158:
357:
461:, together with those earls who remained loyal, were able to smother the rebellion without much difficulty. A Danish fleet of 200 ships under the command of Sweyn's son Cnut and a certain Earl Hakon sailed to Norfolk, but arrived to find they were too late to help the earls. The fleet then turned north, pillaging the lands on the Lincolnshire coast and sacking York, before turning south again and making for
227:
518:, claimed that William's wide-ranging precautions extended even to ordering that Englishmen dress, shave and arm themselves in a French manner, "in order to delude the eyes of the invaders". However, on the other side of the North Sea Cnut's attention was increasingly turning to other problems, such as dealing with his rebellious brother
192:; he could not rule his Danish kingdom in peace until 1064. So far as is known there were no supporters for his claim to the English crown when Edward the Confessor died childless in January 1066, and he may not have taken any steps to intervene during the resulting succession crisis. A 13th-century source,
489:, consisted of 1000 ships from Denmark, 600 from Flanders, and 60 from Norway, dwarfing both the 1069 and 1075 fleets; on the other side, William had no serious navy to oppose it, and could not have prevented it from landing. Instead, he brought over large numbers of mercenaries from
530:, thereby decisively ending the threat of a Danish invasion, probably the last such threat England was ever to face. Arguably, this crisis had important results in motivating William to strengthen his ties with his more prominent subjects by exacting from them an
218:. In 1067, after William's coronation but before he had gained effective control of the whole country, English leaders appealed to Sweyn to intervene, and though he made no move he was certainly considered a dangerous threat by the Norman regime.
149:), and maintained by later Danish kings until as late as the 13th century, but neither of the two realised attacks succeeded in making Sweyn's claim good, or indeed gained anything for the Danes apart from a certain amount of plunder.
184:, given a promise that he would succeed to the English throne after Edward's death. For many years he was distracted from English concerns by a series of wars in Denmark, where he disputed the throne with first
509:
claims that "the king gave orders for the coastal districts to be laid waste, so that if his enemies landed they would find nothing which could be quickly seized", but little evidence for this can be found in
348:
of a portion of the Danish army, forced a crossing of the River Aire and by
Christmas had reoccupied York. After Christmas he proceeded to lay the northern counties waste in a brutal campaign known as the
335:
when he learned of the Danish fleet's landing, but he marched north. On learning of this the Danes abandoned the city, either to retreat to their ships or to establish a line of defence along the Humber,
264:
In August 1069 Sweyn finally launched an invasion fleet whose strength was variously estimated at 240 or 300 ships. The army it carried had been recruited not just in
Denmark but reportedly in Norway,
331:, and that the combined force advanced on York "riding and marching in high spirits". They defeated in open battle the Norman garrison of York's two castles and took the city. William was in the
249:, and a party of several hundred of his followers, were ambushed and killed. Another appeal for help was sent out to Sweyn by the Northumbrians, while William dispatched Æthelsige, abbot of
257:, to Denmark to dissuade Sweyn from stepping in. English exiles at the Scottish court returned to England to join the rebels, but William quickly took his forces north and defeated them at
353:, while the Danes came to an agreement with him that in return for a large payment and permission to feed themselves by ravaging the eastern coast they would leave in the following spring.
400:. In the summer Sweyn and William came to an agreement, the terms of which are not known but which doubtless included another payment, following which Sweyn returned to Denmark.
39:
562:. No English historical source mentions any such attack, nor does any Danish one, and the continuator's statement has consequently been ignored by most modern historians.
449:
to raise a rebellion against the king. Each returned to his own earldom, and messengers were sent to
Denmark asking for help. Hostilities broke out while William was in
2001:
617:, the intention of inheriting her rights in the English throne. Nevertheless, the Danes had as late as 1206 still not abandoned their hopes of reclaiming England, if
473:
Sweyn's son Cnut, a leader in both the 1069 and 1075 attacks and now king of
Denmark as Cnut IV, had by the beginning of 1085 brought about an alliance with both
631:
that "rumours abounded in
England that the Danes were preparing to invade the kingdom". These fears were probably groundless. There is no other evidence that
568:
415:
on the throne. They were disappointed in any such hopes, Sweyn's recent experiences not disposing him to launch another invasion on someone else's behalf.
180:
became king of
England, but when Sweyn visited Edward shortly thereafter he was, according to his own rather implausible claim reported by the later writer
2122:
1743:
526:. By the spring of 1086 William must have decided that the danger was past, since he stood his army down. In July 1086 Cnut was killed by rebels in
32:
134:
and
Norwegian vessels was gathered, but it never sailed. All three attacks were motivated by a claim on the English throne asserted originally by
1893:
438:
1045:"Military technology and political resistance: castles, fleets and the changing face of comital rebellion in England and Normandy, c. 1026–1087"
2127:
635:, the then reigning king of Denmark, had an actual invasion fleet, and the English rumour was doubtless founded on English nervousness over
610:
25:
2157:
1898:
446:
411:, the two eldest sons of Harold Godwinson, who were probably there to canvass for his active support in their attempts to reinstate the
2117:
2112:
538:, and to better understand his resources by initiating the Domesday Survey, though the causal link is not accepted by all historians.
1705:
1672:
1642:
1585:
1555:
1508:
1478:
1445:
1315:
1165:
1060:
709:
546:
The claim to the
English throne was not renounced, and was revived occasionally through the 12th century. A Flemish continuator of
210:
to
Denmark seems to have secured a promise of neutrality in any Norman attempt on the English throne, though a contemporary writer,
122:
before the Danes finally accepted a bribe to leave the country. The second was a large-scale raid in 1075, intended to support the
176:
that included
England, Denmark and Norway, and the first cousin of Harthacnut, king of England and Denmark. On Harthacnut's death
1574:
Kjær, Lars (2021). "Remembering the Vikings in thirteenth-century England and Denmark". In Spencer, Andrew; Watkins, Carl (eds.).
2107:
890:
408:
404:
2167:
1412:
1226:
984:
314:
114:. The first was an invasion in 1069–1070 conducted in alliance with various English rebels which succeeded in taking first
2152:
2147:
1873:
1868:
1736:
310:
2016:
1934:
2059:
1991:
1151:
474:
130:
coast and York were both ravaged. A third attack was planned in 1085, and a large invasion fleet comprising Danish,
2162:
2142:
2137:
2132:
465:, their leaders doubtless realising that their force was too small to achieve anything more without English help.
2026:
1802:
527:
327:
says that these nobles were accompanied by "all the people of the country", which suggests a general uprising in
68:
2102:
2097:
2092:
1883:
1729:
1691:
1398:
699:
695:
585:
559:
458:
157:
2031:
1939:
1431:
1338:
1048:
563:
515:
250:
1817:
1527:
632:
589:
397:
356:
83:
2006:
1996:
1853:
1766:
601:
498:
482:
350:
341:
323:
274:
231:
207:
88:
531:
1914:
1812:
636:
547:
278:
177:
161:
The various claims to the English throne in the mid-11th century, with kings of England named in bold
78:
2071:
2021:
1965:
1944:
1781:
614:
606:
581:
555:
442:
434:
424:
361:
242:
211:
165:
139:
123:
119:
98:
1843:
1807:
502:
478:
301:, but local forces drove the Danish army back to their ships, nor did they succeed any better at
215:
73:
1929:
1848:
1797:
1701:
1668:
1638:
1581:
1551:
1504:
1474:
1441:
1408:
1342:
1311:
1301:
1222:
1212:
1161:
1056:
1044:
980:
974:
705:
618:
573:
523:
519:
385:
318:
246:
63:
1531:
481:, the intention being to collaborate in an invasion of England. According to the chronicler
309:
and, effecting a successful landing there, were joined by various English leaders, including
1863:
1771:
1575:
1543:
1464:
596:
384:
came to meet them, thinking that they were sure to conquer the whole land"; among these was
345:
203:
199:
173:
501:, quartering them not just in the eastern coastal counties but apparently as far inland as
445:, conspired together at the marriage-feast of Ralph de Gael and Roger de Breteuil's sister
2047:
1975:
1878:
1833:
1776:
1752:
627:
558:
asserted it by launching an attack on England's borders in 1138, before being defeated by
412:
270:
189:
185:
49:
1310:. The Oxford History of England, 3 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 271.
1924:
605:, mentioned the continuing existence of the Danish claim, and in 1193 the French king,
332:
294:
181:
206:, sought military help from Sweyn, but without success. A diplomatic mission sent by
2086:
2052:
1888:
1838:
1628:
1604:
622:
511:
430:
639:'s weakness in the face of foreign threats rather than on any concrete Danish plan.
273:, Poland and even Lithuania, and was commanded not by Sweyn himself but by his sons
1960:
1344:
The History of the Norman Conquest of England, Its Causes and Its Results. Volume 5
393:
194:
127:
899:
214:, claimed, correctly or not, that Sweyn then sent troops to support Harold at the
1695:
1662:
1632:
1608:
1498:
1468:
1435:
1402:
1305:
1216:
1155:
2066:
373:
238:
584:
invaded England in that year, or to Danish soldiers attached to that army, and
1577:
Thirteenth Century England XVII: Proceedings of the Cambridge Conference, 2017
1547:
337:
254:
368:
In the spring of 1070 Sweyn Estridson himself joined the fleet, sailed it to
1637:. The Oxford History of England, 2 (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
535:
328:
282:
226:
1970:
490:
486:
462:
454:
450:
381:
369:
131:
1919:
514:, and the damage may have been fairly minor. One 12th-century writer,
403:
It is believed that some time thereafter he was visited by his cousins
302:
298:
1532:"When the lamb attacked the lion: a Danish attack on England in 1138?"
588:
simply denied the existence of any such Danish attack. The historian
1858:
306:
266:
580:
treated it as a confused reference to the Scottish army with which
1721:
494:
389:
364:
made over the casting of a skull taken at the opening of his grave
355:
290:
225:
156:
17:
286:
258:
169:
135:
115:
1725:
441:, and Waltheof, pardoned veteran of the 1069 rebellion and now
21:
297:, but was repulsed at both places. A landing was effected at
1053:"The Making of Europe": Essays in Honour of Robert Bartlett
1083:
1081:
1079:
654:
652:
1122:
1120:
202:, estranged and exiled brother of the new English king
1470:
William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England
281:
and his brother Asbjørn. Following the coast of the
1157:
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075–1225
2040:
1984:
1953:
1907:
1826:
1790:
1759:
979:. London: Hambledon and London. pp. 199–200.
1610:William the Conqueror and the Rule of the Normans
396:, who proceeded to lead a band of men in sacking
2002:Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda
1580:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 1–21.
592:has however advanced arguments for its reality.
976:The House of Godwine: The History of a Dynasty
1737:
33:
8:
1365:
1307:From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216
1284:
2057:
1347:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 575–576
894:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1744:
1730:
1722:
1138:
924:
863:
704:. Abingdon: Pearson Longman. p. 124.
485:the combined invasion fleet, stationed in
261:before returning to the south of England.
40:
26:
18:
372:, and from there marched his army to the
1404:The Feudal Kingdom of England, 1042–1216
1221:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 110.
1160:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 573.
658:
1248:
1199:
1111:
1087:
1018:
960:
936:
891:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
851:
839:
827:
815:
779:
648:
439:Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford
237:In January 1069 rebellion broke out in
791:
743:
731:
682:
670:
1260:
1187:
1126:
1099:
1030:
1006:
948:
912:
875:
803:
767:
755:
7:
1536:Journal of Medieval Military History
1473:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1440:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1377:
1272:
1899:Companions of William the Conqueror
1697:The English and the Norman Conquest
380:says that "Englishmen from all the
2123:Battles involving the Anglo-Saxons
305:. The Danes finally made for the
14:
1700:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
1664:Harold: The Last Anglo-Saxon King
1407:(3rd ed.). London: Longman.
578:From Domesday Book to Magna Carta
542:Later history of the Danish claim
321:, a claimant to the throne. The
112:Danish attacks on Norman England
1497:Garmonsway, G. N., ed. (1972).
1218:Anglo-Norman England, 1066–1166
289:and attempted to land first at
285:the fleet reached the coast of
144:
1055:. Leiden: Brill. p. 178.
569:History of the Norman Conquest
1:
2128:Battles involving the Normans
522:and with aggression from the
1613:. New York: Barnes and Noble
1043:Strickland, Matthew (2016).
900:UK public library membership
621:is to be believed. In 1240
552:Chronicon sive Chronographia
2060:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
1992:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065
475:Robert I, Count of Flanders
469:Invasion plans of 1085–1086
2186:
2158:Norman conquest of England
1051:; Crumplin, Sally (eds.).
422:
344:. William's army cleared
2118:Battles involving England
2113:Battles involving Denmark
1803:Battle of Stamford Bridge
1667:. Stroud: History Press.
1548:10.1017/9781782045854.002
1500:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
453:, but his representative
241:when its newly-appointed
208:William, Duke of Normandy
59:
479:Olaf III, king of Norway
459:Archbishop of Canterbury
2108:11th century in Denmark
2032:Trial of Penenden Heath
1940:Malcolm III of Scotland
1661:Walker, Ian W. (2010).
2058:
1818:Siege of Exeter (1068)
1503:. London: J. M. Dent.
554:even claims that king
365:
234:
162:
2168:William the Conqueror
2017:Council of Winchester
2007:Harrying of the North
1997:Council of Lillebonne
1767:William the Conqueror
1437:William the Conqueror
602:Dialogus de Scaccario
507:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
499:crown lands of France
483:William of Malmesbury
423:Further information:
378:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
359:
351:Harrying of the North
324:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
232:William the Conqueror
229:
222:Invasion of 1069–1070
172:the Great, king over
160:
89:Harrying of the North
2153:Invasions of England
2148:Invasions by Denmark
1915:Edward the Confessor
1813:Burning of Southwark
1528:Heebøll-Holm, Thomas
1033:, pp. 379, 382.
973:Mason, Emma (2004).
734:, pp. 167, 175.
548:Sigebert of Gembloux
516:Ælnoth of Canterbury
178:Edward the Confessor
2072:William of Poitiers
2022:Revolt of the Earls
1966:Battle, East Sussex
1945:Matilda of Flanders
1874:Eustace of Boulogne
1782:Sweyn II of Denmark
1634:Anglo-Saxon England
1202:, pp. 353–356.
1114:, pp. 617–618.
1021:, pp. 232–233.
1009:, pp. 378–379.
939:, pp. 221–222.
878:, pp. 310–313.
842:, pp. 271–272.
782:, pp. 214–215.
770:, pp. 303–304.
615:William of Newburgh
613:with, according to
590:Thomas Heebøll-Holm
443:Earl of Northumbria
435:Earl of East Anglia
425:Revolt of the Earls
212:William of Poitiers
142:, king of Denmark (
124:Revolt of the Earls
99:Revolt of the Earls
1844:Leofwine Godwinson
1808:Battle of Hastings
1339:Freeman, Edward A.
1302:Poole, Austin Lane
1213:Chibnall, Marjorie
685:, pp. 58, 79.
532:oath of allegiance
398:Peterborough Abbey
366:
235:
216:Battle of Hastings
168:was the nephew of
163:
2163:Rival successions
2143:Conflicts in 1075
2138:Conflicts in 1070
2133:Conflicts in 1069
2080:
2079:
2027:Council of London
1908:Associated people
1894:Roger de Breteuil
1884:Robert of Mortain
1849:Hereward the Wake
1798:Battle of Fulford
1465:Douglas, David C.
1366:Heebøll-Holm 2015
1285:Heebøll-Holm 2015
898:(Subscription or
746:, pp. 80–81.
619:Lambert of Ardres
524:Holy Roman Empire
247:Robert de Comines
107:
106:
2175:
2063:
1772:Harold Godwinson
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1152:Bartlett, Robert
1148:
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692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
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597:Richard FitzNeal
528:Odense Cathedral
204:Harold Godwinson
148:
147: 1047–1076
146:
54:
52:
42:
35:
28:
19:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2103:1075 in England
2098:1070 in England
2093:1069 in England
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2048:Bayeux Tapestry
2036:
1980:
1976:Tower of London
1949:
1903:
1879:Eadric the Wild
1834:Gyrth Godwinson
1822:
1786:
1777:Harald Hardrada
1755:
1753:Norman Conquest
1750:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1690:
1679:
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1660:
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1139:Garmonsway 1972
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628:Chronica Majora
611:Danish princess
544:
471:
427:
421:
413:House of Godwin
362:Sweyn Estridson
224:
198:, reports that
190:Harald Hardrada
186:Magnus the Good
166:Sweyn Estridson
155:
143:
126:, in which the
110:There were two
108:
103:
69:Stamford Bridge
55:
51:Norman Conquest
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11:
5:
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2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Danish attacks
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2004:
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1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
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1932:
1930:Edgar Ætheling
1927:
1925:Edith the Fair
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1904:
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1748:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1706:
1687:
1686:
1673:
1657:
1656:
1643:
1629:Stenton, Frank
1624:
1623:
1605:Stenton, Frank
1600:
1599:
1586:
1570:
1569:
1556:
1523:
1522:
1509:
1493:
1492:
1479:
1460:
1459:
1446:
1427:
1426:
1413:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1370:
1358:
1330:
1316:
1293:
1277:
1265:
1263:, p. 466.
1253:
1251:, p. 364.
1241:
1227:
1204:
1192:
1190:, p. 459.
1180:
1166:
1143:
1141:, p. 216.
1131:
1129:, p. 458.
1116:
1104:
1102:, p. 457.
1092:
1090:, p. 617.
1075:
1061:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
985:
965:
963:, p. 222.
953:
951:, p. 333.
941:
929:
927:, p. 205.
917:
915:, p. 313.
905:
888:"William I ".
880:
868:
866:, p. 204.
856:
854:, p. 218.
844:
832:
830:, p. 602.
820:
818:, p. 271.
808:
806:, p. 310.
796:
784:
772:
760:
758:, p. 263.
748:
736:
724:
710:
687:
675:
673:, p. 174.
663:
647:
646:
644:
641:
543:
540:
470:
467:
420:
417:
333:Forest of Dean
319:Edgar Ætheling
251:St Augustine's
223:
220:
182:Adam of Bremen
154:
151:
136:Cnut the Great
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
94:Danish attacks
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
57:
56:
47:
45:
44:
37:
30:
22:
13:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2181:
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2169:
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2062:
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2056:
2054:
2053:Domesday Book
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:Miscellaneous
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
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1995:
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1987:
1983:
1977:
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1972:
1969:
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1964:
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1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
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1933:
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1918:
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1913:
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1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Ralph de Gael
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
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1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
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1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1839:Odo of Bayeux
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
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1758:
1754:
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1728:
1727:
1724:
1709:
1707:9780851157085
1703:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1692:Williams, Ann
1689:
1688:
1676:
1674:9780750937634
1670:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1646:
1644:9780191500244
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1587:9781783275700
1583:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1559:
1557:9781783270576
1553:
1549:
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1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1510:9780460116244
1506:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1480:9780300078848
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1449:
1447:9780300234169
1443:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1399:Barlow, Frank
1396:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1368:, p. 47.
1367:
1362:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1319:
1317:9780198217077
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1294:
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1281:
1278:
1275:, p. 12.
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1214:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1169:
1167:9780199251018
1163:
1159:
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1147:
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1128:
1123:
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1113:
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1101:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1084:
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1080:
1076:
1064:
1062:9789004248397
1058:
1054:
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1046:
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1000:
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978:
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845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
824:
821:
817:
812:
809:
805:
800:
797:
794:, p. 92.
793:
788:
785:
781:
776:
773:
769:
764:
761:
757:
752:
749:
745:
740:
737:
733:
728:
725:
713:
711:9780582784406
707:
703:
702:
697:
696:Barlow, Frank
691:
688:
684:
679:
676:
672:
667:
664:
661:, p. 36.
660:
659:Williams 1995
655:
653:
649:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
629:
625:wrote in his
624:
623:Matthew Paris
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
595:In the 1170s
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:
565:
564:E. A. Freeman
561:
557:
553:
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541:
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525:
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517:
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512:Domesday Book
508:
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431:Ralph de Gael
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100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
58:
53:
43:
38:
36:
31:
29:
24:
23:
20:
16:
2011:
1961:Battle Abbey
1711:. Retrieved
1696:
1678:. Retrieved
1663:
1648:. Retrieved
1633:
1615:. Retrieved
1609:
1591:. Retrieved
1576:
1561:. Retrieved
1539:
1535:
1514:. Retrieved
1499:
1484:. Retrieved
1469:
1451:. Retrieved
1436:
1432:Bates, David
1418:. Retrieved
1403:
1381:
1373:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1343:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1306:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1249:Stenton 1966
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1217:
1207:
1200:Douglas 1999
1195:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1156:
1146:
1134:
1112:Stenton 1966
1107:
1095:
1088:Stenton 1971
1066:. Retrieved
1052:
1049:Hudson, John
1038:
1026:
1019:Douglas 1999
1014:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
975:
968:
961:Douglas 1999
956:
944:
937:Douglas 1999
932:
920:
908:
889:
883:
871:
859:
852:Douglas 1999
847:
840:Stenton 1966
835:
828:Stenton 1971
823:
816:Stenton 1966
811:
799:
787:
780:Douglas 1999
775:
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:. Retrieved
700:
690:
678:
666:
626:
609:, married a
600:
594:
586:Peter Sawyer
577:
567:
560:King Stephen
551:
545:
506:
472:
428:
419:Raid of 1075
402:
394:Lincolnshire
377:
367:
322:
293:and then at
263:
236:
230:The seal of
195:Heimskringla
193:
164:
128:Lincolnshire
111:
109:
93:
15:
2067:Norman yoke
792:Barlow 1972
744:Barlow 1972
732:Walker 2010
701:The Godwins
683:Barlow 1972
671:Walker 2010
633:Valdemar II
574:A. L. Poole
374:Isle of Ely
239:Northumbria
2087:Categories
1827:Combatants
1414:0582482372
1392:References
1261:Bates 2018
1228:0631132341
1188:Bates 2018
1127:Bates 2018
1100:Bates 2018
1031:Bates 2018
1007:Bates 2018
986:1852853891
949:Bates 2018
913:Bates 2018
902:required.)
876:Bates 2018
804:Bates 2018
768:Bates 2018
756:Bates 2018
255:Canterbury
153:Background
138:'s nephew
1954:Locations
1607:(1966) .
1542:: 27–48.
1467:(1999) .
1378:Kjær 2021
1273:Kjær 2021
698:(2013) .
643:Footnotes
637:Henry III
607:Philip II
536:Old Sarum
503:Worcester
329:Yorkshire
315:Gospatric
283:North Sea
188:and then
174:an empire
118:and then
79:Southwark
1971:Pevensey
1869:Waltheof
1713:13 March
1694:(1995).
1650:11 March
1631:(1971).
1593:13 March
1563:13 March
1530:(2015).
1434:(2018).
1401:(1972).
1351:13 March
1341:(1876).
1323:13 March
1304:(1955).
1234:12 March
1215:(1986).
1173:12 March
1154:(2000).
1068:12 March
992:12 March
717:12 March
556:Eric III
497:and the
491:Brittany
487:Limfjord
463:Flanders
455:Lanfranc
451:Normandy
429:In 1075
386:Hereward
382:fenlands
370:the Wash
360:Bust of
311:Waltheof
295:Sandwich
140:Sweyn II
74:Hastings
1935:Ealdred
1920:Stigand
1791:Battles
1760:Leaders
1680:1 March
1617:6 March
1516:7 March
1486:6 March
1453:5 March
1420:1 March
582:David I
566:in his
505:. The
376:. The
346:Lindsey
303:Norwich
299:Ipswich
132:Flemish
64:Fulford
1985:Events
1864:Tostig
1859:Morcar
1704:
1671:
1641:
1584:
1554:
1507:
1477:
1444:
1411:
1382:passim
1314:
1289:passim
1225:
1164:
1059:
983:
896:
708:
409:Edmund
405:Godwin
307:Humber
275:Harald
271:Saxony
267:Frisia
200:Tostig
84:Exeter
1854:Edwin
1047:. In
599:, in
495:Maine
392:from
390:thegn
291:Dover
1715:2022
1702:ISBN
1682:2022
1669:ISBN
1652:2022
1639:ISBN
1619:2022
1595:2022
1582:ISBN
1565:2022
1552:ISBN
1518:2022
1505:ISBN
1488:2022
1475:ISBN
1455:2022
1442:ISBN
1422:2022
1409:ISBN
1353:2022
1325:2022
1312:ISBN
1236:2022
1223:ISBN
1175:2022
1162:ISBN
1070:2022
1057:ISBN
994:2022
981:ISBN
719:2022
706:ISBN
572:and
520:Olaf
477:and
447:Emma
407:and
388:, a
342:Ouse
340:and
338:Aire
317:and
287:Kent
279:Cnut
277:and
259:York
243:earl
170:Cnut
116:York
1544:doi
576:in
550:'s
534:at
120:Ely
2089::
1550:.
1540:13
1538:.
1534:.
1380:,
1287:,
1119:^
1078:^
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493:,
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1717:.
1684:.
1654:.
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1520:.
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1457:.
1424:.
1384:.
1355:.
1327:.
1291:.
1238:.
1177:.
1072:.
996:.
721:.
41:e
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