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2733:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2452:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1746:Loretta Lynch
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1683:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:$ 1.3 million
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1605:In 2016, the
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1585:Bathroom bill
1580:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
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1465:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1446:
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1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:Richard Nixon
1375:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:United States
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
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1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:United States
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:South Africa
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
976:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
957:
954:
950:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
896:
893:
892:
890:
884:
879:
878:
871:
870:Transmisogyny
868:
866:
863:
859:
856:
855:
854:
853:Transfeminism
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:Postgenderism
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
818:
814:
812:
809:
806:
802:
800:
799:Gender binary
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
764:
760:
759:
753:
752:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
687:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
644:
635:
634:
627:
624:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
593:
592:Transmisogyny
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
566:
552:
551:
550:
547:
546:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
529:
527:
524:
520:
519:United States
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
489:
487:
486:Organizations
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
457:
451:
450:
440:
436:
435:
434:
431:
428:
427:Voice therapy
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
411:
407:
406:
401:
397:
394:
390:
385:
381:
378:
374:
373:
371:
367:
366:
361:
357:
353:
352:masculinizing
350:
348:
345:
344:
342:
338:
337:
332:
328:
323:
319:
318:
316:
312:
309:
308:Gender clinic
305:
304:
300:
295:
294:
287:
284:
280:
279:
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
256:
254:
253:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
239:
237:
234:
230:
227:
225:
224:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
192:
188:
186:
183:
180:
179:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
151:
147:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
127:Gender bender
125:
123:
120:
118:
117:
113:
111:
110:
106:
104:
101:
100:
97:
92:
91:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
69:
68:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5897:
5805:
5476:
5253:Nazi Germany
4974:
4948:Publications
4866:Christianity
4801:Cisgenderism
4721:Legal status
4711:Legal gender
4683:Legal status
4619:and medicine
4594:
4575:
4568:
4539:
4507:
4479:Third gender
4466:
4432:
4425:
4355:November 17,
4353:. Retrieved
4339:
4335:
4325:
4315:November 17,
4313:. Retrieved
4299:
4295:
4285:
4275:November 17,
4273:. Retrieved
4259:
4255:
4245:
4235:November 17,
4233:. Retrieved
4219:
4215:
4205:
4193:. Retrieved
4186:the original
4173:
4161:. Retrieved
4154:
4142:
4130:. Retrieved
4126:Lambda Legal
4124:
4115:
4104:
4095:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4068:
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4040:
4030:
4018:. Retrieved
4012:
4002:
3990:. Retrieved
3986:
3977:
3965:. Retrieved
3959:
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3931:
3921:
3909:. Retrieved
3905:
3895:
3883:. Retrieved
3878:
3868:
3858:February 21,
3856:. Retrieved
3852:the original
3847:
3837:
3827:February 21,
3825:. Retrieved
3820:
3798:February 21,
3796:. Retrieved
3791:
3764:. Retrieved
3760:the original
3755:
3745:
3733:. Retrieved
3729:the original
3724:
3714:
3702:. Retrieved
3698:the original
3693:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3667:the original
3662:
3653:
3641:. Retrieved
3637:the original
3632:
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3606:
3596:
3584:. Retrieved
3577:the original
3572:
3545:. Retrieved
3541:the original
3536:
3511:. Retrieved
3507:the original
3502:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3452:
3442:
3430:. Retrieved
3426:the original
3421:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3395:the original
3390:
3365:. Retrieved
3361:
3351:
3339:. Retrieved
3335:
3325:
3313:. Retrieved
3306:the original
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3277:
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