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He was empowered in law to seize the entire value of the import from Phelps Dodge if the case against them was proven. The Custom House received 50% of any money recovered in this way and the remainder was split between Jayne, his associates and the informer. This system had been in place for many years and was referred to as Moiety. Jayne made an unannounced visit to the Phelps Dodge office and seized their books. Later he informed them that they were liable to pay a forfeit of $ 1,750,000. Without access to his ledgers, the senior partner of the firm, William E. Dodge, was unable to verify the underpayment of duty and was forced to reach a settlement with Jayne of $ 271,000.
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this time his son expressed concern: “The place for all the
Capital we have is in the business, and not in pine lands, factories, Lackawanna R R or Iron concerns”. Daniel James was a worrier and unlike his partners did not have the inclination or temperament for risk taking. However, he was suited to be a merchant and a very good one. From 1833 to 1873 his Liverpool end of the business procured and exported over $ 300,000,000 worth of metal to America, he also imported and sold cotton to the mills in Lancashire. In 1859 his long term friend and business partner in Liverpool - Thomas Banks - died.
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America to support the UK cotton workers. Donation were made by
American businesses and individuals amounting to $ 350,000, and this was used to purchase foodstuffs in America including flour and preserved meats. Daniel James was appointed the chairman of the Liverpool committee, responsible for receiving the shipments, offloading and distributing the food. In addition he negotiated with transport companies and government agencies to exempt charges and duties where possible in the UK.
178:, a New York trading organisation established in 1833/4, exporting cotton to England and importing manufactured goods in return such as tin, tin plate, iron and copper. James was born in America but was to live in Liverpool for 47 years running the British side of the business called Phelps, James & Co. The company was to dominate the export market of tinplate from the United Kingdom for three-quarters of a century at a time when Wales was the centre of world production.
387:. He was asked to appear before the committee but due to illness refused. At a later date (June 19, 1874) Butler addressed the House of Representatives on the matter and was highly critical of Phelps Dodge and in particular Daniel James. However, his accusations were totally unfounded in fact and other members of the House rounded on him. His speech also gave member of the House the opportunity to raise the issue of his involvement in the
419:, a cemetery built on the outskirts of the expanding and overcrowded city. Daniel remarried in 1849 to Sophia Hitchcock and when she died in 1870 she was also buried in the Necropolis. Daniel married for a third time at the age of 70 to his children’s former governess. However, she would have known that he still deeply loved his first wife Elizabeth as he chose to be buried with her, and when he died in 1876 his wish was granted.
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of the fine against Phelps Dodge, one of the most respected merchant firms in
America, became a public scandal. William E. Dodge appeared before the House of Representatives' Ways and Means Committee in Washington in 1874 when they investigated the Moiety system. Jayne was also called and he was questioned about his associates and eventually admitted that the lawyer he used was
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removed. It was at this time that Daniel’s son from his second marriage – William Dodge James - arranged for the gravestones to be transferred to the church (St Andrew's) just behind his house in West Dean, where they remain today. At the foot of Daniel and
Elizabeth's stone is that of Daniel's second wife Sofia, and daughter from his first marriage - Elizabeth Eccleston James.
266:(b. 1854 d.1912) who all grew up and were educated in Britain. Linsly became an explorer and was killed in Africa by a wounded elephant in 1890. Both Arthur and William married into British society and lived in English country houses on the inherited wealth of their father. Arthur's main residence was
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When the ledgers were returned to Phelps Dodge they discovered that the underpayment was as little as $ 1664.68. The reason for this discrepancy had been the difference of the value of the goods declared in
Liverpool and the eventual market value in America, which had fallen. The apparent injustice
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The events that led up to this involved a Phelps Dodge employee in New York who noticed a discrepancy in the declaration made to the
Customs House. This resulted in an underpayment of import duty. He removed the pages from the ledger and took them to an agent of the Custom House called B. G. Jayne.
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During the recession that started in 1837, Daniel James was faced with insolvency in
England whilst his partners were investing in lumber and metal manufacturing in American. He wrote to his brother-in-law that "a merchant ought not to be a manufacturer". Again in 1857 a similar situation arose and
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In 1862 the import of cotton to the UK dried up due to the blockade of the
Confederate ports by the Union's navy during the civil war. This resulted in great hardship for the workers and families associated with the cotton manufacturing industry. Relief funds were set up in the northern states of
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In
December 1872, Daniel James arrived at his office to be greeted by a newspaper article that read: "Phelps, Dodge & Co., New York. — This great firm have had their books and papers seized by the United States for alleged frauds on the revenue to the amount of $ 1,750,000." The shock was such
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By 1890, the sheer number of burials in the
Necropolis had created unsanitary conditions in the surrounding area. The council took control of the site and over a period of several years turned it into a park. The bodies of those buried there were not exhumed but the gravestones and memorials were
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in New York during the 1830s when Daniel's father-in-law - Anson G Phelps - had rented and later purchased church buildings for him. Finney records in his memoirs that when he visited England in 1857 he stayed with Daniel James in Liverpool. Legacies in Daniel James's will included sums for the
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Two years after Daniel James died, his partner William E Dodge Sr. retired and the Stokes family left the business. On 31 December 1878 the existing Phelps, James & Co partnership officially 'expired'. Charles Berjew Brooke became the representative in the UK for Phelps James & Co for the
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From about 1835 Phelps, Dodge & Co. were heavily involved with selling timber extracted from lands they had purchased in Pennsylvania and it became their largest subsidiary operation. Daniel James's brother, Henry (1821–1897), joined this business in about 1842, and eventually ran the outlet
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In the first few years of business Daniel James faced difficult times in Liverpool. A recession that started in 1837 in both America and Britain brought the company to the point of ruin and lasted several years. His wife died in 1847 and his eldest son was killed in a carriage accident whilst
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When their father-in-law Phelps died in 1853, Daniel James and William Earle Dodge Sr. purchased his holdings and absorbed his son's share when he died some years later. James would continue to live in England but was said to have gone frequently to America for extended holidays and
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Phelps, James & Co. dominated the export of tinplate from the UK. In America the imported tinplate was used for manufacturing such things as roofing, tools, machinery, cans, cutlery, skillets, pots, pans, pitchers, plates, washing boards, bathtubs, etc.
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Gravestone of Elizabeth Eccleston James and Sophia (Hitchcock) James, St Andrew's churchyard, West Dean, West Sussex, UK. The stone was removed from Liverpool Necropolis - their remains were not disturbed (see
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The American side of the business was to remain in family control into the next century, although in Britain Daniel James made his assistant - Thomas Morris Banks (b 1796) - a partner in Phelps, James & Co.
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The Phelps, Peck & Co partnership ended in 1833, when the building housing their New York warehouse collapsed. To revive the business Phelps set up the partnership with his two sons-in-law Daniel James and
211:, forming Phelps, Dodge & Co. in the US and Phelps, James & Co. in England. Phelps was the senior partner in this arrangement with a two-thirds interest and the remainder split between the sons-in-law.
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Elizabeth and Daniel James gravestone, originally located in Liverpool, now in St Andrew's churchyard, West Dean, West Sussex, UK. Their remains were not disturbed. (see text: "Final Resting Place")
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Daniel James continued to run the business until his death in 1876 leaving a solid foundation from which the next generation would build, not in mercantile. During the 1880s and beyond his son and
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and he would eventually (in 1847) be the third son-in-law of Anson G Phelps to join the organisation as a partner with a 15% share. He would leave in 1878 to enter the banking business.
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The death of Frank came as a terrible blow to both Arthur and his brother William. As a memorial, he and Arthur funded the building of a hospital for mariners in the town of
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Just as Daniel James became successful he lost his first wife Elizabeth. She had not enjoyed the best of health and died in 1847. She was buried in the
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Sophia Hall Hitchcock died in 1870 and in 1871, Daniel James married his children’s former governess Ruth Lancaster Dickinson (b. 1824-d.1907).
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In 1866 Daniel James took British citizenship in order to buy the house that became his final home - Beaconsfield, Woolton, Liverpool.
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In 1837 Phelps's daughter Caroline (1812–1881), whose fiancé, Josiah Stokes, had been killed in the building collapse, married his brother
134:(1832-1907); Elizabeth Eggleston James (1833-1868); Olivia Phelps (James) Hoe (1837-1935); Henry Stokes James (1839 died at 3 months).
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developed vast copper mining enterprises in Arizona and extending railroads to meet the growing demands from an expanding USA.
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visiting his grandfather in America. Daniel remarried in 1849 to Sophia Hitchcock. At this time his surviving son -
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Report of the American International Relief Committee for the Suffering Operatives of Great Britain, 1862–'63
194:(born 1781). In 1831, Daniel moved to Liverpool with his wife to replace Anson Phelps's existing partner –
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Tinplate Exports; Ref: Chronology of the Tinplate Works of Great Britain by Edward Henry Brookes 1944 pp.1
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final 25 years of its existence. and the business was eventually closed on 31 December 1906.
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operation for Phelps, Dodge from Baltimore under the company name of Henry James & Co.
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that there were concerns for his health and even a year later he had not fully recovered.
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The Tombstone of Daniel and Elizabeth Woodbridge (Phelps) James of New York and Liverpool
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1203:. Michigan: Zondervan. pp. Chapter XX Revivals in Columbia and New York City.
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1241:. Michigan: Zondervan. pp. Chapter XXXIV Labors in England till 1860.
198:– who had spent fifteen years in the job and wanted to return to America.
174:(17 April 1801–2 November 1876) was one of the three founder partners of
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where large sums of recovered Government money went into private hands.
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Daniel James, like his partners was a religious man. He met preacher
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1373:. The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. p. 45.
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Congress and Phelps, Dodge & Co. An extraordinary history
1294:
Congress and Phelps, Dodge & Co. An extraordinary history
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Congress and Phelps, Dodge & Co. An extraordinary history
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Robbens, Ted. DeGrazia, Laura Murphy. (January 2013).
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
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1172:Chronology of the Tin Plate Works of Great Britain
912:Chronology of the Tin Plate Works of Great Britain
1174:. Cardiff: William Lewis. pp. Introduction.
914:. Cardiff: William Lewis. pp. Introduction.
8:
1383:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1438:A Merchant Prince of the Nineteenth Century
1055:. New York: Printed Privately. p. 127.
1040:. New York: Printed Privately. p. 181.
1354:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1315:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1276:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1423:. New York: New York Historical Society.
16:For other people named Daniel James, see
1239:The Original Memoirs of Charles G Finney
1201:The Original Memoirs of Charles G Finney
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102:31 May 1866 Naturalized British Citizen
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226:consultation with his partners.
130:Anson Green Phelps James (1829-1842);
1237:Rosell/Dupuis, Garth/Richard (1989).
1199:Rosell/Dupuis, Garth/Richard (1989).
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1011:"Genealogy of The Hitchcock Family"
878:Bust by John MacBride (1819 - 1890)
843:Ansonia Brass & Battery Company
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858:El Paso and Southwestern Railroad
1421:Tales of the Phelps Dodge Family
385:General Benjamin Franklin Butler
1490:Businesspeople from Connecticut
1485:19th-century American merchants
1460:Phelps, Dodge & Co. History
1159:. 17 January 1879. p. 242.
790:Mary Venetia Cavendish-Bentinck
1419:Dodge, Phyllis B (June 1987).
1402:Cleland, Robert Glass (1952).
1121:. 10 January 1860. p. 94.
1009:Mrs Edward, Hitchcock (1894).
1:
1440:. Columbia University Press.
1188:. 1 January 1907. p. 70.
1170:Brooke, Edward Henry (1944).
1051:Stokes, Anson Phelps (1915).
1038:Stoke Records Volume 1 Part 2
1036:Stokes, Anson Phelps (1910).
910:Brooke, Edward Henry (1944).
873:Lackawanna Coal & Iron Co
868:Joint Land and Lumber Company
287:Frank James Memorial Hospital
270:near Rugby and William's was
18:Daniel James (disambiguation)
1406:. New York: Alfred A Knopf.
1216:"Letter of Charles G Finney"
398:for additional information.
111:Elizabeth Woodbridge Phelps,
23:American British businessman
448:Elizabeth Woodbridge Phelps
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1330:Wells, David Ames (1875).
1291:Wells, David Ames (1875).
1252:Wells, David Ames (1875).
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1404:A History of Phelps Dodge
735:Elizabeth Eggleston James
709:Anson Greene Phelps James
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1436:Lowitt, Richard (1954).
1053:Stoke Records Volume III
344:Charles Grandison Finney
321:New York Tribune Almanac
209:William Earle Dodge, Sr.
117:Ruth Lancaster Dickinson
1336:. New York. p. 192
809:Evelyn Elizabeth Forbes
429:Family of Daniel James
176:Phelps, Dodge & Co.
1297:. New York. p. 64
1258:. New York. p. 28
726:Ellen Stebbins Curtiss
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186:Daniel James, born in
114:Sophia Hall Hitchcock,
838:Ansonia Clock Company
504:Sophia Hall Hitchcock
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394:See also the article
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262:(b. 1853 d.1917) and
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160:Nathaniel Emmes James
1071:. C.A. Alvord. 1864.
833:Ansonia, Connecticut
417:Liverpool Necropolis
299:Cotton famine relief
1146:, pp. 129–150.
999:, pp. 104–108.
801:William Dodge James
719:Daniel Willis James
402:Final Resting Place
333:William E Dodge Jr.
249:Daniel Willis James
192:Anson Greene Phelps
149:William Dodge James
132:Daniel Willis James
1186:The London Gazette
1157:The London Gazette
1119:The London Gazette
771:Frank Linsly James
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258:(b. 1851 d.1890),
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141:Frank Linsly James
138:Sophia Hall James:
1214:Finney, Charles.
951:, pp. 62–63.
939:, pp. 15–17.
848:Copper Queen Mine
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172:Daniel James
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151:(1854-1912).
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77:, Liverpool.
42:Daniel James
30:Daniel James
1480:1876 deaths
1475:1801 births
1021:18 November
1017:. Privately
812:(1867-1927)
804:(1854-1912)
793:(1861-1948)
785:(1853-1917)
774:(1851-1890)
763:(1839-1839)
761:Henry James
754:(1839-1909)
746:(1837-1935)
737:(1833-1868)
728:(1833-1916)
722:(1832-1907)
711:(1830-1842)
506:(1820-1870)
480:(1801-1876)
451:(1807-1847)
268:Coton House
260:John Arthur
202:Partnership
196:Elisha Peck
99:Citizenship
91:Nationality
1469:Categories
1446:B001DJ0E5S
1412:B0007DMY86
1340:13 October
1301:13 October
1262:13 October
1222:12 January
1218:. Footnote
885:References
279:East Cowes
182:Early life
107:Partner(s)
67:1876-11-28
1379:cite book
1350:cite book
1311:cite book
1272:cite book
156:Parent(s)
86:Liverpool
1429:16685138
826:See also
123:Children
94:American
1396:Sources
1015:Page 29
724:m.1854
136:Mother
126:Mother
75:Woolton
65: (
1444:
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1106:Lowitt
1094:Lowitt
806:m.1889
787:m.1885
748:m.1863
411:text).
323:, 1876
308:Legacy
1144:Dodge
1082:Dodge
997:Dodge
973:Dodge
949:Dodge
925:Dodge
216:James
1442:ASIN
1425:OCLC
1408:ASIN
1385:link
1356:link
1342:2016
1317:link
1303:2016
1278:link
1264:2016
1224:2013
1023:2012
351:and
162:and
60:Died
48:Born
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