395:. A narrow contact zone has been found between these two super-clades in the eastern part of Western Siberia, with proven co-occurrence in a single lake in the Novosibirsk region. However, at present there is no evidence suggesting that the two mitochondrial super-clades represent cryptic species. Rather, they may be explained by secondary contact after expansion from different refugia. Interestingly, Central Siberia has previously been found to be an important contact zone also in other cladoceran species, and may thus be a crucial area for understanding the Eurasian phylogeography of freshwater invertebrates.
576:
587:
468:
2590:
524:(DVM) consists in the daily movement of animals from the upper water layers, where they spend the night, to the deep and dark layers, where they spend the day. This behavior reduces exposure of diurnal visual predators (such as many fish) by finding refuge in the dark near the bottom and then feeding undisturbed during the night in the food-rich upper water layers. The basis of this behaviour is phototactic behavior (movements of entire organisms to, or away from, a light source). In
434:
1525:
55:
242:
2839:
234:
33:
2827:
426:
2444:
2851:
2815:
2458:
480:. These resting eggs enter a phase of diapause and are able to resist long periods of adverse environmental conditions over a long period of time. Hatching is triggered in response to specific stimuli such as increasing photoperiod and temperatures. The hatchlings from resting eggs develop exclusively into females.
463:
Asexual eggs hatch in the female brood pouch 1 day after being laid and are released after 3 days. Juveniles go through four to about six moults before becoming mature over a period of 5–10 days. An adult female produces one clutch with up to 100 eggs every 3–4 days until her death. It can live over
538:
finds refuge within submerged plant-beds near the shore during daytime and migrates to open waters during the night. Cases of reversed migration patterns are documented when the risk of visual predation during the day is higher at the bottom or in the littoral zones (for example in the presence of
517:
species which is reminiscent of a series of jumps. The movement of the big second antennae generates an upward movement of the whole animal followed by its sinking (hop and sink). Although less common than for other lake dwelling species, vertical and horizontal migration patterns of this species
281:
has shown both phenotypic plasticity and the ability to genetically evolve to deal with the heat stress of warmer, urban pond waters. Populations of
Daphnia have also developed increased resistance to local pesticides. Another factor that affects both phenotypic and behavioural plasticity of
549:, is able to switch to a feeding behavior, termed browsing behavior, when suspended food is scarce. This feeding strategy consists in the stirring up of sediment particles from the bottom with the use of the second antennae and by the subsequent filtration of the suspended particles.
475:
In response to unfavourable environmental conditions (which could lead to the freezing or the drying up of the pond), the same female can produce haploid resting eggs (usually two at a time), which when fertilised by males, are wrapped within a protective shell called an
407:
is the filtering of suspended particles. A specialized filtering apparatus, formed by the thoracic appendices, generates a water current within the thoracic opening of the carapace, which permits the collection and the ingestion of unicellular algae, bacteria, and
497:
487:
that do not produce males reproduce by automictic parthenogenesis, in which two haploid cells produced by meiosis fuse to produce a female zygote without fertilisation. This tends to make the resulting daughters homozygous, which may be deleterious.
213:, a transparent polysaccharide. It has a ventral opening and five pairs of thoracic limbs, used to help the filtering process. Spike rows run along the back of the carapace. The intestine is hook-shaped and has two digestive
416:
can also feed on periphyton and detritus, an ability that can offer a competitive advantage to this species over strictly pelagic filter feeders in some environments where suspended food sources might be temporally limited.
1620:
1053:
test, at the end of which, the total number of living offspring produced per parent animal alive at the end of the test is assessed, to determine the lowest observed effect concentration of the test substance.
500:
504:
503:
499:
498:
505:
1567:
Svendsen, Nils; Reisser, Celine M. O.; Dukić, Marinela; Thuillier, Virginie; Ségard, Adeline; Liautard-Haag, Cathy; Fasel, Dominique; Hürlimann, Evelin; Lenormand, Thomas (2015-11-01).
1923:
502:
1708:
Stirnadel, Heide A.; Ebert, Dieter (1997). "Prevalence, Host
Specificity and Impact on Host Fecundity of Microparasites and Epibionts in Three Sympatric Daphnia Species".
1824:
The NIH HMP Working Group; Peterson, Jane; Garges, Susan; Giovanni, Maria; McInnes, Pamela; Wang, Lu; Schloss, Jeffery A.; Bonazzi, Vivien; McEwen, Jean E. (2009-12-01).
1359:
de
Sampaio Kalkuhl, Alice; Khudr, Mouhammad Shadi; Hager, Reinmar (2021-07-24). "Phenotypic and behavioural plasticity of Daphnia magna (Strauss) under salinity stress".
1648:
205:. The females reach up to 5 mm in size, the males about 2 mm, thus they are among the largest species in the genus. The body is protected by a translucent
3028:
3067:
2310:
Naumann, Einar (1934-01-01). "Ăśber die
Anwendung von Daphnia magna Straus als Versuchstier zur experimentellen Klarlegung der Lebensverhältnisse im Wasser".
1007:
1103:) (Anomopoda: Daphniidae). Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, Volume 21. By John A. H. Benzie".
1802:
460:
The asexual eggs (up to few dozens per clutch) are diploid and usually develop into females, or in response to adverse environmental stimuli, into males.
3170:
2345:
Decaestecker, Ellen; Gaba, Sabrina; Raeymaekers, Joost A. M.; Stoks, Robby; Kerckhoven, Liesbeth Van; Ebert, Dieter; Meester, Luc De (December 2007).
237:
Abdomen with abdominal claw of a female: The two combs with a gap on the margin and the deeply nicked posterior margin are diagnostic of the species.
3002:
501:
3041:
1078:
3165:
2492:
3093:
2392:
1543:
230:. The males are smaller than the females and have larger first antennas, a diagnostic feature that distinguishes them from small females.
2416:
277:
spp. develop conspicuous protective structures as an elongated spine and a large body size. In response to temperature differences,
2963:
1324:
1158:
1460:
Bekker, Eugeniya I.; Karabanov, Dmitry P.; Galimov, Yan R.; Haag, Christoph R.; Neretina, Tatiana V.; Kotov, Alexey A. (2018-04-15).
1261:
1231:
265:. It can be found in lakes and shallow ponds rich in organic matter sediment. Numerous natural predators are known and can lead to
3132:
925:
1185:
Fryer, Geoffrey (1991-01-29). "Functional
Morphology and the Adaptive Radiation of the Daphniidae (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda)".
937:
3046:
1673:
Horton, P. A.; Rowan, M.; Webster, K. E.; Peters, R. H. (1979-01-01). "Browsing and grazing by cladoceran filter feeders".
1070:
875:
with microbiota. The gut microbiota changes upon death and its complexity is reduced and stabilized in case of starvation.
391:
The results of genetic research confirm the deep split between
Eastern and Western mitochondrial haplotype super-clades of
292:
is an important primary consumer and prey of many planktivorous fishes. Other invertebrate predators are the larvae of the
2805:
2155:"Composition and Stability of the Microbial Community inside the Digestive Tract of the Aquatic Crustacean Daphnia magna"
1881:
Bates, Jennifer M.; Mittge, Erika; Kuhlman, Julie; Baden, Katrina N.; Cheesman, Sarah E.; Guillemin, Karen (2006-09-15).
1466:
Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera) in
Northern Eurasia: Evidence for a deep longitudinal split between mitochondrial lineages"
1383:
457:
offspring (clonal reproduction) and at certain time sexual reproduction through haploid eggs that need to be fertilised.
531:
behavior has an innate component (genetic) and an inducible component (for example in the presence of fish kairomones).
2924:
575:
354:
tolerates higher levels of salinity (up to one-fifth the salinity of sea water) than most other species of the genus.
2981:
586:
2485:
1221:
3072:
2994:
561:
54:
2462:
663:
645:
2393:"OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, Test No. 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test"
450:
1253:
Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms
2778:
1752:
716:
521:
813:
467:
3175:
2867:
753:
2929:
2478:
2417:"OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, Test No. 211: Daphnia magna Reproduction Test"
1621:"Diel vertical migration and global climate change: a dynamic modeling approach to zooplankton behavior"
929:
793:
266:
149:
2589:
1280:
Meester, Luc De (1993). "Genotype, Fish-Mediated
Chemical, and Phototactic Behavior in Daphnia Magna".
773:
3137:
2229:
2166:
2052:
1985:
1717:
1632:
1477:
1424:
1289:
1046:
996:
454:
871:
has been shown to cause a slower growth, a decrease in fecundity and a higher mortality compared to
3059:
955:
921:
733:
433:
3160:
2905:
2819:
2448:
2374:
2261:
2198:
2086:
1954:
1883:"Distinct signals from the microbiota promote different aspects of zebrafish gut differentiation"
1783:
1733:
1305:
49:
3124:
906:
is considered easy to keep in the laboratory. Some of its advantages for experiments are a fast
3033:
3106:
2937:
2831:
2366:
2327:
2253:
2245:
2190:
2182:
2135:
2078:
2021:
2003:
1946:
1904:
1863:
1845:
1775:
1690:
1598:
1513:
1495:
1442:
1257:
1227:
1202:
1154:
1120:
564:. Animals collected from natural habitats are frequently infected. Many parasites that infect
226:
by the absence of a comb on the abdominal claw and the presence of two distinct combs on the
3111:
2579:
2358:
2319:
2280:
2237:
2174:
2125:
2117:
2068:
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2011:
1993:
1938:
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258:
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907:
895:
227:
1223:
Das Leben im
Wassertropfen: Mikroflora und Mikrofauna des SĂĽĂźwassers. Ein Bestimmungsbuch
890:. Its transparency allows for the observations of its inner anatomical structures at the
2233:
2170:
2056:
1989:
1974:"Socially transmitted gut microbiota protect bumble bees against an intestinal parasite"
1721:
1636:
1528: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1481:
1428:
1293:
2989:
2976:
2855:
2843:
2768:
2751:
2574:
2554:
2130:
2105:
2073:
2040:
2016:
1973:
1858:
1825:
1593:
1568:
1508:
1461:
1413:"Periphyton as alternative food source for the filter-feeding cladoceran Daphnia magna"
1411:
Siehoff, Silvana; Hammers-Wirtz, Monika; Strauss, Tido; Ratte, Hans Toni (2009-01-01).
1019:
887:
860:
767:
376:, it is more often found in association with the substrate where it is able to exploit
340:
262:
947:
allowed researchers to test some interesting theories and conduct pioneering studies:
233:
32:
3154:
2746:
2714:
2678:
2346:
2265:
1753:"Parasite variation and the evolution of virulence in a Daphnia-microparasite system"
1437:
1412:
985:
to reconstruct the evolutionary history of that population in relation to one of its
966:
933:
917:
864:
852:
677:
222:
2154:
1787:
572:
shows parasite-induced behavioural characteristics that can differ among genotypes.
425:
2942:
2826:
2709:
2650:
2632:
2544:
2502:
2378:
2202:
2090:
2041:"An ecological and evolutionary perspective on human–microbe mutualism and disease"
1958:
1924:"Opinion: Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system"
1644:
841:
377:
365:
361:
317:
220:
Adult females can be distinguished from those of otherwise similar species such as
96:
2470:
2281:"Uber den Kampf der Zellen gegen Erysipelkokken. Ein Beitrag zur Phagocytenlehre"
1490:
1256:(4th ed.). Cincinnati: Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (USEPA).
1251:
3119:
3054:
3015:
2899:
2668:
1899:
1882:
1584:
1187:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
959:
898:
allows to generate clones (asexual reproduction) or to perform crossing between
344:
336:
2850:
2443:
2763:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2606:
2598:
2564:
2526:
2178:
1771:
1337:
1148:
986:
951:
891:
856:
528:
453:. This form of reproduction is characterised by the alternating production of
381:
185:
181:
116:
2968:
2890:
2331:
2323:
2249:
2186:
2007:
1849:
1694:
1499:
1446:
1206:
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2950:
2790:
2785:
2773:
2726:
2704:
2696:
2658:
2640:
2619:
2536:
2520:
2241:
1998:
845:
837:
347:
332:
313:
301:
293:
270:
106:
86:
66:
2370:
2285:
Archiv fĂĽr Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und fĂĽr Klinische Medicin
2257:
2194:
2139:
2121:
2082:
2025:
1950:
1908:
1867:
1779:
1602:
1517:
1368:
1198:
3085:
2457:
1841:
1026:
are exposed to varying concentrations of the substance under test and the
2916:
2884:
2756:
982:
974:
849:
787:
622:
477:
409:
385:
369:
206:
178:
2362:
2064:
910:, limited storage usage, easy and cheap feeding and simple maintenance.
513:
The name "water fleas" might come from the typical swimming behavior of
3007:
2719:
1309:
807:
201:
126:
3020:
2106:"Water fleas require microbiota for survival, growth and reproduction"
2612:
2514:
747:
364:
of water bodies, as it feeds primarily on suspended particles in the
307:
210:
76:
2861:
1942:
1737:
1686:
1301:
2955:
1116:
1569:"Uncovering Cryptic Asexuality in Daphnia magna by RAD Sequencing"
585:
574:
495:
466:
432:
424:
331:
is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere and in particular in the
240:
232:
214:
2039:
Dethlefsen, Les; McFall-Ngai, Margaret; Relman, David A. (2007).
1729:
867:, disease resistance and nutrition. The absence of microbiota in
3098:
2312:
Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie
2217:
1027:
590:
Female non-infected (left) and infected (right) by the bacteria
560:
has become a model system to study the evolution and ecology of
2865:
2474:
2347:"Host–parasite 'Red Queen' dynamics archived in pond sediment"
44:
with a clutch of asexual eggs: The animal is about 4 mm long.
1150:
Ecology, Epidemiology, and Evolution of Parasitism in Daphnia
184:(adult length 1.5–5.0 mm) that belongs to the subclass
954:
attack invading parasites as a part of cellular immunity (
2104:
Sison-Mangus, M. P.; Mushegian, A. A.; Ebert, D. (2014).
1325:"Urban evolution: How species adapt to survive in cities"
343:
water bodies of different sizes, from lakes to ponds and
1619:
De Stasio, Bart T. J; Nibbelink, N.; Olsen, P. (1993).
863:
allows for a tight interaction, capable of influencing
1153:. National Center for Biotechnology Information (US).
217:. The head has two antennae and a large compound eye.
2803:
1803:"'Ome Sweet 'Omics—a genealogical treasury of words"
1751:
Little, T. J.; Chadwick, W.; Watt, K. (2008-03-01).
2874:
2695:
2677:
2649:
2631:
2597:
2535:
1014:
sp., Acute Immobilisation Test", and Test No. 211 "
2153:Freese, Heike M.; Schink, Bernhard (2011-06-11).
1922:Macpherson, Andrew J.; Harris, Nicola L. (2004).
916:is used in different field of research, such as
312:The large size of the adults protects them from
1978:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1972:Koch, Hauke; Schmid-Hempel, Paul (2011-11-29).
859:. The close proximity of the microbiota to its
1220:Streble, Heinz; Krauter, Dieter (2012-01-01).
1041:may occasionally be used, but labs mostly use
1018:Reproduction Test". Test No. 202 is a 48-hour
902:(sexual reproduction). In the research field,
372:). Nevertheless, compared to other species of
2486:
1384:"Daphnia: Model herbivore, predator and prey"
539:fish that hunt within submerged plant‑beds).
8:
1008:OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals
568:have been identified and studied (Table 1),
2862:
2493:
2479:
2471:
894:, while its reproduction through cyclical
886:presents numerous advantages when used as
596:
471:Dead females with ephippia in a dried pond
464:3 months in the laboratory at 20 °C.
441:As most of the other species of the genus
245:Adult male, highlighting the first antenna
31:
20:
2129:
2072:
2015:
1997:
1898:
1857:
1668:
1666:
1614:
1612:
1592:
1507:
1489:
1436:
1336:
1275:
1273:
2810:
1079:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1062:
936:(including global change biology) and
1406:
1404:
368:(mainly algae, but also bacteria and
286:is the salinity of its surroundings.
199:is a typical water flea of the genus
7:
2995:8e6ccf69-b857-4274-9eab-25e58996d1ac
1245:
1243:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1090:
1088:
1826:"The NIH Human Microbiome Project"
973:Other recent experiments used the
16:Species of small freshwater animal
14:
1801:Lederberg, J; McCray, AT (2001).
1250:Weber, Cornelius I., ed. (1993).
509:Characteristic swimming behaviour
3171:Freshwater crustaceans of Europe
2849:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2588:
2456:
2442:
1523:
1438:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02087.x
53:
1105:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1006:is specified to be used in the
2218:"A Genome for the Environment"
1645:10.1080/03680770.1992.11900148
1625:Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol
1323:Bender, Eric (21 March 2022).
840:, colonized by a community of
836:can be looked at as a complex
534:In Diel horizontal migration,
1:
3166:Crustaceans described in 1820
822:Horizontal, to a second host
802:Horizontal, to a second host
782:Horizontal, from living host
762:Horizontal, from living host
742:Horizontal, from living host
725:Horizontal, from living host
403:The main feeding strategy of
2216:Ebert, Dieter (2011-02-04).
1491:10.1371/journal.pone.0194045
1147:Ebert, Dieter (2005-01-01).
429:Female carrying an ephippium
267:plastic phenotypic responses
1900:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.05.006
1675:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1585:10.1534/genetics.115.179879
1049:. Test No. 211 is a 21-day
819:Body cavity, extracellular
799:Body cavity, extracellular
672:Horizontal, from dead host
669:Body cavity, extracellular
654:Horizontal, from dead host
637:Horizontal, from dead host
3192:
2279:Metchnikoff, Elie (1887).
965:Ecotoxicological studies (
938:host-parasite interactions
581:Hamiltosporidium magnivora
2586:
2509:
2179:10.1007/s00248-011-9886-8
1931:Nature Reviews Immunology
1772:10.1017/S0031182007003939
1710:Journal of Animal Ecology
1388:Polish Journal of Ecology
1338:10.1146/knowable-031822-1
708:Vertical, Horizontal (?)
664:Metschnikowia bicuspidata
646:Spirobacillus cienkowskii
614:Tissue or infection site
562:host-parasite interaction
155:
148:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
2324:10.1002/iroh.19340310126
779:Gut wall, intracellular
759:Gut wall, extracellular
739:Gut wall, intracellular
722:Gut wall, intracellular
693:Horizontal and vertical
451:cyclical parthenogenesis
324:Distribution and habitat
316:from some planktivorous
2242:10.1126/science.1202092
1999:10.1073/pnas.1110474108
522:Diel vertical migration
360:is mainly found in the
2122:10.1038/ismej.2014.116
1369:10.5281/zenodo.5132850
1199:10.1098/rstb.1991.0001
1111:(4): 491. 2005-12-01.
1095:"Cladocera: The Genus
717:Glugoides intestinalis
598:Table 1: Parasites of
594:
583:
510:
472:
438:
437:Cyclic parthenogenesis
430:
246:
238:
2421:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
2397:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
1887:Developmental Biology
1842:10.1101/gr.096651.109
1226:(in German). Kosmos.
930:phenotypic plasticity
888:experimental organism
814:Cysticercus mirabilis
651:Blood, extracellular
634:Blood, extracellular
589:
579:Female infected with
578:
508:
470:
436:
428:
335:. It can be found in
269:. In the presence of
244:
236:
2990:Fauna Europaea (new)
2467:at Wikimedia Commons
1382:Lampert, W. (2006).
997:resurrection biology
926:the evolution of sex
754:Pansporella perplexa
518:have been observed.
2363:10.1038/nature06291
2234:2011Sci...331..539E
2171:2011MicEc..62..882F
2065:10.1038/nature06245
2057:2007Natur.449..811D
1990:2011PNAS..10819288K
1984:(48): 19288–19292.
1722:1997JAnEc..66..212S
1637:1993SILP...25..401D
1482:2018PLoSO..1394045B
1462:"Phylogeography of
1429:2009FrBio..54...15S
1294:1993Ecol...74.1467D
1022:study, where young
922:population genetics
734:Ordospora colligata
602:
2501:Families of class
1417:Freshwater Biology
1331:. Annual Reviews.
1033:determined. Other
981:present in a pond
794:Echinuria uncinata
597:
595:
584:
511:
473:
439:
431:
247:
239:
165:Straus, 1820
3148:
3147:
3107:Open Tree of Life
2868:Taxon identifiers
2801:
2800:
2570:Streptocephalidae
2461:Media related to
2357:(7171): 870–873.
2228:(6017): 539–540.
2159:Microbial Ecology
2051:(7164): 811–818.
1836:(12): 2317–2323.
1329:Knowable Magazine
1010:, Tests No. 202 "
1002:In ecotoxicology
995:), an example of
826:
825:
774:Caullerya mesnili
545:, as the smaller
506:
299:and hemipterans (
170:
169:
3183:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3101:
3089:
3088:
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3050:
3049:
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3023:
3011:
3010:
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2997:
2985:
2984:
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2958:
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2863:
2854:
2853:
2842:
2841:
2830:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2592:
2580:Thamnocephalidae
2495:
2488:
2481:
2472:
2460:
2447:Data related to
2446:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2110:The ISME Journal
2101:
2095:
2094:
2076:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2001:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1651:on 24 April 2016
1647:. Archived from
1616:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1579:(3): 1143–1155.
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1511:
1493:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1288:(5): 1467–1474.
1277:
1268:
1267:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1182:
1165:
1164:
1144:
1129:
1128:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1067:
1051:chronic toxicity
684:Hamiltosporidium
629:Pasteuria ramosa
603:
592:Pasteuria ramosa
507:
161:
58:
57:
35:
21:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3084:
3081:Observation.org
3079:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2870:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2715:Pseudopenilidae
2691:
2687:Cyclestheriidae
2673:
2664:Leptestheriidae
2645:
2627:
2593:
2584:
2560:Chirocephalidae
2550:Branchinectidae
2531:
2505:
2499:
2439:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2038:
2037:
2033:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1943:10.1038/nri1373
1926:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1830:Genome Research
1823:
1822:
1818:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1687:10.1139/z79-019
1672:
1671:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1550:
1544:"Daphnia magna"
1542:
1541:
1537:
1476:(3): e0194045.
1459:
1458:
1454:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1302:10.2307/1940075
1279:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1184:
1183:
1168:
1161:
1146:
1145:
1132:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1031:
908:generation time
896:parthenogenesis
881:
831:
555:
496:
494:
483:Some clones of
423:
401:
326:
263:lentic habitats
252:
194:
166:
163:
157:
144:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3129:
3116:
3103:
3090:
3077:
3064:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3012:
2999:
2986:
2977:Fauna Europaea
2973:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2911:
2896:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:Cercopagididae
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2752:Macrotrichidae
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2575:Tanymastigidae
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Branchipodidae
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2454:
2453:at Wikispecies
2438:
2437:External links
2435:
2433:
2432:
2408:
2384:
2337:
2318:(1): 421–431.
2302:
2271:
2208:
2165:(4): 882–894.
2145:
2096:
2031:
1964:
1937:(6): 478–485.
1914:
1893:(2): 374–386.
1873:
1816:
1793:
1766:(3): 303–308.
1743:
1716:(2): 212–222.
1700:
1681:(1): 206–212.
1662:
1608:
1559:
1535:
1452:
1400:
1374:
1351:
1315:
1269:
1262:
1239:
1232:
1212:
1193:(1259): 1–99.
1166:
1160:978-1932811063
1159:
1130:
1117:10.1086/501297
1084:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1029:
1020:acute toxicity
971:
970:
963:
943:Historically,
880:
879:Model organism
877:
853:microorganisms
830:
827:
824:
823:
820:
817:
810:
804:
803:
800:
797:
790:
784:
783:
780:
777:
770:
768:Chytrid fungus
764:
763:
760:
757:
750:
744:
743:
740:
737:
730:
727:
726:
723:
720:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:Intracellular
703:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:Intracellular
688:
680:
674:
673:
670:
667:
660:
656:
655:
652:
649:
642:
639:
638:
635:
632:
625:
619:
618:
615:
612:
607:
554:
551:
493:
490:
449:reproduces by
422:
419:
400:
397:
350:near the sea.
325:
322:
294:phantom midge
251:
248:
193:
190:
168:
167:
164:
153:
152:
146:
145:
138:
136:
132:
131:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3188:
3177:
3176:Animal models
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2907:
2906:Daphnia magna
2901:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2876:Daphnia magna
2873:
2869:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2811:
2807:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:Ilyocryptidae
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2679:Cyclestherida
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Parartemiidae
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2464:Daphnia magna
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:Daphnia magna
2445:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1464:Daphnia magna
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:9781428904040
1259:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:9783440126349
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1073:Daphnia magna
1066:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:species than
1036:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Daphnia magna
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
968:
967:Einar Naumann
964:
961:
957:
953:
950:
949:
948:
946:
941:
939:
935:
934:ecophysiology
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:ecotoxicology
915:
914:Daphnia magna
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:Daphnia magna
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:Daphnia magna
828:
821:
818:
816:
815:
811:
809:
806:
805:
801:
798:
796:
795:
791:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
776:
775:
771:
769:
766:
765:
761:
758:
756:
755:
751:
749:
746:
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741:
738:
736:
735:
731:
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724:
721:
719:
718:
714:
712:
711:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
696:
692:
689:
687:
686:tvärminnensis
685:
681:
679:
678:Microsporidia
676:
675:
671:
668:
666:
665:
661:
658:
657:
653:
650:
648:
647:
643:
641:
640:
636:
633:
631:
630:
626:
624:
621:
620:
617:Transmission
616:
613:
611:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:Daphnia magna
593:
588:
582:
577:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Daphnia magna
552:
550:
548:
544:
543:Daphnia magna
540:
537:
532:
530:
527:
523:
519:
516:
491:
489:
486:
481:
479:
469:
465:
461:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
435:
427:
420:
418:
415:
411:
406:
398:
396:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:Daphnia magna
355:
353:
349:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:Daphnia magna
323:
321:
319:
318:invertebrates
315:
311:
309:
304:
303:
298:
297:
291:
290:Daphnia magna
287:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:Daphnia magna
249:
243:
235:
231:
229:
225:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:
198:
197:Daphnia magna
191:
189:
187:
183:
180:
176:
175:
174:Daphnia magna
162:
160:
159:Daphnia magna
154:
151:
150:Binomial name
147:
143:
142:
141:D. magna
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
42:Daphnia magna
38:
34:
29:
26:
25:Daphnia magna
22:
19:
2875:
2791:Leptodoridae
2779:Polyphemidae
2710:Holopediidae
2651:Spinicaudata
2633:Laevicaudata
2618:
2611:
2503:Branchiopoda
2463:
2449:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:
2411:
2400:. Retrieved
2396:
2387:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2291:(2): 209–249
2288:
2284:
2274:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2116:(1): 59–67.
2113:
2109:
2099:
2048:
2044:
2034:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1934:
1930:
1917:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1763:
1760:Parasitology
1759:
1746:
1730:10.2307/6023
1713:
1709:
1703:
1678:
1674:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1628:
1624:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1522:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1423:(1): 15–23.
1420:
1416:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:
1377:
1360:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1328:
1318:
1285:
1281:
1252:
1222:
1215:
1190:
1186:
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421:Reproduction
413:
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366:water column
362:pelagic zone
357:
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97:Branchiopoda
41:
24:
18:
3120:SeaLifeBase
3055:NatureServe
3016:iNaturalist
2900:Wikispecies
2820:Marine life
2669:Limnadiidae
1548:cfb.unh.edu
1101:Daphniopsis
1099:(including
960:Nobel prize
956:Metchnikoff
952:Macrophages
865:development
529:phototactic
380:sources as
259:key species
192:Description
177:is a small
3155:Categories
2832:Arthropods
2764:Onychopoda
2742:Daphniidae
2737:Chydoridae
2732:Bosminidae
2607:Triopsidae
2599:Notostraca
2545:Artemiidae
2525:Subphylum
2521:Arthropoda
2426:2016-04-06
2402:2016-04-06
1631:(1): 401.
1553:2016-03-02
1058:References
892:microscope
857:microbiota
850:pathogenic
829:Microbiota
553:Parasitism
382:periphyton
348:rock pools
271:kairomones
186:Phyllopoda
182:crustacean
179:planktonic
117:Daphniidae
87:Arthropoda
3161:Cladocera
3060:2.1102152
2786:Haplopoda
2774:Podonidae
2727:Anomopoda
2705:Ctenopoda
2697:Cladocera
2659:Cyzicidae
2641:Lynceidae
2620:Lepidurus
2537:Anostraca
2527:Crustacea
2332:1522-2632
2266:206532030
2250:0036-8075
2187:0095-3628
2008:0027-8424
1850:1088-9051
1807:Scientist
1695:0008-4301
1530:CC BY 4.0
1500:1932-6203
1447:1365-2427
1207:0962-8436
1125:0033-5770
992:P. ramosa
987:parasites
846:symbiotic
842:commensal
838:ecosystem
478:ephippium
399:Nutrition
345:ephemeral
333:holarctic
314:predation
302:Notonecta
296:Chaoborus
135:Species:
107:Anomopoda
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
3034:10768527
2914:BioLib:
2885:Wikidata
2757:Moinidae
2515:Animalia
2513:Kingdom
2371:18004303
2258:21292957
2195:21667195
2140:25026374
2083:17943117
2026:22084077
1951:15173836
1909:16781702
1868:19819907
1788:13378284
1780:18005474
1603:26341660
1573:Genetics
1532:license.
1518:29543844
1470:PLOS ONE
1344:31 March
1047:standard
1043:D. magna
1039:D. magna
1004:D. magna
983:sediment
962:in 1908)
945:D. magna
904:D. magna
873:D. magna
869:D. magna
788:Nematoda
623:Bacteria
610:Parasite
570:D. magna
566:D. magna
547:D. pulex
536:D. magna
526:D. magna
492:Behavior
485:D. magna
447:D. magna
414:D. magna
410:detritus
405:D. magna
393:D. magna
386:sediment
370:detritus
352:D. magna
341:brackish
284:D. magna
279:D. magna
261:in many
223:D. pulex
209:made of
207:carapace
113:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
3008:2234822
2891:Q672531
2856:Biology
2844:Animals
2806:Portals
2720:Sididae
2519:Phylum
2379:4320335
2295:2 March
2230:Bibcode
2222:Science
2203:7676851
2167:Bibcode
2131:4274426
2091:1106834
2074:9464033
2053:Bibcode
2017:3228419
1986:Bibcode
1959:7844611
1859:2792171
1718:Bibcode
1655:2 March
1633:Bibcode
1594:4649641
1509:5854346
1478:Bibcode
1425:Bibcode
1393:2 March
1310:1940075
1290:Bibcode
1282:Ecology
1097:Daphnia
1035:Daphnia
1024:Daphnia
1012:Daphnia
979:Daphnia
900:strains
855:called
808:Cestoda
515:Daphnia
455:asexual
443:Daphnia
374:Daphnia
275:Daphnia
250:Ecology
228:abdomen
202:Daphnia
128:Daphnia
123:Genus:
103:Order:
93:Class:
40:Female
3138:148372
3112:668392
3099:148372
3086:189065
3021:460374
2982:237016
2969:257821
2956:DAPHMA
2613:Triops
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1123:
748:Amoeba
659:Fungi
308:Triops
305:) and
211:chitin
3133:WoRMS
3073:35525
3047:83884
3029:IRMNG
2964:EUNIS
2943:6CCSV
2930:26983
2917:32514
2375:S2CID
2262:S2CID
2199:S2CID
2087:S2CID
1955:S2CID
1927:(PDF)
1784:S2CID
1756:(PDF)
1734:JSTOR
1306:JSTOR
606:Taxa
337:fresh
257:is a
3125:9071
3094:OBIS
3068:NCBI
3042:ITIS
3003:GBIF
2951:EPPO
2925:BOLD
2367:PMID
2328:ISSN
2297:2016
2254:PMID
2246:ISSN
2191:PMID
2183:ISSN
2136:PMID
2079:PMID
2022:PMID
2004:ISSN
1947:PMID
1905:PMID
1864:PMID
1846:ISSN
1813:: 8.
1776:PMID
1738:6023
1691:ISSN
1657:2016
1599:PMID
1514:PMID
1496:ISSN
1443:ISSN
1395:2016
1346:2022
1258:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1203:ISSN
1155:ISBN
1121:ISSN
861:host
848:and
384:and
339:and
215:ceca
2938:CoL
2359:doi
2355:450
2320:doi
2289:107
2238:doi
2226:331
2175:doi
2126:PMC
2118:doi
2069:PMC
2061:doi
2049:449
2012:PMC
1994:doi
1982:108
1939:doi
1895:doi
1891:297
1854:PMC
1838:doi
1768:doi
1764:135
1726:doi
1683:doi
1641:doi
1589:PMC
1581:doi
1577:201
1504:PMC
1486:doi
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