262:
This name recalls the Hijra, the emigration of the
Prophet from pagan Mecca to Medina, and with it the founding of the original Islamic community, which soon began to expand militarily: as the Prophet abandoned the corrupt Mecca and made a new beginning with a few loyal followers in exile, thus the
152:
jurists came to accept that the
Quranic injunction only applied to the Meccans of Muhammad's time, and consider it to have been abrogated thereafter, the term was in turn "seized upon by minority Islamic opposition groups who sought divine justification for their actions", such as the
147:
was a useful concept for a minority community with limited political power that was in the process of establishing itself", while the
Muslims held political power and quickly became the dominant group in the lands they had conquered. Consequently, while most
96:, originally meaning "the breaking of the ties of kinship or association", and those Meccan supporters who followed Muhammad into exile—as well as those who had earlier gone
126:) and thus unable to practice their religion freely and be liable to commit wrong-doing, should migrate to Islamic lands; else they are to be condemned to hell.
269:, the true "believers" or "friends of God", now abandoned the corrupted community of the Muslims, who had become unbelievers, to begin, in the
864:
837:
785:
734:
708:
404:
118:
is considered as an obligation of all
Muslims, notably in the injunction that all Muslims residing in the lands of non-believers (the
929:
198:(785–860) considered the Muslim rulers of his time as illegitimate tyrants, and the lands they ruled as "abode of injustice" (
204:). Consequently, according to al-Rassi, it was the duty of every faithful Muslim to emigrate. In the words of the historian
939:
934:
401:, where in the 11th century the various Isma'ili cells succeeded in acquiring control over several mountain fortresses (
368:
64:, for their strongholds, which were to serve both as bases of operations and as nuclei of 'true' Islamic communities.
898:
823:
771:
814:
758:
425:
337:
208:, "The Quranic duty of hijra, imposed initially on the faithful in order that they should dissociate from the
309:), originally given to the Medinans who were converted to Islam by Muhammad. This model was soon emulated in
849:
Islamic Law and the Crisis of the
Reconquista: The Debate on the Status of Muslim Communities in Christendom
360:
885:
130:
97:
39:
818:
762:
429:
169:, "held that only those who actively supported him were genuinely Muslims, and spoke of them as
908:
860:
833:
781:
766:
730:
704:
413:
195:
166:
847:
Verskin, Alan (2015). "The
Concept of Hijra (Migration) in Medieval Iberia and the Maghrib".
852:
806:
744:
680:
351:
205:
802:
30:
893:
889:
810:
754:
694:
212:, was permanent and now applied to their dissociation from the unjust and oppressors".
158:
876:
797:
749:
923:
881:
409:
364:
310:
304:
301:. Likewise, those followers who remained behind were referred by the term "helpers" (
209:
60:). The term was accordingly later adopted by radical Islamic sects, most notably the
17:
137:
where the Arab
Muslims settled were often referred to as the "places of migration" (
162:
61:
698:
685:
668:
424:
schism of 1095, these scattered fortresses formed the nucleus of an independent
421:
235:
143:). This use did not last long, however. As the historian Alan Verskin remarks, "
121:
856:
718:
255:
154:
912:
191:
103:
243:
341:
249:
73:
49:
376:
229:
417:
398:
372:
91:
81:
57:
45:
44:'place of exile/refuge/migration') was originally applied to
322:
246:, as a centre of operations for the Isma'ili missionary activity (
239:
149:
134:
109:
85:
77:
53:
108:, a title that acquired enormous prestige in later years. In the
328:
319:
was founded in 890 or 892, at the village of
Mahtamabad in the
295:
to those who abandoned their homes to join Ibn
Hawshab in the
275:, the creation of an Islam renewed from its very foundations.
673:
Ilahiyat
Studies: A Journal on Islamic and Religious Studies
412:
commanders. After the Persian Isma'ilis broke away from the
242:, at the fortress of Bayt Rayb in the Maswar mountains near
703:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
524:
522:
497:
495:
470:
468:
551:
549:
392:
383:
355:
345:
332:
320:
314:
302:
296:
290:
270:
264:
247:
227:
221:
199:
182:
176:
170:
138:
119:
113:
101:
89:
875:
796:
748:
727:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids
391:The concept continued to be used by the Isma'ili
161:. Thus, in the 680s, during the civil war of the
129:As a result, in early Islam, following the rapid
289:The analogy was furthered by giving the name of
52:an his followers sought refuge when exiled from
723:Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden
260:
669:"Dār al-hijra in Khārijī and Ismāʿīlī thought"
8:
851:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 31–60.
700:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines
408:) by exploiting the rivalries of the local
899:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
824:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
772:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
226:was established in 885 by the missionary (
907:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 366–367.
780:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 453–454.
684:
528:
76:and his followers in September 622 from
729:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck.
651:
639:
627:
615:
591:
567:
501:
486:
459:
440:
474:
379:Isma'ili principality, Multan was the
84:was a seminal event in the history of
7:
832:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 368.
603:
579:
555:
540:
513:
447:
371:. Likewise, during the period when
34:
14:
16:For the mosque in Virginia, see
190:In the 9th century, the great
1:
874:Watt, W. Montgomery (1971).
686:10.12730/13091719.2011.22.36
72:The exile, or migration, of
393:
384:
356:
346:
333:
331:, and shortly after by the
321:
315:
313:, where the first Isma'ili
303:
297:
291:
271:
265:
258:described this event thus:
248:
228:
222:
200:
183:
177:
171:
139:
120:
114:
102:
90:
956:
15:
857:10.1163/9789004284531_003
388:for the local Isma'ilis.
930:Arabic words and phrases
187:" (W. Montgomery Watt).
181:to his camp, which was
165:, the Kharijite leader
98:into exile in Abyssinia
88:. This event was named
375:was the seat of a pro-
344:, who established his
287:
426:Nizari Isma'ili state
338:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
100:—became known as the
940:History of Ismailism
361:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi
194:imam and theologian
935:Islamic terminology
795:Peters, R. (2004).
642:, pp. 327–328.
570:, pp. 108–109.
450:, pp. 366–367.
416:as a result of the
282:Das Reich des Mahdi
220:The first Isma'ili
215:
667:Avcu, Ali (2011).
430:Order of Assassins
866:978-90-04-28319-0
839:978-90-04-13974-9
787:978-90-04-09834-3
736:978-3-406-35497-7
710:978-0-521-61636-2
606:, pp. 58–59.
543:, pp. 55–56.
462:, pp. 31–32.
414:Fatimid Caliphate
263:followers of the
254:). The historian
196:al-Qasim al-Rassi
167:Nafi ibn al-Azraq
48:, the city where
43:
947:
916:
879:
870:
843:
819:Heinrichs, W. P.
800:
791:
763:Heinrichs, W. P.
752:
740:
714:
690:
688:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
544:
538:
532:
526:
517:
511:
505:
499:
490:
484:
478:
472:
463:
457:
451:
445:
397:, especially in
396:
387:
359:
349:
336:
326:
318:
308:
300:
294:
285:
274:
268:
253:
233:
225:
206:Wilferd Madelung
203:
186:
180:
174:
142:
131:Muslim conquests
125:
117:
107:
95:
38:
36:
955:
954:
950:
949:
948:
946:
945:
944:
920:
919:
873:
867:
846:
840:
811:Bosworth, C. E.
794:
788:
755:Bosworth, C. E.
743:
737:
717:
711:
695:Daftary, Farhad
693:
666:
663:
658:
650:
646:
638:
634:
626:
622:
614:
610:
602:
598:
590:
586:
578:
574:
566:
562:
554:
547:
539:
535:
527:
520:
512:
508:
500:
493:
485:
481:
473:
466:
458:
454:
446:
442:
438:
286:
279:
218:
175:, who made the
70:
21:
12:
11:
5:
953:
951:
943:
942:
937:
932:
922:
921:
918:
917:
871:
865:
844:
838:
815:van Donzel, E.
803:Bearman, P. J.
792:
786:
759:van Donzel, E.
741:
735:
715:
709:
691:
679:(2): 169–187.
662:
659:
657:
656:
654:, p. 339.
644:
632:
630:, p. 166.
620:
618:, p. 149.
608:
596:
594:, p. 126.
584:
572:
560:
545:
533:
531:, p. 454.
518:
516:, p. 367.
506:
491:
479:
477:, p. 368.
464:
452:
439:
437:
434:
277:
217:
214:
135:garrison towns
69:
66:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
952:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
925:
914:
910:
906:
902:
900:
895:
891:
887:
886:Ménage, V. L.
883:
878:
872:
868:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
841:
835:
831:
827:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:Bianquis, Th.
804:
799:
793:
789:
783:
779:
775:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
746:
742:
738:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
664:
660:
653:
648:
645:
641:
636:
633:
629:
624:
621:
617:
612:
609:
605:
600:
597:
593:
588:
585:
582:, p. 58.
581:
576:
573:
569:
564:
561:
558:, p. 57.
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
537:
534:
530:
529:Madelung 1995
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
507:
504:, p. 33.
503:
498:
496:
492:
489:, p. 32.
488:
483:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
456:
453:
449:
444:
441:
435:
433:
431:
427:
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419:
415:
411:
407:
406:
400:
395:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:, and by the
353:
348:
343:
339:
335:
330:
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324:
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312:
307:
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299:
293:
283:
276:
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213:
211:
207:
202:
197:
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151:
146:
141:
136:
132:
127:
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116:
111:
106:
105:
99:
94:
93:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
32:
28:
27:
19:
18:Dar Al-Hijrah
904:
897:
848:
829:
822:
777:
776:Volume VIII:
770:
726:
722:
699:
676:
672:
652:Daftary 2007
647:
640:Daftary 2007
635:
628:Daftary 2007
623:
616:Daftary 2007
611:
599:
592:Daftary 2007
587:
575:
568:Daftary 2007
563:
536:
509:
502:Verskin 2015
487:Verskin 2015
482:
460:Verskin 2015
455:
443:
402:
390:
385:dār al-hijra
380:
347:dār al-hijra
316:dār al-hijra
298:dār al-hijra
288:
281:
280:Heinz Halm,
272:dār al-hijra
261:
223:dār al-hijra
219:
189:
184:dār al-hijra
163:Second Fitna
144:
140:dār al-hijra
128:
71:
26:dār al-hijra
25:
24:
22:
903:Volume III:
894:Schacht, J.
890:Pellat, Ch.
828:Volume XII:
767:Lecomte, G.
719:Halm, Heinz
475:Peters 2004
284:, pp. 56–57
236:Ibn Hawshab
210:polytheists
201:dār al-ẓulm
159:Zaydi Shi'a
122:dār al-ḥarb
924:Categories
877:"Hid̲j̲ra"
830:Supplement
798:"Hid̲j̲ra"
750:"al-Rassī"
436:References
256:Heinz Halm
216:Isma'ilism
155:Kharijites
133:, the new
35:دار الهجرة
913:495469525
882:Lewis, B.
604:Halm 1991
580:Halm 1991
556:Halm 1991
541:Halm 1991
514:Watt 1971
448:Watt 1971
292:muhājirūn
172:muhājirūn
104:muhājirūn
68:Early use
62:Isma'ilis
23:The term
896:(eds.).
821:(eds.).
769:(eds.).
747:(1995).
745:Madelung
721:(1991).
697:(2007).
428:and its
422:Musta'li
381:de facto
342:Ifriqiya
278:—
74:Muhammad
56:in 622 (
50:Muhammad
778:Ned–Sam
661:Sources
377:Fatimid
369:Bahrayn
365:al-Ahsa
42:
911:
905:H–Iram
892:&
863:
836:
817:&
784:
765:&
733:
707:
418:Nizari
410:Seljuq
399:Persia
373:Multan
352:Tazrut
244:Sana'a
112:, the
82:Medina
58:Hijrah
46:Medina
31:Arabic
880:. In
801:. In
753:. In
725:[
394:daʿwa
323:sawād
305:anṣār
266:daʿwa
250:daʿwa
240:Yemen
192:Zaidi
178:hijra
150:Sunni
145:hijra
115:hijra
110:Quran
92:hijra
86:Islam
78:Mecca
54:Mecca
909:OCLC
861:ISBN
834:ISBN
782:ISBN
731:ISBN
705:ISBN
405:list
403:see
357:dāʿī
334:dāʿī
329:Kufa
311:Iraq
230:dāʿī
157:and
40:lit.
853:doi
681:doi
367:in
363:at
350:at
340:in
327:of
238:in
80:to
926::
901:.
888:;
884:;
859:.
826:.
813:;
809:;
805:;
761:;
757:;
675:.
671:.
548:^
521:^
494:^
467:^
432:.
234:)
37:,
33::
915:.
869:.
855::
842:.
790:.
774:.
739:.
713:.
689:.
683::
677:2
420:–
29:(
20:.
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