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He explains the concept as follows: "Macrolife can be defined as 'life squared per cell' or more particularly as ' multicellular life squared per cell'. Taking man as representative of multicellular life we can say that man is the mean proportional between Macro life and the cell, or Macro life is to
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Cole believed that government, industry, and education were neglecting systematic thought about the future and that it should become an academic discipline which would study the future in something of the same way that history uses its methods to study the past. With the pace of change accelerating,
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and successfully completing his first term. He therefore received his undergraduate degree at
Princeton's midwinter commencement exercises in January 1943. His time at Columbia was short, however, and in March of that year he could no longer resist the call to serve in combat and he enlisted as a
397:
Cole conceived
Macrolife as a possible next step in evolution, potentially as momentous as the transition from single-celled to multicelled life. Units of Macrolife, self-contained human societies in planetoid colonies or elsewhere, would have the capacity for growth, motion, reproduction,
332:, or "planetoids" as Cole argued they should more properly be called, were a particular focus of his work. In the early 1960s, he surveyed what was then known about what he termed "Cis-Martian" asteroids. (These are now referred to as "near-Earth asteroids," or NEAs," a subclass of
226:
After the war, he returned to
Princeton in 1946 under a program that allowed students who had left for the military to return and take additional courses. Cole took advantage of this to enroll in physics courses that would prepare him for graduate work at
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nervous, as just such an invention was already a classified project. After some interviews, OSS concluded that he had not received unauthorized access to classified information, but told him to keep quiet about the idea.
321:. He saw the human race as being at a turning point, corresponding to the adolescence of an individual, in which humanity would either destroy itself or come to a collective state of maturity and relative stability.
354:, suggesting that they could yield trillions of dollars worth of resources. While one approach to the retrieval of this mineral wealth would be to send expeditions to the asteroid belt, Cole also laid out plans for
267:
in
Baltimore, at that point settling for aircraft design. But in 1956, he moved to the Martin facility in Denver and began to work in earnest for the space program, helping to design the
211:
207:. In addition to his studies in mathematics and science, he also competed on the varsity gymnastics team and received a medal for his outstanding performances on the flying rings.
343:, Cole warned that, as early as 1970, the Soviets could develop the technology to divert a near Earth asteroid to impact a target on Earth. The title of his paper was prosaic:
210:
As a special wartime provision, he was allowed, after 3 years at
Princeton, to satisfy the requirements for the bachelor's degree in chemistry by beginning medical school at
1317:
462:
series (2012 - 2024) by Steph
Bennion begins in the colony ship "Dandridge Cole," an inside-out world within an asteroid, the eponymous "Hollow Moon," of the book title.
317:
He was concerned about trends that were becoming evident in the 1950s and 1960s, especially the rapid increase in population (which he called "bio-detonation") and the
203:, then director or the Princeton Observatory, had written about interplanetary travel. While at Princeton, he reported in a letter home, he did student work for
652:(prepared as a presentation for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1965 International Space Symposium, November 2–4, 1965, but not delivered)
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private in the army, joining the 139th
Airborne Engineer Battalion of the 17th Airborne Division. He saw action during the Ardennes Counteroffensive in the "
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33:
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with habitable space on the inside. The resulting space arks could orbit within the Solar System, or be sent out on interstellar expeditions.
188:, where his mother had been raised. He spent the balance of his childhood there, residing elsewhere only during his college and wartime years.
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1215:"Islands in Space:The Challenge of the Planetoids: The Pioneering work of Dandridge M. Cole," from a Blog by Alex Michael Bonnici.
526:
Vol. 3, pp. 27–1 to 27-30; Proceedings of the
Western Regional Meeting of the American Astronautical Society, August 19, 1958.
385:, 23 June 1960. In the published version of the paper, he notes the similarity of his idea to the "multi organismic life form" of
275:
space capsules. 1960 brought a change in both company and position, as he became a consulting engineer in advance planning at the
318:
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in the fall of 1939. In his application to
Princeton, he mentions, as one of the things attracting him to the University, what
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On June 17, 1949 he married
Charlotte Ellen Davis, daughter of Edward and Margaretha(Lechner) Davis. They had six children.
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250:. He contended that his astronomy course was probably the first astronautics course in any high school, as he used
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but the wire services got hold of the story and the result was lurid headlines in many papers across the country.
38:
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662:"Interpretation of Malina-Summerfield Criterion for Optimization of Multistage Rockets"(with L. Ivan Epstein,)
622:(with Rodney W. Johnson and Duane L. Barney,) General Electric Missile and Space Department: November 13, 1963.
185:
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155:(February 19, 1921 – October 29, 1965) was an American aerospace engineer, futurist, lecturer, and author.
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As early as 1953, before the U.S. even had a space program, he predicted a crewed Moon landing by 1970.
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1111:(with George M. Kohler) General Electric Missile and Space Department: October 27, 1961.
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prepared for University of Pennsylvania Foreign Policy Research Institute: June 1, 1964.
580:(with George M. Kohler) General Electric Missile and Space Department: October 27, 1961.
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self-repair, and response to external stimuli. He developed further details in his 1961
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219:" and was discharged from the army on April 30, 1945. During this time, Cole wrote his
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98:
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1220:"Dandridge Cole: In the Words of his Best Friend Roy Scarfo," a follow-up by Bonnici.
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365:. Once captured, asteroids could be hollowed out, or actually inflated to create a
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he argued, students should be trained in techniques for thinking about the future.
268:
377:
Especially in connection with the idea of planetoid colonies, he coined the term "
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767:"Manned Interplanetary Flights in the Seventies with Saturn-Apollo Technology,"
683:"Optimization of Rockets for Maximum Payload Energy"(with Michael A. Marrese,)
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77:
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During the Second World War, he made some specific suggestions for a practical
358:, whereby near Earth asteroids could be brought into orbit around the Earth.
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251:
860:
Wolper, David. "The Way Out Men," ABC documentary, aired February 13, 1965.
426:, explicitly takes it title and credits its inspiration from Cole's theory.
24:
646:
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics: February 11, 1965.
1273:
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
853:
Rosenberg, George J. "Space City Preview: The Moon is Blueprinted!"
536:
Feasibility of Propelling Vehicles by Contained Nuclear Explosions,
870:
846:
Raithel, W. "A Tribute to Dandridge McFarland Cole 1921-1965," in
1025:
W. Raithel "A Tribute to Dandridge McFarland Cole 1921-1965." in
959:
Record of Burial Place of Veteran, Montgomery Co., PA, No. 178920
640:
General Electric Missile and Space Department: November 19, 1964.
620:
Extraterrestrial Resources Development and Propellant Production,
562:
General Electric Missile and Space Department: February 22, 1961.
554:
Social and Political Implications of the Ultimate Human Society,
503:, (1965 illustrated with space art originated by Roy G. Scarfo)
231:, from which he received a master's degree in Physics in 1949.
715:
Vol. 1. Nos. 10 & 11, September & October 1961, 44-46.
598:
General Electric Missile and Space Department: April 16, 1962.
18:
644:
Beyond Apollo: Manned Interplanetary Flight in the Seventies,
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The Space Booster Gap and the Panama Theory of Space Flight,
584:
A Possible Military Application of a Cis-Martian Asteroid,
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On the more positive side, Cole was an early proponent of
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A Possible Military Application of a Cis-Martian Asteroid,
263:
In 1953, he took a job in the aerospace industry with the
797:
Alexander, Tom. "The Wild Birds Find a Corporate Roost,"
676:"Times Required for Continuous Thrust Earth-Moon Trips,"
602:
Some Scientific and Economic Aspects of Asteroid Capture,
572:
Today is Tomorrow: Long Range Planning for the Space Age,
839:
Frisch, Bruce H. "Dandridge Cole: G. E.'s Way-Out Man,"
586:
The American Astronautical Society: January 16–18, 1962.
1109:
A Scientific Survey of the Cis Martian Asteroid Group,
697:"Around the Moon in 80 Hours"(with Robert Granville,)
578:
A Scientific Survey of the Cis Martian Asteroid Group,
242:
From 1949 to 1953, he taught physics and astronomy at
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Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
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Pennsylvania, Veteran Compensation Applications, WWII
616:
The American Astronautical Society: January 17, 1963.
568:
The American Astronautical Society: August 1–3, 1961.
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The American Astronautical Society: January 18, 1961.
610:
General Electric Missile and Space Department: 1963.
592:
Institute of the Aerospace Sciences: March 15, 1962.
538:
American Astronautical Society: January 18–21, 1960.
381:," as early as a talk for the annual meeting of The
760:"Rocket Propellants from the Moon"(with R. Segal,)
604:
Institute of the Aerospace Sciences: July 19, 1962.
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743:Vol. 4, No. 2, February, March 1963, pp. 1–8.
669:"The Earth-Mars Constant thrust Brachistochrone,"
516:The American Astronautical Society: December 1957.
750:Vol. XXIV, No. 11, November 1963, pp. 24–28.
495:Islands in Space: The Challenge of the Planetoids
1002:Catalogue Issue of the Phillips Exeter Bulletin,
608:The Next Fifty Years in Space: Man and Maturity,
456:outline Cole's conception of a planetoid colony.
1136:, Vol. 4, No. 2, February, March 1963, pp. 1–8.
748:Discovery: The Magazine of Scientific Progress,
836:, Vol. 3, No. 6, July–August 1991, p. 60.
452:novel, devotes a page to having the character
389:just then published in the July 1960 issue of
806:Skylife: Space Habitats in Story and Science,
771:Vol. 140 December 16, 1966, pp. 451–466.
701:Vol. 1, No. 2, July 1960, pp. 28–31, 54.
590:Strategic Areas in Space,: The Panama Theory,
8:
596:Exploration of the Close-Approach Asteroids,
1132:"$ 50,000,000,000,000 from the Asteroids,"
739:"$ 50,000,000,000,000 from the Asteroids,"
718:"Reds May Be Using Saturn-Class Boosters,"
614:Astronautics Applications of the Asteroids,
193:Academy of the New Church Secondary Schools
1027:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
848:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
769:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
708:No. 7, Summer-Autumn 1960, pp. 83–98.
76:
65:
1318:20th-century American non-fiction writers
850:Vol. 140 December 16, 1966, pp. 6–9.
843:Vol. 58, No. 1, July 1965, pp. 9–15.
532:American Rocket Society: March 19, 1959.
164:Parents, education, and military service
49:of all important aspects of the article.
892:
804:Benford, Gregory and Zebroski, George.
734:Astronautics and Aerospace Engineering,
1147:Astronautics and Aerospace Engineering
832:David, Leonard. "100 Stars of Space,"
634:The Explorers Club: September 23, 1964
361:He was known especially for promoting
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
1004:Vol. XLIX, No. 2, January 1954, p. 11
818:Cox, Donald W. and Chestek, James H.
690:"Commercially Feasible Spaceflight,"
485:, Blaetz Brothers, Philadelphia: 1944
7:
650:Applications of Planetary Resources,
632:The Next Forty Years of Exploration,
514:Minimum Time Interplanetary Orbits,
1187:, No. 7, Summer-Autumn 1960, p. 92.
1162:, No. 7, Summer-Autumn 1960, p. 93.
1099:, No. 7, Summer-Autumn 1960, p. 85.
725:"Asteroids Stir Growing Interest,"
574:Temple University: August 25, 1961.
524:Advances in Astronautical Sciences,
168:Cole was born February 19, 1921 in
1254: (archived September 29, 2007)
1121:Aviation Week and Space Technology
1016:Vol. 58, No. 1, July 1965, p. 13f.
825:David, Leonard. "Asteroid Bombs,"
638:Some Uses for Planetoid Resources,
626:Military Use of Space 1965 - 1975,
544:The Martin Company: February 1960.
339:At the 1962 annual meeting of the
14:
1313:University of Pennsylvania alumni
1086:Vol. 58, No. 1, July 1965, p. 13.
1062:Vol. 58, No. 1, July 1965, p. 13.
757:February 1, 1964, pp. 54–55.
483:Songs and Poems of the Paratroops
286:Cole died on October 29, 1965 at
221:Songs and Poems of the Paratroops
1029:Vol. 140 December 16, 1966, p. 7
857:December 31, 1961, pp. 8–9.
391:Analog-Science Fact and Fiction.
319:proliferation of nuclear weapons
23:
1328:20th-century American engineers
694:September 1959, pp. 88–89.
37:may be too short to adequately
753:"Where is Science Taking Us?"
550:The Martin Company: June 1960.
489:Exploring the Secrets of Space
449:Star Trek: The Next Generation
341:American Astronautical Society
300:underwater breathing apparatus
279:Missile and Space Division at
229:the University of Pennsylvania
195:from 1935 to 1939 and entered
184:. In 1928 the family moved to
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
1278:American planetary scientists
1183:"Extraterrestrial Colonies,"
1158:"Extraterrestrial Colonies,"
1095:"Extraterrestrial Colonies,"
704:"Extraterrestrial Colonies,"
363:colonization of the asteroids
288:King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
118:King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
1268:American aerospace engineers
1123:, January 29, 1962, page 89.
813:Searching for a Man of Iron,
762:Astronautics and Aeronautics
566:Report on the Panama Theory,
520:Around the Moon in 80 Hours,
304:Office of Strategic Services
1308:Princeton University alumni
1172:The Ultimate Human Society,
936:Searching for a Man of Iron
912:Searching for a Man of Iron
736:March 1963, pp. 88–93.
673:February 1957, p. 176.
497:, (1964 with Donald W. Cox)
16:American aerospace engineer
1344:
1303:People from Sandusky, Ohio
1145:"Capturing the Asteroid,"
815:Fountain Publishing: 2012.
801:, August 1964, p. 130
792:The Philadelphia Inquirer,
732:"Capturing the Asteroid,"
548:Extraterrestrial Colonies,
491:, (1963 with I. M. Levitt)
400:The Ultimate Human Society
182:William Frederic Pendleton
990:The Philadelphia Inquirer
881:Asteroid impact avoidance
855:New York Mirror Magazine,
829:, March 1980, p. 46.
687:January 1959, p. 71.
666:March, 1956, p. 188.
402:and in subsequent books.
180:, the daughter of bishop
174:Robert MacFarlan Cole III
141:Robert MacFarlan Cole III
75:
1283:American science writers
1149:, March 1963, pp. 88–93.
992:February 23, 1949, p. 41
680:April 1957, p. 416.
542:Space Vehicle Evolution,
394:man as man is to cell."
186:Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania
153:Dandridge MacFarlan Cole
70:Dandridge MacFarlan Cole
950:, March 20, 1942, p. 15
924:Princeton Alumni Weekly
383:Institute of Navigation
244:Phillips Exeter Academy
1288:American futurologists
948:The Daily Princetonian
822:Prometheus Book: 1996.
522:(with Donald E. Muir)
926:, May 24, 1966, p. 15
811:Cole, Martha Aubrey,
727:Missiles and Rockets,
720:Missiles and Rockets,
271:, which launched the
257:The Conquest of Space
248:Exeter, New Hampshire
178:Wertha Pendleton Cole
755:The Saturday Review,
201:Henry Norris Russell
197:Princeton University
1323:Engineers from Ohio
790:"Living in Space,"
530:Lunar Colonization,
406:Cultural references
217:Battle of the Bulge
1241:, My Grand-hero-pa
1237:2008-02-13 at the
820:Doomsday Asteroid,
729:February 25, 1963.
444:The Romulan Prize,
334:near-Earth objects
130:Aerospace engineer
1232:Dandridge M. Cole
1226:Dandridge M. Cole
1200:The Romulan Prize
785:January 27, 1961.
781:"Outward Bound,"
746:"The Asteroids,"
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438:Lagrangian point
434:George Zebrowski
432:a 1984 novel by
424:George Zebrowski
422:a 1979 novel by
356:asteroid capture
302:. This made the
281:Valley Forge, PA
277:General Electric
191:He attended the
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671:Jet Propulsion,
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112:(1965-10-29)
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34:lead section
1298:1965 deaths
1293:1921 births
1197:Simon Hawke
1134:Space World
1041:1966, p. 46
914:2012, p. 45
706:Navigation,
367:bubbleworld
336:" - NEOs.)
1262:Categories
1185:Navigation
1160:Navigation
1097:Navigation
887:References
776:About Cole
508:Monographs
430:Sunspacer,
325:Planetoids
91:1921-02-19
1245:Scans of
876:Macrolife
418:Macrolife
379:Macrolife
373:Macrolife
330:Asteroids
252:Willy Ley
159:Biography
137:Parent(s)
39:summarize
1235:Archived
865:See also
834:Ad Astra
657:Articles
294:Concepts
269:Titan II
1250:at the
1072:Fortune
799:Fortune
472:By Cole
446:a 1993
273:Gemini
238:Career
1174:p. 8.
871:Spome
783:Time,
477:Books
411:Books
246:, in
827:Omni
454:Data
176:and
120:, US
107:Died
101:, US
85:Born
254:'s
172:to
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440:5.
290:.
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223:.
420:,
93:)
89:(
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53:(
43:.
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