929:
50:
898:
709:
2468:
456:
941:
268:
726:
835:
were carefully supervised to ensure there was no possibility that the Tangut people might misunderstand the teachings. Anyone found to be a fortune-teller or charlatan faced immediate persecution. Deeming it contrary to
Buddhist ethical beliefs, the Tangut state strictly forbade religious teachers from accepting compensation or reward for their teaching services.
109:
611:(1368–1644), there was evidence of small Tangut communities in Anhui and Henan provinces. The people including members of the royal clan emigrated to western Sichuan, northern Tibet, even possibly northeast India, in some instances becoming local rulers. The Tangut people living in Central China preserved their language until at least the 16th century.
953:
598:
In 1227, the capital of
Western Xia was overrun by the Mongols, who devastated its buildings and written records: all was burnt to the ground except its monastery. The last emperor was killed and tens of thousands of civilians massacred. However, many Tangut families joined the Mongol Empire. Some of
817:
implies that at the period of 760's some sort of
Buddhism was spread in the region of Helanshan, where the Tangut were already residing. Concerning the late 8th century Helanshan Buddhism, little can be said: the doctrines of the lu (律) school and the teaching of Sichuan Chan of Rev. Kim (金和尚) seem
834:
The Tangut state enforced strict laws pertaining to the teaching of religious beliefs and rigorously screened potential teachers. Before he was allowed to teach, a newcomer entering the state from Tibet or India first had to seek the approval of local authorities. Doctrines taught and methods used
558:
and by instituting laws that reinforced traditional Tangut customs. One of the laws he mandated called for citizens to wear traditional ethnic apparel and another required men to wear their hair short or shaved as opposed to the
Chinese custom of wearing hair long and knotted. Abandoning the royal
869:
The first several
Karmapas are distinguished by their important status at the Yuan and Ming courts of China where they served as the spiritual guides to princes and emperors. Their influence also extended to the court of the Tangut Xia Kingdom where a disciple of Dusum Khyenpa was given the title
594:
and led his troops in six rounds of attacks against the
Western Xia over a period of twenty-two years (1205, 1207, 1209–10, 1211–13, 1214–19, 1225–27). During the last spate of the Mongol attacks, Genghis died in Western Xia territory. The official Mongol history attributes his death to illness,
826:
also existed in the
Western Xia, which has led to some claims that the Tangut religion was rooted in Confucianism, but this was incomparable with the degree of popularity of Buddhism. Tangut literature is dominated by Buddhist scriptures while secular teachings including the
291:
language family. Like many other Sino-Tibetan languages, it is a tonal language with predominantly mono-syllabic roots, but it shares certain grammatical traits central to the Tibeto-Burman branch. It used to be debated as to whether Tangut belonged to the
546:
Being subjects of Tang China previously for two centuries, the Tangut people adopted many Han/Tang
Chinese culture, but also maintained their own customs, as is proven by the vast amount of literature which survived the Tangut state itself.
737:
was translated into the Tangut language over a span of 50 years and published around 1090 in about 3700 fascicles. Buddhism in the Tangut state is believed to be an amalgamation of
Tibetan and Chinese traditions, among which the
845:
required government approval and anyone found to have taken the vows of a monk without such government oversight faced severe punishment. Remarkably for the time, women played a role in Tangut religious practices by serving as
527:. After the collapse of Tang China, multiple warlords started to form new states in the former territories of Tang China. The Tanguts expanded their realm southwest towards their old homelands. In 1002 they conquered
758:
source texts. The degree of
Tibetan impact on the formation of Tangut Buddhism still remains unexplored, especially in the light of new discoveries showing that Tangut Buddhism owed more to the local culture in
2027:
The Tangut Royal Tombs – Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. 1993. The Tangut Royal Tombs near Yinchuan. In Muqarnas X: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Margaret B. Sevcenko, ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
1645:
2166:
897:
328:(Miñak). Until the 19th century, the term Minjak was still used to refer to the area inhabited by Qiang people in today's Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture. Speakers of the Qiangic
559:
Chinese surnames of "Li", previously bestowed by the Tang dynasty Li royal family, and "Zhao", subsequently bestowed by the Song dynasty Zhao royal family, he adopted a Tangut surname
603:(1271–1368) was established, the Tangut troops were incorporated into the Mongol army in their subsequent military conquests in central and southern China. The Tangut were considered
619:
Tangut society was divided into two classes: the "Red Faced" and the "Black Headed". The Red Faced Tanguts were seen as commoners while the Black Headed Tanguts made up the elite
419:
heritage, submitted to Tang China rule and was bestowed the title of Captain General of Western-Rong and the surname "Li". In the early 8th century, increasing pressure from the
554:, sought to differentiate the Tangut state from that of its rival Han-led Song China and started to nurture a national Tangut identity by ordering the creation of an official
1486:
History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting
928:
672:) was occasionally used in Tangut sources, the state was most commonly referred to as the "Great Xia" (大夏) in Chinese-language sources of the Tangut or as the "Xia State" (
1834:; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis (2019), "Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan",
1824:
The Journey of William of Rubruck to The Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-55, As Narrated by Himself, With Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine.
2159:
813:
The origins of the Tangut Chan can also be traced deeper than previously believed: information on Bao-tang Wu-zhu (保唐无住720～794) travels in North-Western China from the
1263:
Keping, Xenia. "Black Headed and Red Faced Tanguts." Kepping 0th ser. 0.1 (2004). KEPPING.NET. Russian Orthodox Mission In China, 2004. Web. 5 Mar. 2016. <
2152:
2053:
2026:
316:
people. Historically, "Qiang" was a collective term for the multiple ethnic groups who lived on the western borderlands of China, including the modern
2794:
1544:
The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages
838:
Although the state did not support an official school of Buddhism, it did protect all religious sites and objects within the country's boundaries.
1637:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East
1314:
267:
49:
1884:
1750:
1673:
1560:
1515:
1474:
1442:
1374:
2467:
1983:
862:
778:
A number of Tangut Buddhist institutions, such as "Imperial Preceptor" survived the Tangut State itself and could be found during the
1947:
1928:
1813:
1784:
1626:
1605:
1354:
1034:
688:
and other steppe tribes referred to the Tangut kingdom as "Qashi" or "Qashin", which was derived from the Middle Chinese name for
2046:
1204:
772:
754:
was the most influential. A number of texts previously believed to be of native Tangut origin turned out to be translations of
551:
508:
2094:
2079:
1965:
1655:
795:
170:
1895:
Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires)
2039:
1597:
680:) to the Song. In later historiography and in modern Chinese the Tangut state is referred to as the "Western Xia" (
2319:
787:
313:
122:
1958:
Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies)
1412:
1131:
1122:
635:
give the Black Headed caste its name. According to Tangut myth, the ancestor of the Black Headed Tanguts was a
126:
708:
243:
family." Phylogenetic and historical linguistic accounts, however, reveal that Tangut belonged instead to the
386:
240:
2109:
2104:
2099:
1587:
734:
536:
312:) in Chinese, are typically regarded by Chinese scholars to be synonymous with or at least related to the
212:
1507:
251:
in 1227, most of its written records and architecture were destroyed. Today the Tangut language and its
196:
1264:
751:
733:
The Tanguts were primarily Buddhists. Tangut Buddhism was influenced by external elements. The entire
2314:
979:
850:, a position that could only be held by a woman who had been widowed or who was an unmarried virgin.
360:
in the 13th century, the Tanguts were valiant and had big swarthy men among them, in contrast to the
256:
244:
639:, while the ancestor of the Red Faced Tanguts was a monkey. Tangut kings went by the title of Wuzu.
627:
was extremely popular among the Tangut people, many Tangut herdsmen continued to practice a kind of
2620:
2089:
1428:
1324:
1125:
940:
432:
337:
321:
368:
The Tangut people I saw were tall but swarthy. The Iugurs are of medium build like our own people.
1721:
1424:
1371:
1320:
714:
399:. Their home originally was in the highlands of western Sichuan. These regions correspond to the
373:
353:
204:
2074:
1387:
874:
After the fall of the Western Xia, the influx of refugees into Tibet led to the adoption of the
2234:
1382:, Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal, No. 11, (1998). Taipei: Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies.
952:
2695:
2552:
2494:
2266:
1979:
1961:
1943:
1924:
1880:
1863:
1831:
1809:
1780:
1746:
1701:
1669:
1651:
1622:
1601:
1556:
1511:
1470:
1438:
1411:
Suchan, Tom (1998). The Third Karmapa Lama, Rang Jung Dorje (T: Rang 'Byung rDo rJe). Source:
1383:
1350:
1030:
1024:
476:
232:
227:. After the collapse of Tang dynasty, the Tanguts established the Western Xia. They spoke the
2789:
1853:
1843:
1713:
1432:
1295:
1291:
984:
879:
828:
693:
673:
655:
572:
564:
531:
and set up their first capital there under the name of Xiping. By 1036 they had annexed the
524:
512:
496:
480:
139:
2132:
2123:
1378:
1239:
974:
802:
755:
607:
under the Yuan class system, thus separating them from the North Chinese. As late as the
276:
228:
150:
116:
77:
1923:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press.
1553:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
2224:
1467:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
2757:
2726:
2588:
2557:
2021:
2016:
1858:
1768:
1616:
1347:
The Great State of White and High: Buddhism and State Formation in Eleventh-Century Xia
1277:
1228:
883:
747:
620:
420:
297:
293:
236:
188:
2219:
2144:
1704:; Gates, Jesse P.; Jacques, Guillaume (2020), "Tangut as a West Gyalrongic language",
467:
In 881 the Tanguts, who were subjects of Tang China, assisted Tang in suppressing the
455:
2783:
2605:
2595:
2573:
2519:
2514:
2399:
2128:
1725:
1591:
1462:
1282:
969:
912:
743:
719:
689:
555:
532:
357:
329:
284:
252:
248:
130:
1252:
The Cambridge History of China: Vol. VI: Alien Regimes & Border States, 907–1368
1208:
2736:
2634:
2281:
2271:
916:
875:
858:
823:
791:
779:
636:
608:
600:
587:
428:
416:
317:
288:
224:
1803:
2700:
2583:
2509:
2504:
2276:
2259:
2176:
2062:
1666:
The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium
990:
908:
806:
783:
768:
760:
643:
460:
216:
65:
1836:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
725:
642:
According to sources in the Tangut language, the Tangut state known now as the
435:(755–763), the Tanguts were the predominant local power in what is now eastern
2710:
2705:
2542:
2489:
2426:
2334:
2229:
471:
rebellion. As a reward the Tang central government granted the Tangut general
468:
341:
2007:
423:
had forced the Tanguts to migrate north from their homelands in northeastern
2644:
2526:
2298:
1848:
1299:
847:
764:
628:
595:
whereas legends claim that he died from a wound inflicted in these battles.
472:
93:
1867:
1717:
763:
than to pure Tibetan or Chinese influences. Texts belonging to the Tibetan
599:
them led Mongol armies, e.g. Cha'an, into the conquest of China. After the
2431:
2404:
2349:
624:
591:
580:
333:
89:
17:
1940:
Bóyángbǎn Tōngjiàn jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代
2762:
2639:
2615:
2610:
2578:
2547:
2499:
2448:
2421:
2414:
2392:
2387:
2354:
2254:
2249:
1580:
Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History
920:
854:
842:
767:
tradition demonstrate that Tangut Buddhism initially evolved along the
685:
492:
444:
440:
412:
396:
392:
220:
97:
2752:
2731:
2666:
2661:
2436:
2409:
2366:
2344:
2293:
2288:
2244:
2239:
2214:
2198:
2031:
739:
663:
632:
540:
528:
178:
1526:
1265:
http://kepping.net/pdfs/works/The_Black-headed_and_the_Red-faced.pdf
324:
of 735. In their own Tangut language, the Tanguts called themselves
391:
The early Tanguts inhabited the steppes and mountains of southeast
2656:
2649:
2453:
2441:
2382:
2359:
2339:
2329:
1615:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006),
1527:"Tangut and Horpa languages: Some shared morphosyntactic features"
904:
724:
707:
550:
The Western Xia founder Li Deming's son, Li Yuanhao, enthroned as
436:
424:
408:
361:
266:
300:
subdivision of Tibeto-Burman. The Tanguts, called the Dangxiang (
2600:
2324:
604:
404:
400:
2148:
2035:
1912:
Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War
815:
Notes on Transmitting the Dharma Treasure through Generations
631:
known as Root West (Melie). The black caps worn by Root West
882:, eventually in the important role as the state oracle, the
407:
regions of the Tibetan plateau. At some point their leader
1163:
1161:
782:. One of the more definite sources of Tangut Buddhism was
1877:
Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤
1743:
The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb
853:
Suchan (1998) traces the influence of the first several
2012:
1250:
eds. Franke, Herbert & Twitchett, Denis (1995).
1049:
539:, even pushing into Tibetan territory and conquering
247:
of Tibeto-Burman. Western Xia was annihilated by the
2022:
http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/xixia.html
1618:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
2745:
2719:
2688:
2681:
2566:
2535:
2482:
2475:
2375:
2307:
2207:
2191:
2184:
1978:, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
1734:
The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2
1685:
Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492
1319:[Western Xia Imperial Tombs] (in Chinese).
1061:
801:Solonin (2005: unpaginated) links the Tanguts, the
543:. The state of Western Xia was proclaimed in 1038.
83:
71:
59:
38:
654:). Although the Chinese translation of this name (
336:calls themselves Minyak. Geographic names such as
27:Medieval Tibeto-Burman ethnic group of Western Xia
231:, which was previously believed to be one of the
1495:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China
1254:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 214.
861:courts as well as the Western Xia, and mentions
650:translated as "Great State of White and Lofty" (
867:
811:
647:
366:
831:were rarely available in the Tangut language.
2160:
2047:
8:
1942:, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī,
1879:, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī,
1398:Rhie, Marylin & Thurman, Robert (1991).
320:(Rma). The name Tangut first appears in the
33:
1437:. Princeton University Press. p. 638.
2685:
2479:
2188:
2167:
2153:
2145:
2054:
2040:
2032:
2008:http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tangut.htm
1921:Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition
1761:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
1650:, Warfare and History, London: Routledge,
1593:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
48:
32:
1857:
1847:
1808:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1280:(1994). "The name of the Tangut Empire".
1073:
1372:Tangut Chan Buddhism and Guifeng Zong-mi
1179:
1167:
1097:
870:"Supreme Teacher" by a Tangut Xixia King
750:(Chinese: 圭峰宗密, 780–841) and his master
454:
356:, who travelled to various parts of the
1976:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
1694:The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck
1109:
1003:
893:
127:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
364:, who were "of medium size, like us".
223:authority, but later submitted to the
1960:, U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES,
1191:
1152:
1085:
1010:
987:, de facto independent Tangut kingdom
692:, the region the Tanguts controlled (
215:people who founded and inhabited the
7:
1822:Rockhill, William Woodville (1967),
1434:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1402:. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 236.
563:, rendered in Chinese as "Weiming" (
60:Regions with significant populations
1773:Science & Civilisation in China
1571:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia
590:unified the northern grasslands of
560:
520:
504:
488:
162:
154:
40:
1732:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964),
344:(Gansu) are pointed to this root.
219:. The group initially lived under
25:
1647:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900
1551:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009),
1504:The Woman Who Discovered Printing
523:) as hereditary titles under the
2795:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
2466:
1542:Beckwith, Christopher I (1987),
951:
939:
927:
896:
775:lines of Buddhist transmission.
107:
1904:Tangut Language and Manuscripts
1639:, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN
1578:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005),
993:(also called the Tangut Empire)
863:Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama
805:and the Chan teachings of both
411:Chici, who was likely of mixed
255:are extinct; only fragments of
2095:Western Xia rulers family tree
2080:Mongol conquest of Western Xia
1893:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012),
1779:, Cambridge University Press,
1745:, Cambridge University Press,
1555:, Princeton University Press,
1502:Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008),
1469:, Princeton University Press,
1349:. University of Hawaii Press.
668:
306:
183:
174:
1:
1974:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009),
1956:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000),
1795:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang
2015:Last works and documents of
1919:Wilkinson, Endymion (2015).
1914:, University of Hawaii Press
1664:Graff, David Andrew (2016),
1621:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
1546:, Princeton University Press
1414:(accessed: January 29, 2008)
1763:, Columbia University Press
1706:Folia Linguistica Historica
1525:Beaudouin, Mathieu (2023).
586:In the thirteenth century,
2811:
1598:Cambridge University Press
1205:"西夏法制地理—关于契丹、党项与女真遗裔问题(三)"
1026:Handbuch Der Orientalistik
1023:van Driem, George (2001).
903:Statue head of a Buddhist
384:
137:
2464:
2118:
2070:
1902:Vovin, Alexander (2020),
1897:, Oxford University Press
1635:Golden, Peter B. (1992),
1493:Barfield, Thomas (1989),
1345:Dunnell, Ruth W. (1996).
790:flourished from the late
788:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
697:
677:
659:
576:
568:
516:
500:
484:
475:the three prefectures of
301:
208:
192:
88:
76:
64:
47:
39:
1759:Millward, James (2009),
1741:Lorge, Peter A. (2008),
1644:Graff, David A. (2002),
1531:Language and Linguistics
1315:
841:As in China, becoming a
786:, where both Huayan and
138:Not to be confused with
1992:Xue, Zongzheng (1992),
1910:Wang, Zhenping (2013),
1849:10.1073/pnas.1817972116
1805:The ʿAbbāsid Revolution
1793:Rong, Xinjiang (2013),
1692:Jackson, Peter (1990),
1588:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
1369:Solonin, K. J. (2005),
1300:10.1163/156853294X00151
387:Timeline of the Tanguts
2105:Fashion in Western Xia
2100:Western Xia mausoleums
1802:Shaban, M. A. (1979),
1718:10.1515/flih-2020-0006
1683:Haywood, John (1998),
958:Western Xia tomb mound
872:
820:
794:up to the time of the
735:Chinese Buddhist canon
730:
722:
652:phôn¹ mbın² lhi̯ə tha²
537:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
464:
378:
272:
115:This article contains
1569:Bregel, Yuri (2003),
1508:Yale University Press
1484:Asimov, M.S. (1998),
1400:Wisdom and Compassion
728:
711:
571:). He made Xingqing (
458:
431:. By the time of the
279:, otherwise known as
270:
1875:Sima, Guang (2015),
1687:, Barnes & Noble
1429:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
1050:Sagart et al. (2019)
980:List of Tangut books
637:heavenly white crane
583:) his capital city.
239:which belong to the
2090:Western Xia coinage
1842:(21): 10317–10322,
1488:, UNESCO Publishing
809:and Baotang Wuzhu:
433:An Lushan Rebellion
322:Orkhon inscriptions
217:Western Xia dynasty
35:
2013:http://kepping.net
1938:Yuan, Shu (2001),
1832:Jacques, Guillaume
1777:The Gunpowder Epic
1425:Buswell, Robert Jr
1377:2015-02-12 at the
1321:Xinhua News Agency
1313:Fan Qianfeng 樊前锋.
1088:, p. 162-163.
857:upon the Yuan and
818:to be known there.
731:
729:Praying Tangut man
723:
715:Golden Light Sutra
465:
374:William of Rubruck
354:William of Rubruck
273:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2677:
2676:
2462:
2461:
2142:
2141:
1886:978-957-32-0876-1
1830:Sagart, Laurent;
1775:, vol. V:7:
1752:978-0-521-60954-8
1675:978-0-415-46034-7
1562:978-0-691-13589-2
1517:978-0-300-12728-7
1506:, Great Britain:
1497:, Basil Blackwell
1476:978-0-691-13597-7
1444:978-0-691-15786-3
1062:Lai et al. (2020)
459:Expansion of the
283:, belongs to the
257:Tangut literature
245:Gyalrongic branch
233:Qiangic languages
131:Tangut characters
123:rendering support
103:
102:
16:(Redirected from
2802:
2686:
2480:
2470:
2189:
2179:peoples in China
2169:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
1997:
1988:
1970:
1952:
1934:
1915:
1906:
1898:
1889:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1826:
1818:
1798:
1789:
1764:
1755:
1737:
1728:
1696:
1688:
1678:
1660:
1640:
1631:
1610:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1547:
1538:
1520:
1498:
1489:
1479:
1449:
1448:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1323:. Archived from
1310:
1304:
1303:
1292:George van Driem
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:党益民：党项羌文明与西夏湮灭之谜
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1207:. Archived from
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1123:Waugh, Daniel C.
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1074:Beaudouin (2023)
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1020:
1014:
1008:
985:Dingnan Jiedushi
955:
943:
931:
900:
880:Tibetan Buddhism
829:Chinese classics
752:Huayan Chengguan
699:
679:
670:
661:
649:
578:
570:
562:
552:Emperor Jingzong
525:Dingnan Jiedushi
522:
518:
506:
502:
490:
486:
376:
310:
303:
210:
194:
185:
176:
164:
156:
140:Tungusic peoples
129: instead of
111:
110:
54:Tangut officials
52:
42:
36:
21:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2741:
2715:
2673:
2562:
2531:
2471:
2458:
2371:
2303:
2203:
2180:
2175:Historical non-
2173:
2143:
2138:
2133:Tangut numerals
2124:Tangut language
2114:
2066:
2060:
2004:
1991:
1986:
1973:
1968:
1955:
1950:
1937:
1931:
1918:
1909:
1901:
1892:
1887:
1874:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1801:
1792:
1787:
1769:Needham, Joseph
1767:
1758:
1753:
1740:
1731:
1699:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1663:
1658:
1643:
1634:
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1608:
1586:
1577:
1568:
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1492:
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1477:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1379:Wayback Machine
1368:
1364:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1278:Kepping, Ksenia
1276:
1275:
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1262:
1258:
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1245:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1214:
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1096:
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1084:
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1072:
1068:
1060:
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1048:
1044:
1037:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1000:
975:Tangut language
966:
959:
956:
947:
944:
935:
934:Tangut Horseman
932:
923:
901:
892:
803:Helan Mountains
796:Mongol conquest
718:written in the
706:
617:
529:Ling Prefecture
453:
443:, and northern
427:to the eastern
389:
383:
377:
372:
350:
277:Tangut language
265:
229:Tangut language
143:
136:
135:
134:
121:Without proper
112:
108:
55:
43:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2808:
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2766:
2765:
2760:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Khalkha Mongol
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2683:
2679:
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2285:
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2252:
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2227:
2222:
2211:
2209:
2205:
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2202:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Ksenia Kepping
2010:
2003:
2002:External links
2000:
1999:
1998:
1994:Turkic peoples
1989:
1985:978-0810860537
1984:
1971:
1966:
1953:
1948:
1935:
1929:
1916:
1907:
1899:
1890:
1885:
1872:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1799:
1790:
1785:
1765:
1756:
1751:
1738:
1729:
1712:(1): 171–203,
1697:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1661:
1656:
1641:
1632:
1627:
1612:
1606:
1584:
1575:
1566:
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1548:
1539:
1522:
1516:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1463:Andrade, Tonio
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1416:
1404:
1391:
1362:
1355:
1337:
1305:
1290:(4–5). trans.
1269:
1256:
1243:
1232:
1221:
1196:
1194:, p. 236.
1184:
1182:, p. 172.
1172:
1170:, p. 171.
1157:
1145:
1132:washington.edu
1114:
1112:, p. 159.
1102:
1100:, p. 152.
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
1035:
1015:
1002:
1001:
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982:
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962:
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948:
945:
938:
936:
933:
926:
924:
911:dynasty, from
902:
895:
891:
888:
884:Nechung Oracle
748:Guifeng Zongmi
705:
702:
621:priestly caste
616:
613:
452:
449:
421:Tibetan Empire
395:and northwest
382:
379:
370:
349:
346:
287:branch of the
264:
261:
125:, you may see
113:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
86:
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62:
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57:
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29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2807:
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2725:
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2718:
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2704:
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2699:
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2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Khamag Mongol
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
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2430:
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2423:
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2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
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2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
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2390:
2389:
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2384:
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2380:
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2374:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
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2343:
2341:
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2328:
2326:
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2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
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2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
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2248:
2246:
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2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2134:
2130:
2129:Tangut Script
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Tangut people
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2075:Song–Xia wars
2073:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1949:957-32-4273-7
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1930:9780674088467
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1815:0-521-29534-3
1811:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1786:0-521-30358-3
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:Lai, Yunfan;
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:, Routledge,
1667:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1628:0-618-13384-4
1624:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1607:0-521-66991-X
1603:
1599:
1596:, Cambridge:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
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1478:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1356:9780824817190
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1327:on 2012-03-20
1326:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:《王族的背影》作者：唐荣尧
1236:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1211:on 2011-07-07
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:Beckwith 2009
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:Beckwith 2009
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1126:"The Tanguts"
1124:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:Rockhill 1967
1094:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1036:90-04-12062-9
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1013:, p. 38.
1012:
1007:
1004:
997:
992:
989:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:Tangut script
968:
967:
963:
954:
949:
942:
937:
930:
925:
922:
918:
914:
913:Hongfo Pagoda
910:
906:
899:
894:
889:
887:
885:
881:
877:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
844:
843:Buddhist monk
839:
836:
832:
830:
825:
819:
816:
810:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
753:
749:
746:tradition of
745:
741:
736:
727:
721:
720:Tangut script
717:
716:
710:
703:
701:
695:
691:
687:
683:
675:
671:
665:
657:
653:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
614:
612:
610:
606:
602:
596:
593:
589:
584:
582:
574:
566:
557:
556:Tangut script
553:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
533:Guiyi Circuit
530:
526:
514:
510:
498:
494:
482:
478:
474:
470:
462:
457:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
388:
380:
375:
369:
365:
363:
359:
358:Mongol Empire
355:
352:According to
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:Muya language
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
309:
299:
295:
290:
286:
285:Tibeto-Burman
282:
278:
269:
262:
260:
258:
254:
253:unique script
250:
249:Mongol Empire
246:
242:
241:Tibeto-Burman
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
202:
198:
190:
186:
180:
172:
168:
160:
152:
148:
147:Tangut people
141:
132:
128:
124:
120:
118:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
70:
67:
63:
58:
51:
46:
37:
34:Tangut people
19:
2682:Early Modern
2629:
2084:
1993:
1975:
1957:
1939:
1920:
1911:
1903:
1894:
1876:
1839:
1835:
1823:
1804:
1794:
1776:
1772:
1760:
1742:
1733:
1709:
1705:
1693:
1684:
1665:
1646:
1636:
1617:
1611:(paperback).
1592:
1579:
1570:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1521:(alk. paper)
1503:
1494:
1485:
1466:
1456:Bibliography
1433:
1419:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1370:
1365:
1346:
1340:
1329:. Retrieved
1325:the original
1308:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1235:
1224:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1199:
1187:
1175:
1155:, p. 7.
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1129:
1117:
1110:Jackson 1990
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1025:
1018:
1006:
946:Tangut bride
917:Helan County
873:
868:
852:
840:
837:
833:
824:Confucianism
821:
814:
812:
800:
792:Tang dynasty
780:Yuan dynasty
777:
771:rather than
732:
713:
681:
669:Báigāo Dàguó
667:
651:
641:
618:
609:Ming dynasty
601:Yuan dynasty
597:
588:Genghis Khan
585:
549:
545:
466:
429:Ordos region
390:
367:
351:
325:
318:Qiang people
307:
305:
289:Sino-Tibetan
280:
274:
271:Tangut women
237:Yi languages
225:Tang dynasty
213:Sino-Tibetan
200:
182:
166:
158:
146:
144:
114:
30:Ethnic group
2063:Western Xia
1996:, 中国社会科学出版社
1736:, Macmillan
1294:: 357–376.
991:Western Xia
909:Western Xia
876:Pehar deity
822:Worship of
807:Kim Hwasang
784:Mount Wutai
769:Karma Kagyu
761:North China
644:Western Xia
623:. Although
461:Western Xia
332:in western
66:Western Xia
2784:Categories
2543:Karakhanid
1967:0892641371
1657:0415239559
1331:2012-04-18
1283:T'oung Pao
1215:2010-03-07
1192:Skaff 2012
1153:Vovin 2020
1086:Vovin 2020
1011:Skaff 2012
998:References
646:was named
519:, Tangut:
503:, Tangut:
487:, Tangut:
469:Huang Chao
385:See also:
348:Appearance
342:Min county
2645:Xueyantuo
2553:Khotanese
2335:Tocharian
2120:Language
1726:229165606
1702:Gong, Xun
1388:1017-7132
1138:March 24,
1029:. BRILL.
765:Mahamudra
684:西夏). The
629:shamanism
579:, modern
473:Li Sigong
338:Min river
308:Dǎngxiàng
211:) were a
205:Mongolian
184:Dǎngxiàng
167:mji dzjwo
94:Shamanism
72:Languages
18:Dangxiang
2720:Northern
2689:Southern
2567:Northern
2483:Southern
2476:Medieval
2432:Shanrong
2405:Dingling
2376:Northern
2350:Quanrong
2235:Lạc Việt
2208:Southern
2110:Baisigou
1868:31061123
1771:(1986),
1590:(1999),
1465:(2016),
1431:(2014).
1375:Archived
964:See also
855:Karmapas
704:Religion
648:𗴂𗹭𗂧𘜶
625:Buddhism
592:Mongolia
581:Yinchuan
535:and the
371:—
334:Kangding
263:Language
259:remain.
159:mjɨ nja̱
90:Buddhism
84:Religion
2790:Tanguts
2763:Khoshut
2758:Dzungar
2746:Western
2611:Khereid
2589:Jurchen
2579:Kumo Xi
2558:Tibetan
2536:Western
2500:Cuanman
2449:Xianyun
2422:Guifang
2415:Xianbei
2393:Xiongnu
2388:Chunwei
2355:Xianyun
2308:Western
2255:Yangyue
2250:Shanyue
2230:Dong'ou
2225:Âu Việt
2192:Eastern
2185:Ancient
1859:6534992
1797:, Brill
1582:, Brill
1573:, Brill
1286:. 2nd.
921:Ningxia
890:Gallery
694:Chinese
686:Mongols
674:Chinese
656:Chinese
633:shamans
615:Culture
573:Chinese
565:Chinese
513:Chinese
507:), and
497:Chinese
481:Chinese
463:dynasty
451:History
445:Shaanxi
441:Ningxia
413:Xianbei
397:Sichuan
393:Qinghai
362:Uyghurs
326:Mi-niah
298:Qiangic
221:Tuyuhun
201:mi nyak
189:Tibetan
171:Chinese
98:Animism
2753:Oirats
2732:Manchu
2667:Shatuo
2662:Yueban
2640:Uyghur
2630:Tangut
2616:Naiman
2596:Shiwei
2574:Khitan
2548:Karluk
2520:Zhuang
2515:Bouyei
2437:Sushen
2410:Wuhuan
2400:Donghu
2367:Yuezhi
2345:Xirong
2294:Yelang
2289:Nanman
2245:Nanyue
2240:Minyue
2220:Âu Lạc
2215:Baiyue
2199:Dongyi
2065:topics
1982:
1964:
1946:
1927:
1883:
1866:
1856:
1812:
1783:
1749:
1724:
1672:
1654:
1625:
1604:
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1441:
1386:
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1130:depts.
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756:Khitan
740:Huayan
696::
682:Xī Xià
676::
666::
664:pinyin
658::
575::
567::
541:Xining
515::
499::
483::
381:Origin
209:Тангуд
193:མི་ཉག་
181::
179:pinyin
173::
151:Tangut
117:Tangut
78:Tangut
2737:Nivkh
2657:Tujue
2650:Yugur
2635:Tiele
2621:Tatar
2454:Xunyu
2442:Yilou
2383:Beidi
2360:Xunyu
2340:Wusun
2330:Sumpa
2320:Qiang
2282:Hmong
1722:S2CID
905:arhat
878:into
773:Sakya
437:Gansu
425:Tibet
417:Qiang
409:Tuoba
314:Qiang
197:Wylie
119:text.
2701:Shan
2601:Zubu
2584:Mohe
2325:Saka
2277:Miao
2272:Dian
1980:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1864:PMID
1810:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1670:ISBN
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1623:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1537:(4).
1512:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1384:ISSN
1351:ISBN
1316:西夏王陵
1267:>
1140:2023
1031:ISBN
859:Ming
848:nuns
744:Chan
712:The
690:Hexi
660:白高大國
605:Semu
561:𗼨𗆟
521:𘝰𗉔
505:𗉢𗉔
489:𘒂𗉔
415:and
405:Kham
403:and
401:Amdo
340:and
275:The
163:𗼇𘓐
155:𗼎𗾧
145:The
41:𗼎𗾧
2711:Yao
2706:She
2510:Rau
2490:Bai
2427:Jie
2260:Yue
2177:Han
1854:PMC
1844:doi
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491:),
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1160:^
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698:河西
678:夏國
662:;
577:興慶
569:嵬名
517:銀州
501:綏州
485:夏州
447:.
439:,
304:;
302:党項
294:Yi
207::
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