296:
308:
1040:
1071:), and females have two (karyotype XX); Because the male only has one allele of each gene, if it is missing or chimeric, the male will be color blind. Because a female has two alleles of each gene (one on each chromosome), if only one allele is mutated, the dominant normal alleles will "override" the mutated, recessive allele and the female will have normal color vision. However, if the female has two mutated alleles, she will still be colorblind. This is why there is a disproportionate prevalence of colorblindness, with ~8% of males exhibiting colorblindness and ~0.5% of females
844:
lie somewhere between the typical allele peaks (530~560 nm). These chimeric alleles are indicated with an asterisk, either M* or L*. Whether a chimeric gene is described as M* or L* is not based on whether they are closer in the spectrum to the typical M or L allele, but rather is the opposite of the other expressed gene. This means the same chimeric gene could be labeled M* or L* depending on what other genes are in the gene cluster. An individual with protanomaly will have M and L* opsins and an individual with deuteranomaly will have L and M* opsins.
801:
814:
774:
5676:
496:
761:) wavelength. The typical (most common) allele for the OPN1MW gene is blueshifted at every one of these dimorphic sites. Likewise, the typical allele for the OPN1LW gene is redshifted at every one of these dimorphic sites. In other words, the most common alleles of each gene that contribute to normal color vision are as far apart as they can be in the spectrum (about 30 nm) without novel
5686:
5050:
1408:
60:
295:
445:
843:
A chimeric gene contains exons contributed from the typical alleles of each of the OPN1MW and OPN1LW genes. Due to the similarity between the genes, these chimeras are always functional, but experience a spectral tuning, i.e. a change to the spectral sensitivity. A chimera's spectral sensitivity will
1383:
Since the incidence of anomalous trichromacy in males is ~6%, which should equal the incidence of anomalous M opsin or L opsin alleles, it follows that the prevalence of unaffected female carriers of colorblindness (and therefore of potential tetrachromats) is 11.3% (i.e. 94% × 6% × 2), based on the
985:
can be duplicated, though it is much more commonly the latter. Only 5% of X chromosomes contain multiple OPN1LW genes, but 55% contain multiple OPN1MW genes, sometimes as many as 4. The duplicate genes are sometimes referred to with numerical suffixes, where the OPN1MW gene in the second position is
1008:
exhibits much stronger symptoms than the congenital red–green color blindness (including total color blindness), it follows a very similar mechanism. In most cases, unequal homologous combination must first occur to generate a genotype with a single L/M-opsin gene. Then that gene must experience a
1419:. These color vision tests test detect the color vision phenotype, and not the subject genotype, so are unable to differentiate acquired from congenital red–green color blindness. However, color vision and genotype are highly correlated, especially when acquired color blindness is ruled out. The
1364:, they can functionally operate as different cone classes. This theoretical female would therefore have cones with peak sensitivities at 420 nm (S cone), 530 nm (M cone), 560 nm (L cone) and the fourth (anomalous) cone between 530 nm and 560 nm (either M* or L* cone).
528:
Despite often being called red-blind and green-blind respectively, protan and deutan varieties have very similar phenotypes (color vision), especially when compared to tritan color blindness. The condition is not called red–green color blindness because red and green are indicative colors of
71:
that may be used to detect red–green color blindness. Those with normal color vision should be able to see a green "74" on an orange background. Those with red–green color blindness may see the number "21" or no number at all, with the green and red hues appearing much more similar, if not
478:
The dimensionality of the defect is related to the strength/severity, but it is usually much easier clinically to define the severity empirically as mild, moderate and strong (or severe). Anomalous trichromacy can vary in severity from indistinguishable from normal color vision (mild) to
1287:
The table to the right shows the possible allele/chromosome combinations and how their interactions will manifest in an individual. The exact phenotype of some of the combinations depend on whether the affected gene represents an anomalous allele or is missing. For example, the
721:
Differentiating from a duplication event 30-40 MYA, the two opsins are highly homologous (very similar), having only 19 dimorphic sites (amino acids that differ), and are therefore 96% similar. In comparison, either of these opsin genes are only 40% homologous to
1379:
have shown that with appropriate and sufficiently sensitive equipment it can be demonstrated that any female carrier of red–green color blindness (i.e. heterozygous protanomaly, or heterozygous deuteranomaly) is a tetrachromat to a greater or lesser extent.
467:. Dichromatic color vision only has two distinct cone classes and therefore a two dimensional gamut. With red–green dichromacy, it is the dimension representing the red–green opponent channel that is lost. Anomalous trichromacy is also trichromatic, but the
1581:
Congenital red–green color blindness affects a large number of individuals, especially individuals of
European ancestry, where 8% of men and 0.4% of women exhibit congenital red–green color deficiency. The lower prevalence in females is related to the
809:
When unequal recombination happens with breaks between the genes (depicted by blue lines), a gene can be essentially deleted from one of the chromosomes. This gene deletion leads to protanopia or deuteranopia (congenital red–green dichromacy).
533:
channel is affected. In dichromacy, that channel is equally deactivated regardless of which cone (LWS or MWS) is missing. In anomalous trichromacy, that channel is equally affected regardless of which cone effectively moves towards the other.
796:
occurs when the exchanged portions of the chromosomes are not equal, i.e. they don't break in the same spot. This recombination happens often at this locus because the OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes are adjacent and 96% similar.
1375:. The degree to which women who are carriers of either protanomaly or deuteranomaly are demonstrably tetrachromatic and require a mixture of four spectral lights to match an arbitrary light is very variable. Jameson
2178:
Nathans, J; Davenport, C M; Maumenee, I H; Lewis, R A; Hejtmancik, J F; Litt, M; Lovrien, E; Weleber, R; Bachynski, B; Zwas, F; Klingaman, R; Fishman, G (1989). "Molecular genetics of human blue cone monochromacy".
1101:
Because carrier females often have a colorblind father, colorblind males often will have a colorblind maternal grandfather (or great-grandfather). In this way, colorblindness is often said to 'skip a generation'.
817:
Unequal homologous combination that creates chimeric genes and therefore underlies protanomaly and deuteranomaly. The third gene array shows a dichromatic genotype; the fourth shows a deuteranomalous genotype.
541:
is narrower at long wavelengths, which causes the reds to be darker. This is due to the red cones (which normally cover the red side of the spectrum) either shifting to shorter wavelengths or being missing.
804:
Unequal homologous combination that leads to gene deletion and therefore underlies protanopia and deuteranopia. The third gene array shows a deuteranopia genotype; the fourth shows a normal color vision
553:. This device measures the proportion of red and green light that must be mixed to perceptually match a yellow reference. Protans add more red than color normals, and deutans add more green.
785:
between chromosomes of the same type may occur where they exchange a portion of their genes. The exchanged portions are generally equivalent (have the same genes) and this process is called
847:
The following table includes the 7 dimorphic sites that contribute to spectral tuning, including their exon and the spectral shift between the typical OPN1MW and OPN1LW exons (as a whole):
1604:
Other ethnicities will generally have a lower prevalence of congenital red–green color blindness. The following table summarizes a number of studies performed in different regions.
479:
indistinguishable from dichromacy (strong). Therefore, the differential diagnosis between anomalous trichromacy and dichromacy is difficult. An example clinical diagnosis would be
537:
The starkest difference is the scoterythrous effect, where reds appear dimmer to protans. This is why protans often confuse red with black, while deutans do not. The protan
1105:
The
Punnett square and this section assume each chromosome only has one affected gene. It also assumes females with two affected chromosomes are affected in the same way.
1514:, there is currently no FDA approved treatment for congenital red–green color blindness, and otherwise no cure for exists. Management of the condition through the use of
5302:
4110:
2351:
Gardner, Jessica C.; Michaelides, Michel; Holder, Graham E.; Kanuga, Naheed; Webb, Tom R.; Mollon, John D.; Moore, Anthony T.; Hardcastle, Alison J. (1 May 2009).
3507:
2400:
1043:
Punnett squares for each combination of parents' color vision status giving probabilities of their offsprings' status, each cell having 25% probability in theory
990:. The duplicated genes are always in sequence and can consist of different alleles of the gene, but only the first gene of a duplicate series is ever expressed.
749:
While the two genes share 19 dimorphic sites (amino acids that differ), only 7 of them lead to a functional difference between the genes, i.e. tune the opsin's
582:
and thereby convert light into chemical signals. A typical human has three distinct photopsins: S-, M- and L-opsins expressed by distinct genes, respectively
4179:
4105:
471:
of at least one of the cone cells is altered, leading to a gamut that is a different size or shape. In the case of congenital red–green color blindness, the
5715:
1024:
means that the condition is present from birth, but is usually used to represent the genetic, inherited basis of the condition. This is in contrast to
1360:
during a female's development, those normal and anomalous opsins will be segregated into their own cone cells, and because these cells have different
455:
of an individual with normal color vision (left), and protanopia (right). The protanope is completely missing red cones and is therefore a dichromat.
5453:
2980:
499:
Protanopic (red, dotted) and deuteranopic (green, dashed) luminosity functions. For comparison, the standard photopic curve is shown (black, solid).
3119:
5307:
1586:
of congenital red–green color blindness, as explained above. Interestingly, even Dalton's very first paper already arrived upon this 8% number:
5443:
4672:
4127:
4122:
3947:
610:. OPN1SW is unrelated to the condition and located on a different chromosome. The genes in the cluster are summarized in the following table:
5720:
2849:
2822:
2579:
3987:
1388:. One such woman has been widely reported to be a true or functional tetrachromat, as she can discriminate colors most other people can't.
5519:
4100:
2941:
2906:
1981:
4095:
3982:
3549:
3710:
2795:
2032:
3850:
5464:
3815:
2431:
1709:
1511:
257:(color blindness or discromatopsia). A red–green color blind subject will have decreased (or no) color discrimination along the
204:
of the retina, which mediate color vision. Males are more likely to inherit red–green color blindness than females, because the
5689:
5643:
4390:
3908:
3820:
1453:, the peak wavelengths of cone sensitivity can be assumed from an ERG. The peak wavelengths are highly correlated to genotype.
5459:
5448:
3810:
3539:
1064:
5524:
3903:
3794:
3660:
2457:
1590:...it is remarkable that, out of 25 pupils I once had, to whom I explained this subject, 2 were found to agree with me...
1385:
4301:
3992:
3977:
2973:
2112:
538:
2408:
5327:
4987:
4761:
3189:
3147:
3112:
1068:
1411:
An
Ishihara test image as seen by subjects with normal color vision and by those with a variety of color deficiencies
5529:
5116:
4665:
4117:
3913:
3887:
3845:
3840:
3705:
3578:
3566:
3522:
4184:
3583:
5294:
5187:
4845:
4296:
4090:
3937:
3782:
3529:
231:, who had congenital red–green color blindness and was the first to scientifically study it. In other languages,
5504:
5322:
4972:
4705:
3835:
3806:
3430:
3395:
793:
782:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5556:
5509:
4306:
4060:
3860:
3380:
3373:
2966:
228:
5514:
4575:
4545:
4480:
4475:
4202:
3480:
3345:
3105:
1644:
1293:
1174:
1005:
999:
463:. This references that a visual system with three distinct cone classes and therefore a three dimensional
148:
5710:
5438:
5193:
4737:
4658:
4518:
4194:
422:
4912:
1296:
if the genes are both missing/non-functional, or near-normal color vision if both genes are anomalous.
1423:
is the test most often used to detect red–green deficiencies and most often recognized by the public.
5411:
5094:
5082:
4291:
3877:
3872:
3830:
3645:
3561:
3052:
3019:
2719:
2188:
1446:
1361:
750:
743:
731:
639:
599:
468:
1441:(ERG) can be used instead. An ERG measures the electrical response from the retina as a function of
258:
5126:
5058:
4596:
4470:
4270:
4153:
4145:
3933:
3897:
3882:
3737:
3517:
3297:
3009:
1515:
1432:
1420:
1039:
5541:
4947:
4855:
4749:
4207:
3957:
3865:
3789:
3742:
3554:
3490:
3475:
3335:
3284:
2743:
2546:
2212:
2106:
1357:
1337:
89:
32:"Daltonism" redirects here. For color blindness as a general symptom of several conditions, see
800:
5651:
5604:
5201:
5016:
4955:
4907:
4840:
4835:
4813:
4742:
4550:
4447:
4212:
4072:
3855:
3512:
3418:
3014:
2876:
2855:
2845:
2828:
2818:
2791:
2735:
2689:
2640:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2538:
2497:
2382:
2364:
2330:
2268:
2204:
2157:
2096:
2077:
1493:
1438:
1402:
1352:
gene, and therefore express both the normal and anomalous opsins. Because one X chromosome is
1010:
546:
217:
141:
136:
77:
2867:
Dalton J (1798). "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations".
5599:
5594:
5574:
5569:
5332:
5099:
4977:
4927:
4922:
4894:
4860:
4850:
4720:
4338:
4328:
4174:
4149:
4082:
4048:
3967:
3598:
3588:
3485:
3340:
3227:
3217:
3059:
2727:
2679:
2671:
2632:
2599:
2528:
2487:
2372:
2320:
2258:
2250:
2196:
2147:
2139:
2067:
813:
629:
603:
530:
829:), chimeric genes can be created that contain portions of each of the OPN1LW/OPN1MW genes.
529:
confusion, nor because the "red" and "green" cones are affected, but because the red–green
5629:
5619:
5614:
5579:
5481:
5317:
5264:
5154:
5087:
4902:
4818:
4796:
4405:
4369:
4333:
3952:
3777:
3764:
3698:
3655:
3573:
3385:
3317:
3237:
3222:
3042:
1896:
1831:
1818:
1505:
1486:
1025:
452:
278:
254:
248:
236:
189:
94:
33:
2024:
503:
The two types of congenital red–green color blindness as based on the affected cone are:
2723:
2192:
235:
is still used to describe red–green color blindness, but may also refer colloquially to
5679:
5624:
5609:
5589:
5584:
5367:
5181:
5176:
5004:
4982:
4917:
4789:
4754:
4727:
4635:
4487:
4432:
4275:
4043:
3972:
3754:
3724:
3670:
3624:
3495:
3368:
3302:
3292:
2684:
2660:"Genetic Testing as a New Standard for Clinical Diagnosis of Color Vision Deficiencies"
2659:
2377:
2352:
2263:
2238:
2152:
2127:
1986:
1791:
1696:
1466:
1372:
1353:
762:
448:
2710:
Birch, Jennifer (1 March 2012). "Worldwide prevalence of red–green color deficiency".
2423:
773:
566:
The mechanism of congenital red–green color blindness relates to the functionality of
5704:
5564:
5149:
5035:
4960:
4937:
4877:
4801:
4784:
4690:
4555:
4410:
4350:
4067:
4015:
3962:
3892:
3801:
3688:
3665:
3593:
3502:
3307:
3212:
3079:
3074:
3047:
3001:
2993:
2765:
1991:
1935:
1857:
1748:
1490:
1416:
1341:
1327:
1031:
that is not present at birth and may be caused by aging, accidents, medication, etc.
977:
Gene duplications are one result of the unequal homologous recombination. Either the
838:
575:
472:
392:
Each of these groups comprises a prefix and a suffix. The prefix indicates the cone (
213:
212:. Screening for congenital red–green color blindness is typically performed with the
82:
68:
2747:
2291:
Dissertation: Cone opsin gene variants in color blindness and other vision disorders
2216:
1303:
X : X chromosome will have two subscripts indicating the alleles present:
1059:, and therefore affect males and females disproportionately. Because the colorblind
5399:
5362:
5355:
5161:
5144:
5136:
5077:
5069:
4932:
4776:
4420:
4248:
3629:
3544:
3452:
3330:
3325:
3270:
3265:
3069:
3034:
3024:
2550:
2143:
1909:
1722:
1333:
1254:
1221:
607:
595:
550:
439:
405:
268:
209:
193:
2958:
1415:
The diagnosis of congenital red–green color blindness is usually inferred through
1407:
307:
2254:
5536:
5394:
5171:
5166:
5030:
4999:
4965:
4870:
4766:
4732:
4619:
4570:
4513:
4508:
4465:
4443:
4354:
4345:
4265:
4243:
4055:
4027:
3825:
3693:
3534:
3355:
3232:
3184:
3131:
3084:
2761:
1583:
1091:
A female must inherit colorblindness alleles from both parents to be colorblind.
1056:
460:
2449:
2325:
2308:
495:
5546:
5389:
5226:
5217:
5121:
5109:
5049:
4865:
4828:
4823:
4806:
4540:
4503:
4427:
4415:
4359:
4320:
4226:
4162:
4141:
4031:
3390:
3255:
3064:
2989:
1870:
1518:
to alleviate symptoms or smartphone apps to aid with daily tasks is possible.
1442:
475:
of the red–green dimension is decreased when compared to normal color vision.
412:
166:
2832:
2517:"Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes"
2368:
188:
is an inherited condition that is the root cause of the majority of cases of
5406:
5379:
5374:
4883:
4591:
4565:
4439:
4385:
4373:
4258:
4253:
4238:
4234:
3772:
3470:
3447:
3260:
3207:
3202:
3179:
3097:
2859:
2731:
2200:
1482:
1450:
758:
739:
727:
712:
687:
571:
567:
393:
201:
192:. It has no significant symptoms aside from its minor to moderate effect on
2880:
2739:
2693:
2542:
2501:
2386:
2334:
2272:
2081:
2766:"Extraordinary Facts relating to the Vision of Colours: With Observations"
2644:
2636:
2208:
2161:
404:) referring to the L- and M-opsins respectively. The suffix indicates the
5661:
5384:
4992:
4630:
4395:
3929:
3732:
3363:
2476:"The dimensionality of color vision in carriers of anomalous trichromacy"
2072:
2055:
1922:
1883:
1844:
1670:
1657:
1478:
1462:
754:
196:. It is caused by variation in the functionality of the red and/or green
128:
124:
120:
17:
2933:
2898:
1597:
Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations
753:. These 7 functionally dimorphic sites will tune the opsin to a higher (
444:
253:
The only significant symptom of congenital red–green color blindness is
5433:
4715:
4457:
4400:
3942:
3749:
3680:
3650:
3640:
3247:
2675:
2533:
2516:
2353:"Blue cone monochromacy: Causative mutations and associated phenotypes"
1761:
1683:
1060:
987:
579:
375:
Congenital red–green color blindness is classified into 1 of 4 groups:
59:
223:
This form of color blindness is sometimes referred to historically as
5656:
5259:
5249:
4560:
3462:
3439:
3159:
1630:
1474:
1470:
1349:
1345:
1052:
1048:
982:
978:
723:
703:
678:
591:
587:
583:
521:
511:
2492:
2475:
2450:"Scientists find woman who sees 99 million more colors than others"
649:
5284:
5279:
5269:
5239:
4710:
4681:
4532:
2658:
Davidoff, Candice; Neitz, Maureen; Neitz, Jay (6 September 2016).
1961:
1948:
1805:
1787:
1626:
1406:
1038:
772:
662:
658:
494:
464:
443:
220:. It is a lifelong condition, and has no known cure or treatment.
205:
197:
5274:
5254:
5234:
5104:
5021:
3612:
3174:
2946:
2911:
1774:
1735:
1527:
Rates of congenital red-green color blindness subtypes in males
826:
698:
673:
644:
624:
619:
4654:
4650:
4617:
4013:
3416:
3145:
3101:
2962:
2869:
Memoirs of the
Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester
5350:
5244:
5009:
2424:"Some women may see 100,000,000 colors, thanks to their genes"
2309:"Molecular Genetics of Color Vision and Color Vision Defects"
261:. This commonly includes the following colors of confusion:
2126:
Alpern M, Lee GB, Maaseidvaag F, Miller SS (January 1971).
1300:
Y : male-only chromosome (no effect on colorblindness)
777:
a comparison of equal vs. unequal homologous recombination
27:
Most common genetic condition leading to color blindness
661:
genes thereafter, and ensures that only one of the two
606:
Xq28, at the end of the q arm of the X chromosome in a
821:
When unequal recombination happens with breaks in the
396:) that is affected, with lexemes from Greek, "first" (
200:
proteins, which are the photosensitive pigment in the
2474:
Jordan G, Deeb SS, Bosten JM, Mollon JD (July 2010).
1328:
Tetrachromacy § Tetrachromacy_in_Carriers_of_CVD
1081:
A male cannot inherit colorblindness from his father.
2923:
2888:
1608:
Prevalence of red–green color blindness among males
665:(LWS or MWS) is expressed exclusively in each cone.
5642:
5555:
5480:
5473:
5424:
5343:
5293:
5225:
5216:
5135:
5068:
5057:
4946:
4893:
4775:
4698:
4689:
4584:
4531:
4496:
4456:
4368:
4319:
4284:
4225:
4193:
4161:
4140:
4081:
4026:
3922:
3763:
3723:
3679:
3620:
3611:
3461:
3438:
3429:
3354:
3316:
3283:
3246:
3167:
3158:
3033:
3000:
2927:
2892:
2515:Jameson KA, Highnote SM, Wasserman LM (June 2001).
2239:"The genetics of normal and defective color vision"
1114:Genotypes and results for red–green colorblindness
175:
165:
157:
147:
135:
116:
108:
100:
88:
76:
49:
44:
520:: (6% of males): lacking, or possessing anomalous
510:: (2% of males): lacking, or possessing anomalous
5303:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
4106:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
2564:Harrison G, Tanner J, Pilbeam D, Baker P (1988).
1344:. These females have two alleles for either the
657:Acts as a promoter of the expression of the two
1588:
2817:. Washington, DC: Optical Society of America.
95:Reduced color distinction along red-green axis
4666:
3113:
2974:
2770:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
2664:Translational Vision Science & Technology
1437:When psychophysical testing is undesired, an
459:The dimensionality of normal color vision is
8:
4180:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
2570:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2173:
2171:
1371:protanomaly and deuteranomaly, she could be
545:The two are difficult to differentiate with
53:Daltonism; red–green color vision deficiency
3508:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
2712:Journal of the Optical Society of America A
2623:Gordon N (March 1998). "Colour blindness".
2346:
2344:
2302:
2300:
2128:"Colour vision in blue-cone 'monochromacy'"
524:for medium-wavelength-sensitive cone cells.
5685:
5477:
5222:
5065:
4695:
4673:
4659:
4651:
4614:
4378:
4167:
4158:
4036:
4023:
4010:
3617:
3435:
3426:
3413:
3164:
3155:
3142:
3120:
3106:
3098:
2981:
2967:
2959:
2924:
2889:
2593:
2591:
2284:
2282:
2101:. Washington D.C. 20234: NBS. p. 316.
1606:
58:
41:
2683:
2532:
2491:
2469:
2467:
2443:
2441:
2376:
2324:
2262:
2151:
2071:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1496:that may provide incomplete information.
1077:Some conclusions from the table include:
1067:. Males have only one X chromosome (
1055:) are on the X chromosome, they are
549:, but is most reliably performed with an
514:for long-wavelength-sensitive cone cells.
5454:International Commission on Illumination
2705:
2703:
1525:
1315:L*: chimeric (or missing) L opsin allele
1312:M*: chimeric (or missing) M opsin allele
1112:
849:
812:
799:
612:
324:
2003:
5444:Color Association of the United States
2104:
1063:are recessive, colorblindness follows
2434:from the original on 8 November 2006.
594:. OPN1MW and OPN1LW are located in a
7:
3988:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
2842:Colour blindness: causes and effects
2448:Didymus, JohnThomas (Jun 19, 2012),
570:, specifically to the expression of
186:Congenital red–green color blindness
45:Congenital red–green color blindness
4111:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
3948:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
2790:, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
1982:List of people with color blindness
1510:Despite much recent improvement in
313:Simulated red–green color blindness
208:for the relevant opsins are on the
5308:Blue–green distinction in language
3983:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
1485:(color vision) are well known, so
440:Color vision § Dimensionality
153:Acquired red–green color blindness
25:
5716:Visual disturbances and blindness
3711:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
2521:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
2035:from the original on 28 July 2016
1506:color blindness § Management
429:(from the Greek for "irregular").
5684:
5675:
5674:
5465:International Colour Association
5048:
3816:Central retinal artery occlusion
2776:(1). England, Manchester: 28–45.
2401:"Acquired colour vision defects"
1512:Gene therapy for color blindness
1367:If a female is heterozygous for
1336:for anomalous trichromacy (i.e.
1322:Tetrachromacy in carriers of CVD
1047:Since the affected opsin genes (
306:
294:
3821:Branch retinal artery occlusion
3550:Terrien's marginal degeneration
2460:from the original on 2016-02-08
1477:genes. The correlation between
487:deuteranomaly or deuteranopia.
419:(from the Greek for "no sight")
5460:International Color Consortium
5449:International Colour Authority
3851:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
3811:Central retinal vein occlusion
3540:Pellucid marginal degeneration
2844:. Chester: Dalton Publishing.
2813:Kaiser PK, Boynton RM (1996).
2786:Harrison, G.A. et al. (1977):
2144:10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009318
2098:Contributions to Color Science
1489:can be a useful supplement to
1445:of light. Due to the shape of
1309:L : normal L opsin allele
1306:M : normal M opsin allele
1065:X-linked recessive inheritance
859:Amino Acid in typical L-opsin
856:Amino Acid in typical M-opsin
406:dimensionality of color vision
1:
5525:List of Crayola crayon colors
3904:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
3795:Posterior vitreous detachment
3661:Persistent pupillary membrane
2307:Neitz, Maureen (1 May 2000).
2025:"Facts About Color Blindness"
1465:can be directly evaluated by
5721:X-linked recessive disorders
4391:Leber's congenital amaurosis
4302:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
3993:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
3978:Persistent fetal vasculature
3909:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2422:Roth M (13 September 2006).
2255:10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.002
539:luminous efficiency function
483:, which could correspond to
5328:Traditional colors of Japan
5105:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
4988:Multi-primary color display
4762:Spectral power distribution
3190:Meibomian gland dysfunction
2293:. University of Washington.
2237:Neitz, J; Neitz, M (2011).
1968:
1965:
1903:
1900:
1890:
1887:
1755:
1752:
1729:
1726:
1651:
1638:
1635:
1013:to entirely deactivate it.
5737:
3914:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
3888:Central serous retinopathy
3706:Focal choroidal excavation
3579:Corneal neovascularization
3396:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
2598:Reference, Genetics Home.
2326:10.1001/archopht.118.5.691
2289:Davidoff, Candice (2015).
2056:"Colour vision deficiency"
1503:
1430:
1400:
1325:
997:
836:
789:homologous recombination.
437:
246:
179:2-9% males; <1% females
31:
5670:
5188:Color realism (art style)
5046:
4846:Evolution of color vision
4626:
4613:
4381:
4297:Convergence insufficiency
4170:
4039:
4022:
4009:
3938:Primary juvenile glaucoma
3783:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
3425:
3412:
3198:
3154:
3141:
3132:Diseases of the human eye
2600:"Color vision deficiency"
2313:Archives of Ophthalmology
2054:Simunovic MP (May 2010).
1261:
1228:
1195:
1180:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1098:produce colorblind males.
1088:have a colorblind father.
1073:(0.08² = 0.0064 = 0.64%).
920:
917:
881:
878:
348:
331:
283:Red, green, orange, brown
66:
57:
5505:List of colors (compact)
5323:Color in Chinese culture
4973:Digital image processing
4706:Electromagnetic spectrum
3807:Ocular ischemic syndrome
2947:(deutan) 303800 (deutan)
2912:(protan) 303900 (protan)
2405:colourblindawareness.org
2111:: CS1 maint: location (
1386:Hardy–Weinberg principle
825:of a gene (e.g. between
794:homologous recombination
783:homologous recombination
769:Homologous recombination
711:Encodes the MWS (green)
5510:List of colors by shade
4307:One and a half syndrome
4061:Foster Kennedy syndrome
2732:10.1364/JOSAA.29.000313
2604:Genetics Home Reference
2428:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
2201:10.1126/science.2788922
2095:Judd, Deane B. (1979).
1094:Colorblind females can
286:Black and red (protans)
5515:List of color palettes
4546:Argyll Robertson pupil
3346:Periorbital cellulitis
1645:Aboriginal Australians
1602:
1417:psychophysical testing
1412:
1294:blue-cone monochromacy
1044:
1006:blue-cone monochromacy
1000:Blue-cone monochromacy
994:Blue-cone monochromacy
818:
806:
778:
686:Encodes the LWS (red)
500:
456:
344:Anomalous Trichromacy
255:deficient color vision
149:Differential diagnosis
5439:Color Marketing Group
5194:On Vision and Colours
5127:Tinctures in heraldry
4738:Structural coloration
4519:Scintillating scotoma
4185:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
4128:Toxic and nutritional
4101:posterior (PION)
3584:Kayser–Fleischer ring
2637:10.1038/sj.ph.1900446
1987:Red–green color space
1556:Anomalous trichromacy
1410:
1281:Protan/Deutan Female
1042:
816:
803:
776:
498:
447:
423:Anomalous trichromacy
5520:List of color spaces
5412:Tint, shade and tone
5295:Cultural differences
5110:Polychromatic colors
5095:Complementary colors
5083:Monochromatic colors
4292:Conjugate gaze palsy
4163:Paralytic strabismus
4096:anterior (AION)
3878:Retinitis pigmentosa
3873:Macular degeneration
3646:Intermediate uveitis
3562:Keratoconjunctivitis
3020:Intraocular pressure
2073:10.1038/eye.2009.251
1584:x-linked inheritance
1447:spectral sensitivity
1362:spectral sensitivity
1084:A colorblind female
853:Amino Acid Position
751:spectral sensitivity
640:Locus Control Region
600:locus control region
469:spectral sensitivity
5500:List of colors: N–Z
5495:List of colors: G–M
5490:List of colors: A–F
4597:Childhood blindness
4576:Parinaud's syndrome
4146:Extraocular muscles
3934:Ocular hypertension
3898:Epiretinal membrane
3883:Retinal haemorrhage
3738:Congenital cataract
2840:McIntyre D (2002).
2724:2012JOSAA..29..313B
2193:1989Sci...245..831N
1609:
1528:
1516:color blind glasses
1433:Electroretinography
1427:Electroretinography
1421:Ishihara color test
1115:
5547:List of web colors
5542:List of RAL colors
4948:Color reproduction
4913:Lüscher color test
4750:Color of chemicals
4123:Leber's hereditary
3790:Retinal detachment
3743:Childhood cataract
3555:Post-LASIK ectasia
3336:Orbital cellulitis
3285:Lacrimal apparatus
2815:Human color vision
2676:10.1167/tvst.5.5.2
2534:10.3758/BF03196159
1607:
1526:
1494:color vision tests
1413:
1358:photoreceptor cell
1356:at random in each
1191:Unaffected female
1113:
1045:
819:
807:
779:
726:(encoding the SWS
547:color vision tests
501:
457:
142:Color vision tests
72:indistinguishable.
5698:
5697:
5638:
5637:
5420:
5419:
5212:
5211:
5202:Theory of Colours
5044:
5043:
4956:Color photography
4908:Color preferences
4851:Impossible colors
4841:Color vision test
4836:Color temperature
4814:Color calibration
4743:Animal coloration
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4551:Marcus Gunn pupil
4527:
4526:
4448:Visual impairment
4315:
4314:
4221:
4220:
4208:Fourth-nerve (IV)
4136:
4135:
4073:Optic disc drusen
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3719:
3718:
3607:
3606:
3513:Corneal dystrophy
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3279:
3278:
3095:
3094:
2956:
2955:
2921:
2920:
2851:978-0-9541886-0-3
2824:978-1-55752-461-4
2581:978-0-19-854144-8
2480:Journal of Vision
2187:(4920): 831–838.
2031:. February 2015.
1973:
1972:
1579:
1578:
1439:electroretinogram
1403:Color vision test
1397:Color vision test
1332:Females that are
1285:
1284:
1011:nonsense mutation
973:Gene duplications
970:
969:
742:, and located on
719:
718:
491:Protan vs. deutan
425:gives the suffix
415:gives the suffix
373:
372:
218:color vision test
183:
182:
137:Diagnostic method
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5728:
5688:
5687:
5678:
5677:
5478:
5344:Color dimensions
5333:Human skin color
5223:
5100:Analogous colors
5066:
5052:
4978:Color management
4895:Color psychology
4861:Opponent process
4777:Color perception
4696:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4652:
4615:
4379:
4370:Vision disorders
4329:Refractive error
4271:Brown's syndrome
4227:Other strabismus
4213:Sixth-nerve (VI)
4203:Oculomotor (III)
4175:Ophthalmoparesis
4168:
4159:
4150:Binocular vision
4083:Optic neuropathy
4049:optic papillitis
4037:
4024:
4011:
3900:(Macular pucker)
3618:
3599:Band keratopathy
3436:
3427:
3414:
3341:Orbital lymphoma
3228:Blepharophimosis
3218:Blepharochalasis
3165:
3156:
3143:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3099:
3060:Opponent process
2983:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2925:
2890:
2884:
2863:
2836:
2799:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2572:183–187, 287–290
2561:
2555:
2554:
2536:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2407:. Archived from
2397:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2357:Molecular Vision
2348:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2021:
1610:
1600:
1529:
1292:Y male may have
1134:Unaffected male
1116:
1074:
850:
781:During meiosis,
613:
531:opponent process
325:
310:
298:
62:
42:
21:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5666:
5634:
5551:
5469:
5426:
5416:
5339:
5318:Blue in culture
5289:
5208:
5155:Secondary color
5131:
5088:black-and-white
5060:
5053:
5040:
4942:
4928:National colors
4923:Political color
4903:Color symbolism
4889:
4819:Color constancy
4797:Color blindness
4771:
4728:Spectral colors
4685:
4679:
4649:
4640:
4622:
4601:
4580:
4523:
4492:
4452:
4406:Color blindness
4372:
4364:
4311:
4285:Other binocular
4280:
4217:
4189:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4132:
4077:
4030:
4018:
3997:
3953:Ocular hypotony
3918:
3778:Chorioretinitis
3759:
3715:
3699:Chorioretinitis
3675:
3656:Rubeosis iridis
3634:
3603:
3574:Corneal opacity
3530:Corneal ectasia
3457:
3421:
3400:
3386:Pseudopterygium
3350:
3312:
3275:
3242:
3238:Ankyloblepharon
3194:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3096:
3091:
3043:Color blindness
3029:
2996:
2987:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2936:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2901:
2887:
2866:
2852:
2839:
2825:
2812:
2808:
2806:Further reading
2803:
2802:
2785:
2781:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2493:10.1167/10.8.12
2473:
2472:
2465:
2454:Digital Journal
2447:
2446:
2439:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2005:
2000:
1978:
1617:
1601:
1594:
1524:
1508:
1502:
1487:genetic testing
1459:
1457:Genetic testing
1435:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1330:
1324:
1291:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1184:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1111:
1072:
1037:
1029:color blindness
1019:
1002:
996:
975:
865:Spectral Shift
841:
835:
771:
763:point mutations
730:and located on
564:
559:
493:
442:
436:
400:) or "second" (
332:Dimensionality
323:
318:
317:
316:
315:
314:
311:
303:
302:
299:
274:Blue and purple
251:
249:Color blindness
245:
237:color blindness
190:color blindness
40:
37:
34:Color blindness
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5734:
5732:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5703:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5682:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5314:Color history
5312:
5311:
5310:
5299:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5198:
5197:(Schopenhauer)
5190:
5185:
5182:Color analysis
5179:
5177:Color triangle
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5074:
5072:
5063:
5055:
5054:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5014:
5013:
5012:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4983:Color printing
4980:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4952:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4918:Kruithof curve
4915:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4790:Sonochromatism
4781:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4702:
4700:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4636:Onchocerciasis
4633:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4488:Quadrantanopia
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4462:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4433:Oguchi disease
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4276:Duane syndrome
4273:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4246:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4156:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4044:Optic neuritis
4040:
4034:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3973:Phthisis bulbi
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3856:Coats' disease
3853:
3848:
3846:of prematurity
3843:
3838:
3833:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3755:Ectopia lentis
3752:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3613:Vascular tunic
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3496:Photokeratitis
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3369:Conjunctivitis
3366:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3303:Dacryocystitis
3300:
3295:
3293:Dacryoadenitis
3289:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3053:Köllner's rule
3050:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:Classification
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:Classification
2886:
2885:
2864:
2850:
2837:
2823:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2779:
2753:
2718:(3): 313–320.
2699:
2650:
2615:
2587:
2580:
2556:
2507:
2463:
2437:
2414:
2411:on 2014-12-16.
2392:
2340:
2319:(5): 691–700.
2296:
2278:
2249:(7): 633–651.
2222:
2167:
2118:
2087:
2046:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:Andhra Pradesh
1784:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1592:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1523:
1520:
1504:Main article:
1501:
1498:
1491:psychophysical
1458:
1455:
1431:Main article:
1428:
1425:
1401:Main article:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1373:pentachromatic
1326:Main article:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1248:Female Carrier
1246:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1215:Female Carrier
1213:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1036:
1033:
1018:
1015:
998:Main article:
995:
992:
974:
971:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
934:
933:
930:
927:
923:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
906:
905:
902:
901:Phenylalanine
899:
895:
894:
891:
888:
884:
883:
880:
877:
874:
873:Phenylalanine
871:
867:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
834:
831:
770:
767:
717:
716:
709:
706:
701:
696:
692:
691:
684:
681:
676:
671:
667:
666:
655:
652:
647:
642:
636:
635:
632:
627:
622:
617:
598:(along with a
563:
560:
558:
555:
526:
525:
515:
492:
489:
449:Retinal mosaic
435:
434:Dimensionality
432:
431:
430:
420:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
371:
370:
369:Deuteranomaly
367:
364:
360:
359:
356:
353:
350:
346:
345:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
330:
328:
322:
321:Classification
319:
312:
305:
304:
300:
293:
292:
291:
290:
289:
288:
287:
284:
281:
275:
272:
266:
259:red–green axis
247:Main article:
244:
241:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
151:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
64:
63:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5733:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5691:
5683:
5681:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:organizations
5423:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5368:Pastel colors
5366:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5150:Primary color
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:Light-on-dark
5115:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5051:
5037:
5036:Color mapping
5034:
5032:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:Color balance
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4938:Chromotherapy
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4878:Tetrachromacy
4876:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:Achromatopsia
4800:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:Chromesthesia
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:Color physics
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:Color science
4688:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Adie syndrome
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:Achromatopsia
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:Anisometropia
4349:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:Accommodation
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:Optic atrophy
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Keratomycosis
3966:
3964:
3963:Globe rupture
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:Macular edema
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Retinoschisis
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:Choroideremia
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Iridodialysis
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Arcus senilis
3592:
3590:
3589:Haab's striae
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:Corneal ulcer
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:acanthamoebic
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Fibrous tunic
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3308:Xerophthalmia
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Lagophthalmos
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Tetrachromacy
3078:
3076:
3075:Pentachromacy
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Achromatopsia
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:Accommodation
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:visual system
2991:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2797:
2796:0-19-857164-X
2793:
2789:
2788:Human Biology
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:Public Health
2619:
2616:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2567:Human Biology
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2527:(2): 244–61.
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:(1): 211–33.
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2066:(5): 747–55.
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1992:Tetrachromacy
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1595:John Dalton,
1591:
1587:
1585:
1574:
1572:Deuteranomaly
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:tetrachromats
1339:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1280:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1194:
1190:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1001:
993:
991:
989:
984:
980:
972:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
935:
931:
928:
925:
924:
914:
911:
908:
907:
903:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
886:
885:
875:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
851:
848:
845:
840:
839:Chimeric gene
833:Chimeric gene
832:
830:
828:
824:
815:
811:
802:
798:
795:
792:
788:
784:
775:
768:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
714:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
694:
693:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
669:
668:
664:
660:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
615:
614:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:that 'catch'
577:
576:photopigments
573:
569:
561:
556:
554:
552:
548:
543:
540:
535:
532:
523:
519:
516:
513:
509:
506:
505:
504:
497:
490:
488:
486:
482:
481:strong deutan
476:
474:
473:dynamic range
470:
466:
462:
454:
450:
446:
441:
433:
428:
424:
421:
418:
414:
411:
410:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
388:Deuteranomaly
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
376:
368:
366:Deuteranopia
365:
362:
361:
357:
354:
351:
347:
343:
340:
338:
336:
335:
329:
327:
326:
320:
309:
301:Normal vision
297:
285:
282:
280:
276:
273:
270:
267:
265:Cyan and gray
264:
263:
262:
260:
256:
250:
242:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
178:
174:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
143:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
83:Ophthalmology
81:
79:
75:
70:
69:Ishihara test
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
35:
30:
19:
5711:Color vision
5400:Fluorescence
5363:Colorfulness
5356:Dichromatism
5200:
5192:
5162:Chromaticity
5145:Color mixing
5137:Color theory
5070:Color scheme
4933:Chromophobia
4882:
4446: /
4442: /
4421:Monochromacy
4353: /
4249:Heterophoria
4237: /
3936: /
3932: /
3836:hypertensive
3809: /
3630:Ciliary body
3545:Keratoglobus
3453:Episcleritis
3331:Enophthalmos
3326:Exophthalmos
3271:Trichomegaly
3266:Distichiasis
3168:Inflammation
3070:Monochromacy
3035:Color vision
3025:Visual field
2940:
2905:
2872:
2868:
2841:
2814:
2787:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2762:Dalton, John
2756:
2715:
2711:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:
2566:
2559:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2483:
2479:
2453:
2427:
2417:
2409:the original
2404:
2395:
2360:
2356:
2316:
2312:
2290:
2246:
2242:
2184:
2180:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2097:
2090:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2028:
1710:DR Congolese
1603:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1540:Deuteranopia
1522:Epidemiology
1509:
1460:
1436:
1414:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1334:heterozygous
1331:
1286:
1255:pentachromat
1251:
1222:tetrachromat
1218:
1171:
1158:Protan male
1146:Deutan male
1104:
1095:
1085:
1076:
1069:karyotype XY
1046:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1003:
976:
882:±21 nm
846:
842:
822:
820:
808:
790:
786:
780:
757:) or lower (
748:
744:chromosome 3
735:
732:chromosome 7
720:
608:tandem array
596:gene cluster
565:
551:Anomaloscope
544:
536:
527:
517:
507:
502:
484:
480:
477:
461:trichromatic
458:
426:
416:
401:
397:
391:
385:Deuteranopia
374:
358:Protanomaly
252:
239:in general.
232:
224:
222:
210:X chromosome
194:color vision
185:
184:
29:
5537:Color chart
5395:Iridescence
5227:Basic terms
5218:Color terms
5172:Color wheel
5167:Color solid
5031:Color space
5017:subtractive
5000:Color model
4871:Unique hues
4767:Colorimetry
4733:Chromophore
4571:Cycloplegia
4514:Photophobia
4509:Hemeralopia
4466:Hemianopsia
4444:Vision loss
4355:Aniseikonia
4346:Astigmatism
4266:Cyclotropia
4244:Hypertropia
4056:Papilledema
4028:Optic nerve
3861:Sickle cell
3841:Purtscher's
3826:Retinopathy
3694:Choroiditis
3535:Keratoconus
3356:Conjunctiva
3233:Xanthelasma
3185:Blepharitis
3085:Trichromacy
2772:. Memoirs.
2631:(2): 81–4.
2363:: 876–884.
1613:Population
1564:Protanomaly
1354:inactivated
966:±2 nm
949:±3 nm
932:Isoleucine
921:±4 nm
382:Protanomaly
355:Protanopia
341:Dichromacy
277:Yellow and
229:John Dalton
216:or similar
101:Usual onset
67:An example
50:Other names
5705:Categories
5557:Shades of:
5390:Brightness
5122:Web colors
5078:Color tool
5061:philosophy
4966:Color cast
4866:Afterimage
4856:Metamerism
4829:Color code
4824:Color task
4807:Dichromacy
4620:Infections
4541:Anisocoria
4504:Asthenopia
4497:subjective
4481:homonymous
4476:bitemporal
4428:Nyctalopia
4416:Dichromacy
4360:Presbyopia
4321:Refraction
4142:Strabismus
4032:Optic disc
3391:Pinguecula
3256:Trichiasis
3065:Dichromacy
2990:Physiology
2609:2019-05-06
2243:Vision Res
2132:J. Physiol
1998:References
1871:Norwegians
1548:Protanopia
1532:Dichromacy
1467:sequencing
1451:cone cells
1443:wavelength
1170:Male with
1057:sex-linked
1022:Congenital
929:Threonine
893:Threonine
837:See also:
738:(encoding
572:photopsins
568:cone cells
438:See also:
413:Dichromacy
379:Protanopia
279:neon green
202:cone cells
167:Medication
127:, usually
104:Congenital
5407:Grayscale
5380:Lightness
5375:Luminance
5184:(fashion)
4884:The dress
4592:Nystagmus
4566:Mydriasis
4440:Blindness
4386:Amblyopia
4374:Blindness
4334:Hyperopia
4259:Exophoria
4254:Esophoria
4239:Exotropia
4235:Esotropia
3773:Retinitis
3471:Keratitis
3448:Scleritis
3381:Pterygium
3261:Madarosis
3208:Ectropion
3203:Entropion
3180:Chalazion
2875:: 28–45.
2833:472932250
2486:(8): 12.
2369:1090-0535
2107:cite book
1500:Treatment
1483:phenotype
1392:Diagnosis
1340:) may be
1119:Genotype
1109:Genotypes
957:Tyrosine
904:Tyrosine
876:Tyrosine
805:genotype.
759:blueshift
740:rhodopsin
728:photopsin
715:protein.
713:photopsin
695:MWS opsin
690:protein.
688:photopsin
670:LWS opsin
602:gene) at
557:Mechanism
394:photopsin
269:Rose-pink
233:daltonism
225:daltonism
176:Frequency
158:Treatment
125:inherited
78:Specialty
18:Daltonism
5680:Category
5662:Lighting
5385:Darkness
5205:(Goethe)
5005:additive
4993:Quattron
4631:Trachoma
4396:Diplopia
4091:Ischemic
4016:Pathways
3930:Glaucoma
3831:diabetic
3733:Cataract
3671:Synechia
3523:Meesmann
3491:Exposure
3476:herpetic
3374:allergic
3364:Chemosis
3298:Epiphora
2860:49204679
2764:(1798).
2748:32387794
2740:22472762
2694:27622081
2670:(5): 2.
2543:11495112
2502:20884587
2458:archived
2432:Archived
2387:19421413
2335:10815162
2273:21167193
2217:13093786
2082:19927164
2033:Archived
1976:See also
1923:Tibetans
1884:Russians
1845:Mexicans
1836:259,000
1832:Japanese
1819:Iranians
1671:Bosnians
1658:Belgians
1618:studied
1593:—
1479:genotype
1463:genotype
1338:carriers
1252:possible
1219:possible
1172:possible
1035:Heredity
1027:acquired
1017:Genetics
940:Alanine
915:Alanine
890:Alanine
755:redshift
634:Purpose
604:position
522:M-opsins
512:L-opsins
271:and gray
243:Symptoms
214:Ishihara
129:X-linked
112:Lifelong
109:Duration
90:Symptoms
5644:Related
5605:Magenta
5530:history
5434:Pantone
4721:Visible
4716:Rainbow
4471:binasal
4458:Anopsia
4401:Scotoma
4195:palsies
3958:Red eye
3943:Floater
3750:Aphakia
3681:Choroid
3651:Hyphema
3641:Uveitis
3248:Eyelash
2992:of the
2881:9879327
2720:Bibcode
2685:5017313
2645:9581449
2551:2389566
2378:2676201
2264:3075382
2209:2788922
2189:Bibcode
2181:Science
2162:5313219
2153:1395698
2039:29 July
1823:16,180
1788:Indians
1762:Germans
1736:Fijians
1697:Chinese
1688:16,180
1684:Britons
1122:Result
1061:alleles
988:OPN1MW2
986:called
960:Serine
943:Serine
912:Serine
791:Unequal
580:photons
451:in the
427:anomaly
417:-anopia
402:deuter-
363:M-cone
352:L-cone
121:Genetic
5657:Qualia
5652:Vision
5600:Purple
5595:Violet
5575:Yellow
5570:Orange
5265:Orange
5260:Purple
5250:Yellow
4684:topics
4561:Miosis
4339:Myopia
4118:Kjer's
3866:photic
3765:Retina
3518:Fuchs'
3486:fungal
3463:Cornea
3440:Sclera
3223:Ptosis
3160:Eyelid
3148:Adnexa
3002:Vision
2879:
2858:
2848:
2831:
2821:
2794:
2746:
2738:
2692:
2682:
2643:
2578:
2549:
2541:
2500:
2385:
2375:
2367:
2333:
2271:
2261:
2215:
2207:
2160:
2150:
2080:
1966:4,750
1953:1,000
1936:Tswana
1914:2,000
1888:1,343
1875:9,047
1858:Navajo
1779:1,000
1766:7,861
1753:1,243
1749:French
1727:3,168
1701:1,164
1675:4,836
1662:9,540
1649:4,455
1631:Druzes
1616:Number
1599:(1798)
1475:OPN1LW
1471:OPN1MW
1377:et al.
1350:OPN1LW
1346:OPN1MW
1053:OPN1MW
1049:OPN1LW
1004:While
983:OPN1MW
979:OPN1LW
823:middle
724:OPN1SW
704:OPN1MW
699:300821
679:OPN1LW
674:300822
663:opsins
645:300824
592:OPN1LW
588:OPN1MW
584:OPN1SW
574:, the
518:Deutan
508:Protan
485:either
227:after
117:Causes
5690:Index
5630:Black
5620:White
5615:Brown
5580:Green
5482:Lists
5474:Names
5456:(CIE)
5425:Color
5285:Brown
5280:White
5270:Black
5240:Green
5059:Color
4755:Water
4711:Light
4682:Color
4585:Other
4533:Pupil
3923:Other
3567:sicca
3419:Globe
3318:Orbit
2744:S2CID
2547:S2CID
2213:S2CID
1962:Serbs
1949:Tutsi
1910:Swiss
1897:Scots
1806:Inuit
1723:Dutch
1639:10.0
1627:Arabs
1575:4.6%
1567:1.2%
1559:5.8%
1551:1.0%
1543:1.1%
1535:2.1%
862:Exon
827:exons
787:equal
736:"RHO"
734:) or
659:opsin
630:Locus
562:Genes
465:gamut
453:fovea
398:prot-
349:Cone
206:genes
198:opsin
5625:Gray
5610:Pink
5590:Blue
5585:Cyan
5275:Gray
5255:Pink
5235:Blue
5022:CMYK
3725:Lens
3625:Iris
3175:Stye
3015:Gaze
2942:OMIM
2907:OMIM
2877:OCLC
2856:OCLC
2846:ISBN
2829:OCLC
2819:ISBN
2792:ISBN
2736:PMID
2690:PMID
2641:PMID
2576:ISBN
2539:PMID
2498:PMID
2383:PMID
2365:ISSN
2331:PMID
2269:PMID
2205:PMID
2158:PMID
2113:link
2078:PMID
2041:2016
1969:7.4
1956:2.5
1943:2.0
1940:407
1930:5.0
1927:241
1917:8.0
1904:7.8
1901:463
1891:9.2
1878:9.0
1865:2.3
1862:571
1852:2.3
1849:571
1839:4.0
1826:6.6
1813:2.5
1810:297
1800:7.5
1797:292
1782:2.9
1775:Hutu
1769:7.7
1756:8.6
1743:0.8
1740:608
1730:8.0
1717:1.7
1714:929
1704:6.9
1691:6.6
1678:6.2
1665:7.4
1652:1.9
1636:337
1481:and
1473:and
1469:the
1461:The
1369:both
1290:M*L*
1235:M*L*
1165:M*L*
1096:only
1086:must
1051:and
954:116
937:180
926:230
909:233
898:277
887:285
870:309
708:Xq28
683:Xq28
654:Xq28
625:Gene
620:OMIM
616:Type
171:None
161:None
5565:Red
5351:Hue
5245:Red
5010:RGB
2728:doi
2680:PMC
2672:doi
2633:doi
2629:112
2529:doi
2488:doi
2373:PMC
2321:doi
2317:118
2259:PMC
2251:doi
2197:doi
2185:245
2148:PMC
2140:doi
2136:212
2068:doi
2060:Eye
2029:NEI
1449:of
1348:or
1277:M*L
1273:M*L
1268:ML*
1264:ML*
1244:ML*
1240:M*L
1211:M*L
1202:ML*
1175:BCM
1153:ML*
1141:M*L
981:or
746:).
650:LCR
590:or
5707::
2945::
2910::
2871:.
2854:.
2827:.
2768:.
2742:.
2734:.
2726:.
2716:29
2714:.
2702:^
2688:.
2678:.
2666:.
2662:.
2639:.
2627:.
2602:.
2590:^
2574:.
2545:.
2537:.
2523:.
2519:.
2496:.
2484:10
2482:.
2478:.
2466:^
2456:,
2452:,
2440:^
2430:.
2426:.
2403:.
2381:.
2371:.
2361:15
2359:.
2355:.
2343:^
2329:.
2315:.
2311:.
2299:^
2281:^
2267:.
2257:.
2247:51
2245:.
2241:.
2225:^
2211:.
2203:.
2195:.
2183:.
2170:^
2156:.
2146:.
2134:.
2130:.
2109:}}
2105:{{
2076:.
2064:24
2062:.
2058:.
2027:.
2006:^
1794:)
1633:)
1621:%
1257:)
1231:ML
1224:)
1207:ML
1198:ML
1187:ML
1183:ML
1167:Y
1155:Y
1143:Y
1131:Y
1129:ML
963:2
946:3
918:4
879:5
765:.
586:,
408::
4674:e
4667:t
4660:v
3121:e
3114:t
3107:v
2982:e
2975:t
2968:v
2934:D
2899:D
2883:.
2873:5
2862:.
2835:.
2798:.
2774:5
2750:.
2730::
2722::
2696:.
2674::
2668:5
2647:.
2635::
2612:.
2584:.
2553:.
2531::
2525:8
2504:.
2490::
2389:.
2337:.
2323::
2275:.
2253::
2219:.
2199::
2191::
2164:.
2142::
2115:)
2084:.
2070::
2043:.
1790:(
1629:(
1288:X
1275:X
1271:X
1266:X
1262:X
1250:(
1242:X
1238:X
1233:X
1229:X
1217:(
1209:X
1205:X
1200:X
1196:X
1185:X
1181:X
1163:X
1151:X
1139:X
1127:X
131:)
123:(
36:.
20:)
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