Daniël Goulooze - Knowledge (XXG)

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van Proosdy was arrested and that they should go into hiding. At the time, all the work and residual addresses were abandoned. On the night of 1–2 July 1943, the Gestapo raided all the addresses they had been monitoring and suspected, but it yielded nothing of importance. However, on 2 July, the Gestapo arrested one of Goulooze's radio operators. The man was tortured and revealed that he was to meet Goulooze's deputy, Jacobus Dankaart, the next afternoon. However the Gestapo bungled the meeting and the Dankaart was shot twice in the back when he tried to flee. By the end of July several more of the radio people had been arrested and two of the radio sets had been captured by the Sonderkommando. Goulooze informed the Comintern in Moscow through the last transmitter of the situation, that the OMS group would be disbanded. On the 24 August 1943, Dankaart was taken to the Zuidwal hospital in The Hague. This enabled Goulooze to contact Dankaart to arrange an escape plan, which was successful on 18 September 1943. During the following days, the Gestapo operation continued. Comintern agent

1630: 1285:, Knöchel began publishing communist literature that included various leaflets and bulletins, for example "The Enemy Stands in Your Own Country", for distribution in Berlin. From mid-1940, Knöchel with the assistance of Goulooze began to train the emigre group of communists in the Netherlands to work in Germany as political activists and informers. Goulooze was able to obtain blank identity cards, along with official stamps from a colleague that enabled the KPD members who were hiding, to interact with CPN members in Amsterdam and to travel safely to Germany in some cases under diplomatic protection. At the time, Goulooze received instructions from the Comintern and Swedish Communist Party in 1110: 1721: 721: 1193:

encryption/decryption of messages by the cypher clerks from the radio transmission process and used couriers to move messages around, with messages hidden in matchboxes, flashlight batteries or rolled in cigarette cases. It resulted in the radio operator's never knowing what the contents of their message were and the cypher clerks not knowing who transmitted the telegrams. At the same time, the people in his network were employed in legitimate roles designed to disguise their illegal activity, for example as municipal workers.

1756:". When Goulooze returned to Amsterdam in mid-July 1945, he attended the conference and supported the opposition. In a speech he made at the conference, he stated that political opportunism was rampant, that speaking of factions was useless as the party was dissolved and that CPN shouldn't be re-established as quickly as it was disbanded until time was taken to prepare a broad campaign to clearly understand the political necessity for re-establishing the party. While it was an attack on De Groot, it wasn't personal. 244: 184: 1461:

a V-Mann and held a number of meetings with van Proosdy in the normal course of operation, making him effectively under the control of the Gestapo. Van Proosdy eventually realised that Knöchel was a V-Mann, due to his general demeanor and errant behaviour. He decided to make arrangements to return to Amsterdam but was arrested on 22 May 1943 before he could leave. Upon learning from a contact that van Proosdy was arrested and that the Sonderkommando was searching for him, Goulooze went into hiding.

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cooperation between the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union would continue, which would eventually lead to the merging of the social democrats and the communist parties. The opposition at the conference, stated that peace wouldn't necessarily hold and that the communists should support the interests of working-class people, stating "the liquidation of the Communist Party meant the disarmament of the working class, leaving it rudderless to the leadership of the

1169:"It is in the highest interest of the Dutch population that they neither directly nor indirectly, support the warfare of the Allies, but that they observe a true neutrality towards Germany. Restoring peace and friendship with the German people is the first step that the Dutch people can and must take in the interest of restoring general peace. This also means that the Dutch working people must adopt a correct attitude towards the German occupation of our country" 1246: 1096:. Goulooze explored the idea with French and Belgian communists but the plan was found to be impractical and was abandoned. De Groot instructed Goulooze to contact the Comintern executive in Moscow, to make a request for the secretariat to move to Moscow but on 21 June 1940, Dimitrov rejected the idea, informing De Groot that the group had stay in the Netherlands. Dimitrov forwarded detailed instructions to the secretariat on how to resist the occupation. 687: 33: 1760:

working class. However, De Groot promised to talk to Goulooze before the political control commission, but the conversation never took place. Goulooze made several attempts to convince De Groot to hold that conversation, in essence to confirm a place in the new party hierarchy for Goulooze, but the discussion with the political control commission mever took place. From that point forward, Goulooze was no longer a political force in the CPN.

1489: 1323:. On the 9 January 1942, Knöchel met Goulooze for a final meeting before travelling to Germany, taking along blank identity papers, a selection of official stamps and communist literature, travelling as an itinerant silver polisher. At the time, Goulooze arranged for everything that was published by the Comintern executive in Moscow, to be couriered to Knöchel in Berlin. When he arrived in Berlin, Knöchel started to produce the 293:. Postma strongly supported trade unionism, the soviet revolution, dictatorship for the proletariat and the group initially shared his enthusiasm, but some eventually rejected his views. Goulooze for the most part, found himself in agreement with Postma and this, in turn, developed into a lifelong friendship. The heated debates eventually led to a group withdrawing from the SAJO that included Goulooze, leaving to join the 1122: 1383:, to offer a position of employment to Van Proosdy, as an electrician. Van Proosdy left on 2 December 1942, using documentation arranged by Goulooze. In Berlin, he made contact with Knöchel, who introduced him to Kowalke who was to be trained as a radio operator. Goulooze arranged for a radio transmitter to be sent by ship but it never arrived. He then forwarded a small reserve transmitter by ship as a replacement. 456:(The Young Worker). As the CJB was a small organisation, Goulooze tried to create a leadership role that resulted in him negotiating with several companies during spontaneous youth strikes. At the same time, a plan grew to send a delegation to the Soviet Union. Seven young people were delegated from suitable companies and the delegation left at the end of August 1926. When the group returned, a detailed brochure, 745: 942: 930: 1237:

revolution but as a national liberation struggle. The editorials that later appeared in the future versions of the De Waarheid, made the point in clear language, stating it was not about communism, it was about national liberation and return of democratic freedoms. Despite the friction between Goulooze and the executive, the CPN leadership still used Goulooze to pass messages to the Comintern.

733: 671: 703: 127:, a publisher of many left-wing writers and intellectuals in the Netherlands, some for the first time. In 1935–1936, Goulooze formed the Dutch Information Service (DIS), an organisation that supplied information to the Soviet Union. Goulooze become the liaison between the organisation and the CPN. In 1937, he went to the Soviet Union, where he received intelligence training at the 993: 1617:. Some would act as guards and some prisoners and drive to the prison to escort Goulooze out the place. However a patrolling German guard asked them for daily password, which they didn't know and they were discovered and arrested. Dankaart later managed to escape. Beuzemaker and Schalker, who were barely involved in clandestine activities were executed on 13 January 1944 on the 1440:. Nine members of the group with two remaining radios were not discovered and continued to work. A total of 17 people from Winterink's group were arrested. This arrests led to an unpleasant aftermath for Goulooze as rumours were spread by the CPN that it was Goulooze's fault. Winterink's friends even went as far in stating that Goulooze was a member of the 764:, the government banned a whole series of left-wing organisations including the CPN. This brought huge scrutiny to the CPN and Goulooze as secretary was made responsible for the security of the organisation. Over the next few months, he built a network of trusted people that were committed to identifying and stopping infiltration by the police, the 1469:(Clément), Goulooze's collaborator and liaison with the French Communist Party was shot dead in Brussels on 17 August 1943. On the 5 November 1943, Kowalke was executed. During his many months of interrogation, he never exposed any names, which saved the lives of many people in Goulooze's organisation. Another close collaborator of Goulooze was 1529:. He never came to realise the true nature of Stalinist Russia. After the war, in 1946, Goulooze published "The great conspiracy; the secret war against soviet Russia" by Michael Sayers and Albert Kahn. The book falsely claims that Trotsky committed treason. Even then Goulooze had no ideological doubts and continued to fight against "fascism". 1139:

secretariat complained to Goulooze about a summary letter that Goulooze had written, that was critical of the secretariat, of its wait-and-see approach. In a meeting of the CPN leadership, they decided to replace him after holding a vote that resulted in "no confidence". The secretariat had withdrawn from Amsterdam, leaving the OMS in the city.

1605:, with the expectation that the war was coming to an end, with a plan to formulate their positions after the war. At a second meeting arranged in Utrecht for the 11 October led to the arrest of Ko Beuzemaker and his wife. This eventually led to the arrest of Goulooze, Postma, Cornelis Schalke on the 15 November 1943. They were arrested by the 866:

enemy agents posing as communists seeking help but there to infiltrate the CPN. That led to the arrest of many genuine communists. Postma worked closely with Goulooze and became responsible for checking the reliability of each refugee in turn. Goulooze's job was to protect the organisation particularly from espionage attempts and the police.

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the CPN executive demanding that he be brought before the political control commission, promising to account for his "illegal" work. However, this didn't happen and the smear campaign continued in the following months. In 1948, a much more aggressive smear in form of slander during a press campaign that was launched against him in the

529:(IAH, Internationale Arbeiders hulp) that existed to provide aid to strikers and strengthen cultural ties with the Soviet Union, became embroiled in a disagreement amongst its members, that degenerated into a fight. Goulooze was ordered to take over the reconstruction of the IAH and oversee the election of a new board. 513:. A special propaganda stunt was the publication of military booklet by the officer Jan Zonderland, that contained a worker's oath. The case gained national attention, due the commotion from baggage searches in barracks to remove it; that it came to the notice of the national press, the daily newspaper 1747:

enjoyed wide popularity because of its resistance history. In an editorial on 30 April 1945, De Groot stated that the CPN should be dissolved and replaced by his "Truth" association, in order to maintain the support acquired during the war and to prepare the way for a new coalition party in which the

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where further interrogation began on 21 March 1944, concerning his Belgian contacts. Twice he was taken to Brussels for identification, but due to his stamina, self-confidence and cool-headnesses he was saved from complete collapse, due to the torture. At the time, the trial of the other 11 arrestees

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After the dissolution of the Comintern, he continued to operate as much as normal as possible, even as the number of arrests increased and the membership of the party dropped from 1200 down to 400. With his liaison work with the Comintern finished, Goulooze turned back to the party, which at the time

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to take change of the KPD in Germany. Knöchel who was considered an exceptionally effective communist resistance organiser, whose alias was "Alfred". He had been living in Amsterdam since 1936 and was the leader of an emigre group of German communists. By 1939, he was living in Moscow and was a full

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Goulooze had stated in the letter than they should have maintained more contact with the OMS in city. The secretariat failed to understand that Goulooze was employed by the Comintern executive directly from Moscow, and had no control over him. De Groot contacted the Comintern executive, who dismissed

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forming the triumvirate that gradually brought the illegal CPN into action. During that month, De Groot planned to run the illegal CPN from Moscow and was in contact with Goulooze to arrange passage by ship, but the plan was abandoned when De Groot and Goulooze visited the Soviet trade representative

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agent who was part of a Soviet espionage group that operated in Germany, and Belgium, visited Goulooze to request help to build his espionage network in Belgium. Gurevich asked that a temporary wireless telegraphy link be established for his use, while he established his own wireless telegraphy link

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The French government began to persecute Communists in France, leaving the French Comintern, the KPD and Communist Party is disarray. This resulted in Goulooze's organisation becoming increasingly important to Soviet intelligence as the only organisation in Western Europe that could maintain contact

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were to be recruited from the CPN. It was completely separate from the former German Comintern. Goulooze was provided help by Wenzel, who moved to the Netherlands, in early 1937. Wenzel was an expert radio engineer and they discussed plans for the construction of a radio network in the Netherlands.

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Goulooze was then subsequently elected organisational secretary of the CPN. During this period, it was requested by the party leadership that Goulooze should write on his thoughts and views, now he had a better understanding of the internal functioning of the party. He tried to identify those who are

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but managed to survive the war. In 1948 he was expelled from the CPN after a smear campaign about his role in the war that last more than a decade. He then worked for the "De Republiek der Letteren" (The Republic of Arts), a left-wing publishing house. In 1951 he had a heart attack and died in 1965.

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publishing house. Ostensibly, this was ensure the correct running of the business, although in fact it was latest step of a smear campaign that had begun after the conference. In essence, the smears were designed to isolate and harm Goulooze as a publisher. On 8 July 1947, Goulooze wrote a letter to

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In May 1945, the CPN leadership was reconstituted with De Groot nominally in charge. A new constitution was agreed with the title: "Renewal of Political Life in the Netherlands" and the De Waarheid newspaper, edited by De Groot, began to be published once more. For a short time De Groot promoted the

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Postma was subject to enhanced interrogation but never exposed any of his collaborators. Goulooze was also subject to enhanced interrogation and also refused to expose anybody nor any of the safehouses or radio locations. In February 1944, he was released from detention and then taken to a seminary

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or V-Mann, first betraying Willi Seng, who was arrested on 20 January 1943 and who was also subject to enhanced torture. After the indictment, Kaps took his own life in March 1943. Through Seng, Knöchel was betrayed and was arrested on 30 January 1943. After he was tortured, Knöchel agreed to become

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Much more important for the Soviet Union than the CPN and the triumvirate, was the work undertaken by Goulooze for the KPD. From the outset of the war, Goulooze maintained radio links between the area control centre ("Abschnittsleitung") of the KPD in Amsterdam and the area control centre of the KPD

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As the CPN recovered after being banned, a second meeting of the triumvirate was arranged in July 1940, where they updated and prepared new manifestos. They decided to force a general strike in the large metal companies in November and protest against the persecution of Jews. At the end of November,

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transmitters that used the 30-metre band (10.100–10.150 MHz) and that were capable of long-distance traffic. The transmission of telegrams took place at different times. As the war progressed, Goulooze passed on messages from the KPD, the CPN and the Comintern. Information on military activity,

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Goulooze read the "Volksdagblad" article and was vehemently opposed to its printing. He managed to make contact with a Comintern representative, who contacted the Comintern executive in Moscow. They forbade its printing. However, the article was released. At the time, there was some panic in the CPN

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in Amsterdam. The OMS was a part legal, part illegal organisation whose purpose was to carry out administrative policy including arranging travel for officials, to develop and maintain a communication system between the Comintern and the Soviet Union using radio communications and couriers, as well

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Goulooze along with Winterink and many others members of the CPN were involved in raising aid money to buy food and clothing for the refugees at a time when police were actively hostile to the refugees and the banned CPN. The CPN had many enemies outwith the Dutch state and the police, that included

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In March 1929, Goulooze entered into a common-law marriage with Lydia Wolters. In October 1938, Goulooze and Wolters split. Goulooze entered into his common-law marriage, this time to Petronella Alida van de Plaats (1911-1949), who suffered from poor health. The couple had a son, Zane, born in 1939,

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issued a brochure "De Ysberg, Communistische spionnage! (Amsterdam z.j.)" that was full of half-truths and misinformation that caused Goulooze considerable discomfort and despair on its publication. The attacks against him continued throughout the late 1940s into the 1950s. He continued to follow

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The Sonderkommando first attempted to use van Proosdy's wife in a trick to expose him, but this was unsuccessful. Even when the Gestapo managed to find a photograph of Goulooze, they were unable to locate him. By 10 June 1943, Goulooze had informed all his radio and cipher people that it was likely

1866:, director of the CPN sent Goulooze a letter telling him that he was temporarily suspended as a member of the CPN, pending an investigation. The investigation which never took place. Although Goulooze protested, the suspension was never lifted. The CPN weren't the only people who attacked him. The 1035:

increased work, in fact it was to attempt to balance opposing ideologies on the board. The leadership of the CPN eventually began to disagree with the leadership of the Comintern, their viewpoint becoming diametrically opposed. While the CPN viewed the war as a fight between opposing ideologies,

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of the Netherlands by the Wehrmacht that began on 10 May 1940, a meeting was held by the CPN on 15 May 1940, where it was realised that many of the members would not survive the war and the party itself would have to operate illegally. The secretariat was reformed with many members put in reserve

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By 1937, he was completely devolved from the CPN executive. In the same year, Goulooze was ordered by Dimitrov to disband the current OMS in Amsterdam and create a new OMS, with the infrastructure to support communications with Moscow, including new radio operators, electricians and couriers that

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in 1922. When the Nazis came to power at the end of January 1933, hundreds of German communists made a direct appeal to the MOPR for help. In 1933, it became clear the MOPR was insufficient in design and strength to deal with the number of people who were applying for help. The CPN instructed Jan

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When Knöchel left for Germany, at least 10 communist instructors still had to be recruited and sent to Germany. Arranging the travelling for the instructors became increasingly difficult, due to heavy bombing and increased German security, leaving only a river connection. The difficulty was the

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Goulooze considered the actions too late and was annoyed that the newspaper did not mention the CPN itself. Goulooze, who was in communication with the comintern, was critical of the strike. The comintern sent instructions to direct the goals of the CPN, i.e. not to see their work as proletarian

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During the first months of the occupation, individual leaders of the CPN lacked a cohesive approach to resisting the occupation and took a wait-and-see approach on the political front. Goulooze used to time he was contact with the CPN leadership to call for more political activity. From the very

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In June 1939, Goulooze recruited Adam Nagel, a photographer and communist member of the CPN to work with Wenzel in Belgium. In the same period Goulooze recruited CPN member Jacobus "Co" Dankaart as his deputy in the information service and became the group's treasurer. Dankaart also worked as a

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on 27 February 1933, strengthened his power. The communists and the CPN believed Hitler would fail, in the expectation that they would come to power. Instead, Hitler used the fire as a pretext to launch an attack on Communist and Bolshevist groups in Germany in an attempt to destroy them. At the

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In June 1924, the Federation of Social Anarchists group came to an end. At the time, Goulooze rejected anarchism, along with the Postma group. He became fully Communist, as it was the only political alternative that suited his worldview. Goulooze believed that the anarchists were incapable of an

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In 1916, Goulooze joined the Social-Anarchist Youth Organisation (SAJO, Sociaal-Anarchistische Jeugd Organisatie). his was an organisation that was established in several cities including Amsterdam, that consisted of several dozen young rebellious people who refused to do their military service,

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De Groot stood for election for political secretary on the policy of establishing his "Truth" association and was elected. At the July conference, Goulooze was on the right side of the debate and certainly De Groot was fond of him, but after De Groot was elected, Goulooze became an enemy of the

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signed in August 1939, defined neutrality between the ideological rivals of Germany and the Soviet Union. However, it created considerable ideological difficulties for the CPN and the Comintern. The Comintern pursued no policy other than what the Soviet government planned. It labeled the global

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On the 15 May 1943, Goulooze was listening to the radio broadcasts from Moscow, when he heard that the Comintern had been dissolved on the order of Stalin. For Goulooze, who was a revolutionary, the vision that the Comintern presented was one of a need for world revolution. Harmsen posits that

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using the alias Bruno Kühn was parachuted into the Netherlands. Kousnetzov was found by Goulooze's men after wandering about the woods for a night. Kousnetzov was originally sent to provide support the Knöchel network in Germany. However, Goulooze was unable to contact Knöchel at the time, so

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contacted Goulooze to request his help to expand his radio network in Brussels. Goulooze sent van Proosdy to Brussels in August 1941. van Proosdy was shown a self-built transmitter by the young person who was hosting it, but it refused to work. A new transmitter was delivered by courier to van

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De Groots' found his plan wasn't as popular as he believed, as there was fierce disagreement in the party, from members from different parts of the country, who were steeped in the doctrine of Marxism-Leninism. In July 1945, a conference was held. De Groot and the leadership believed that the

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At the beginning of the occupation, Goulooze had recruited one radio engineer, van Proosdy, whose codename was "Frans". The transmitter was hidden in van Proosdy's house in Orteliusstraat in Amsterdam. In 1938, CPN member Jan de Laar was recruited by Goulooze and sent to the Soviet Union for

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In April 1940, van Proosdy built a radio transmitter for use by a woman in south Amsterdam and by February 1941, she had been trained to use it. In total, five radio operators were eventually recruited by Goulooze by the end of 1941. To ensure a high level of security, Goulooze separated the

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During this period, Goulooze was reporting to the Comintern. The reports were created by the CPN party leadership. Due to the limited radio contact, he would first send the reports in an abbreviated form, as well as forwarding each completed report to Moscow by courier. In October 1940, the

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and its initial enrollment consisted of sixteen students, aged sixteen to twenty-five. When the academy came to public notice, Goulooze defended it existence, but also took an active part in running the different CJB departments that included canvassing, leafletting, pasting up posters and

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In February 1930, a new board was elected at the conference and the membership achieved unity on the basis of political guidelines received from the Comintern. At the age of 24, Goulooze became a member of the CPN and was elected as a CPN board member. He became the secretary of the youth

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exacerbated the political problems faced by the CPN. The Comintern believed it would result in revolution in the Netherlands. Members of the CPN were in favour of the Comintern attitude, that saw Social Democrats, the main political fulcrum of the ruling class, as the main obstacle to the

554:, castigated him for this. After a long discussion, the Young Communist League board decided to support the Comintern position. At that point, Goulooze ended his association with the Young Communist League and he was tasked along with four others to organise a conference of CPN members. 1260:

in Paris, the Western European Bureau of the Comintern in Paris and Comintern Executive in Moscow. He also managed the links between the Abschnittsleitung in Amsterdam and illegal groups in Germany. In 1939, the French KPD groups fell into disarray as the French government banned the

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While Goulooze was imprisoned, Jan De Laar, van Proosdy and a radio technician from North Holland, attempted to build another radio transmitter for domestic communication but the attempt was largely a failure, as the group didn't have the capability to decode incoming coded messages.

587:), followed by the 104 page essay on the 1928 KJI Congress. Goulooze considered reading and studying a revolutionary act. Over the next several years, he built up publishing arm of the CPN and imported communist literature from abroad. He also opened a number of communist bookshops. 1855:. In the article the CPN made a number of insinuations against Goulooze about his role in the war. After the press campaign, the CPN received word that its political enemies were planning to attack Goulooze. The CPN decided to distance itself from Goulooze. On the 17 June 1948, 1331:. The May 1942 special edition of "Der Friedenskämpfer" included detailed knowledge of the execution of French, Czechs, Germans, and Norwegians across Europe and as well as specific military companies that carried out executions of Soviet POWs in Leningrad, and civilians in 1444:. Due to the rumours, distrust in Goulooze grew to an extent that it was decided by two members of the CPN, Ab Arendse and Piet Groeneveld to kill Goulooze. When their preparations were complete, they contacted Jan Postma, who decided to intervene to prevent the execution. 332:

However, it became expedient in the early 1930s for Goulooze to rebuild his legal existence and he was finally arrested. However, when he was undergoing his medical examination for conscription, he was rejected due to a minor foot disorder, making the whole exercise moot.

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Goulooze must have been disappointed and even expressed some doubt about the value of the work that he had done for the organisation up to that point but ultimately his revolutionary zeal wouldn't have been extinguished. Goulooze wouldn't have known about the

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that was formed in May 1943. In the following months, Goulooze continued to make contributions to the communist newspapers that were published by the CPN leadership, where they envisioned a unity of socialist and communists and a united trade union movement.

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in Belgian and this was provided by Goulooze and used, until January 1940. In July 1940, Gurevich again visited Goulooze, his second visit, to request the reserve cypher code, that Goulooze had received from his visit to the Soviet Union, the year before.

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At a meeting in Moscow in 1940, it was decided that the various KPD Abschnittsleitung in different capitals in Germany should be dissolved, to enable the formation of a new operational leadership in Germany. The intention was for German KPD organiser,

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were progressively destroyed in Europe, the DIS designed to send intelligence to Moscow, became increasingly important to Soviet intelligence as the only organisation in Western Europe, where they could maintain contact with Soviet agents on the ground.

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decided to contact the Comintern executive to request that Kousnetzov work with CPN radio operator Jan De Laar instead, which was agreed. Kousnetzov joined De Laar in March 1943 and worked to train agents in the Netherlands to work inside Germany.

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publishing house, that he used for cover. In the same period, between 1935 and 1937, Dutch CPN member, August Johannes van Proosdy was recruited by Goulooze and sent for technical training in wireless telegraphy techniques in the Soviet Union.

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As Goulooze no longer took an active part of the CPN (although still a member of the party), he began to looking for a new role for himself, where he could contribute to the political life of the Netherlands. On 16 May 1945, Goulooze opened

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beforehand, so they sold in large quantities. Among the most important people who ran his publishing house was Hein Kohn, the main driving force in the publishing house as well as Nel Schuitemaker, Martien Beversluis, and Menno Poldervaart.

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where the KPD leadership emigrated after they were banned. As the Swedish communists were against setting up a radio transmitter link with Amsterdam, Goulooze organised a courier link by sea and when the sailors visited the sea port of

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where his many contacts amongst the imprisoned communists, enabled Goulooze to create an organisation to help incoming Dutch KPD and communist prisoners. However, in the night of 20 April 1945, he was transferred out the camp onto a

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As a publisher Goulooze, was able to travel widely without restrictions, that enabled him to meet a wide variety of people, and select particular people for particular jobs. In the same year, he received intelligence training at the

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After leaving school, Goulooze was apprenticed to a carpenter and attended an evening school to supplement his knowledge of carpentry. Politically, as a youth, Goulooze was leftist and this was visible by his youth membership of the

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had broken into disorganised groups. Goulooze contacted Moscow, who advised him to reform the CPN using trusted members from before the war. Goulooze approached Jan Postma who took over the management of the CPN. Postma contacted

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Goulooze was given the task of publishing communist brochures and books. His love of writing up to that point was known in the Party and he achieved a level of published work for the organisation that has not been reached since.

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When Goulooze reached the concentration camp, it was the first time in months that he was able to see fellow human beings. In Sachsenhausen, he discovered that some of his prior contacts held important positions. Among them were

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Living a nomadic life did not prevent Goulooze from taking part in a number of political actions in the 1920s and early 1930s. In 1923, Goulooze was responsible for the transportation and distribution of the special newspaper

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as managing funding for the Comintern organisation and to care for wealthy communists. Goulooze provided the addresses where the Comintern radio transmitters could be housed in Amsterdam. In 1934, Bulgarian Communist leader

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In June 1928 in Amsterdam at the CPH party congress, the congress erupted in open warfare. Goulooze was immediately elected as secretary of the board, where he represented the CJB. On 17 August 1928, Goulooze attended the

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in Amsterdam. Goulooze arranged for communists who were working on KPD assignments to travel between the Netherlands and Germany. In the summer of 1939, the relationship between the CPN and KPD deteriorated due to the

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was held up due to the length of Goulooze's interrogation. There was agreement reached on 11 August 1944 between the Judge and the Sicherheitsdienst that the trial should go ahead without Goulooze. However, by

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In the period immediately after the Nazis seized power on 30 January 1933, Goulooze made several trips to the Soviet Union, Prague and Paris in the context of reorganising the Comintern. In the same year, the

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after several Comintern officials whom he had met when he visited the Soviet Union and spoke to on the radio were replaced and this swayed his ideology to such an extent that he had a real fear of

1411:, where they could be safely accommodated. On 22 June 1942, Jan Wilhelm Kruyt Jr, was parachuted into the Netherlands with a wireless telegraphy set for Goulooze and false papers. On 24 June 1942, 1415:

Sr, an ardent communist and ex-clergyman was dropped by parachute from a British plane in Belgium. Kruyt Sr broke his leg when he landed and was arrested shortly after by the Gestapo and sent to

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who was the director of the KPD in Amsterdam since 1936. He was arrested in April 1943 and never exposed any names during his interrogation over many months. He was hanged in August 1944.

1351:

lines of radio communication between from the KPD in Germany, to Goulooze DIS and onwards to the Comintern in Moscow. At the time, Knöchel was using two couriers, his common-law wife

790: 2196:, plural V-Leute), they were arrested prisoners, who were committed to spying activity for the Gestapo, who promised severe punishment such as the death penalty, if they refused. 1264:

and interned many of its members. As a result, radio and courier services were cut. The Comintern used Goulooze to bring these various groups back into contact with each other.

397:(IWA). Goulooze sided with the NSV and became the organiser of a youth recruitment office at a Local Labour Secretariat (PAS, Plaatselijke Arbeids Secretariaten) in Amsterdam. 1879:

On 10 June 1949, his wife Nell died of cancer and in 1951 Goulooze suffered a heart attack. On 10 September 1965, Goulooze suffered a fatal heart attack that ended his life.

1675:, who were able to obtain fake identity cards that changed Goulooze identity, effectively killing off his name. This enabled him to transfer to the Heinkel aircraft works in 886:, the relationship between the two organisation had completely broken down. Goulooze was the only person to maintain contact with the illegal KPD leadership in Amsterdam. 407: 317:

or refuse it. As an anarchist, Goulooze was anti-militaristic and while it was accepted for members of his peer group to refuse the service and wait to be arrested by the

1613:. Dankaart had been waiting for a rendezvous with Goulooze who didn't arrive. Finding he was arrested, he organised a rescue party where 6 men put on the uniform of the 1370:

began to urge Goulooze to establish a radio communication link in Berlin. Considered an extremely perilous and difficult task, Goulooze selected van Proosdy for this.

1281:

To bring this plan into operation, the Comintern decided the planning stage would be done in Amsterdam, which resulted in Knöchel returning to Amsterdam. Together with

1939: 325:, among other places. For several years he managed to avoid being arrested. In 1929, when he moved into his own apartment with his wife, he refused to be added to the 321:, he decided to ignore the conscription order and evade arrest. Goulooze became a nomad, living on his wits, constantly on his guard. During this period, he worked in 468:

When he returned, Goulooze established a new academy that offered a three-week course to train a cadre of CJB communists. The leaders of the academy were made up of

119:(28 April 1901 – 10 September 1965) was a Dutch Jewish construction worker who was a committed communist and resistance fighter. In 1925, he became a member of the 1379:. Once that was completed, it was arranged for a letter to be sent by Willem Visser, an employee of a small Berlin based electricity company that was part of 5305: 5290: 896: 1846:

In mid-1947, Jan Schalker, the son of Kees Schalker and a member of the secretariat of the CPN, informed Goulooze that he was dismissed as director of the

1366:

to move intelligence between Berlin and Amsterdam for transmission to the Comintern. In the late summer 1942, the Comintern and the KPD leadership through

1743:

dissolution of the party in favour of an 'Association of Friends of Truth', because in that first post-war period after the war, the communist newspaper

768:

and other intelligence agencies. Through that work, he became familiar with many members of the Belgian and French Communist parties and the Comintern.

606:. In March 1934, as the work of publishing at his house was becoming too stressful due to the success of the business, Goulooze established the formal 4713: 546:

who had to be fought at all costs; they were the enemy. Goulooze, who was centrist, rejected this view. At a meeting at his house on 1 February 1930,

374: 789:, who was accused of starting the fire. Goulooze provided information to Dimitrov that ensured his release. Goulooze used the opportunity to print 2078:

Die Emigration als Kampfposten : die Anleitung des kommunistischen Widerstandes in Deutschland aus Frankreich, Belgien und den Niederlanden

1555:

and asked Goulooze to help run what remained of the party. One of the first tasks for Goulooze was to arrange a liaison between the CPN and the

430: 271:(The Insurgent). Around this time, Goulooze became part of a group of young men and women, that formed around Dutch communist and chemigrapher 257: 1686: 1392: 4551: 4532: 4492: 4468: 4350: 4331: 4267: 1201:

e.g. armaments, deployment of units along with industrial activity, e.g. production figures, was increasingly also collected and forwarded.

965: 128: 758: 267:

In 1919, Goulooze was elected treasurer. In September 1920, Goulooze took over administration for publishing the organisations magazine,

1049: 437:). Goulooze became a popular and later important member of the CJB. Under Goulooze and in agreement with the political line take by the 5280: 883: 422: 390: 220: 120: 100: 1027:

were no longer called to defend the French homeland when France declared war on Germany, so was declared a proscribed organisation.

5295: 4511: 4441: 2104: 2085: 2002: 1975: 1956: 1915: 1189:

technical training in wireless telegraphy and intelligence techniques. When de Laar returned he became an assistant to van Proosdy.

215:(NAS, Nationaal Arbeids-Secretariaat) trade union federation. He was an admirer of the Dutch politician and later social anarchist 158:

Such was the level of communication that Goulooze conducted with Soviet intelligence, that he maintained four separate and active

1648: 1610: 1023:

were abandoned by communist parties in Europe, and the politics of proletarian class struggle once again became predominant. The

224: 167: 4628: 314: 5300: 4656: 4600: 4575: 1176:

at the release of the article and how it would be viewed. It did not prevent the CPN and its organs from being banned by the

5107: 2054:(in Dutch). Taalunie, de Vlaamse Erfgoedbibliotheken en de Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB), nationale bibliotheek van Nederland 804:

agent and radio operator who was part of a Soviet espionage group that operated in Western Europe. Wenzel travelled to the

551: 438: 363: 146:

of the Netherlands, Goulooze helped to reestablish the KPD in Germany in 1940. As the war progressed, the Comintern, the

1399:

In 1942, Goulooze arranged with Soviet intelligence to recruit new radio operators. These were agents that were part of

1143:

the idea of replacing him and demanded from that point forward all messages meant for the executive go through Goulooze.

1328: 526: 216: 1681: 1004: 879: 256:(NLR, Nationaal Arbeids-Secretariaat). He subsequently worked in the drawing school of the Dutch shipbuilding company, 3633: 3631: 1433: 1062: 908:

was elected secretary of the Comintern and Goulooze became further involved in the daily running of the organisation.

765: 143: 460:, was published that described their impressions.This was the first of many trips to the Soviet Union he would take. 373:

In the same year, the NAS split into two groups. On one side were 8,000 members who left to found the IWA-affiliated

1407:. In early 1942, Goulooze arranged to receive Soviet parachutists by delegating an area close to a body of water in 911:

In 1935, with permission from the CPN, he started working primarily for the Comintern, but remained director of the

1867: 1814:. Children's books became particularly popular. Goulooze also published American and Russian authors, for example, 1109: 870: 253: 212: 147: 1078: 618:

intellectuals and new writers and academics in the country. During the period he worked there, Goulooze published

5285: 1254: 1083: 139: 135:(Comintern) in the Netherlands, his main duty being to maintain on-going radio contact with Soviet intelligence. 108: 1327:"Der Friedenskämpfer" (“The Fighter for Peace,”) that offered detailed accounts of German atrocities across the 825: 486: 4481:

The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936–1945

1811: 1647:, the liberation of the Netherlands was only hours away, so Goulooze was never tried, instead he was sent to 4461:

German Secret Weapons of World War II: The Missiles, Rockets, Weapons, and New Technology of the Third Reich

2097:

Auf verlorenem Posten : kommunistischer Widerstand im Zweiten Weltkrieg : die Knöchel-Organisation

1661: 847: 406:

effective struggle against capitalism. Unwilling to join the CPN, he, along with Postma, instead joined the

132: 104: 5102: 4994: 4913: 4506:. Hoover Press publication, 340 (New, revised, and expanded ed.). Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. 2080:. Mannheimer sozialwissenschaftliche Studien (in German). Vol. 18. Königstein im Taunus: Hain Verlag. 1556: 5230: 4984: 4938: 4775: 1726:

Death March Memorial in Wittstock. Over 18000 prisoners were taken on the death marches from Sachsenhausen

1720: 1261: 1024: 629: 510: 469: 243: 211:. His father was a member of the National Federation of Metal Workers union that was affiliated with the 151: 1800: 785:

time, Goulooze was in Berlin and met Georgi Dimitrov, who had been arrested, after being seen talking to

4770: 2099:. Reihe Politik- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte (in German). Vol. 15. Bonn: Verlag Neue Gesellschaft. 843: 831: 809: 786: 777: 720: 285:

Postma would go camping with the group, and they would hold discussions and debate politics, communism,

183: 5163: 1400: 1151:

On 24 June 1940, the Dutch government withdrew the CPN publication ban and on 26 June an issue of the "

1031:

with agents on the ground. In the Netherlands, the leadership of the CPN was expanded to cope with the

3637: 1420: 1352: 421:

along with most of the leadership was forced to resign and a large sector of BKSP opted to rejoin the

5275: 5270: 5182: 5074: 5009: 4954: 4903: 4836: 4800: 4785: 4692: 1789: 1437: 1380: 1336: 1177: 693: 677: 620: 386: 5097: 4780: 4698: 2047: 2020:

Harmsen, Ger (1986). "Voor de derde maal Daan Goulooze. Nabeschouwing, aanvullingen en correcties".

1313: 501:

During this period Goulooze acted to ensure that communist propaganda in the form of the newspapers

195:, and Baukje Goulooze (née Visser), a housemaid, and was the oldest of six children, who grew up in 4884: 1587: 1576: 1545: 1534: 1470: 1456:, following a denunciation. Under enhanced torture, he agreed to work for the Sonderkommando as a 1245: 339: 159: 4979: 1856: 1774: 814: 5126: 5092: 5087: 4999: 4918: 4810: 1933: 1526: 1298: 1067: 981: 969: 429:

and in 1926, became a member of the CPH. Due to his age, Goulooze became an active member of the

290: 4874: 4562: 4524:

Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler

2172: 1665: 1274: 820: 272: 247:

A view of the Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij ship yard in 1916, where Goulooze worked at

4974: 1805: 4964: 4790: 4571: 4547: 4528: 4507: 4488: 4464: 4447: 4437: 4346: 4327: 4263: 2100: 2081: 2008: 1998: 1981: 1971: 1952: 1921: 1911: 1894: 1831: 1618: 1606: 1441: 264:

instead, spending their time going on rambles, and making music as well as planning bombings.

2175:

is identified as Alfred Knöchel in Kesaris page 71, section IV. "Alfred" was Knöchel's alias.

2145:

The encryption used was 5-figure based substitution cypher, with a subtractor and key phrase.

142:

agents in the Netherlands, France and the Low Countries. After the start of the war and the

5220: 5155: 5150: 5131: 4869: 4805: 4760: 1819: 1639: 1598: 1521:"Mission to Moscow", that was passed hand to hand in the Netherlands that viewed the Soviet 1518: 1493: 1363: 1045: 641: 625: 538: 32: 4607:. Karl Dietz Verlag., Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin 4389:(in Dutch). Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland 4368:(in Dutch). Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland 1488: 1135:

beginning Goulooze was in favour of uncompromising and vigorous resistance to the Germans.

362:

and Anarchists, who wanted to protest the 1923 Fleet Act and the 25th anniversary of Queen

5249: 5225: 5079: 5055: 4989: 4923: 4844: 4815: 4750: 4745: 4635:. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin 4410:(in Dutch). Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederlan 1871:

the political developments in the world. By the late 1940s, his health began to fail him.

1614: 1340: 1197: 968:

in Moscow. By April 1939, van Proosdy had built a radio transmitter that was based on the

905: 900: 859: 547: 473: 318: 4298: 1357: 297:

of which Postma was a member. On 22 July 1922, Goulooze became the administrator for the

277: 123:(CPN) and by 1930 had become an executive member of the organisation. In 1934, he formed 4277: 854:

At the end of 1933, it was given a higher workload when it moved to larger rooms at the

5004: 4826: 4795: 4652: 4624: 4596: 1835: 1823: 1794: 1785: 1561: 1416: 1395:

Jan Wilhelm Kruyt, who was arrested after parachuting from a plane and breaking his leg

1375: 781: 686: 653: 645: 614:. During the course of his work as director, he formed relationships with many leading 477: 418: 378: 326: 1121: 567:

not following the Stalinist line and advocated for stronger control of party members.

445:) the CJB decided to take direct action, instead of the usual discussion of politics. 5264: 5187: 4959: 4908: 4831: 4765: 4648: 4620: 4592: 4544:

Dealing with the Devil: Anglo-Soviet Intelligence Cooperation in the Second World War

4522: 1644: 1522: 1453: 1404: 1367: 1318: 1156: 1016: 899:(OMS) of the Comintern was transferred from Berlin to Amsterdam under the command of 862:, who was part of the editorial work, and Friedl Baruch, who became the KPD liaison. 797: 649: 448:

Under orders from Moscow, it was rearranged into business divisions and the magazine

4382: 4361: 1908:

De meridiaan van Moskou : de CPN en de Communistische Internationale, 1919-1930

5192: 4879: 4730: 2033:

Mellink, A.F. (December 1987). "Voorspel en verloop van de juli-conferentie 1945".

1861: 1592: 1581: 1550: 1539: 1510: 1475: 1457: 1391: 1093: 1092:

De Groot then expounded the idea of editing and printing an illegal newspaper from

1020: 1012: 4693:

Excuses voor nederlandse communisten nodig. Annemieke kamoschinski-portegies zwart

4479: 1995:

Vrede door revolutie : de CPN tijdens het Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939-1941)

1373:

Van Proosdy had to establish a legal existence in Germany by registering with the

394: 366:. During this period, Goulooze was also working for the NAS. His name appeared in 4403: 3638:

Stadsarchief Amsterdam & Inventory of the archives of Riek Milikowski-de Raat

1784:

managed the business. The company published both political books for example, by

1779: 1517:. He came to know about it through a copy of the memoir by the American diplomat 1297:

The first KPD member to travel to Germany with Goulooze's identity documents was

4969: 4933: 4755: 1827: 1815: 1753: 1676: 1633:

Prisoners in the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen, Germany, 19 December 1938.

1502: 1466: 1412: 1225: 1210: 1160: 1152: 855: 805: 744: 710: 359: 286: 208: 1303: 1072: 2012: 1925: 1514: 1324: 1309: 1282: 1159:

opined that German aggression was caused by English imperialism and the Dutch

992: 941: 801: 425:("Communistisch Party Holland") (CPH). By 1925, Goulooze had become an active 313:

The first real decision he made was whether to accept military service during

192: 166:

and he was arrested along with many members of the DIS. Goulooze was sent to

163: 1670: 138:

Goulooze used the DIS organisation from early 1937 to help establish Soviet

4451: 1985: 1898: 1344: 1286: 972:. Goulooze knew nothing of how wireless telegraphy worked, so delegated the 929: 732: 637: 615: 611: 426: 344: 204: 196: 162:

sets and one in reserve. His signals were eventually detected by the German

56: 2136:

A full description of the cypher used is contained on pp260-263 in Harmsen.

846:(MOPR) was an international social service organization established by the 702: 199:

in a working-class family. His grandparents on his father's side came from

1308:

who went as an instructor, in January 1941. The next person to travel was

1214:

Proosdy, three weeks later and he managed to make a connection to Moscow.

858:

in Amsterdam. It was manned by Piet de Smit who did the secretarial work,

670: 1692: 1291: 830:

department of the Central Committee of the KPD, to obtain information on

603: 542:

establishment of a proletarian revolution. The Comintern classed them as

393:(RILU), although many in the federation favoured the anarcho-syndicalist 231:

to whom the couple were devoted. To protect them, Goulooze moved them to

1249:

Organisation of the KPD in 1942, showing lines communication and command

793:, in the Netherlands that placed the blame for the fire with the Nazis. 1949:

De man die de weg wees : leven en werk van Paul de Groot 1899-1986

1602: 1452:

On 12 January 1943, Alfons Kaps was arrested by the Sonderkommando in

322: 200: 1432:

On 18 or 19 August 1942 (sources vary), Winterink was arrested by the

2193: 1714:

Ben Telders who helped to obtain fake identity documents for Goulooze

1408: 1036:

the Comintern believed it was a true power struggle between nations.

973: 1708: 1335:. Knöchel exchanged documents in the form of micro-photocopies with 996:

The Winterink Group in the Netherlands. It was also known as Group

726:

Friedrich Engels in 1877. Pegasus also published his works in 1936.

4564:

De meridiaanvan Moskou De Communistische Internationale, 1919-1930

2276: 2274: 1628: 1487: 1390: 1244: 991: 490: 242: 182: 2852: 2850: 1332: 1008:

conflagration as an imperialist conflict and rejected the pact.

232: 4702: 4678:

SS-Major Horst Kopkow: From the Gestapo to British Intelligence

1496:

who did so much to disguise the true nature of Stalinist Russia

738:

Vladimir Lenin in 1920. Lenin was published by Pegasus in 1939.

358:, a group of the Dutch labour movement, made up of Communists, 2154:

A new cypher code that was kept in reserve, for emergency use.

131:

in Moscow. Upon returning, he became the liaison officer of

1312:. Albert Kamradt was the third person. The fourth person was 663:

Goulooze published marxist and communist writers in the 1930s

585:

the foundations of communism, the task of the communist youth

4278:"30480 Inventory of the archives of Riek Milikowski-de Raat" 4436:. Sunschrift, 152. (in Dutch) (2 ed.). Nijmegen: SUN. 4425:

De dertiger jaren 1930-1935: Herinneringen en overdenkingen

2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 4224: 4222: 4209: 4207: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4065: 4063: 4038: 4036: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3912: 3910: 3897: 3895: 3870: 3868: 3855: 3853: 3648: 3646: 3618: 3616: 3603: 3601: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2116:

The great conspiracy; the secret war against soviet Russia

4434:

Rondom Daan Goulooze : uit het leven van kommunisten

4299:"SECTION II. NEWS ON ARCHIVES, HOLDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS" 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3336: 3334: 3261: 3259: 3246: 3244: 3219: 3217: 3192: 3190: 3177: 3175: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3145: 3143: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3099: 3097: 2994: 2992: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2891: 2889: 2426: 2424: 1748:

social democratic and communist parties would be joined.

3428: 3426: 3424: 3387: 3385: 3072: 3070: 3021: 3019: 2789: 2787: 2702: 2700: 2687: 2685: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2535: 2533: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2363: 2361: 2348: 2346: 2261: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 692:

Yevgeni Preobrazhensky in 1921. Preobrazhensky co-wrote

636:

in 24 volumes. These were classic works by writers like

610:

publishing house, located at 29 Nieuwe Prinsengracht in

4260:

Die Rezeption der Marxschen Theorie in den Niederlanden

4082: 4080: 4078: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 1701:

People and places from Goulooze's time in Sachsenhausen

1505:

that started in August 1936. He came to know about the

796:

In the summer of 1933, Goulooze provided assistance to

410:

on 24 January 1925. Postma went on to become editor of

791:

The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror

4487:. Washington DC: University Publications of America. 873:(KPD) established an underground bureau, known as an 370:, the legal body of trade union on 17 November 1923. 4297:

Bayerlein, Bernhard H; Albert, Gleb J, eds. (2013).

2052:

De Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren

16:

Dutch communist and resistance fighter (1901 – 1965)

5239: 5210: 5172: 5140: 5116: 5064: 5045: 4947: 4896: 4862: 4738: 489:as a representative of the CJB, that was hosted in 417:Six months later, the BKSP party leadership split, 96: 88: 80: 64: 42: 23: 4324:Visions of Empire in the Nazi-Occupied Netherlands 3415: 1968:Geschiedenis van de Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst 1773:, a left-wing publishing house. Huub de Groot and 1695:intersected the march and Goulooze was liberated. 652:. These books were generally not available in the 389:. On the other was a group who wanted to join the 4303:The International Newsletter of Communist Studies 2856: 947:Comintern secretary, Georgi Dimitrov, before 1940 581:De grondslagen van het communisme, de taak van de 563:organisation, a position he held for four years. 4863:Anatoly Gurevich group (July 1940-December 1941) 4661:Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur 1436:at a cafe in Amsterdam, after being betrayed by 2280: 2048:"De Gids. Jaargang 130 The life of a communist" 676:Nikolai Bukharin before 1930.Bukharin co-wrote 596:Het eerste meisje; een romantische geschiedenis 2964: 1993:Pelt, Wilhelmus Franciscus Stanislaus (1990). 1891:Daan Goulooze. Uit het leven van een communist 458:What did 7 young workers in Soviet Russia see? 5160:Emanuel-Anatole-Raphaël Chaptal de Chanteloup 4714: 2114:Sayers, Michael; Kahn, Albert Eugene (1946). 714:in 1867. Pegasus published his works in 1936. 8: 2337: 2205:To create a position for Goulooze in the CPN 1938:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1651:along with 3000 other prisoners from Haren. 1347:. It is not known if Sieg ever met Knöchel. 1278:member of the Central Committee of the KPD. 223:in May 1940, his father was interred at the 203:in the south, and on his mother's side from 4897:Jeffremov group (September 1939 - May 1942) 4629:"Knöchel, Wilhelm * 8.11.1899, † 12.6.1944" 3688: 2071:(in Russian). New York: Simon and Schuster. 191:Goulooze was the son of Daniël Goulooze, a 4721: 4707: 4699: 4570:(Thesis.). L.J. Veen Amsterdam/Antwerpen. 2430: 20: 4739:Trepper group (December 1938 - July 1940) 4387:International Institute of Social History 4366:International Institute of Social History 4326:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2163:The Volksdagblad was renamed in May 1940. 976:and radio transmission to his employees. 757:In 1933, after the uprising in the Dutch 4948:Jeffremov group (May 1942 - August 1942) 4504:Biographical dictionary of the Comintern 2580: 2524: 2379: 1893:. Amboboeken (in Dutch). Utrecht: Ambo. 935:Osip Piatnitsky, OMS leader, before 1926 375:Dutch Syndicalist Trade Union Federation 37:Portrait of Daan Goulooze, taken in 1955 4343:Das KPD-Dezernat der Gestapo Düsseldorf 4240: 4228: 4213: 4198: 4177: 4160: 4139: 4122: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4069: 4054: 4042: 4027: 4010: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3901: 3886: 3874: 3859: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3664: 3652: 3622: 3607: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3537: 3525: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3403: 3376: 3359: 3340: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3250: 3235: 3223: 3196: 3181: 3166: 3149: 3134: 3115: 3103: 3088: 3076: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3010: 2998: 2983: 2952: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2880: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2691: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2568: 2556: 2539: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2459: 2442: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2367: 2352: 2265: 2232: 2218: 2129: 1089:in Netherlands who rejected the idea. 521:Reforming the International Workers Aid 4601:"Seng, Willi * 11.2.1909, † 24.5.1944" 3504: 3391: 2778: 2766: 2035:Bulletin Nederlandse Arbeidersbeweging 2022:Bulletin Nederlandse Arbeidersbeweging 1951:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij. 1931: 1575:On 23 October 1943, Goulooze, Postma, 984:between the radio group and Goulooze. 258:Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij 187:Logo of the National Labor Secretariat 4663:(in German). Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin 3208: 2868: 2292: 1970:(in Dutch). Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers. 452:(The Young Communist) was renamed to 383:Nederlands Syndicalistisch Vakverbond 7: 4309:(26). Bochum: Ruhr University Bochum 3676: 3549: 2118:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 1906:Voerman, Gerrit, historicus (2001). 1223:the CPN published an edition of the 92:construction worker, Comintern agent 5291:Soviet spies against Western Europe 851:Postma to expand the organisation. 4633:Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten 4605:Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten 1403:and dropped by aircraft sent from 884:German invasion of the Netherlands 776:On 30 January 1933, Hitler became 600:The first girl; a romantic history 395:International Workers' Association 391:Red International of Labour Unions 347:, but in the rest of the country. 221:German invasion of the Netherlands 121:Communist Party of the Netherlands 101:Communist Party of the Netherlands 14: 4402:Harmsen, Ger (10 February 2003). 1682:Death march in the Belower Forest 1597:meet in an insurance building at 1419:. On 30 November, a Soviet agent 759:De Zeven Provinciën-class cruiser 602:), about life for members in the 5306:Member of the Knöchel-Seng-Group 3416:Weber, Herbst & Knöchel 2008 1997:(in Dutch). 's-Gravenhage: SDU. 1719: 1707: 1691:. After four days, units of the 1649:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 1611:Herzogenbusch concentration camp 1120: 1108: 940: 928: 897:International Liaison Department 743: 731: 719: 701: 685: 669: 435:Communistische Jongeren Beweging 225:Herzogenbusch concentration camp 168:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 31: 1343:who were the intermediaries of 295:Federation of Social Anarchists 4680:. Fonthill Media. p. 106. 4676:Tyas, Stephen (25 June 2017). 4478:Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). 4459:Hogg, Ian V. (12 April 2016). 1155:" was written. In an article, 1102:The members of the secretariat 708:Karl Marx in 1875. Marx wrote 443:Kommunist Jeugd Internationale 401:Communist Party of Netherlands 207:, in the northern part of the 1: 4262:(in German). Karl-Marx-Haus. 2857:Weber & HerbstWenzel 2008 1910:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Veen. 1509:of the group associated with 552:Young Communist International 439:Young Communist International 414:, the magazine of the BKSP. 364:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 354:newspaper was created by the 175:alias disguise his identity. 1484:Dissolution of the Comintern 590:In 1933, he established the 227:and died, aged 70, in 1943. 217:Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis 5108:Maurice Èmile Aenis-Hanslin 4546:. Peter Lang. p. 259. 4322:Foray, Jennifer L. (2012). 2281:Bayerlein & Albert 2013 2095:Herlemann, Beatrix (1986). 2076:Herlemann, Beatrix (1982). 1947:Stutje, Jan Willem (2000). 1434:Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle 1428:Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle 966:Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute 819:, a German official of the 558:In service to the Comintern 129:Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute 5322: 4542:O'Sullivan, Donal (2010). 4527:. New York: Random House. 4282:Het Stadsarchief Amsterdam 2067:Davies, Joseph E. (1941). 1252: 871:Communist Party of Germany 509:reached every part of the 487:World Youth Peace Congress 423:Communist Party of Holland 254:National Labor Secretariat 213:National Labor Secretariat 148:Communist Party of Germany 5281:Red Orchestra (espionage) 4561:Voermann, Gerrit (2001). 4502:Lazić, Branko M. (1986). 4362:"GOULOOZE, Daniel | BWSA" 1609:in Utrecht and taken to 955:Dutch Information Service 527:International Workers Aid 235:at the start of the war. 30: 5296:Dutch resistance members 4341:Gebauer, Thomas (2011). 2338:Goulooze & BWSA 1988 1812:Adrianus Michiel de Jong 1196:Goulooze used low-power 4423:De Groot, Paul (1965). 3689:Weber & Herbst 2008 1771:The Republic of Letters 1209:In the summer of 1941, 1005:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 880:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 848:Communist International 133:Communist International 4985:Elizabeth Depelsenaire 4939:Elizabeth Depelsenaire 2431:Postma & BWSA 1988 1634: 1497: 1492:The American diplomat 1396: 1262:French communist party 1250: 1025:French Communist Party 1000: 882:. By May 1940 and the 630:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky 511:Royal Netherlands Army 470:Henriette Roland Holst 431:Young Communist League 385:) that was chaired by 382: 248: 188: 152:French Communist Party 117:Daniël "Daan" Goulooze 75:Amsterdam, Netherlands 5301:People from Amsterdam 4729:People of the Soviet 4521:Nelson, Anne (2009). 4432:Harmsen, Ger (1980). 4381:Harmsen, Ger (1988). 4360:Harmsen, Ger (1988). 4258:Altena, Bert (1992). 1889:Harmsen, Ger (1967). 1632: 1557:Council of Resistance 1491: 1394: 1248: 1115:Paul De Groot in 1967 995: 844:International Red Aid 838:International Red Aid 832:Marinus van der Lubbe 787:Marinus van der Lubbe 778:Chancellor of Germany 750:Joseph Stalin in 1937 246: 186: 4955:Konstantin Jeffremov 4904:Konstantin Jeffremov 4786:Konstantin Jeffremov 4383:"POSTMA, Jan | BWSA" 2184:Known in Germany as 1966:Engelen, D. (1998). 1438:Konstantin Jeffremov 1337:Elisabeth Schumacher 1268:Knöchel Emigre group 1178:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 1066:with Paul De Groot, 694:The ABC of Communism 678:The ABC of Communism 621:The ABC of Communism 4345:. disserta Verlag. 4057:, pp. 227–228. 3739:, pp. 187–189. 3727:, pp. 187–188. 3406:, pp. 496–501. 3091:, pp. 132–133. 1801:Klaas van der Geest 1527:rose tinted glasses 1448:Search for Goulooze 1387:Soviet Parachutists 1040:Soviet intelligence 1011:With the coming of 988:Non aggression pact 875:Abschnittsleitungen 762:De Zeven Provinciën 356:Committee of Action 171:Goulooze used the 160:wireless telegraphy 5127:Basile Maximovitch 5093:Germaine Schneider 5088:Ernest David Weiss 5038:Josephine Verhimst 5023:John William Kruyt 5020:Edward VanderZypen 5000:Germaine Schneider 4919:Germaine Schneider 4811:Basile Maximovitch 3459:, pp. 174–75. 3447:, pp. 173–74. 2041:. Nijmegen: 28–33. 2028:. Nijmegen: 25–40. 1842:Smears and slander 1738:After World War II 1655:Concentration camp 1635: 1498: 1397: 1251: 1015:, the ideology of 1001: 970:Hartley oscillator 810:Theodor Bottländer 780:and following the 579:In 1927, he wrote 497:Propaganda efforts 450:De Jonge Communist 291:Russian Revolution 249: 189: 5258: 5257: 5175:Simex and Simexco 5164:Johnann Podsiadlo 4965:Abraham Rajchmann 4791:Abraham Rajchmann 4553:978-1-4331-0581-4 4534:978-1-4000-6000-9 4494:978-0-89093-203-2 4470:978-1-5107-0368-1 4352:978-3-942109-74-1 4333:978-1-107-01580-7 4269:978-3-926132-18-5 2871:, p. xxviii. 2733:, pp. 85–89. 2679:, pp. 81–82. 2655:, pp. 79–80. 2631:, pp. 75–76. 2607:, pp. 71–72. 2445:, pp. 30–34. 2418:, pp. 30–33. 2283:, pp. 11–13. 2069:Mission to Moscow 2046:Constandse, A.L. 1832:Mikhail Sholokhov 1619:Waalsdorpervlakte 1607:Sicherheitsdienst 1442:Sicherheitsdienst 1413:Jan Wilhelm Kruyt 1401:Operation Pickaxe 1044:In October 1939, 922:Comintern leaders 544:"social fascists" 454:De Jonge Arbeider 299:Social Anarchists 287:trade unionionism 260:in construction. 114: 113: 68:10 September 1965 5313: 5286:Dutch communists 5221:Isidore Springer 5151:Anna Maximovitch 5014:Hermann Isbutzki 4870:Anatoly Gurevich 4806:Anna Maximovitch 4761:Anatoly Gurevich 4723: 4716: 4709: 4700: 4681: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4657:"Wenzel, Johann" 4644: 4642: 4640: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4569: 4557: 4538: 4517: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4455: 4428: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4404:"GROOT, Saul de" 4398: 4396: 4394: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4356: 4337: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4273: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4217: 4211: 4202: 4196: 4181: 4175: 4164: 4158: 4143: 4137: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4073: 4067: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4031: 4025: 4014: 4008: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3905: 3899: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3863: 3857: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3641: 3635: 3626: 3620: 3611: 3605: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3380: 3374: 3363: 3357: 3344: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3185: 3179: 3170: 3164: 3153: 3147: 3138: 3132: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2987: 2981: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2695: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2543: 2537: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2463: 2457: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2335: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2269: 2263: 2236: 2230: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2119: 2110: 2091: 2072: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2042: 2029: 2016: 1989: 1962: 1943: 1937: 1929: 1902: 1865: 1820:Ernest Hemingway 1809: 1798: 1783: 1764:Publishing house 1723: 1711: 1690: 1674: 1645:5 September 1944 1599:Catharijnesingel 1596: 1585: 1565: 1554: 1543: 1519:Joseph E. Davies 1503:Stalinist purges 1494:Joseph E. Davies 1479: 1421:Peter Kousnetzov 1364:Charlotte Garske 1361: 1322: 1307: 1205:Request for help 1124: 1112: 1087: 1076: 1046:Anatoly Gurevich 944: 932: 829: 818: 747: 735: 723: 705: 689: 673: 642:Friedrich Engels 626:Nikolai Bukharin 539:Great Depression 533:CPN Board member 281: 71: 52: 50: 35: 21: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5250:Leon Grossvogel 5235: 5226:Leon Grossvogel 5206: 5183:Nazarin Drailly 5168: 5136: 5112: 5103:Franz Schneider 5080:Medardo Griotto 5060: 5056:Leon Grossvogel 5041: 5032:Joseph Blumsack 5010:Otto Schumacher 4995:Franz Schneider 4990:Anton Winterink 4943: 4929:Daniël Goulooze 4924:Anton Winterink 4914:Franz Schneider 4892: 4875:Zofia Poznańska 4858: 4845:Fernand Pauriol 4820:Joseph Blumsack 4816:Medardo Griotto 4771:Mikhail Makarov 4751:Leon Grossvogel 4746:Leopold Trepper 4734: 4733:espionage group 4727: 4689: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4664: 4653:Herbst, Andreas 4647: 4638: 4636: 4625:Herbst, Andreas 4619: 4610: 4608: 4597:Herbst, Andreas 4591: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4541: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4501: 4495: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4458: 4444: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4411: 4401: 4392: 4390: 4380: 4371: 4369: 4359: 4353: 4340: 4334: 4321: 4312: 4310: 4296: 4287: 4285: 4276: 4270: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4243:, pp. 253. 4239: 4235: 4231:, pp. 241. 4227: 4220: 4216:, pp. 239. 4212: 4205: 4201:, pp. 238. 4197: 4184: 4180:, pp. 237. 4176: 4167: 4163:, pp. 236. 4159: 4146: 4142:, pp. 235. 4138: 4129: 4125:, pp. 234. 4121: 4117: 4113:, pp. 233. 4109: 4105: 4101:, pp. 232. 4097: 4093: 4085: 4076: 4072:, pp. 231. 4068: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4034: 4026: 4017: 4009: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3644: 3636: 3629: 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945: 937: 936: 933: 924: 923: 906:Georgi Dimitrov 901:Osip Piatnitsky 892: 860:Anton Winterink 840: 823: 812: 774: 755: 754: 753: 752: 751: 748: 740: 739: 736: 728: 727: 724: 716: 715: 706: 698: 697: 690: 682: 681: 674: 665: 664: 634:Marxist Library 573: 560: 548:Richard Gyptner 535: 523: 499: 481:demonstrating. 474:Gerrit Mannoury 466: 403: 387:Bernard Lansink 319:Military police 311: 275: 269:De Opstandeling 241: 181: 97:Organization(s) 76: 73: 69: 60: 54: 48: 46: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5319: 5317: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5263: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5231:Suzanne Giraud 5228: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5203:Suzanne Cointe 5201: 5198: 5197:Jean Passelecq 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5098:Klara Schabbel 5095: 5090: 5085: 5084:Marcelle Capre 5082: 5077: 5075:Henry Robinson 5071: 5069: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5035:Renee Blumsack 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5017:Augustin Sesee 5015: 5012: 5007: 5005:Malvina Gruber 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4842: 4839: 4837:Sarah Goldberg 4834: 4829: 4827:Jacques Duclos 4824: 4823:Renee Blumsack 4821: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4801:Henry Robinson 4798: 4796:Malvina Gruber 4793: 4788: 4783: 4781:Augustin Sesee 4778: 4776:Suzanne Giraud 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4673: 4649:Weber, Hermann 4645: 4621:Weber, Hermann 4617: 4593:Weber, Hermann 4589: 4576: 4558: 4552: 4539: 4533: 4518: 4512: 4499: 4493: 4475: 4469: 4456: 4442: 4429: 4420: 4399: 4378: 4357: 4351: 4338: 4332: 4319: 4294: 4274: 4268: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4233: 4218: 4203: 4182: 4165: 4144: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4091: 4074: 4059: 4047: 4045:, p. 226. 4032: 4030:, p. 225. 4015: 4013:, p. 224. 3998: 3996:, p. 223. 3986: 3984:, p. 222. 3974: 3972:, p. 218. 3957: 3955:, p. 217. 3945: 3943:, p. 216. 3933: 3931:, p. 214. 3921: 3919:, p. 212. 3906: 3904:, p. 211. 3891: 3889:, p. 205. 3879: 3877:, p. 204. 3864: 3862:, p. 203. 3849: 3847:, p. 201. 3837: 3835:, p. 199. 3825: 3823:, p. 198. 3813: 3811:, p. 197. 3801: 3799:, p. 196. 3789: 3787:, p. 195. 3777: 3775:, p. 192. 3765: 3763:, p. 191. 3753: 3751:, p. 190. 3741: 3729: 3717: 3715:, p. 187. 3705: 3703:, p. 186. 3693: 3681: 3669: 3667:, p. 237. 3657: 3655:, p. 185. 3642: 3627: 3625:, p. 389. 3612: 3610:, p. 171. 3597: 3595:, p. 303. 3585: 3583:, p. 170. 3573: 3571:, p. 169. 3554: 3552:, p. 106. 3542: 3540:, p. 183. 3530: 3528:, p. 182. 3509: 3497: 3495:, p. 181. 3485: 3483:, p. 179. 3473: 3471:, p. 178. 3461: 3449: 3437: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3394:, p. 270. 3381: 3379:, p. 173. 3364: 3362:, p. 172. 3345: 3343:, p. 157. 3330: 3328:, p. 156. 3318: 3316:, p. 154. 3306: 3304:, p. 153. 3294: 3292:, p. 151. 3282: 3280:, p. 149. 3270: 3268:, p. 147. 3255: 3253:, p. 146. 3240: 3238:, p. 145. 3228: 3226:, p. 143. 3213: 3201: 3199:, p. 138. 3186: 3184:, p. 142. 3171: 3169:, p. 141. 3154: 3152:, p. 140. 3139: 3137:, p. 137. 3120: 3118:, p. 135. 3108: 3106:, p. 133. 3093: 3081: 3066: 3054: 3052:, p. 127. 3042: 3040:, p. 383. 3030: 3015: 3003: 3001:, p. 124. 2988: 2986:, p. 125. 2969: 2967:, p. 259. 2957: 2955:, p. 123. 2936: 2934:, p. 120. 2924: 2922:, p. 115. 2912: 2910:, p. 114. 2900: 2898:, p. 106. 2885: 2883:, p. 103. 2873: 2861: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2783: 2781:, p. 478. 2771: 2769:, p. 479. 2759: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2696: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2583:, p. 370. 2573: 2561: 2544: 2529: 2527:, p. 398. 2517: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2464: 2447: 2435: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2372: 2370:, p. 152. 2357: 2355:, p. 282. 2342: 2297: 2285: 2270: 2237: 2235:, p. 281. 2217: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2198: 2177: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2138: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2111: 2105: 2092: 2086: 2073: 2064: 2043: 2030: 2017: 2003: 1990: 1976: 1963: 1957: 1944: 1916: 1903: 1884: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1843: 1840: 1836:Ilya Ehrenburg 1824:Upton Sinclair 1786:Theun de Vries 1765: 1762: 1739: 1736: 1725: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1656: 1653: 1626: 1623: 1572: 1569: 1485: 1482: 1449: 1446: 1429: 1426: 1417:Fort Breendonk 1388: 1385: 1376:Arbeitseinsatz 1353:Cilly Hansmann 1314:Alfred Kowalke 1269: 1266: 1253:Main article: 1242: 1239: 1219: 1216: 1206: 1203: 1185: 1182: 1180:in July 1940. 1173: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1148: 1145: 1126: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1058: 1055: 1048:, a Ukrainian 1041: 1038: 989: 986: 956: 953: 946: 939: 938: 934: 927: 926: 925: 921: 920: 919: 918: 891: 888: 839: 836: 782:Reichstag fire 773: 772:Reichstag fire 770: 749: 742: 741: 737: 730: 729: 725: 718: 717: 707: 700: 699: 691: 684: 683: 675: 668: 667: 666: 662: 661: 660: 659: 654:Dutch language 646:Vladimir Lenin 572: 569: 559: 556: 534: 531: 522: 519: 498: 495: 478:Henk Sneevliet 465: 462: 419:David Wijnkoop 402: 399: 343:, not only in 327:Electoral roll 310: 307: 240: 237: 180: 177: 150:(KPD) and the 112: 111: 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 74: 72:(aged 64) 66: 62: 61: 55: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5318: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5200:Robert Corbin 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5188:Alfred Corbin 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156:Käte Voelkner 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5132:Käte Voelkner 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4960:Johann Wenzel 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4909:Johann Wenzel 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4889:Anton Danilov 4888: 4886: 4885:Maurice Peper 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4851: 4849:Anton Danilov 4848: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4832:Suzanne Spaak 4830: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4766:Johann Wenzel 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4674: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4579: 4573: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4519: 4515: 4513:9780817984014 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4483: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4443:9789061681526 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3679:, p. 48. 3678: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3507:, p. 71. 3506: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3438: 3435:, p. 71. 3434: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3211:, p. 66. 3210: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3079:, p. 58. 3078: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3064:, p. 66. 3063: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3028:, p. 69. 3027: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3013:, p. 57. 3012: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2844:, p. 98. 2843: 2838: 2835: 2832:, p. 96. 2831: 2826: 2823: 2820:, p. 95. 2819: 2814: 2811: 2808:, p. 93. 2807: 2802: 2799: 2796:, p. 91. 2795: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2757:, p. 89. 2756: 2751: 2748: 2745:, p. 87. 2744: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2721:, p. 85. 2720: 2715: 2712: 2709:, p. 84. 2708: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2694:, p. 83. 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2667:, p. 80. 2666: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2643:, p. 78. 2642: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2619:, p. 73. 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2595:, p. 69. 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2581:Voermann 2001 2577: 2574: 2571:, p. 63. 2570: 2565: 2562: 2559:, p. 61. 2558: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2542:, p. 58. 2541: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525:Voermann 2001 2521: 2518: 2515:, p. 56. 2514: 2509: 2506: 2503:, p. 55. 2502: 2497: 2494: 2491:, p. 53. 2490: 2485: 2482: 2479:, p. 51. 2478: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2462:, p. 50. 2461: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2406:, p. 26. 2405: 2400: 2397: 2394:, p. 23. 2393: 2388: 2385: 2382:, p. 44. 2381: 2380:De Groot 1965 2376: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2295:, p. 62. 2294: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2268:, p. 70. 2267: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2123: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2106:3-87831-434-5 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2087:3-445-02252-6 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2004:9789012065016 2000: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1977:9789012086479 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1958:9789023439080 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1917:9789020456387 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1802: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1737: 1735: 1722: 1710: 1696: 1694: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1631: 1625:Interrogation 1624: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1589: 1588:Ko Beuzemaker 1583: 1578: 1577:Kees Schalker 1570: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1547: 1546:Ko Beuzemaker 1541: 1536: 1535:Kees Schalker 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1495: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1471:Erich Gentsch 1468: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405:RAF Tempsford 1402: 1393: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1369: 1368:Wilhelm Pieck 1365: 1359: 1354: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329:eastern front 1326: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1256: 1255:Red Orchestra 1247: 1241:Red Orchestra 1240: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1157:Paul de Groot 1154: 1147:Collaboration 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1123: 1111: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:Popular Front 1014: 1009: 1006: 999: 994: 987: 985: 983: 977: 975: 971: 967: 961: 954: 943: 931: 917: 914: 909: 907: 902: 898: 889: 887: 885: 881: 876: 872: 869:In 1934, the 867: 863: 861: 857: 852: 849: 845: 837: 835: 833: 827: 822: 816: 811: 807: 803: 799: 798:Johann Wenzel 794: 792: 788: 783: 779: 771: 769: 767: 763: 760: 746: 734: 722: 713: 712: 704: 695: 688: 679: 672: 658: 655: 651: 650:Joseph Stalin 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 622: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 592:Amstel Agency 588: 586: 582: 577: 570: 568: 564: 557: 555: 553: 549: 545: 540: 532: 530: 528: 525:In 1930, the 520: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 496: 494: 492: 488: 482: 479: 475: 471: 464:A new academy 463: 461: 459: 455: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 400: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 352:De Spelbreker 348: 346: 342: 341: 340:De Spelbreker 334: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 308: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 283: 279: 274: 270: 265: 261: 259: 255: 245: 238: 236: 234: 228: 226: 222: 219:. After the 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 185: 178: 176: 174: 169: 165: 161: 156: 153: 149: 145: 141: 140:Red Orchestra 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 110: 109:Red Orchestra 106: 102: 99: 95: 91: 89:Occupation(s) 87: 83: 79: 67: 63: 59:, Netherlands 58: 53:28 April 1901 45: 41: 34: 29: 25:Daan Goulooze 22: 19: 5241: 5212: 5193:Jules Jaspar 5174: 5142: 5118: 5066: 5047: 5029:Jeanne Otten 4980:Jeanne Otten 4928: 4880:Rita Arnould 4855:Miriam Sokol 4852:Hersch Sokol 4841:Claude Spaak 4731:Rote Kapelle 4677: 4665:. Retrieved 4660: 4637:. Retrieved 4632: 4609:. Retrieved 4604: 4599:(May 2008). 4581:. Retrieved 4563: 4543: 4523: 4503: 4480: 4463:. Skyhorse. 4460: 4433: 4424: 4412:. Retrieved 4407: 4391:. Retrieved 4386: 4370:. Retrieved 4365: 4342: 4323: 4311:. Retrieved 4306: 4302: 4286:. Retrieved 4281: 4259: 4251:Bibliography 4241:Harmsen 1980 4236: 4229:Harmsen 1980 4214:Harmsen 1980 4199:Harmsen 1980 4178:Harmsen 1980 4161:Harmsen 1980 4140:Harmsen 1980 4123:Harmsen 1980 4118: 4111:Harmsen 1980 4106: 4099:Harmsen 1980 4094: 4087:Harmsen 2003 4070:Harmsen 1980 4055:Harmsen 1980 4050: 4043:Harmsen 1980 4028:Harmsen 1980 4011:Harmsen 1980 3994:Harmsen 1980 3989: 3982:Harmsen 1980 3977: 3970:Harmsen 1980 3953:Harmsen 1980 3948: 3941:Harmsen 1980 3936: 3929:Harmsen 1980 3924: 3917:Harmsen 1980 3902:Harmsen 1980 3887:Harmsen 1980 3882: 3875:Harmsen 1980 3860:Harmsen 1980 3845:Harmsen 1980 3840: 3833:Harmsen 1980 3828: 3821:Harmsen 1980 3816: 3809:Harmsen 1980 3804: 3797:Harmsen 1980 3792: 3785:Harmsen 1980 3780: 3773:Harmsen 1980 3768: 3761:Harmsen 1980 3756: 3749:Harmsen 1980 3744: 3737:Harmsen 1980 3732: 3725:Harmsen 1980 3720: 3713:Harmsen 1980 3708: 3701:Harmsen 1980 3696: 3684: 3672: 3665:Gebauer 2011 3660: 3653:Harmsen 1980 3623:Kesaris 1979 3608:Harmsen 1980 3593:Kesaris 1979 3588: 3581:Harmsen 1980 3576: 3569:Harmsen 1980 3545: 3538:Harmsen 1980 3533: 3526:Harmsen 1980 3500: 3493:Harmsen 1980 3488: 3481:Harmsen 1980 3476: 3469:Harmsen 1980 3464: 3457:Harmsen 1980 3452: 3445:Harmsen 1980 3440: 3433:Kesaris 1979 3411: 3404:Gebauer 2011 3399: 3377:Harmsen 1980 3360:Harmsen 1980 3341:Harmsen 1980 3326:Harmsen 1980 3321: 3314:Harmsen 1980 3309: 3302:Harmsen 1980 3297: 3290:Harmsen 1980 3285: 3278:Harmsen 1980 3273: 3266:Harmsen 1980 3251:Harmsen 1980 3236:Harmsen 1980 3231: 3224:Harmsen 1980 3204: 3197:Harmsen 1980 3182:Harmsen 1980 3167:Harmsen 1980 3150:Harmsen 1980 3135:Harmsen 1980 3116:Harmsen 1980 3111: 3104:Harmsen 1980 3089:Harmsen 1980 3084: 3077:Kesaris 1979 3062:Kesaris 1979 3057: 3050:Harmsen 1980 3045: 3038:Kesaris 1979 3033: 3026:Kesaris 1979 3011:Kesaris 1979 3006: 2999:Harmsen 1980 2984:Harmsen 1980 2960: 2953:Harmsen 1980 2932:Harmsen 1980 2927: 2920:Harmsen 1980 2915: 2908:Harmsen 1980 2903: 2896:Harmsen 1980 2881:Harmsen 1980 2876: 2864: 2842:Harmsen 1980 2837: 2830:Harmsen 1980 2825: 2818:Harmsen 1980 2813: 2806:Harmsen 1980 2801: 2794:Harmsen 1980 2774: 2762: 2755:Harmsen 1980 2750: 2743:Harmsen 1980 2738: 2731:Harmsen 1980 2726: 2719:Harmsen 1980 2714: 2707:Harmsen 1980 2692:Harmsen 1980 2677:Harmsen 1980 2672: 2665:Harmsen 1980 2660: 2653:Harmsen 1980 2648: 2641:Harmsen 1980 2636: 2629:Harmsen 1980 2624: 2617:Harmsen 1980 2612: 2605:Harmsen 1980 2600: 2593:Harmsen 1980 2588: 2576: 2569:Harmsen 1980 2564: 2557:Harmsen 1980 2540:Harmsen 1980 2520: 2513:Harmsen 1980 2508: 2501:Harmsen 1980 2496: 2489:Harmsen 1980 2484: 2477:Harmsen 1980 2460:Harmsen 1980 2443:Harmsen 1980 2438: 2416:Harmsen 1980 2411: 2404:Harmsen 1980 2399: 2392:Harmsen 1980 2387: 2375: 2368:Harmsen 1980 2353:Kesaris 1979 2288: 2266:Kesaris 1979 2233:Kesaris 1979 2201: 2189: 2188:, short for 2185: 2180: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2115: 2096: 2077: 2068: 2056:. 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Pegasus. 4414:13 January 4284:(in Dutch) 3209:Foray 2012 2869:Lazić 1986 2293:Foray 2012 2213:References 2192:. 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