391:, whom Witzel deems to have produced the most "detailed, and ingenious reinterpretation" of the hymns, locates a unique poetic moment across the RV corpus, in their extraordinarily abundant usage of sarcastic allusions, similes and puns to mock the tribal alliance. Some of those allusions seem to be heavily context-specific and (still) remain unrecognized; there exist considerable disputes about interpretations of particular words, in light of the employed figures of speech and other poetic devices.
462:
Though seemingly an unequal battle, going by the numbers (this aspect is highlighted multiple times in the hymns), Sudas decisively won against the tribal alliance by strategic breaching of a dyke on the river thereby drowning most (?) of the opponents. This sudden change in fortunes is attributed to
589:
adopts a similar stance. However, Witzel maintains the nucleus text of the
Mahabharata to be in description of some event in the Late Vedic spans; it was since reshaped (and expanded) over centuries of transmission and recreation to (probably) reflect the Battle of the Ten Kings.
510:
A political realignment between Purus and
Bharatas probably followed soon enough and might have included other factions of the tribal union as well; this is exhibited from how the core collection of RV prominently features clan-hymns of both the sides.
385:, while Ranbir Chakravarti argues that the battle was probably fought for controlling the rivers, which were a lifeline for irrigation. The hymns also makes mention of the concurring tribes seeking to steal cows from the Bharatas.
514:
The territory would eventually become the first South-Asian "state" under the Kuru tribe in post-RV span. It became the heart-land of
Brahminical culture and purity, which eventually would influence and transform Indian culture,
539:
have considered the battle as a historical event, based on the narration-characteristics of the verses. Witzel dates the battle between approximately 1450 and 1300 BCE; he deems the concerned hymns to be late interpolations.
419:. The principal antagonist is doubtful, and names of the participating tribes are difficult to retrieve, in light of the phonological deformations of their names. Plausible belligerents of the tribal union include (in order)
594:
rejects Witzel's and
Brockington's arguments as "baffling fancy" and notes a complete lack of means to connect the battle with the "fratricidal struggle" of the Mahabharata.
1209:
1457:
547:
Both Witzel and
Jamison find the very next hymn (7.19, verse 3) to show a striking shift of allegiance with Indra helping Sudas as well the Purus, who won land.
452:
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831:
813:
699:
1306:
951:
791:
677:
1146:
Palihawadana, Mahinda (2017). Mumm, Peter-Arnold; West, Tina (eds.). "The Indra Cult as
Ideology A Clue to Power Struggle in an Ancient Society".
1467:
1340:
1300:
937:
411:. The Bharata king and their priest are respectively mentioned as Sudas Paijavana and Vasistha, in the Rig Veda; however the names change in
377:. This alliance was confronted in a battle, which is described in the 18th hymn (verses 5-21) of Book 7. The exact motivations are unclear;
1462:
553:
notes it to be the most famous historical conflict in RV—in that, it secured the dominance of
Bharatas over Vedic tribes—as does Witzel.
581:. John Brockington takes a similar approach. S. S. N. Murthy goes to the extent of proposing the battle as the very "nucleus" of the
1130:
745:
1224:
1171:
499:
ritual to commemorate the establishment of a realm, free of enemies from the north, east, and west. He still had enemies in the
544:
warns against using it as a major source to reconstruct history since the description of the battle is "anything but clear."
975:"PROFESSOR V.K. THAKUR MEMORIAL PRIZED PAPER: WHEN THE BHŪPATI SOUGHT THE GOPATI'S WEALTH: LOCATING THE "MAHĀBHĀRATA ECONOMY"
613:
568:
640:, who replaced Vishwamitra. However, Jamison rejects that there exists any evidence of Vasistha-Vishwamitra feud in RV.
652:
deemed it to be Bheda, incorrectly. Witzel proposes
Trasadasyu. Palihawadana proposes Purukutsa, Trasadasyu's father.
326:
versus a confederation of tribes. It resulted in a decisive victory for the
Bharatas and subsequent formation of the
1381:
1002:
1096:
859:
586:
520:
479:, wherein the local chieftain Bhida was defeated along with three other tribes — Ajas, Śighras, and the Yakṣus.
1472:
1285:
Recht, Staat und
Verwaltung im klassischen Indien / The State, the Law, and Administration in Classical India
404:
649:
536:
1280:
1252:
1203:
919:
915:
787:
673:
550:
541:
523:. The Purus went on to survive as a marginal power in Punjab; Witzel and some other scholars believe
516:
388:
1428:
1373:
994:
943:
420:
186:
636:, the family priest of the Bharatas and makes no mention of the battle. Book 7 was composed by
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1420:
1365:
1336:
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1126:
1088:
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986:
933:
851:
807:
741:
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argues that it might have been a product of intra-tribal resentment or intrigues of an ousted
287:
1452:
1412:
1288:
1228:
1179:
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843:
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to the south, which was inhabited by the despised (unknown if Indo-Aryan or non-Indo-Aryan)
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319:
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92:
79:
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603:
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335:
1236:
1187:
487:
The Battle of the Ten Kings led Bharatas to occupy the entire Puru territory of Western
504:
428:
378:
181:
1446:
1432:
1172:"The development of the Vedic canon and its schools: the social and political milieu"
947:
763:"The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu"
64:
369:
area where they came across a nascent (and temporary) inter-tribal alliance of both
740:. Vol. I. Oxford University Press. pp. 880, 902–905, 923–925, 1015–1016.
444:
427:(probably commanded by Turvasa), Yaksu (relatively unimportant or a pun for Yadu),
362:
327:
131:
101:
467:, the patron-god of Bharatas, whose blessings were secured by Vasistha's poetics.
1333:
Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King
633:
608:
578:
456:
408:
370:
366:
339:
264:
136:
96:
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921:
The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity
929:
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495:
and complete their east-ward migration. Sudas celebrated his victory with the
400:
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60:
1424:
1369:
1092:
1084:
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847:
1232:
1225:"The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization"
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416:
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307:
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1292:
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924:. Indian Philology and South Asian Studies. De Gruyter. pp. 85–125.
637:
440:
412:
382:
146:
17:
1403:
Hiltebeitel, Alf (1 June 2000). "John Brockington, The Sanskrit Epics".
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998:
974:
573:
Witzel notes this battle to be the probable archetype/prototype of the
436:
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374:
331:
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201:
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1287:. Schriften des Historischen Kollegs. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag.
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Thereafter, the battleground (probably) shifted to the banks of river
488:
476:
464:
323:
247:
195:
155:
121:
75:
1281:"Early Sanskritization Origins and Development of the Kuru State"
569:
Historicity of the Mahabharata § The Battle of the Ten Kings
424:
315:
295:
151:
1035:
Schmidt, Hans-Peter (March 1980). "Notes on Rgveda 7.18.5–10".
399:
The first phase of the battle took place on the banks of the
916:"4. Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parametres"
1121:
Brereton, Joel P.; Jamison, Stephanie W., eds. (2020).
736:
Brereton, Joel P.; Jamison, Stephanie W., eds. (2014).
825:
823:
1362:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
1331:
Hiltebeitel, Alf (30 October 2001). "Introduction".
527:(c. early 300 BC) to be a king from the same tribe.
738:
The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India
832:"The Questionable Historicity of the Mahabharata"
334:may have "formed the 'nucleus' of story" of the
330:. The Battle of the Ten Kings, mentioned in the
535:Numerous translators since the 1800s including
34:
1208:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
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8:
1335:. University of Chicago Press. p. 2.
979:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
557:Possible prototype for the Kurukshetra War
31:
1176:crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de
1358:"KṚṢṆA, PARIS, AND SEVEN SIMILAR HEROES"
1186:(inactive 25 April 2024). Archived from
1125:. Oxford University Press. p. 34.
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1261:
1250:
1201:
812:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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698:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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423:(erstwhile master-tribe of Bharatas),
1458:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms
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1067:Stuhrmann, Rainer (11 October 2016).
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830:Murthy, S. S. N. (8 September 2016).
770:Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora
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7:
1069:"Die Zehnkönigsschlacht am Ravifluß"
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463:the benevolence and strategizing of
1148:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
1073:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
954:from the original on 12 August 2021
836:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
794:from the original on 12 August 2021
680:from the original on 12 August 2021
1384:from the original on 12 April 2021
1309:from the original on 12 April 2021
1005:from the original on 12 April 2021
491:(then Panchanada) centered around
25:
353:of the Rig Veda states that the
27:Battle recounted in the Rigveda
614:Historicity of the Mahabharata
365:, moving towards the (future)
314:(RV) and took place between a
306:) was first alluded to in the
1:
1283:. In Kölver, Bernhard (ed.).
517:merging with local traditions
47:
1468:Wars involving ancient India
1463:2nd-millennium BC conflicts
918:. In Erdosy, George (ed.).
301:
59:Near Parusni river (modern
1494:
1417:10.1163/000000000124993958
566:
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930:10.1515/9783110816433-009
521:Historical Vedic religion
291:
241:
111:
39:
1279:Witzel, Michael (1997).
1223:Witzel, Michael (2000).
1170:Witzel, Michael (1997).
1085:10.11588/ejvs.2016.1.933
914:Witzel, Michael (1995).
848:10.11588/ejvs.2003.5.782
761:Witzel, Michael (1997).
519:and developing into the
1233:10.11588/xarep.00000120
1184:10.11588/xarep.00000110
632:Book 3 was composed by
284:Battle of the Ten Kings
35:Battle of the Ten Kings
1356:Ruben, Walter (1977).
1260:Cite journal requires
650:Karl Friedrich Geldner
242:Commanders and leaders
1293:10.1524/9783486594355
973:Sinha, Kanad (2015).
1405:Indo-Iranian Journal
1123:The Rigveda: A Guide
551:Stephanie W. Jamison
542:Stephanie W. Jamison
403:(then Parusni) near
1099:on 22 December 2021
389:Hanns-Peter Schmidt
1239:on 11 January 2022
862:on 26 January 2019
577:, narrated in the
417:Yajurveda Samhitas
1342:978-0-226-34054-8
1302:978-3-486-59435-5
1190:on 12 August 2021
1178:: 263, 267, 320.
939:978-3-11-081643-3
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1386:. Retrieved
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1311:. Retrieved
1284:
1274:
1253:cite journal
1241:. Retrieved
1237:the original
1218:
1204:cite journal
1192:. Retrieved
1188:the original
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363:Sutlej river
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112:Belligerents
102:Kuru kingdom
29:
1079:(1): 1–61.
842:(5): 1–15.
634:Vishwamitra
609:Mahabharata
579:Mahabharata
531:Historicity
409:Kurukshetra
395:First phase
371:Indo-Aryans
367:Kurukshetra
340:Mahabharata
328:Kuru polity
308:7th Mandala
265:Vishwamitra
97:Kurukshetra
87:Territorial
1447:Categories
1411:(2): 162.
866:26 January
660:References
567:See also:
497:Ashvamedha
407:, west of
401:Ravi river
359:Beas river
324:King Sudas
95:settle in
1433:189772160
1425:1572-8536
1370:0378-1143
1093:1084-7561
1049:0019-686X
1043:: 41–47.
991:2249-1937
985:: 67–68.
948:238465491
856:1084-7561
483:Aftermath
451:, Sivas,
449:Vishanins
261:Ten Kings
252:Vashishta
207:Vishanins
18:Dasarajna
1478:Bharatas
1388:12 April
1382:Archived
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678:Archived
638:Vasistha
598:See also
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441:Bhalanas
413:Samaveda
357:crossed
320:Bharatas
288:Sanskrit
215:Vaikarna
147:Bhalanas
93:Bharatas
55:Location
1453:Rigveda
505:Kikatas
437:Pakthas
433:Druhyus
429:Matsyas
338:in the
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318:of the
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310:of the
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477:Yamuna
455:, and
445:Alinas
351:Book 3
346:Battle
322:named
234:Yakṣus
182:Matsya
177:Yakṣus
72:Result
65:Punjab
1429:S2CID
1374:JSTOR
995:JSTOR
944:S2CID
766:(PDF)
620:Notes
525:Porus
465:Indra
421:Purus
274:Bhida
211:Sivas
196:Parni
192:Panis
187:Purus
172:Yadus
156:Dahae
132:Alina
122:Trtsu
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814:link
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700:link
686:2021
425:Yadu
415:and
373:and
361:and
316:king
296:IAST
282:The
227:Ajas
152:Dasa
61:Ravi
44:Date
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