492:
782:
444:
42:
452:
125:
56:
659:
100:
986:
80:
1053:
normal but chemically deficient hair-pencils also suffer from lower mating success. In addition, adult female queens whose antennae have been blocked are not receptive to advances from competent male queens. However, physical contact between the male's hair-pencil and the female's antennae does not affect a male's mating success. Males without hair-pencils are no less
929:, a larval host plant known to be a very poor cardenolide source, contain no detectable cardenolide and are essentially palatable to predators. These highly variable responses of avian predators to queens reared on different plants suggest the existence of a food-plant-related palatability spectrum in Florida queen butterflies.
582:
have two pairs of walking legs, the forelegs, the first pair located on the prothoracic segment of the abdomen, are reduced and not used for locomotion. The forelegs are relatively smaller in the male than in the female. The female uses its short forelegs to scratch the surface of a leaf to determine
1035:
alcohol (diol). The diol imparts a stickiness that allows the secretion to stay on the dust, and the dust on antennae. The ketone is a releaser pheromone, inducing females to mate. Although insufficient levels of ketone present in the dust particle correlates to lower seductive capacity in the male,
1009:
During courtship, which occurs while both butterflies are in flight, the male everts his hair-pencils and brushes them against the female's antennae. This act is called "hair-pencilling." The secretion associated with these hair-pencils plays an important role in seducing the female. When the female
546:
The queen is a moderately large butterfly, with an average wingspan of 3.1 inches (7.9 cm) to 3.3 inches (8.4 cm). It is easily distinguishable from its relative the monarch by its darker brown ground colour, and lack of stripes decorating the wings. The queen bears a closer resemblance to
1000:
Males patrol all day to seek females. Females can mate up to 15 times, a significantly higher number than other members of
Lepidoptera. Courtship and mating typically happen in the afternoon. Once a male and a female mate, the butterflies may remain coupled for more than an hour. Mated pairs often
330:
Females lay one egg at a time on larval host plants. Larvae use these plants as a food source, whereas adult butterflies feed mainly on nectar from flowers. Unpalatability to avian predators is a feature of the butterfly; however, its level is highly variable. Unpalatability is correlated with the
1052:
Hair-pencils play an important role in courtship success. Although the lack of hair-pencils does not affect the rate at and enthusiasm with which males pursue females, males without hair-pencils experience significantly lower success in achieving copulation. Male queen butterflies with physically
882:
For quite some time, the queen had been regarded as highly unpalatable to its vertebrate (mainly avian) predators. This is due to the fact that the queen, like its cousin the monarch, feeds largely on
Asclepiads. As the queen and the monarch are closely related, it was assumed that the queen also
515:
is relatively short and thick, tapering rapidly at the end of the abdomen. It is pale green, rarely pale pink, and is frequently ornamented with golden spots. A black transverse band edged with gold is on the abdomen. Below this black abdominal band lies another one in blue. The pupa has very few
430:
at a time. Each individual egg can be found on leaves, stems, and flower buds of the host. The eggs are usually pale green, ovate to conical in shape, with a flattened base and slightly truncated top, and is longitudinally ribbed with raised cross-lines between the ridges. Compared to that of the
932:
Micro-geographic differences in the environment lead to variation in the dynamics of mimetic relationships even at a local level. Spatiotemporal variation throughout different areas lead to large differences in unpalatability of queens separated by only a few kilometers. This extensive variation
670:
It is more common in southern
Central America, with numbers beginning to rise in Mexico. The queen can be found as far south as Argentina. Although the queen does not undertake dramatic migrations like the monarch, most undertake short-distance travel at tropical latitudes in areas that have a
898:
However, the unexpected failure of birds to reject successive queens in an experimental setting called into question the legitimacy of this relationship. In fact, experimental evidence suggested that
Florida viceroys could be significantly more unpalatable than representative queens. Because
569:
brown to rich chocolate-brown, with black marginal bands that are dotted with white or yellow. The underside of the wing resembles the upper wing, but is paler. The queen has less-prominent veins on its wings and lacks the darker, apical shading found in the monarch.
414:. The egg hatches into a black caterpillar with transverse white stripes and yellow spots, and three pairs of long, black filaments. The caterpillar feeds on the host plant and sequesters chemicals that make it distasteful to some predators. It then goes through six
1060:
That actively hair-pencilling males emit a very definite odor that can even be perceived by humans also supports the idea that it is not the hair-pencil itself that is important in courtship, but rather, the pheromone which the hair-pencil transports.
626:
portion of the country. It can be found regularly in peninsular
Florida and southern Georgia, as well as in the southern portions of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Occasionally, the subspecies of the queen can be found somewhat north, in
1044:
Many butterflies possess extrusible brushlike structures, called hair-pencils. In the queen, the hair-pencils, which are present in the posterior abdomen in the male, are tucked away when the male is not interacting with the female. As such, these
1036:
some males with low levels of ketone – and even some without hair-pencils – have been known to mate successfully with females. This suggests that although hair-pencil pheromones are of major importance, they are not absolutely essential to mating.
924:
similar to those found in monarchs. These butterflies were regarded as very distasteful and were largely rejected by avian predators. Furthermore, those that were eaten elicited high rates of distress behavior. However, queens reared on
903:
co-mimics. Furthermore, evidence from this study led to the hypothesis that the queen actually enjoys an asymmetric mimicry relationship, gaining an advantage from flying in the company of the relatively more unpalatable viceroy.
622:, specifically found throughout the tropics and into the temperate regions of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Stray specimens are found in Europe. The queen is chiefly a tropical species. In the US, it is usually confined to the
573:
Both sexes are morphologically similar. The male's and the female's forewing lengths range from 3.7 centimetres (1.5 in) to 4.6 centimetres (1.8 in), with a mean length of 4.2 centimetres (1.7 in). The
789:
As an adult, its feeding habits are less specific. The butterfly feeds predominantly on nectar from flowers and dead foliage, but can also feed on rotting fruit, sweat, and dry or wet dung, among other substances.
957:
Queen unpalatability does not directly mirror either food plant or butterfly cardenolide content. Evidence suggests that the interaction of cardenolides and noncardenolides are utilized for chemical defenses in
346:
play an important role in courtship, with males with lower hair-pencil counts being selected against. These hair-pencils may be involved in releasing pheromones during courtship that could attract female mates.
1026:
of the hairs, to coat the numerous free, cuticular dust particles that adhere to the hair-pencil surface. Two of the chemicals that comprise this secretion have been identified – a crystalline pyrrolizidinone
973:(PAs) used for pheromone production, were observed to be significantly less palatable to avian predators than butterflies without chemical defenses. As such, these alkaloids, which are known to deter
590:, a specialized, scale-covered scent-pouch, on each of its dorsal hindwings. The positions and structures of androconia are used to identify different genera. The male also has an extensible
480:. It has been observed with the following color variants of its transverse stripes: blue, green, yellow, white, and blackish brown. The head is black with white rings. The caterpillar lacks
1022:
The chemicals that comprise the pheromone are secreted by trichogen cells, which are located at the base of each hair-pencil. This liquid secretion moves from these cells, through the
850:
lycopsamine. The alkaloid and other precursor compounds from these plants are used to create pheromones used to attract mates. Pheromone precursors are predominantly obtained from
491:
937:
occurs at the intrapopulation level – palatable queens mimic individuals that have higher cardenolide content. By extension, interspecific mimicry is also highly variable. At
1793:
1347:
2388:
2447:
472:, the queen is bluish-white dorsally, with a reddish-brown underside. It has three pairs of black, fleshy tentacles—one is on the head, one is on the second
418:, after which the larva finds a suitable spot to pupate. The adult emerges 7 to 10 days afterwards. The queen butterfly has multiple generations per year.
2487:
304:
wing surface fairly similar to the dorsal surface. The ventral hindwings have black veins and small white spots in a black border. The male has a black
2472:
899:
experimental evidence showed sampled queens were significantly less distasteful than viceroys, it was purported that
Florida viceroys and queens were
2310:
598:. The abdominal hair-pencils, when in contact with the androconium scales, are able to disseminate pheromones near the female at integral stages of
2477:
2336:
1597:
2497:
2492:
2482:
1235:
459:
The mature queen caterpillar is darker and not as brightly colored as the monarch caterpillar. It is nearly identical to the caterpillar of
1001:
rest on foliage high up in a tree. Later, the female will fly closer to the ground than normal to find a suitable host for egg deposition.
674:
Throughout its distribution, the queen can be found on open land, in meadows, fields, and marshes. It displays a more xeric preference in
2442:
1496:
Myers, Judith; Brower, Lincoln P. (November 1969). "A behavioural analysis of the courtship pheromone receptors of the Queen butterfly,
1010:
comes to rest, the male hovers closely above her and subjects her to further “hair-pencilling” before alighting next to the female and
2362:
2507:
1848:
1820:
1777:
1733:
1331:
2145:
Pliske, TE; Salpeter, MM (June 1971). "The structure and development of the hairpencil glands in males of the Queen butterfly,
87:
2502:
2467:
2462:
870:
The queen is one of many insects that derives chemical defenses against its predators from its food plant. Most of the toxic
2341:
1589:
2457:
1442:
van Zandt Brower, Jane (September 1958). "Experimental
Studies of Mimicry in Some North American Butterflies. Part III.
308:
scent patch on its dorsal hindwings. It can be found in meadows, fields, marshes, deserts, and at the edges of forests.
2452:
2258:
1014:
with her. Afterwards, the two engage in a postnuptial flight - the male flies with the female dangling beneath him.
2393:
2036:
Meinwald, J.; Meinwald, Y. C.; Mazzocchi, P. H. (6 June 1969). "Sex
Pheromone of the Queen Butterfly: Chemistry".
781:
1077:
793:
Even as an adult, the queen is drawn to milkweeds (Apocynaceae). However, the butterfly is also attracted to the
124:
1728:. Jim Rathert, principal photographer. Jefferson City, MO: Missouri Dept. of Conservation. pp. 197, 199.
1538:
Schneider, D.; Seibt, U. (6 June 1969). "Sex
Pheromone of the Queen Bufferfly: Electroantennogram Responses".
970:
713:
410:
Females lay small white eggs one at a time on larval host plants, usually members of the milkweed subfamily
443:
2206:
1997:(May 1998). "Geographic and Temporal Variation of Cardenolide-Based Chemical Defenses of Queen Butterfly (
663:
623:
2367:
311:
This species is possibly a close relative to the similarly colored soldier butterfly (or tropical queen,
2263:
737:
707:
219:
2284:
2103:
2045:
1948:
1886:
1547:
1509:
1403:
1292:
1011:
959:
900:
699:(milkweeds and dogbanes). It can survive on a number of hosts. Common plants include butterflyweed (
41:
888:
451:
399:
69:
2380:
1134:
2174:
2127:
2069:
2018:
1972:
1910:
1787:
1655:
1571:
1467:
1419:
1341:
731:
701:
119:
671:
distinct dry season. During those periods, the queen will fly from lowlands to high elevations.
476:
and one is on the eighth abdominal segment. When mature, the caterpillar is brown with purplish
296: in). It is orange or brown with black wing borders and small white forewing spots on its
2414:
2240:
2166:
2119:
2061:
1964:
1902:
1844:
1816:
1773:
1729:
1563:
1327:
1231:
1227:
679:
599:
575:
500:
496:
461:
432:
319:
55:
2419:
2354:
2158:
2111:
2053:
2010:
1956:
1894:
1707:
1555:
1517:
1459:
1411:
1129:
913:
892:
583:
which ones are suitable hosts for its eggs. In both sexes, the reduced forelegs lack claws.
377:
366:
297:
2401:
2094:
Pliske, T. E.; Eisner, T. (6 June 1969). "Sex
Pheromone of the Queen Butterfly: Biology".
1667:
1046:
874:
that make queens so unpalatable to its predators are sequestered from larval host plants.
725:
719:
481:
411:
384:
372:
342:
Males patrol to search for females, who may mate up to 15 times a day. Male organs called
313:
2107:
2049:
1952:
1890:
1551:
1513:
1407:
523:
In general, the pupa of the queen is smaller and more slender than that of the monarch.
1994:
1809:
360:
196:
1049:
are thought to serve as important tools for pheromone dissemination during courtship.
682:
and forests. In the southern US, the queen prefers open woodland, fields, and desert.
658:
2436:
2349:
1521:
1220:
1116:
427:
236:
109:
104:
2178:
2073:
2022:
1976:
1914:
1700:
1107:
916:
of queens is highly labile. It was shown that queens reared on the high-cardenolide
2131:
1575:
921:
884:
871:
851:
824:
807:
332:
2115:
2057:
1559:
2194:
535:
is related to two species to which it bears a striking resemblance: the monarch (
2375:
2323:
1869:
Ritland, David B. (August 1991). "Palatability of aposematic queen butterflies (
945:, queens and viceroys are distasteful MĂĽllerian mimics of one another, while at
696:
591:
587:
562:
555:
395:
387:
380:
343:
261:
186:
176:
1390:
Ritland, David B. (Apr 1994). "Variation in Palatability of Queen Butterflies (
17:
2014:
855:
842:
830:
675:
324:
305:
2229:
2297:
2162:
1931:
Ritland, David B. (September 1991). "Unpalatability of viceroy butterflies (
1032:
990:
985:
801:
763:
753:
619:
595:
517:
336:
257:
156:
136:
2123:
2065:
1968:
1906:
1631:
1567:
1268:
A Field Guide to the Butterflies of North America, East of the Great Plains
390:. There are as many as eleven subspecies recognized. It is a native of the
2406:
2250:
2170:
1618:
949:
sites queens probably serve as the palatable Batesian mimics of viceroys.
2271:
2223:
994:
977:
predators, may make a substantial contribution to queen distastefulness.
859:
847:
769:
747:
644:
632:
615:
579:
391:
265:
895:, similar to the relationship exhibited by the monarch and the viceroy.
2315:
1960:
1898:
1706:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. pp.
1471:
1423:
1054:
1023:
946:
934:
836:
640:
566:
477:
301:
2276:
2328:
1028:
974:
938:
795:
742:
628:
552:
473:
415:
166:
146:
2200:
1463:
1415:
1283:
1176:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 228–232.
2302:
1322:
Miller, David Spencer Smith; Lee D. Miller; Jacqueline Y. (1994).
984:
969:
as larvae but had access to adult-obtained compounds, such as the
780:
657:
532:
490:
485:
469:
450:
442:
435:, the egg of the queen butterfly is taller relative to its width.
356:
1843:(Repr. (with corr.). ed.). Oxford : Natural History Museum
2289:
1724:
J. Richard; Joan E. Heitzman; Kathy Love; LuAnne Larsen (1996).
1270:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press. pp. 77–79.
1226:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. pp.
1125:
636:
512:
2204:
1326:. Oxford;New York, NY;Tokyo: Oxford Univ. Pr. pp. 37, 40.
1770:
Butterflies: east of the Great Plains: an ill. natural history
822:
In addition to the above food sources, males are attracted to
520:
from a button of silk. As such, the pupa resembles a pendant.
402:
of this species is secure, with no reported management needs.
1370:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 15–16, 27, 45.
887:
present in milkweeds. As such, the queen and the Florida
883:
possesses the ability to effectively sequester and store
723:) are favored. The caterpillar has also been observed on
335:
obtained via the larval diet, but other compounds like
323:, African queen) as was long believed. There are seven
1935:) and their purported mimicry models, Florida queens (
651:
subspecies is found largely in the Southeast and the
516:
projections; most notably, it is suspended by a long
1324:
The butterflies of the West Indies and South Florida
317:), in any case, it is not close to the plain tiger (
2213:
891:was long regarded a classic model-mimic example of
678:and will fly to the edge of, but seldom penetrate,
655:in the Southwest. The queen is also found in Cuba.
1808:
1699:
1219:
495:Size comparison between a queen caterpillar, a
339:also play a part in promoting distastefulness.
711:). In the West Indies, blunt-leaved milkweed (
594:on each side of its abdomen, which exudes sex
1841:The Lepidoptera: form, function and diversity
1135:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T160668A846007.en
941:inland sites, which contain large numbers of
8:
1792:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1346:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
639:. Periodically, a stray may be found in the
1834:
1832:
1815:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1719:
1717:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1167:
1165:
2201:
1772:. Baltimore u.a.: Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr.
1361:
1359:
1357:
1279:
1277:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
551:). It possesses a very tough and flexible
98:
78:
54:
40:
31:
1768:Krizek, Paul A. Opler; George O. (1984).
1133:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
1988:
1986:
1926:
1924:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1533:
1531:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1598:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1394:) and Implications Regarding Mimicry".
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1069:
912:Further experimentation suggested that
1785:
1663:
1653:
1339:
878:Mimicry in cardenolide-derived defense
7:
2448:IUCN Red List least concern species
1117:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
691:Larval host plants and food sources
777:Adult food sources and host plants
426:The queen butterfly oviposits one
25:
2488:Insects of the Dominican Republic
1726:Butterflies and moths of Missouri
1106:Walker, A.; Willmott, K. (2021).
558:, unlike most other butterflies.
2473:Lepidoptera of the United States
1222:The Butterflies of North America
1174:The Butterflies of North America
455:A fifth instar Queen caterpillar
256:) is a North and South American
123:
1448:Limenitis archippus floridensis
785:Adult feeding on milkweed plant
610:The queen belongs to a family (
565:coloration varies from bright,
2478:Butterflies of Central America
1877:(Asclepiadaceae) in Florida".
1057:than males with hair-pencils.
953:Noncardenolide-derived defense
920:sequester and store levels of
846:, plants known to contain the
501:black swallowtail caterpillar.
1:
2498:Butterflies described in 1775
2116:10.1126/science.164.3884.1170
2058:10.1126/science.164.3884.1174
1560:10.1126/science.164.3884.1173
355:The queen is a member of the
2493:Nymphalidae of South America
2483:Butterflies of the Caribbean
1807:Douglas, Matthew M. (1986).
1522:10.1016/0022-1910(69)90078-x
1502:Journal of Insect Physiology
1266:Klots, Alexander B. (1951).
686:Food sources and host plants
2003:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1879:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1839:Scoble, Malcolm J. (1995).
662:Queen butterfly feeding on
2524:
2443:NatureServe secure species
1078:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0
1040:Importance of hair-pencils
965:Wild queens that fed upon
578:lack scales. Although all
300:wing surface, and reddish
1218:Howe, William H. (1975).
695:The queen larvae feed on
614:) that is common to both
406:Life cycle and morphology
225:
218:
120:Scientific classification
118:
96:
76:
67:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
2508:Lepidoptera of Argentina
2147:Danaus gilippus berenice
2001:) in Northern Florida".
1811:The lives of butterflies
1498:Danaus gilippus berenice
1444:Danaus gilippus berenice
1172:Scott, James A. (1997).
1086:explorer.natureserve.org
606:Distribution and habitat
376:(soldier). It is of the
2163:10.1002/jmor.1051340206
2015:10.1023/a:1022329702632
971:pyrrolizidine alkaloids
933:supports the idea that
714:Asclepias amplexicaulis
2195:Queen butterfly movies
1698:Holland, W.J. (1931).
1368:Butterfly Conservation
997:
786:
741:. Other reported host
667:
664:Funastrum cynanchoides
586:The male queen has an
503:
456:
448:
2503:Lepidoptera of Mexico
2468:Butterflies of Europe
2463:Butterflies of Africa
2151:Journal of Morphology
989:A queen butterfly in
988:
908:Palatability spectrum
784:
708:Asclepias curassavica
661:
494:
454:
446:
1293:Encyclopedia of Life
1128:: e.T160668A846007.
960:milkweed butterflies
27:Species of butterfly
2458:Butterflies of Asia
2108:1969Sci...164.1170P
2102:(3884): 1170–1172.
2050:1969Sci...164.1174M
2044:(3884): 1174–1175.
1953:1991Oecol..88..102R
1933:Limenitis archippus
1891:1991JCEco..17.1593R
1875:Sarcostemma clausum
1552:1969Sci...164.1173S
1546:(3884): 1173–1174.
1514:1969JInsP..15.2117M
1408:1994Ecol...75..732R
705:) and bloodflower (
539:) and the soldier (
497:monarch caterpillar
447:A queen caterpillar
400:conservation status
70:Conservation status
2453:Danaus (butterfly)
1961:10.1007/bf00328409
1899:10.1007/bf00984691
1702:The Butterfly Book
1366:New, T.R. (1997).
998:
787:
738:Apocynaceae nerium
732:Calotropis procera
717:) and honey vine (
702:Asclepias tuberosa
668:
504:
484:, and there is no
457:
449:
268:of 80–85 mm (
2430:
2429:
2415:Open Tree of Life
2207:Taxon identifiers
1995:Lincoln P. Brower
1993:Moranz, Raymond;
1508:(11): 2117–2120.
1237:978-0-385-04926-9
462:Danaus chrysippus
433:monarch butterfly
364:, which includes
244:
243:
113:
91:
16:(Redirected from
2515:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2409:
2397:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2370:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2318:
2306:
2305:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2279:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2202:
2183:
2182:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1885:(8): 1593–1610.
1866:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1765:
1740:
1739:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1695:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1493:
1476:
1475:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1387:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1319:
1296:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1242:
1241:
1225:
1215:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1074:
1031:) and a viscous
914:chemical defense
893:Batesian mimicry
537:Danaus plexippus
474:thoracic segment
295:
294:
290:
287:
281:
280:
276:
273:
231:
211:D. gilippus
128:
127:
107:
102:
101:
85:
82:
81:
58:
44:
32:
21:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2402:Observation.org
2400:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2327:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2241:Danaus-gilippus
2239:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2215:Danaus gilippus
2209:
2191:
2186:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2093:
2092:
2081:
2035:
2034:
2030:
1999:Danaus gilippus
1992:
1991:
1984:
1937:Danaus gilippus
1930:
1929:
1922:
1871:Danaus gilippus
1868:
1867:
1858:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1784:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1743:
1736:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1697:
1696:
1675:
1662:
1652:
1647:Danaus gilippus
1643:Opler, Paul A.
1642:
1641:
1637:
1621:Danaus gilippus
1617:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1592:Danaus gilippus
1588:
1587:
1583:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1495:
1494:
1479:
1464:10.2307/2405851
1441:
1440:
1431:
1416:10.2307/1941731
1392:Danaus gilippus
1389:
1388:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1338:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1299:
1286:Danaus gilippus
1282:
1275:
1265:
1264:
1245:
1238:
1217:
1216:
1181:
1171:
1170:
1143:
1110:Danaus gilippus
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1080:Danaus gilippus
1076:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1042:
1020:
1007:
983:
955:
910:
880:
868:
779:
726:Asclepias nivea
720:Cynanchum laeve
693:
688:
608:
549:Danaus eresimus
541:Danaus eresimus
529:
509:
441:
424:
412:Asclepiadoideae
408:
353:
292:
288:
285:
283:
278:
274:
271:
269:
253:Danaus gilippus
248:queen butterfly
240:
233:
229:Danaus gilippus
227:
214:
122:
114:
103:
99:
92:
83:
79:
72:
28:
23:
22:
18:Danaus gilippus
15:
12:
11:
5:
2521:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2385:
2372:
2359:
2346:
2333:
2320:
2307:
2294:
2281:
2268:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2197:(Tree of Life)
2190:
2189:External links
2187:
2185:
2184:
2137:
2079:
2028:
2009:(5): 905–932.
1982:
1947:(1): 102–108.
1920:
1856:
1849:
1828:
1821:
1799:
1778:
1741:
1734:
1713:
1673:
1645:Attributes of
1635:
1610:
1581:
1527:
1477:
1458:(3): 273–285.
1429:
1402:(3): 732–746.
1373:
1353:
1332:
1297:
1273:
1243:
1236:
1179:
1141:
1098:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1041:
1038:
1019:
1016:
1006:
1003:
982:
979:
954:
951:
943:A. curassavica
918:A. curassavica
909:
906:
879:
876:
867:
864:
778:
775:
692:
689:
687:
684:
607:
604:
528:
525:
508:
505:
440:
437:
423:
420:
407:
404:
370:(monarch) and
352:
349:
260:in the family
242:
241:
234:
223:
222:
216:
215:
208:
206:
202:
201:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
116:
115:
97:
94:
93:
77:
74:
73:
68:
65:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2520:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:(2): 215–42.
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:) feeding on
1872:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:0-19-854952-0
1846:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:0-472-10078-5
1818:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1781:
1779:0-8018-2938-0
1775:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1735:1-887247-06-8
1731:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1657:
1649:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1611:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1333:0-19-857199-2
1329:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1002:
996:
992:
987:
980:
978:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
952:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
930:
928:
923:
919:
915:
907:
905:
902:
896:
894:
890:
886:
877:
875:
873:
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:
839:
838:
833:
832:
827:
826:
820:
818:
814:
810:
809:
804:
803:
798:
797:
791:
783:
776:
774:
772:
771:
766:
765:
760:
756:
755:
750:
749:
744:
740:
739:
734:
733:
728:
727:
722:
721:
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
703:
698:
690:
685:
683:
681:
677:
672:
665:
660:
656:
654:
650:
646:
643:, such as in
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
621:
617:
613:
605:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
581:
577:
571:
568:
564:
559:
557:
554:
550:
547:the soldier (
544:
542:
538:
534:
526:
524:
521:
519:
514:
506:
502:
498:
493:
489:
488:on its body.
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
463:
453:
445:
438:
436:
434:
429:
421:
419:
417:
413:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:
382:
379:
375:
374:
369:
368:
363:
362:
358:
350:
348:
345:
340:
338:
334:
328:
326:
322:
321:
320:D. chrysippus
316:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:
249:
238:
232:
230:
224:
221:
220:Binomial name
217:
213:
212:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
117:
111:
106:
105:Least Concern
95:
89:
75:
71:
66:
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2214:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2099:
2095:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1840:
1810:
1802:
1769:
1725:
1701:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1603:19 September
1601:. Retrieved
1591:
1584:
1543:
1539:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1367:
1323:
1291:
1285:
1267:
1221:
1173:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1079:
1072:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1021:
1008:
999:
966:
964:
956:
942:
931:
926:
922:cardenolides
917:
911:
897:
885:cardenolides
881:
872:cardenolides
869:
852:Boraginaceae
841:
835:
829:
825:Heliotropium
823:
821:
816:
812:
808:Vincetoxicum
806:
800:
794:
792:
788:
768:
762:
758:
752:
746:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
673:
669:
666:, Tucson, AZ
652:
648:
611:
609:
585:
572:
560:
548:
545:
540:
536:
530:
522:
510:
470:larval stage
467:
460:
458:
425:
409:
398:realms. The
371:
367:D. plexippus
365:
359:
354:
344:hair-pencils
341:
333:cardenolides
329:
318:
312:
310:
252:
251:
247:
245:
228:
226:
210:
209:
197:
29:
2376:NatureServe
2324:iNaturalist
1664:|work=
813:Philabertia
759:Sarcostemma
697:Apocynaceae
592:hair-pencil
588:androconium
556:exoskeleton
439:Caterpillar
396:Neotropical
388:Lepidoptera
381:Nymphalidae
373:D. eresimus
314:D. eresimus
306:androconial
262:Nymphalidae
187:Nymphalidae
177:Lepidoptera
88:NatureServe
2437:Categories
1065:References
1012:copulating
967:S. clausum
935:automimicy
927:S. clausum
856:Asteraceae
843:Crotalaria
831:Eupatorium
761:species),
676:Hispaniola
620:Old Worlds
596:pheromones
531:The queen
325:subspecies
157:Arthropoda
1941:Oecologia
1788:cite book
1666:ignored (
1656:cite book
1452:Evolution
1342:cite book
1091:3 October
1033:terpenoid
1018:Pheromone
1005:Courtship
991:St. Louis
901:MĂĽllerian
802:Funastrum
764:Gonolobus
754:Cynanchum
653:strigosus
600:courtship
553:chitinous
533:butterfly
527:Butterfly
518:cremaster
337:alkaloids
331:level of
258:butterfly
205:Species:
143:Kingdom:
137:Eukaryota
2381:2.118677
2363:LepIndex
2272:BugGuide
2248:BioLib:
2238:BAMONA:
2224:Wikidata
2179:22815403
2124:17810530
2074:35167178
2066:17810532
2023:23995699
1977:24753614
1969:28312737
1915:22781660
1907:24257883
1568:17810531
995:Missouri
860:Fabaceae
848:alkaloid
817:Stapelia
770:Stapelia
757:(former
748:Apocynum
745:include
680:hammocks
649:berenice
645:Missouri
633:Colorado
624:southern
612:Danaidae
576:antennae
392:Nearctic
351:Taxonomy
266:wingspan
183:Family:
153:Phylum:
147:Animalia
133:Domain:
110:IUCN 3.1
2316:5714299
2290:2922728
2230:Q310836
2171:5135654
2132:2717872
2104:Bibcode
2096:Science
2046:Bibcode
2038:Science
1949:Bibcode
1887:Bibcode
1576:6570401
1548:Bibcode
1540:Science
1510:Bibcode
1472:2405851
1424:1941731
1404:Bibcode
1396:Ecology
1290:at the
1055:fertile
1024:cuticle
947:coastal
889:viceroy
866:Defense
837:Senecio
641:Midwest
580:danaids
567:reddish
478:prolegs
468:In the
416:instars
383:of the
302:ventral
291:⁄
277:⁄
264:with a
193:Genus:
173:Order:
167:Insecta
163:Class:
108: (
86: (
84:Secure
49:Female
2420:108682
2407:191802
2394:166024
2368:147506
2355:160668
2342:777963
2303:DANAGI
2251:400185
2177:
2169:
2130:
2122:
2072:
2064:
2021:
1975:
1967:
1913:
1905:
1847:
1819:
1776:
1732:
1632:BioLib
1627:BioLib
1574:
1566:
1470:
1422:
1330:
1234:
1082:Queen"
1047:organs
1029:ketone
981:Mating
975:spider
939:hydric
858:, and
840:, and
796:Nerium
767:, and
743:genera
735:, and
647:. The
635:, and
629:Kansas
499:and a
482:spines
378:family
361:Danaus
298:dorsal
237:Cramer
198:Danaus
35:Queen
2329:51743
2264:19719
2175:S2CID
2128:S2CID
2070:S2CID
2019:S2CID
1973:S2CID
1911:S2CID
1572:S2CID
1468:JSTOR
1420:JSTOR
1230:–77.
385:order
357:genus
63:Male
2389:NCBI
2350:IUCN
2337:ITIS
2311:GBIF
2298:EPPO
2277:3942
2259:BOLD
2167:PMID
2120:PMID
2062:PMID
1965:PMID
1939:)".
1903:PMID
1845:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1794:link
1774:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1710:–69.
1668:help
1605:2022
1564:PMID
1446:and
1348:link
1328:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1126:IUCN
1122:2021
1093:2020
637:Utah
618:and
563:wing
561:Its
513:pupa
511:The
507:Pupa
486:hair
394:and
246:The
2285:EoL
2159:doi
2155:134
2149:".
2112:doi
2100:164
2054:doi
2042:164
2011:doi
1957:doi
1895:doi
1556:doi
1544:164
1518:doi
1500:".
1460:doi
1450:".
1412:doi
1130:doi
616:New
543:).
428:egg
422:Egg
239:, )
2439::
2417::
2404::
2391::
2378::
2365::
2352::
2339::
2326::
2313::
2300::
2287::
2274::
2261::
2226::
2173:.
2165:.
2153:.
2126:.
2118:.
2110:.
2098:.
2082:^
2068:.
2060:.
2052:.
2040:.
2017:.
2007:24
2005:.
1985:^
1971:.
1963:.
1955:.
1945:88
1943:.
1923:^
1909:.
1901:.
1893:.
1883:17
1881:.
1859:^
1831:^
1790:}}
1786:{{
1744:^
1716:^
1708:66
1676:^
1660::
1658:}}
1654:{{
1625:.
1596:.
1570:.
1562:.
1554:.
1542:.
1530:^
1516:.
1506:15
1504:.
1480:^
1466:.
1456:12
1454:.
1432:^
1418:.
1410:.
1400:75
1398:.
1376:^
1356:^
1344:}}
1340:{{
1300:^
1276:^
1246:^
1228:75
1182:^
1144:^
1124:.
1120:.
1114:.
1084:.
993:,
962:.
862:.
854:,
834:,
828:,
819:.
815:,
811:,
805:,
799:,
773:.
751:,
729:,
631:,
602:.
465:.
327:.
2181:.
2161::
2134:.
2114::
2106::
2076:.
2056::
2048::
2025:.
2013::
1979:.
1959::
1951::
1917:.
1897::
1889::
1853:.
1825:.
1796:)
1782:.
1738:.
1670:)
1650:.
1629:.
1623:"
1619:"
1607:.
1594:"
1590:"
1578:.
1558::
1550::
1524:.
1520::
1512::
1474:.
1462::
1426:.
1414::
1406::
1350:)
1336:.
1288:"
1284:"
1240:.
1138:.
1132::
1112:"
1108:"
1095:.
1027:(
293:8
289:3
286:+
284:3
282:–
279:8
275:1
272:+
270:3
250:(
235:(
112:)
90:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
