Post-Angkor period - Knowledge (XXG)

1972:"Udong, the present capital of Cambodia, is situated north-east of Komput, and is four miles and a half from that arm of the Mekon which forms the great lake...Every moment I met mandarins, either borne in litters or on foot, followed by a crowd of slaves carrying various articles; some, yellow or scarlet parasols, more or less large according to the rank of the person; others, boxes with betel. I also encountered horsemen, mounted on pretty, spirited little animals, richly caparisoned and covered with bells, ambling along, while a troop of attendants, covered with dust and sweltering with heat, ran after them. Light carts, drawn by a couple of small oxen, trotting along rapidly and noisily, were here and there to be seen. Occasionally a large elephant passed majestically by. On this side were numerous processions to the pagoda, marching to the sound of music; there, again, was a band of ecclesiastics in single file, seeking alms, draped in their yellow cloaks, and with the holy vessels on their backs....The entire population numbers about 12,000 souls." 1943: 1993: 1407: 1653: 1124:, recognised unanimously by the scientific community, has so far not been produced. However, most modern historians have approached a consensus in which several distinct and gradual changes of religious, dynastic, administrative and military nature, environmental problems and ecological imbalance coincided with shifts of power in Indochina and must all be taken into account to make an interpretation. In recent years scholars' focus has shifted increasingly towards human–environment interactions and the ecological consequences, including natural disasters, such as flooding and droughts. 2383: 587: 95: 559: 1812: 79: 655: 534: 1463: 2029: 1985: 573: 2135: 6245: 4420:

fought Siam successfully for these frontiers. Once-in 1430-31 -the Siamese captured Angkor and seated a Siamese puppet on the throne. But the Cambodians reconquered their capital the next year; and, although they moved the capital to Phnom Penh, they did not abandon their old frontiers, but continued to fight for them during the sixteenth century, some- times in alliance with the Burmese, who twice sacked the Siamese capital.

1360:: "Michael Vickery has argued that Cambodian chronicles, including this one, that treat events earlier than 1550 cannot be verified, and were often copied from Thai chronicles about Thailand..." Linguist Jean-Michel Filippi concludes: "The chronology of Cambodian history itself is more a chrono-ideology with a pivotal role offered to Angkor." Similarities apply to Thai chronological records, with the notable example of the 2434: 1059: 2370:, Norodom's capital, and demanded approval of a treaty with Paris that promised far-reaching changes such as the abolition of slavery, the institution of private land ownership, and the establishment of French résidents in provincial cities. The king reluctantly signed the agreement. The Philaster Treaty of 1874 confirmed French sovereignty over the whole of Cochin China and on 16 November 1887 the 3332:"Essay on Cambodian History from the middle of the 14 th to the beginning of the 16 th Centuries According to the Cambodian Royal Chronicles by NHIM Sotheavin - So far, the reconstruction of history from the middle of the 14 th to the beginning of the 16 th centuries is locked in a sort of unsolved state, since local sources prove inadequate and references from foreign sources are of little use" 1567:. Recent studies indicate that the irrigation system was overworked and gradually started to silt up, amplified by large scale deforestation. Permanent monument construction projects and maintenance of temples instead of canals and dykes put an enormous strain on the royal resources and drained thousands of slaves and common people from the public workforce and caused tax deficits. 2320: 1931: 2421:"...explaining why particular continuities and discontinuities characterize ancient Cambodia remains impossible without a more finely textured understanding of the archaeological record... Future work, that combines systematic archaeological research and critical documentary analysis can and should illuminate aspects of resilience and change..." 2068:. Vietnam after gaining independence from the Chinese now instituted its own version of the frontier policies of the Chinese empire and by the end of the 17th century, the region was under full Vietnamese administrative control. Cambodia's access to international sea trade was now hampered by Vietnamese taxes and permissions. 2351:

India and China by interposing themselves in Indochina. The reason for this frantic expansionism was the hope that the Mekong river would prove to be navigable to the Chinese frontier, which then would open the immense Chinese market for French industrial goods." To save the kingdom's national identity and integrity, King

4575:"Mak Phœun: Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle - At the time of the invasion one group of the royal family, the reigning king and two or more princes, escaped and eventually found refuge in Laos, while another group, the king's brother and his sons, were taken as hostages to Ayutthaya" 1423:

political economy of early Southeast Asia resulted in rulers being more concerned with control of land or control of people..." and "...both sides of this discussion have offered ad hoc, case-by-case pronunciamentos, which are then repeated like mantra... Critical discussion of the question is long overdue..."

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promised to restore the Kingdom of Cambodia and punish the insolence of the Kingdom of Vietnam. In 1834, the rebellion in Southern Vietnam was suppressed, and Minh Mang ordered troops to launch the second invasion of Cambodia. This drove most of the Thai forces to the west and reinstalled Ang Chan as

1591:

Some historians have argued that an important reason for the Angkor court's move to the lower Mekong Delta was due to the growth of international maritime trade with the rest of the world. Angkor, being primarily inland and largely agricultural, became increasingly irrelevant to the global markets in

1422:

debates the degree of importance of this subject in his publication "Two Historical Records of the Kingdom of Vientiane - Land or People?": "It is not at all certain that Angkor desired manpower in central Thailand, rather than simply control over the rich agricultural resources." and "...whether the

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Siamese and Vietnamese dominance intensified during the 17th and 18th century, provoking frequent displacements of the seat of power as the Khmer monarch's authority decreased to the state of a vassal. Both powers alternately demanded subservience and tribute from the Cambodian court. In the mid 19th

1433:

Author Akin Rabibhadana, who quotes Ram Khamhaeng: "One particular characteristic of the historical Southeast Asian mainland states was the lack of manpower. The need for manpower is well illustrated by events following each war between Thailand and her neighbours. The victorious side always carried

1537:

Miriam T. Stark argues that competition and rivalries in royal succession, usurpers and "second grade" rulers characterised the kingdom since the 9th century. Periods of "...consolidation alternated with political fragmentation only few rulers were able to wrest control from the provincial level".

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These rulers were not considered, and did not consider themselves, as divine, which lead to a shift in perception of royal authority, central power and a loss of dynastic prestige with respect to foreign rulers. Effectively the royal subjects were given permission to re-direct attention and support

1453:

And Aung-Thwin wrote: "Much of the warfare of early Southeast Asia witnessed the victor carrying off half the population of the vanquished foe and later resettling them on his own soil. Pagan was located in the dry belt of Burma, and depended mainly upon irrigated agriculture for its economic base.

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and other aspects of the historical sources as wide contradictions suggest. Probably the greatest challenge is to synchronise all research with the conclusions of the neighbouring countries. Delicate issues exist that are rooted in this historical period (border disputes, cultural heritage), which

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on 31 July 1861, the beginning of the colonial era of France in South-East Asia. France's interference in Indochina was thus a fact and the colonial community pressing to establish a commercial network in the region based on the Mekong river, ideally linking up with the gigantic market of southern

2095:

In the process of re-interpretation of the royal records and their rather doubtful contents, Michael Vickery again postulates that future publications take these contradicting facts into account: "First, the very concept of a steady Vietnamese "Push to the South" (nam tiến) requires rethinking. It

1833:

Cambodia was a potent rival of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 16th century. Following the Burmese subjugation of Ayutthaya in 1569, Cambodia launched numerous military expeditions into a weakened Siam between the 1560s and the 1580s. In 1570, Cambodian forces besieged Ayutthaya, but were repulsed by

1290:

kingdoms remained for centuries preoccupied with each other's containment and it has been argued that one of the Khmer's military objectives was "...in the reigns of the Angkor kings Suryavarman II and Jayavarman VII." the conquest of the Cham ports, "...important in the international trade of the

2350:

author H.Th. Bussemaker has argued that these French colonial undertakings and acquisitions in the region were mere reactions to or counter-measures against British geo-strategy and economic hegemony. "For the British, it was obvious that the French were trying to undercut British expansionism in

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A renewed struggle between Siam and Vietnam for control of Cambodia and the Mekong basin in the early 19th century resulted in Vietnamese dominance over a Cambodian vassal king. Justin Corfield writes in "French Indochina": " the Vietnamese expanded their lands by establishing a protectorate over

1643:

Historians consent that as the capital ceased to exist, the temples at Angkor remained as central for the nation as they always had been. David P. Chandler: "The 1747 inscription is the last extensive one at Angkor Wat and reveals the importance of the temple in Cambodian religious life barely a

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After the Khmer armies had been driven out of the Menam valley, they seem to have abandoned the upper and middle Mekong to the Laotians and to have withdrawn to the territory which was predominantly Khmer-with the Se Mun valley and Korat-Jolburi-Chantabun as a frontier. For two cen- turies, they

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during 1643 and 1644. Pierre de Rogemortes, the ambassador of the Company was killed alongside a third of his 432 men and it was not until two centuries later that Europeans played any important and influential role in Cambodian affairs. In the 1670s the Dutch left all the trading posts they had

1570:

Author Heng L. Thung addressed common sense in "Geohydrology and the decline of Angkor" as he sums things up: "...the preoccupation of the Khmers with the need to store water for the long dry season. Each household needed a pond to provide drinking and household water for both man and beast. The

3858:"The water management network of Angkor, Cambodia Roland Fletcher Dan Penny, Damián Evans, Christophe Pottier, Mike Barbetti, Matti Kummu, Terry Lustig & Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap (APSARA) Department of Monuments and Archaeology Team" 1139:

discontinues with King Jayavarman IX Parameshwara (or Jayavarma-Paramesvara), who reigned from 1327 to 1336. There exists not a single contemporary record of even a king’s name for over 200 years. Construction and maintenance of monumental temple architecture had come to a standstill after

2290:

The death of Minh Mang in early 1841 halted the Vietnamization of Cambodia. With 35,000 Thai troops, they took advantage of the dire situation in Vietnam, rushed into the Tây Thành Province, and were able to fend off Vietnamese counteroffensives in late 1845. The new Vietnamese emperor,

2261:

In 1820 Gia Long died and his fourth son Minh Mang inherited the throne. Both Minh Mang and his father were strong adherents of Confucianism, but Minh Mang was a sadistic isolationist and strong ruler. He removed the Viceroy of Cambodia and Saigon in 1832, triggered the pro-Catholic

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system of an ideal universal ruler, ethically and benevolently ruling over all his subjects. The Vietnamese enacted a civilising mission, as they viewed the Khmer people as culturally inferior and regarded the Khmer lands as legitimate site for colonisation by settlers from Vietnam.

4315:"The Jesuits in Cambodia: A Look Upon Cambodian Religiousness (2nd half of the 16th century to the 1st quarter of the 18th century)—he wasn't able to spread the word of God and he was seriously ill, he quickly left the region without doing much and not baptizing more than a heathen" 1386:

At that time, the ruler of Kambuja came to attack Chonburi, to carry away families from the provinces eastwards to Chanthaburi, amounting to about six or seven thousand persons who returned to Kambuja. So the King attacked Kambuja and, having captured it, returned to the capitol.

4625:"Mak Phœun: Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle – It was in fact at the end of the reign of Suriyobarm that the first step was taken in the form of a marriage between the crown prince Jayajetthâ and a Vietnamese princess at a date between 1616 and 1618" 4600:"Mak Phœun: Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle – It was in fact at the end of the reign of Suriyobarm that the first step was taken in the form of a marriage between the crown prince Jayajetthâ and a Vietnamese princess at a date between 1616 and 1618" 1953:

By the 17th and 18th centuries, Siam and Vietnam increasingly fought over control of the fertile Mekong basin, enhancing pressure on an unstable Cambodia. The 17th century was also the beginning of direct relations between post-Angkor Cambodia and Vietnam, that is the war between

1490:

valley lasted several decades. Some historians argue, that these kings failed to acquire absolute central administrative control and had limited access to local resources. The dynasty discontinued "ritual policy" and genealogical traditions. Further momentum ensued as

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maintained in Cambodia after the massacre in 1643. The first Vietnamese military intervention took place in 1658-59, in which rebel Cambodian princes, Ibrahim Ramathipadi's own brothers, had requested military support to depose the Muslim ruler and restore Buddhism.

1859:, ended tragically. The refugees never returned to demand their claims. Their sons, born and raised in Lan Xang, were alienated and while "moderately" manipulated, engaged in local court politics with the exiled Cambodians in Ayutthaya and had the ruling vassal King 3306: 2397:

such as LIDAR-Scanning and Luminescence dating has revealed new sets and kinds of data and studies on climate—and environmental imbalances have become more numerous in recent years. Reflection of results obviously requires time, as in an article of the US

1541:

Debate remains on the progress of the imperial society as the kingdom grew and occupied foreign lands. Authors present numerous theories about the relationship between Southeast Asian kings and the populace's loyalties, nature and degree of identity, the

3365:"Culturalism and historiography of ancient Cambodia: about prioritizing sources of Khmer history - Ranking Historical Sources and the Culturalist Approach in the Historiography of Ancient Cambodia by Eric Bourdonneau - 29 Also this material is sparse..." 2195:

Siam and Vietnam had fundamentally different attitudes concerning their relationship with Cambodia. The Siamese shared a common religion, mythology, literature, and culture with the Khmer, having adopted many religious and cultural practices. The Thai

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was established, the Vietnamese occupied Cambodia result in direct Vietnamese control. For the next six years, the Vietnamese emperor had tried to force the Cambodians to adopt Vietnamese culture by cultural assimilation, a progress that historian

1562:

Historians increasingly maintain the idea that decline was caused by progressing ecological imbalance of the delicate irrigation network and canal system of "...a profoundly ritualized, elaborate system of hydraulic engineering..." at Angkor's

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time". Even though the Khmer suffered a number of serious defeats, such as the Cham invasion of Angkor in 1177, the empire quickly recovered, capable to strike back, as it was the case in 1181 with the invasion of the Cham city-state of

5783:"Archaeology in Cambodia: An appraisal for future research by William A. Southworth, Archaeological consultant for the Center for Khmer Studies - Rather than being finalized and complete, the study of the archaeology of Cambodia..." 1382:

had his son Ramesvara attack the capital of the King of the Kambujas (Angkor) and had Paramaraja (Pha-ngua) of Suphanburi advance to support him. The Kambuja capital was taken and many families were removed to the capital Ayudhya.

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studies imply prolonged periods of drought between the 14th and 15th centuries. As a result, recent re-interpretations of the epoch put greater emphasis on human–environment interactions and the ecological consequences.

5750:"Culturalism and historiography of ancient Cambodia: about prioritizing sources of Khmer history - Ranking Historical Sources and the Culturalist Approach in the Historiography of Ancient Cambodia by Eric Bourdonneau" 1578:(Light detection and ranging) Geo-Scans of Angkor have produced new data, that have caused several "Eureka moments" and "have profoundly transformed our understanding of urbanism in the region of Angkor". Results of 1135:, which had been the primary source for Khmer history, is already a rarity throughout the 13th century, ends in the third decade of the fourteenth, and does not resume until the mid-16th century. Recording of the 4843: 2925:"Giovanni Filippo de Marini, Delle Missioni... Chapter VII - Mission of the Kingdom of Cambodia by Cesare Polenghi - It is considered one of the most renowned for trading opportunities: there is abundance..." 5047:

Weber, N. (2012). The destruction and assimilation of Campā (1832-35) as seen from Cam sources. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 43(1), 158-180. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/41490300

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Evans, DH; Fletcher, RJ; Pottier, C; Chevance, JB; Soutif, D; Tan, BS; Im, S; Ea, D; Tin, T; Kim, S; Cromarty, C; De Greef, S; Hanus, K; Bâty, P; Kuszinger, R; Shimoda, I; Boornazian, G (11 July 2013).

1434:

off a large number of people from the conquered territory. Whole villages were often moved into the territory of the conqueror, where they were assimilated and became the population of the conqueror."

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of the year 2010, the author complains: "Historians and archaeologists have, with a few notable exceptions only rarely considered the role played by environment and climate in the history of Angkor".

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became king after overthrowing and assassinating king Outey. Malay Muslim merchants in Cambodia helped him in his takeover, and he subsequently converted to Islam from Buddhism, changed his name to

1852:, who failed to besiege the city of Longvek. In 1594, Longvek was successfully captured and sacked by Siamese forces and Cambodian royals were taken hostage and relocated to the court of Ayutthaya. 2758:

Buckley, Brendan M.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.; Penny, Daniel; Fletcher, Roland; Cook, Edward R.; Sano, Masaki; Nam, Le Canh; Wichienkeeo, Aroonrut; Minh, Ton That; Hong, Truong Mai (13 April 2010).

1976:

However, Cambodia remained economically significant in the early part of the Oudong period. In the 17th century, the Japanese considered Cambodia to be a more important maritime power than Siam.

3105:"Two Historical Records of the Kingdom of Vientiane - That was probably also the reason for the Cambodian conquests in Champa in the reigns of the Angkor kings Suryavarman II and Jayavarman VII" 2192:

Attempts to force Cambodians to adopt Vietnamese customs caused several rebellions against Vietnamese rule. The most notable took place from 1840 to 1841, spreading through much of the country.

2157:, which might otherwise have been courted as an ally against Vietnamese incursions in the 18th century, was itself involved in prolonged conflicts with Burma and in 1767 the Siamese capital of 2020:

territory. However, the Cambodian Chronicle does not mention the Cham arrival in Cambodia until the 17th century. The last remaining principality of Champa, Panduranga, survived until 1832.

1120:. As reliable sources (for the 15th and 16th centuries, in particular) are very rare, a defensible and conclusive explanation that relates to concrete events that manifest the decline of the 2658:"The emergence and ultimate decline of the Khmer Empire was paralleled with development and subsequent change in religious ideology, together with infrastructure that supported agriculture" 1636:. Unlike its inland predecessor, this society was more open to the outside world and relied mainly on commerce as the source of wealth. The adoption of maritime trade with China during the 2266:

against him in 1833. The Thai army, intended to support the rebellion, launched an offensive campaign against the Vietnamese on occupying Cambodia. This led Ang Chan to flee to Saigon, as

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states: "...the King of that ancient Kingdom is ready to throw himself under the protection of any European nation..." To save Cambodia from being incorporated into Vietnam and Siam, King

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court in Hue joining in as yet another stage of royal drama. Royal contender's quarrels often prevented any chance of restoring an effective King of competitive authority for decades.

5080:"Mak Phœun: Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle - According to Cambodian oral tradition, the marriage was because a weak Cambodian king fell in love..." 2685: 6071: 2216:

between Cambodians and Vietnamese. Cambodia gradually lost control of the Mekong Delta. By the 1860s French colonist had taken over the Mekong Delta and establish the colony of

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barays of Angkor were simply the manifestation of the need of an urban population. Water was the fountain of life for Angkor; a disruption in its supply would be fatal."

6229: 4850: 925: 4109:...the subsequent effective transfer of the capital to the more commercially viable site of Phnom Penh marked the eclipse of pro-Angkor elements within the Khmer elite. 3399:"The historical Records of Ayudhya...Blamed on the invasion of Pagan in 1767, all Ayudhya's past records were assumed perished during its fall to the Burmese attack" 3130:"Angkor Wat: equated with the quintessence of Cambodian culture for more than a century - The Cham fleet sailed up the Mekong River...The reaction was very quick..." 1550:

highlights a tendency to identify with a universal religion rather than to adhere to the concept of a people or nation, as he refers to author Victor Lieberman in:

5804: 3766: 3447:"A king and a stone - Nineteenth century or twelfth? When the Thai script was first inscribed has much to do with how history is used politically by Rahul Goswami" 3446: 3180:"A Short History of South East Asia Chapter 3. The Repercussions of the Mongol Conquest of China ...The result was a mass movement of Thai peoples southwards..." 1087: 2096:

was not steady, and its stages show that there was no continuing policy of southward expansion. Each move was ad hoc, in response to particular challenges..."

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South China in the sixteenth century: being the narratives of Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P. [and] Fr. Martín de Rada, O.E.S.A. (1550-1575)

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stopped sending tribute to Ayutthaya and reasserted Cambodian independence. A Siamese expedition in 1621-22 to reconquer Cambodia failed in dramatic fashion.

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Siamese sources record the habit of capturing sizeable numbers of inhabitants from the capital cities and centres of civilisation of the defeated parties in

890: 5132:"Mak Phœun: Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle In: Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient. Tome 83, 1996. pp. 405-415" 3857: 3179: 5058:"Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia by Brian A. Zottoli" 1942: 1530:

as the state religion, which implied an even more passive, introverted focus towards individual and personal responsibility to accumulate merit to achieve

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Bronson states, "No farmers in any region outside southern and eastern Asia could produce as much food with as little labor from the same amount of land."

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contain recordings of military expeditions and raids with associated dates and the names of sovereigns and warlords, several influential scholars, such as

3544: 3494: 1824: 729: 5727:"Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia – Historians and archaeologists have, with a few notable exceptions (1, 2), only..." 6103: 5600: 3883:"The architects of Cambodia's famed Angkor – the world's most extensive medieval "hydraulic city" – unwittingly engineered its environmental collapse" 2414:

are politically relevant and far from solved. Definitive conclusions with all contributing factors in a reasonable context are clearly future events.

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The shift of the capital from Angkor...may reflect...Cambodia's transition to a "trading kingdom" with increasing involvement with the outside world.

2950: 2734:"The emergence and ultimate decline of the Khmer Empire - ...the Empire experienced two lengthy droughts, during c.1340-1370 and also c.1400-1425..." 2583: 1604:

and the Angkorian sites, the Angkor elites established a new capital around two-hundred kilometres to the south-east on the site which is modern day

94: 6327: 3742:"The emergence and ultimate decline of the Khmer Empire - Many scholars attribute the halt of the development of Angkor to the rise of Theravada..." 1845:

sent two invasions to subjugate Longvek. Both invasions ended in complete failure and the Lan Xang king was assumed to have died in the conflict.

1169:(Angkor Thom) around the year 1431. Historians relate the event to the shift of Cambodia's political centre southward to the river port region of 4215: 6801: 6077:

Maritime boundary delimitation in the gulf of Thailand - information on multiple unsolved regional border disputes,dating back to the dark ages

3942: 2924: 2510:"Murder and Mayhem in Seventeenth Century Cambodia - The so-called middle period of Cambodian history, stretching from... - Reviews in History" 6420: 5533: 5508: 5480: 5452: 5424: 5399: 5115: 4886: 4784: 4757: 4558: 4492: 4443: 4298: 4102: 3607: 3580: 1444:

was an instrument for the efficient use of manpower in a region where land was plentiful in relation to labor and agricultural technology."

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Vickery additionally argues that Cambodia was never "cut off from maritime access to the outside world" in the 17th century, as argued by

805: 4171: 3741: 3545:"The Abridged Royal Chronicle of Ayudhya - Then he went to attack Chiangmai. A great many Lao families were brought away to the capitol." 2733: 2657: 6806: 6312: 3421:"Angkor Wat: equated with the quintessence of Cambodian culture for more than a century - Behind the mythical towers: Cambodian history" 2363: 6219: 5622: 2891: 914: 697: 6766: 6499: 6494: 6116: 5991: 5935: 5907: 2478: 5314: 4903:"The Project Gutenberg EBook of Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (Siam), Cambodia, and Laos (Vol. 1 of 2), by Henri Mouhot" 3076: 1447:

Baker and Phongpaichit argues that, "War in the region was... an enterprise to acquire wealth, people, and scarce urban resources."

980: 6816: 6811: 5564: 5291: 5013: 4953: 3809: 3693: 3659: 3283: 3053: 3019: 2960: 2901: 1080: 6224: 6214: 1992: 985: 885: 78: 1406: 4079:

The capital moved from Angkor to the Phnom Penh region, probably...in connection with the growth of international maritime trade.

2229: 1411: 965: 825: 754: 5281: 1652: 6617: 6167: 6162: 4288: 4028:"The Collapse of Angkor – Evidence for a Long Term Drought – an extended drought between the 14th and 15th centuries at Angkor" 3716: 2468: 2314: 1855:

The initially fortunate circumstances of some members of the Longvek royal family, managing to seek refuge at the Lao court of

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in the 17th century. This event initiates the slow process of Cambodia losing access to the seas and independent marine trade.

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were established and "...conquered the Khmers of the upper and central Menam valley and greatly extended their territory..."

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Sources for the 16th century are more numerous, although still coming from outside of Cambodia. The kingdom's new capital was

6504: 6290: 6019: 5963: 5879: 5851: 5340:"Full text of "Siamese State Ceremonies" Chapter XV – The Oath of Allegiance 197...as compared with the early Khmer Oath..." 4263:"Maritime Trade in Southeast Asia during the Early Colonial Period ...transferring the lucrative China trade to Cambodia..." 3833:"Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c.800-1830 by Victor Lieberman" 3043: 4460: 4172:"Yasodharapura, revived in literature ...Yasodharapura, the first capital of the Khmer empire, was razed by the Siamese..." 6582: 6481: 6363: 6132: 6096: 5339: 5035:

Vachon, M., & Naren, K. (2006, April 29). A history of Champa. The Cambodia Daily. Retrieved September 10, 2020, from

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was completely destroyed. However, Siam recovered and soon reasserted its dominion over Cambodia. The youthful Khmer king

1045: 1018: 990: 6209: 3331: 3009: 2049: 1878:—involved. This pattern of royal indignity is noticeable in its continuity during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, the 1640:(1368–1644) provided lucrative opportunities for members of the Cambodian elite who controlled royal trading monopolies. 880: 6528: 6476: 6471: 6400: 6270: 5811: 4262: 3773: 2983: 2509: 2473: 2399: 1136: 1073: 1023: 1013: 634: 4977:"The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines Written by Adam Bray" 2635: 6730: 6607: 6395: 6295: 6172: 2355:

initiated secret negotiations in a letter to Napoleon III seeking to obtain some agreement of protection with France.

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doubt the accuracy and reliability of these texts. Other authors, however, criticise this rigid "overall assessment".

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The single incident which undoubtedly reflects reality, the central reference point for the entire 15th century, is a

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Vietnam, Kampuchea, Laos, Bound in Comradeship: A Panoramic Study of Indochina from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume 2

2263: 6425: 6317: 6280: 5556: 4725:"Ben Kiernan Recovering History and Justice in Cambodia Within two years, Spanish and Portuguese conquistadores..." 2453: 2089: 2001: 1848:

In retribution for multiple Longvek raids on Ayutthaya, in 1587, Cambodia was attacked by the Siamese Crown Prince

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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Part 2 Parts 1368-1644 By Denis C. Twitchett, Frederick W. Mote

1867: 1828: 734: 6555: 6456: 6300: 6285: 6137: 662: 1522:—protector king, towards the inner-worldly alternative with the contradictory teachings of the Buddhist temple. 6612: 6592: 6545: 6461: 6373: 6089: 5057: 2143: 1811: 1298: 187: 5361: 4945:

Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500–2000 By Ben Kiernan p. 102 The Vietnamese destruction of Champa 1390–1509

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Killing Fields, Living Fields: An Unfinished Portrait of the Cambodian Church - The Church That Would Not Die

4674: 2295:, readied to make peace with Siam, and in June 1847 a peace treaty was signed. The Kingdom of Cambodia under 6705: 6674: 6451: 6378: 5662: 2868: 2488: 1739: 1479: 5258: 4509: 2711: 6715: 6415: 6410: 6368: 6244: 4383:"The Treaty of March 23, 1907 Between France and Siam and the Return of Battambang and Angkor to Cambodia" 2591: 2060:

era from 1428 to 1788. Three years later, king Chey Chettha allowed Vietnam to establish a custom-post at

1731: 839: 5588: 4650:"1620 A Cautionary Tale - Cambodia had quickly recovered from an Ayutthayan invasion of Lovek in 1593-94" 6622: 6587: 6550: 6514: 6385: 6358: 6253: 5677: 4520: 4348:, Issue 106 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, Printed for the Hakluyt Society, pp. lix, 59–63 2242:, Cambodia fell to the Vietnamese invasion in 1811. The invasion was initiated by the ruling king, King 1895: 1871: 1800: 1755: 975: 127: 4675:"Preah Khan Reach - The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – The Rise of King Ang Chan – The Defeat of Sdach Kân" 3472: 3248:"Siam Society Books - The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya - A Synoptic Translation by Richard D. Cushman" 1746:. By the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Longvek maintained flourishing communities of 5198: 5192: 4094:

Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c.800–1830

1267:

since its early days in the 8th and 9th centuries. Rivalries and wars with its western neighbour, the

6700: 6597: 6570: 6560: 6405: 6341: 6322: 6197: 4027: 3981: 2771: 2613: 2584:"Scientists dig and fly over Angkor in search of answers to golden city's fall by Miranda Leitsinger" 2448: 2340: 2299:

regained its independence after 36 years of brutal Vietnamese occupations and Siamese interventions.

2076:

The story of a Cambodian king falling in love with a Vietnamese princess, who requested and obtained

1371: 1306: 1028: 970: 860: 212: 5036: 692: 6759: 6740: 6637: 6577: 6509: 6439: 6353: 6192: 6124: 3473:"Recreations epigraphic (2 2). Epigraphic western: the case of Ramkhamhaeng by Jean-Michel Filippi" 2458: 2324: 2247: 2213: 1245: 960: 846: 643: 303: 2028: 1984: 654: 580: 418: 6685: 6655: 6645: 6565: 6466: 6202: 4817: 4410: 4150: 4070: 3882: 3229: 3221: 2217: 1816: 1671: 1625: 1527: 1189: 873: 851: 820: 172: 31: 5659:"Paradise in Peril. Western colonial power and Japanese expansion in South-East Asia, 1905-1941" 5226: 2336: 1220:

century, with dynasties in Siam and Vietnam firmly established, Cambodia was placed under joint

2536:"What the collapse of ancient capitals can teach us about the cities of today by Srinath Perur" 1903: 1224:

between the two regional empires, thereby the Cambodian kingdom lost its national sovereignty.

6775: 6735: 6720: 6680: 6670: 6627: 6602: 6540: 6015: 5987: 5959: 5931: 5903: 5875: 5847: 5805:"From Funan to Angkor Collapse and Regeneration in Ancient Cambodia by Miriam T. Stark p. 166" 5560: 5529: 5504: 5496: 5476: 5468: 5448: 5440: 5420: 5395: 5387: 5287: 5231: 5220: 5186: 5180: 5175: 5111: 5105: 5009: 5003: 4949: 4882: 4876: 4780: 4753: 4554: 4488: 4439: 4402: 4294: 4142: 4098: 4062: 4009: 3805: 3767:"From Funan to Angkor Collapse and Regeneration in Ancient Cambodia by Miriam T. Stark p. 162" 3717:"Comparative timeline of Khmer Empire and Europe Theravada Buddhism became the state religion" 3689: 3655: 3649: 3603: 3576: 3279: 3273: 3049: 3015: 2956: 2897: 2799: 2308: 2281: 2181:

was keen on Cambodia becoming independent of Thailand and Vietnam and sought help from the

2158: 2100: 1785: 1779: 1725: 1592:

comparison to the later maritime Cambodian capitals at Longvek, Oudong, and later Phnom Penh.

1503: 1462: 1346: 1342: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1197: 1162: 1155: 1033: 865: 205: 5550: 5315:"Volume IV - Age of Revolution and Empire 1750 to 1900 - French Indochina by Justin Corfield" 5245: 5214: 5107:

New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia: Continuing Explorations

4699: 3832: 3683: 2053: 1955: 6066: 5757: 4394: 4134: 3999: 3989: 3685:

Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries edited by David G. Marr, Anthony Crothers Milner

3371: 3213: 2789: 2779: 2371: 2065: 1834:

fierce resistance and the rainy season floods. In 1581, Cambodia sacked the Siamese city of

1579: 1193: 776: 317: 85: 30:"Dark ages of Cambodia" redirects here. For the genocide sometimes referred to as such, see 4902: 4193: 3522: 2258:

against him. The two brothers fled to Thailand, while Ang Chan became a Vietnamese vassal.

1959: 6780: 6690: 6390: 6234: 5690: 4533: 2439: 2045: 1919: 1759: 1665: 1629: 1523: 1292: 1063: 950: 505: 353: 279: 267: 255: 2417:

Miriam T. Stark in: "From Funan to Angkor Collapse and Regeneration in Ancient Cambodia"

2393:

of Cambodia is considered to be still in its infancy. The introduction of new methods of

1116:, refers to the historical era from the early 15th century to 1863, the beginning of the 6062: 5955:

The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79

5259:"War and trade: Siamese interventions in Cambodia 1767-1851 by Puangthong Rungswasdisab" 3985: 2775: 2512:. School of Advanced Study at the University of London. 28 February 2009. Archived from 6695: 6660: 6486: 6187: 5623:"The Mekong Exploration Commission, 1866 – 68: Anglo-French Rivalry in South East Asia" 4004: 3969: 2794: 2759: 2406: 2197: 2182: 2128: 2116: 1792: 1771: 1747: 1507: 1437: 1264: 1225: 1141: 1105: 834: 815: 810: 330: 158: 54: 5157: 4925: 4649: 2134: 2119:, married a Malay woman and reigned as Ramathipadi I. His reign marked the historical 1470:

The complete transition from the early Khmer kingdom to the firm establishment of the

6795: 6710: 6650: 5630: 3233: 2394: 2112: 2057: 1601: 1564: 1499: 1475: 1471: 1362: 1268: 1229: 1166: 1132: 17: 6042: 4724: 4510:"Factors that Led to the Change of the Khmer Capitals from the 15th to 17th century" 2037: 1616:. Thus, it controlled the river commerce of the Khmer heartland, upper Siam and the 1205: 366: 6152: 5927:

Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur

5726: 3651:

Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations By Charles Higham Mahidharapura dynasty

3623: 3495:"The Abridged Royal Chronicle of Ayudhya - In 712 of the Era, Year of the Tiger..." 3247: 3104: 2463: 2347: 2209: 2081: 2041: 2017: 1965: 1891: 1775: 1637: 1633: 1621: 1515: 1257: 1213: 1121: 682: 539: 370: 192: 152: 6305: 1863:, who was of lower birth, killed with the help of Spanish and Portuguese sailors. 1613: 6009: 5981: 5953: 5925: 5897: 5869: 5841: 4943: 4801: 4774: 4747: 4548: 4482: 4433: 4343: 4092: 3799: 3597: 3570: 3154: 6142: 4339: 2410: 2390: 2359: 2243: 2201: 2009: 1860: 1835: 1547: 1314: 1284: 1237: 5131: 5079: 4624: 4599: 4574: 2817: 4314: 4240: 4138: 3338: 3045:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East... Volume 1

2429: 2367: 2166: 2077: 2061: 1713: 1605: 1554:"...no formal demand, that rulers be of the same ethnicity as their subjects" 1310: 1272: 1248:

signing and officially recognising the French protectorate on 11 August 1863.

1221: 1170: 1150: 749: 401: 243: 231: 111: 5283:

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z by Cathal J. Nolan

4406: 4146: 4066: 3307:"Cambodia's cultural heritage considerations in Area Studies by Aratoi Hisao" 2818:"Mak Phœun: Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle" 2513: 2234:

As the Vietnamese empire consolidated itself over the eastern mainland under

1200:

in the west resulted in several conflicts, including the Siamese conquest of

6048:

What the collapse of ancient capitals can teach us about the cities of today

3994: 2784: 2352: 2339:

proclaimed the formal annexation of three provinces of Cochinchina into the

2296: 2292: 2239: 2186: 2178: 2170: 1856: 1767: 1705: 1487: 1261: 1233: 1128: 719: 405: 291: 4360:"The Philippine islands, 1493-1803...the expedition of 1596 to Cambodia..." 4013: 3398: 2846: 2803: 2165:(1779–96) was installed as monarch at Oudong while Siam annexed Cambodia's 1148:

there only exist external sources for Cambodia’s 15th century, the Chinese

6072:

Strange Parallels - Southeast Asia in a Global Context by Victor Lieberman

5761: 5749: 3376: 3364: 2319: 1799:" Subsequent attempts did not yield any results that could substantiate a 1403:

and Angkor which can be assumed to have accelerated the cultural decline.

1390:

Then he went to attack Angkor, the capital of Kambuja, and captured it."

6112: 3204:

Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1948). "Siamese Attacks On Angkor Before 1430".

2483: 2267: 2235: 2085: 2013: 1946: 1849: 1842: 1709: 1677: 1495: 1492: 618: 608: 4216:"An Eighteenth Century Inscription From Angkor Wat by David P. Chandler" 4154: 4122: 4074: 4050: 3275:

A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, Volume 2 - Tiounn Chronicle

1894:

moved the capital several times and established their royal capitals at

4414: 4382: 3225: 2272: 2162: 1930: 1906:

and finally Oudong. In 1596 Spanish and Portuguese conquistadores from

1879: 1735: 1728: 1701: 1693: 1661: 1660:

King Ang Chan I (1516–1566) moved the capital from Phnom Penh north to

1543: 1531: 1498:

was eventually tolerated and several Buddhist kings emerged, including

1201: 1181: 1174: 895: 724: 613: 179: 119: 5658: 2843:"The Ming Shi-lu as a Source for the Study of Southeast Asian History" 2271:

the puppet king in Phnom Penh, later succeeded by his daughter, Queen

2173:

provinces. The local rulers became vassals under direct Siamese rule.

6147: 6052: 4461:"State, Community, and Ethnicity in Early Modern Thailand, 1351-1767" 4123:"Societal Organization in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Cambodia" 2893:

Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders By Ross Marlay, Clark D. Nehe

2686:"Laser scans flesh out the saga of Cambodias 1200 year old lost city" 2251: 2120: 2005: 1935: 1907: 1899: 1743: 1689: 1609: 1483: 1441: 1400: 1379: 1280: 1209: 1185: 744: 687: 677: 383: 133: 6081: 5782: 4398: 3217: 2760:"Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia" 5874:. Contributor Peter Lewis (reprint ed.). Kregel Publications. 5705: 5365: 3909: 2984:"Maritime Trade in Southeast Asia during the Early Colonial Period" 1819:, "Eauweck, hooftstadt van Cambodia - Longvek, capital of Cambodia" 6725: 5899:

Before the Killing Fields: Witness to Cambodia and the Vietnam War

2712:"Possible new explanation found for sudden demise of Khmer Empire" 2381: 2246:'s (r. 1806–35) request to Gia Long to suppress his own brothers, 2124: 2027: 1991: 1983: 1941: 1929: 1875: 1797:...wasn’t able to spread the word of God and he was seriously ill. 1789: 1763: 1697: 1681: 1651: 1575: 1461: 1405: 1302: 1287: 1276: 672: 6076: 5037:

https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/a-history-of-champa-87292/

4700:"History Period 1372-1432 60 Years Abandonment of Chaktomuk City" 2952:

Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia By Anthony Reid

2562:"Cambodia and Its Neighbors in the 15th Century, Michael Vickery" 1454:

Land was plentiful but labor was extremely difficult to obtain."

4818:"The Buddha of Chinese deception Oudong Mountain by Bou Saroeun" 2154: 2004:—had conquered some of the territories of the principalities of 1742:

in 1511, the earliest documented official contact with European

1685: 1617: 6085: 6057: 6043:

The Ram Khamhaeng Inscription - The fake that did not come true

5754:

Moussons. Recherche en Sciences Humaines Sur l'Asie du Sud-Est

4051:"A Misstep Toward a New History of Cambodia: A Review Article" 3368:

Moussons. Recherche en Sciences Humaines Sur l'Asie du Sud-Est

4342:; Pereira, Galeote; Cruz, Gaspar da; Rada, Martín de (1953), 4268:. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology University of Oxford 3624:"Two Historical Records of the Kingdom of Vientiane (pp.2-5)" 2561: 1670:...even though they appeared to have a secondary role in the 3970:"Uncovering archaeological landscapes at Angkor using lidar" 2000:

By the late 15th century, the Vietnamese—descendants of the

1546:

concept and the effects of changing state-religion. Scholar

4803:

War and Trade: Siamese Interventions in Cambodia, 1767-1851

1674:

in the 16th century, the Cambodian ports did indeed thrive.

5104:

Michael Arthur Aung-Thwin; Kenneth R. Hall (13 May 2011).

3011:

MA Short History of South-East Asia edited by Peter Church

2614:"What Caused the End of the Khmer Empire By K. Kris Hirst" 1188:, which prospered as an integral part of the 16th century 1154:("Veritable Records") and the earliest Royal Chronicle of 2189:. When that failed, he enlisted the help of the French." 1795:, the first to set foot in the Kingdom of Cambodia, who " 1305:

and political and cultural pressure caused the southward

1656:

Depiction of Cambodia on a Portuguese map (17th century)

1374:, clashes occurred in 1350, around 1380, 1418 and 1431. 4055:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

3517: 3515: 1165:

intervention of some undisclosed nature at the capital

5706:"The Raison d'être of French Protectorate of Cambodia" 3910:"The Collapse of the Khmer Empire by Thomas Van Damme" 3155:"Bayon: New Perspectives Reconsidered Michael Vickery" 2088:, dismissed by scholars and not even mentioned in the 2056:, who held sway over southern Vietnam for most of the 5589:"The French Voyages and the Philosophical Background" 4878:

The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History

1898:

around 40 kilometres north-east of Phnom Penh, later

1410:

Cambodian people in 18th century in chinese painting

1358:

A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, Volume 2

5552:

The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai

1968:: "Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China" 1864 1558:

Environmental problems and infrastructural breakdown

1514:

from the Hindu state of military dominance with its

1158:, which must be interpreted with greatest caution. 6636: 6527: 6438: 6340: 6252: 6123: 4241:"Murder and Mayhem in Seventeenth Century Cambodia" 2845:. Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu. Archived from 1866:Shortly after they were killed and defeated in the 1788:activities began in 1555 with Portuguese clergyman 1644:century before it was "discovered" by the French." 601: 501: 487: 477: 467: 457: 448: 431: 415: 394: 380: 363: 350: 340: 327: 313: 297: 285: 273: 261: 249: 237: 225: 211: 201: 178: 168: 145: 104: 60: 41: 5983:Phnom Penh: A Cultural History: A Cultural History 5364:. Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation. Archived from 3523:"History of Ayutthaya - Dynasties - King Ramesuan" 6011:Charting the shape of early modern Southeast Asia 4773:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (11 May 2017). 4746:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (11 May 2017). 4547:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (11 May 2017). 4481:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (11 May 2017). 4432:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (11 May 2017). 3682:Marr, David G.; Milner, Anthony Crothers (1986). 3596:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (11 May 2017). 3569:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (11 May 2017). 1260:had steadily gained hegemonic power over most of 5756:(7). Presses Universitaires de Provence: 39–70. 3370:(7). Presses Universitaires de Provence: 39–70. 2378:Continued debate over Post-Angkor historiography 1279:were less numerous and decisive than those with 5958:(illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. 3722:. Australian Government Department of Education 3267: 3265: 2770:(15). National Academy of Sciences: 6748–6752. 2764:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2419: 2331:European colonialism and Anglo-French rivalries 1970: 1466:The flag of the kingdom of Cambodia until 1863. 1376: 4194:"A Brief History of Phnom Penh - Chaktomuk..." 1478:, 1080 to 1107), which originated west of the 6097: 4881:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 117–. 2564:. Michael Vickery’s Publications. 1 June 2004 1370:According to the Siamese Royal chronicles of 1081: 8: 4806:. University of Wollongong. pp. 42, 50. 2044:, a hitherto Khmer domain. Also in 1620 the 1841:Meanwhile, in 1572 and 1573-75, the king of 27:1431–1863 middle period of Cambodian history 4844:"The History of the Phnom Bakheng Monument" 4779:. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. 4752:. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. 4553:. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. 4487:. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. 4438:. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. 4320:. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México 4097:. Cambridge University Press. p. 240. 3575:. Cambridge University Press. p. 259. 2680: 2678: 1958:who ruled central and southern Vietnam and 46: 6533: 6444: 6346: 6258: 6104: 6090: 6082: 5503:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 157–160. 5475:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 150–156. 5447:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 146–149. 5394:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 140–144. 3212:(1). Association for Asian Studies: 3–33. 1838:and emptied the city of its inhabitants. 1337:Although a number of sources, such as the 1088: 1074: 628: 93: 38: 5601:Victoria University of Wellington Library 4003: 3993: 3801:Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000 3602:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 3375: 2793: 2783: 1600:Following the abandonment of the capital 1552:Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000 6053:Center for Southeast Asian Studies Japan 3936:"Geohydrology and the Decline of Angkor" 3688:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2318: 2133: 1949:(柬埔寨) delegates to China in 18th century 1810: 4243:. nstitute of Historical Research (IHR) 2501: 999: 949: 906: 796: 763: 708: 661: 642: 631: 447: 5810:. University of Hawaii. Archived from 5686: 5675: 4529: 4518: 3772:. University of Hawaii. Archived from 2890:Marlay, Ross; Neher, Clark D. (1999). 1668:. Trade was an essential feature and " 1587:Growth of international maritime trade 1378:"In 1350/51; probably April 1350 King 2358:In June 1884, the French governor of 1440:: "As much as anything else, the Tai 486: 476: 466: 456: 452: 430: 414: 393: 379: 362: 349: 339: 326: 322: 296: 284: 272: 260: 248: 236: 224: 220: 210: 7: 5902:(illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris. 5748:Bourdonneau, Eric (September 2004). 5704:Sovannarith Keo (14 December 2014). 3363:Bourdonneau, Eric (September 2004). 3337:. Sophia Asia Center. Archived from 2046:Khmer king Chey Chettha II (1618–28) 4468:University of Michigan Dissertation 4287:Justin Corfield (13 October 2009). 3077:"London Company's Envoys Plot Siam" 2386:Coronation of Norodom, 3 June 1864. 2275:(r. 1835–41). Later that year, the 1628:that linked the Chinese coast, the 1192:, via which the first contact with 4800:Rungswasdisab, Puangthong (1995). 4174:The Japan Times. 23 September 2007 4127:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3908:Damme, Thomas Van (January 2011). 1194:European explorers and adventurers 25: 6063:The Philippine islands, 1493-1803 5549:Chapuis, Oscar (1 January 2000). 5320:. Grodno State Medical University 4091:Lieberman, Victor (26 May 2003). 3008:Church, Peter (3 February 2012). 2869:"Kingdom of Cambodia - 1431-1863" 1938:, the former capital of Cambodia. 1825:Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594) 1676:" Products traded there included 99:Cambodia and its neighbours, 1540 6666:Courtship, marriage, and divorce 6243: 5137:. Michael Vickery’s Publications 5085:. Michael Vickery’s Publications 4655:. Michael Vickery’s Publications 4630:. Michael Vickery’s Publications 4605:. Michael Vickery’s Publications 4580:. Michael Vickery’s Publications 4381:Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1946). 3629:. Michael Vickery’s Publications 3160:. Michael Vickery’s Publications 3110:. Michael Vickery’s Publications 2432: 2230:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia 2036:In 1620 the Vietnamese on their 1412:Portraits of Periodical Offering 1317:and their settling on the upper 1252:Historical background and causes 1057: 653: 585: 571: 557: 532: 77: 6163:French protectorate of Cambodia 5362:"March to the South (Nam Tiến)" 4849:. Khmer Studies. Archived from 3648:Higham, Charles (14 May 2014). 2469:French Protectorate of Cambodia 2315:French Protectorate of Cambodia 2286:The Vietnamization of Cambodia. 2038:southwards expansion (Nam tiến) 1996:The Kingdom of Cambodia in 1686 1910:raided and razed Srei Santhor. 1196:occurred. The rivalry with the 1118:French protectorate of Cambodia 6220:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 6215:People's Republic of Kampuchea 5930:. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. 5008:. Cambridge University Press. 2590:. 13 June 2004. Archived from 1458:Dynastic and religious factors 1244:, which took effect with King 1206:Vietnamese southward expansion 1144:'s reign. According to author 1102:post-Angkor period of Cambodia 915:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 886:People's Republic of Kampuchea 62:Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa 1: 6802:History of Cambodia by period 3401:. Khmer heritage. 31 May 2015 2949:Reid, Anthony (August 2000). 2107:Mid 17th century–19th century 2016:in 1471, many re-settling in 981:Cambodian–Thai border dispute 5840:Chakrabartty, H. R. (1988). 5729:National Academy of Sciences 5621:Keay, John (November 2005). 5587:Dunmore, John (April 1993). 5524:Corfield, Justin J. (2009). 5415:Corfield, Justin J. (2009). 5110:. Routledge. pp. 158–. 4979:. IOC-Champa. Archived from 3974:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 3475:. Kampotmuseum. 28 June 2012 3272:Woolf, D. R. (3 June 2014). 2896:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2474:List of monarchs of Cambodia 2400:National Academy of Sciences 2303:Consequences and conclusions 2146:in naval engagements of the 1815:A drawing by Dutch mapmaker 1807:Military resurgence and fall 1341:and the Royal chronicles of 1190:Asian maritime trade network 5986:. Oxford University Press. 5158:"'1620', A Cautionary Tale" 5002:Mote, Frederick W. (1998). 4926:"'1620', A Cautionary Tale" 2688:. Khmer Geo. Archived from 2588:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2048:married a daughter of lord 1720:First contact with the West 1620:with access, by way of the 1608:, at the confluence of the 1283:to the east. The Khmer and 1110:ប្រទេសកម្ពុជាក្រោយសម័យអង្គរ 926:United Nations Transitional 920:1991 Paris Peace Agreements 891:exiled coalition government 61: 6833: 6807:2nd millennium in Cambodia 5657:Bussemaker, H.Th. (2001). 5557:Greenwood Publishing Group 5261:. University of Wollongong 4293:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 12–. 3863:. University of Washington 2714:. Phys org. 3 January 2012 2454:Cambodian Royal Chronicles 2312: 2306: 2227: 1822: 1339:Cambodian Royal Chronicles 342:• Siege of Ayutthaya 29: 6753: 6536: 6447: 6349: 6261: 6241: 5896:Fielding, Leslie (2008). 5280:Nolan, Cathal J. (2002). 4387:The Far Eastern Quarterly 4139:10.1017/S0022463400012522 4049:Vickery, Michael (2005). 3941:. Khamkoo. Archived from 3206:The Far Eastern Quarterly 3014:. John Wiley & Sons. 2638:. Encyclopædia Britannica 2142:Ramathipadi defeated the 2111:In 1642 Cambodian prince 2032:1719 Map showing Cambodia 2002:Sinic civilisation sphere 1988:1683 Map showing Cambodia 1896:Tuol Basan (Srey Santhor) 1356:David Chandler states in 1321:in the 12th century. The 1109: 797:Independence and conflict 755:Nguyễn Kingdom's invasion 511: 497: 453: 444: 323: 309: 227:• 1431–1463 (first) 221: 92: 74: 69: 47: 6817:18th century in Cambodia 6812:19th century in Cambodia 6266:Administrative divisions 6210:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 6058:Center for Khmer Studies 5980:Osborne, Milton (2008). 5785:Center for Khmer Studies 5528:. ABC-CLIO. p. 19. 5419:. ABC-CLIO. p. 18. 5060:. University of Michigan 3838:. University of Michigan 2177:Cambodia. However king 2144:Dutch East India Company 2008:. Some of the surviving 1980:Loss of the Mekong Delta 881:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 299:• 1860–1863 (last) 5663:University of Amsterdam 5526:The History of Cambodia 5417:The History of Cambodia 4905:. The Project Gutenberg 4875:Norman G. Owen (2005). 4290:The History of Cambodia 3995:10.1073/pnas.1306539110 3048:. Bloomsbury Academic. 2785:10.1073/pnas.0910827107 2636:"THE DECLINE OF ANGKOR" 2489:Mainland Southeast Asia 2138:A 1770s map of Cambodia 1672:Asian commercial sphere 1624:, to the international 1526:(c. 1295-1308) adopted 6500:Special Economic Zones 6495:Science and technology 6008:Reid, Anthony (1999). 5846:. Patriot Publishers. 5685:Cite journal requires 4776:A History of Ayutthaya 4749:A History of Ayutthaya 4550:A History of Ayutthaya 4528:Cite journal requires 4484:A History of Ayutthaya 4435:A History of Ayutthaya 3599:A History of Ayutthaya 3572:A History of Ayutthaya 3525:. History of Ayutthaya 3042:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). 2989:. University of Oxford 2479:Monarchs' family tree 2423: 2405:Widely debated remain 2387: 2327: 2139: 2033: 1997: 1989: 1974: 1950: 1939: 1890:Kings Preah Ram I and 1820: 1732:Alfonso de Albuquerque 1657: 1467: 1415: 1392: 5952:Kiernan, Ben (2002). 5924:Kiernan, Ben (2008). 5868:Cormack, Don (2001). 5762:10.4000/moussons.2469 5501:A History of Cambodia 5473:A History of Cambodia 5445:A History of Cambodia 5392:A History of Cambodia 4942:Kiernan, Ben (2008). 4121:Ebihara, May (1984). 3798:Kiernan, Ben (2008). 3377:10.4000/moussons.2469 3311:googleusercontent.com 3185:. Stanford University 2385: 2322: 2208:The territory of the 2137: 2031: 1995: 1987: 1945: 1933: 1870:, with foreign hands— 1868:Cambodian–Spanish War 1829:Cambodian–Spanish War 1814: 1655: 1465: 1409: 976:2003 Phnom Penh riots 735:Cambodian–Spanish War 730:Siamese-Cambodian War 367:Vietnamese settlement 146:Common languages 48:ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា 18:Dark Ages of Cambodia 6328:World Heritage Sites 6198:Democratic Kampuchea 5817:on 23 September 2015 4459:Smith, John (2019). 4340:Boxer, Charles Ralph 3779:on 23 September 2015 2449:Buddhism in Cambodia 1786:Christian missionary 1664:at the banks of the 1474:dynasty (first king 1372:Paramanuchitchinorot 1246:Norodom Prohmbarirak 971:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 861:Democratic Kampuchea 750:Loss of Mekong Delta 6618:Social organization 6168:Japanese occupation 3986:2013PNAS..11012595E 3889:. 12 September 2007 3133:The Phnom Penh Post 2776:2010PNAS..107.6748B 2594:on 24 December 2013 2459:History of Cambodia 2325:Norodom of Cambodia 2214:territorial dispute 2200:kings followed the 2148:Cambodian–Dutch War 1580:dendrochronological 1208:reached Prei Nokor/ 1112:), also called the 1064:Cambodia portal 1019:Humanitarian crisis 942:Khmer Rouge PGNUNSC 847:Cambodian Civil War 784:Japanese occupation 772:French protectorate 740:Cambodian–Dutch War 43:Kingdom of Cambodia 6505:Telecommunications 6203:Cambodian genocide 6158:Post-Angkor period 6014:. Silkworm Books. 5156:Vickery, Michael. 4948:. Melbourne Univ. 4924:Vickery, Michael. 4221:. The Siam Society 3804:. Melbourne Univ. 3550:. The Siam Society 3500:. The Siam Society 3453:. 29 November 2014 2955:. Silkworm Books. 2930:. The Siam Society 2388: 2372:Indo-Chinese Union 2328: 2277:Tây Thành Province 2264:Lê Văn Khôi revolt 2218:French Cochinchina 2140: 2050:Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên 2034: 1998: 1990: 1951: 1940: 1821: 1817:Johannes Vingboons 1658: 1528:Theravada Buddhism 1468: 1416: 986:2013–2014 protests 874:Cambodian genocide 852:Fall of Phnom Penh 821:Cambodian campaign 710:Post-Angkor period 698:Đại Việt–Khmer War 173:Theravada Buddhism 32:Cambodian genocide 6789: 6788: 6749: 6748: 6583:Human trafficking 6523: 6522: 6482:Natural resources 6434: 6433: 6421:Political parties 6364:Foreign relations 6336: 6335: 6225:State of Cambodia 5535:978-0-31335-723-7 5510:978-0-429-97514-1 5482:978-0-429-97514-1 5454:978-0-429-97514-1 5426:978-0-31335-723-7 5401:978-0-429-97514-1 5286:. Greenwood Pub. 5199:Chakrabartty 1988 5117:978-1-136-81964-3 4888:978-0-8248-2890-5 4786:978-1-107-19076-4 4759:978-1-107-19076-4 4560:978-1-107-19076-4 4508:Sotheavin, Nhim. 4494:978-1-107-19076-4 4445:978-1-107-19076-4 4300:978-0-313-35723-7 4196:anby Publications 4104:978-1-139-43762-2 4030:. About Education 3980:(31): 12595–600. 3747:. Studies Of Asia 3609:978-1-107-19076-4 3582:978-1-107-19076-4 2823:. Michael Vickery 2739:. Studies of Asia 2663:. Studies Of Asia 2542:. 14 January 2015 2374:was established. 2309:Colonial Cambodia 2282:David P. Chandler 2127:rule in mainland 1504:Rajendravarman II 1480:Dângrêk Mountains 1333:Military setbacks 1327:Ayutthaya Kingdom 1323:Sukhothai Kingdom 1319:Chao Phraya River 1299:Mongol incursions 1238:colonial France's 1198:Ayutthaya Kingdom 1098: 1097: 991:COVID-19 pandemic 806:Post-independence 627: 626: 597: 596: 593: 592: 545: 544: 287:• 1848–1860 275:• 1618–1628 263:• 1602–1618 251:• 1566–1576 239:• 1516–1566 206:Absolute monarchy 155:(until 1777) 16:(Redirected from 6824: 6769: 6762: 6534: 6490: 6472:Economic history 6445: 6347: 6259: 6247: 6183: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6083: 6067:Internet Archive 6032: 6030: 6028: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5688: 5683: 5681: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5638:(III). Routledge 5627: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5342:Internet Archive 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5210: 5204: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5136: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5084: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4855: 4848: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4679: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4654: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4629: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4579: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4516: 4514: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4267: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4220: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4007: 3997: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3940: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3862: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3837: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3746: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3721: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3628: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3549: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3519: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3499: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3159: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3109: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3084:Siamese Heritage 3081: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2988: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2929: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2871:. GlobalSecurity 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2822: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2797: 2787: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2738: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2662: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2506: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2090:Royal Chronicles 2066:Ho Chi Minh City 2040:had reached the 2024:Traditional view 1886:Srey Santhor era 1618:Laotian kingdoms 1137:Royal Chronology 1111: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1024:Military history 1014:Economic history 931: 930:(UNTAC, 1992–93) 788:Cambodia in 1945 777:French Indochina 657: 647: 629: 589: 588: 575: 574: 561: 560: 549: 548: 536: 535: 529: 528: 513: 512: 354:Siege of Longvek 318:Early modern era 161:(from 1777) 138: 124: 116: 97: 81: 64: 58: 50: 49: 39: 21: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6745: 6731:Public holidays 6632: 6608:Sex trafficking 6519: 6488: 6430: 6396:Law enforcement 6332: 6313:Protected areas 6248: 6239: 6235:Modern Cambodia 6181: 6119: 6110: 6039: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6007: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5979: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5951: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5923: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5895: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5867: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5839: 5836: 5834:Further reading 5831: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5788: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5684: 5674: 5667: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5497:Chandler, David 5495: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5469:Chandler, David 5467: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5441:Chandler, David 5439: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5388:Chandler, David 5386: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5369: 5368:on 26 June 2015 5360: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5211: 5207: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4983:on 26 June 2015 4975: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4856:on 26 June 2015 4853: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4822:Phnom Penh Post 4816: 4815: 4811: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4727:Yale University 4723: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4527: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4463: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4399:10.2307/2049791 4380: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4021: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3948:on 29 June 2016 3945: 3938: 3934:Thung, Heng L. 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3425:Phnom Penh Post 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3344:on 2 April 2015 3341: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3271: 3270: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3218:10.2307/2049480 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2849:on 22 June 2015 2841: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2692:on 14 June 2015 2684: 2683: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2516:on 15 June 2015 2508: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2440:Cambodia portal 2438: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2380: 2364:Charles Thomson 2337:Léonard Charner 2333: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2232: 2226: 2109: 2084:for Vietnam is 2074: 2026: 1982: 1928: 1920:Chey Chettha II 1916: 1888: 1831: 1823:Main articles: 1809: 1734:, conqueror of 1722: 1714:rhinoceros horn 1678:precious stones 1666:Tonle Sap river 1650: 1630:South China Sea 1614:Tonle Sap river 1598: 1589: 1560: 1524:Indravarman III 1460: 1420:Michael Vickery 1397: 1395:Land or people? 1351:Michael Vickery 1335: 1254: 1146:Michael Vickery 1094: 1058: 1056: 1038: 995: 951:Modern Cambodia 933: 929: 927: 902: 764:Colonial period 759: 704: 693:Khmer–Cham wars 645: 638: 623: 586: 572: 558: 553:French Cambodia 533: 506:Cambodian tical 490: 480: 470: 460: 437: 435:French Cambodia 424: 408: 387: 373: 356: 343: 333: 331:Siege of Angkor 300: 288: 280:Chey Chettha II 276: 268:Srei Soriyopear 264: 256:Barom Reachea I 252: 240: 228: 197: 164: 141: 136: 122: 114: 100: 88: 83: 82: 65: 59: 52: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6830: 6828: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6794: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6770: 6763: 6755: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6515:Transportation 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6426:Prime Minister 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6281:Climate change 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6195: 6190: 6188:Khmer Republic 6185: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6037:External links 6035: 6034: 6033: 6020: 6005: 5993:978-0199711734 5992: 5977: 5964: 5949: 5937:978-0522854770 5936: 5921: 5909:978-1845114930 5908: 5893: 5880: 5865: 5852: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5796: 5774: 5740: 5718: 5696: 5687:|journal= 5649: 5613: 5579: 5565: 5559:. p. 48. 5541: 5534: 5516: 5509: 5488: 5481: 5460: 5453: 5432: 5425: 5407: 5400: 5379: 5353: 5331: 5306: 5292: 5272: 5250: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5166: 5148: 5123: 5116: 5096: 5071: 5049: 5040: 5028: 5014: 4994: 4968: 4954: 4934: 4916: 4894: 4887: 4867: 4835: 4824:. 22 June 2001 4809: 4792: 4785: 4765: 4758: 4738: 4716: 4691: 4666: 4641: 4616: 4591: 4566: 4559: 4539: 4530:|journal= 4500: 4493: 4473: 4451: 4444: 4424: 4373: 4351: 4331: 4306: 4299: 4279: 4254: 4232: 4207: 4185: 4163: 4113: 4103: 4083: 4041: 4019: 3959: 3926: 3900: 3874: 3849: 3824: 3810: 3790: 3758: 3733: 3708: 3694: 3674: 3660: 3640: 3615: 3608: 3588: 3581: 3561: 3536: 3511: 3486: 3464: 3438: 3427:. 14 June 2013 3412: 3390: 3355: 3323: 3298: 3284: 3261: 3250:. Siam Society 3239: 3196: 3171: 3146: 3135:. 14 June 2013 3121: 3096: 3068: 3054: 3034: 3020: 3000: 2975: 2961: 2941: 2916: 2902: 2882: 2860: 2834: 2809: 2750: 2725: 2703: 2674: 2649: 2627: 2605: 2575: 2553: 2527: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2427: 2424: 2407:historiography 2379: 2376: 2332: 2329: 2313:Main article: 2307:Main article: 2304: 2301: 2254:, who were in 2228:Main article: 2225: 2222: 2129:Southeast Asia 2108: 2105: 2101:David Chandler 2078:Kampuchea Krom 2073: 2072:Contrary views 2070: 2025: 2022: 1981: 1978: 1962:in the north. 1927: 1924: 1918:In 1618, King 1915: 1912: 1887: 1884: 1808: 1805: 1793:Gaspar da Cruz 1724:Messengers of 1721: 1718: 1649: 1646: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1559: 1556: 1508:Jayavarman VII 1459: 1456: 1438:David K. Wyatt 1431: 1430: 1428: 1427:Contrary views 1396: 1393: 1347:David Chandler 1334: 1331: 1325:and later the 1301:into southern 1275:of modern-day 1265:Southeast Asia 1253: 1250: 1142:Jayavarman VII 1096: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1005: 1002: 1001: 997: 996: 994: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 957: 954: 953: 947: 946: 945: 944: 939: 934: 924: 922: 917: 909: 908: 904: 903: 901: 900: 899: 898: 893: 883: 878: 877: 876: 871: 857: 856: 855: 854: 844: 843: 842: 835:Khmer Republic 831: 830: 829: 828: 823: 818: 816:Sihanouk Trail 813: 802: 799: 798: 794: 793: 792: 791: 781: 780: 779: 766: 765: 761: 760: 758: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 716: 713: 712: 706: 705: 703: 702: 701: 700: 695: 690: 680: 675: 669: 666: 665: 659: 658: 650: 649: 640: 639: 632: 625: 624: 622: 621: 616: 611: 605: 603: 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 590: 583: 577: 576: 569: 563: 562: 555: 546: 543: 542: 537: 525: 524: 519: 509: 508: 503: 499: 498: 495: 494: 491: 488: 485: 484: 481: 478: 475: 474: 471: 468: 465: 464: 461: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 446: 445: 442: 441: 440:11 August 1863 438: 432: 429: 428: 425: 416: 413: 412: 409: 395: 392: 391: 388: 381: 378: 377: 374: 364: 361: 360: 357: 351: 348: 347: 344: 341: 338: 337: 334: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 314:Historical era 311: 310: 307: 306: 301: 298: 295: 294: 289: 286: 283: 282: 277: 274: 271: 270: 265: 262: 259: 258: 253: 250: 247: 246: 241: 238: 235: 234: 229: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 196: 195: 190: 184: 182: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 163: 162: 156: 149: 147: 143: 142: 140: 139: 131: 125: 117: 108: 106: 102: 101: 98: 90: 89: 84: 76: 75: 72: 71: 67: 66: 45: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6829: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6726:Ornamentation 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6675:royal cuisine 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6556:Ethnic groups 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6286:Deforestation 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6180:Sihanouk era 6178: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6138:Early history 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6102: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: at the 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6036: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6006: 5995: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5978: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5950: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5894: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5866: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5813: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5741: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5707: 5700: 5697: 5692: 5679: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5650: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5631:Asian Affairs 5624: 5617: 5614: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5580: 5568: 5566:9780313311703 5562: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5545: 5542: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5295: 5293:9780313323836 5289: 5285: 5284: 5276: 5273: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5215:Fielding 2008 5213: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5159: 5152: 5149: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5097: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5017: 5015:9780521243339 5011: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4995: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4957: 4955:9780522854770 4951: 4947: 4946: 4938: 4935: 4927: 4920: 4917: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4871: 4868: 4852: 4845: 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Cambosastra 4676: 4670: 4667: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4522: 4511: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4374: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4283: 4280: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4042: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3960: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3901: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3813: 3811:9780522854770 3807: 3803: 3802: 3794: 3791: 3775: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3697: 3695:9789971988395 3691: 3687: 3686: 3678: 3675: 3663: 3661:9781438109961 3657: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3641: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3589: 3584: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3565: 3562: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3452: 3451:Khaleej Times 3448: 3442: 3439: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3359: 3356: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3287: 3285:9781134819980 3281: 3278:. Routledge. 3277: 3276: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3085: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3057: 3055:9781576077702 3051: 3047: 3046: 3038: 3035: 3023: 3021:9781118350447 3017: 3013: 3012: 3004: 3001: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2964: 2962:9781630414818 2958: 2954: 2953: 2945: 2942: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2905: 2903:9780847684427 2899: 2895: 2894: 2886: 2883: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2396: 2395:geochronology 2392: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2341:French Empire 2338: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2310: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2064:, modern day 2063: 2059: 2055: 2052:, one of the 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1986: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1813: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602:Yasodharapura 1596:Chaktomuk era 1595: 1593: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1565:Yasodharapura 1557: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500:Suryavarman I 1497: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476:Jayavarman VI 1473: 1472:Mahidharapura 1464: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:Pagan Kingdom 1266: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:John Crawfurd 1227: 1223: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1204:in 1594. The 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167:Yasodharapura 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:Middle period 1107: 1103: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1003: 998: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 958: 956: 955: 952: 948: 943: 940: 938: 937:1993 election 935: 932: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 912: 911: 910: 907:Peace process 905: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 887: 884: 882: 879: 875: 872: 870: 868: 864: 863: 862: 859: 858: 853: 850: 849: 848: 845: 841: 838: 837: 836: 833: 832: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 807: 804: 803: 801: 800: 795: 789: 785: 782: 778: 775: 774: 773: 770: 769: 768: 767: 762: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 720:Chaktomuk era 718: 717: 715: 714: 711: 707: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 668: 667: 664: 663:Early history 660: 656: 652: 651: 648: 641: 636: 630: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 606: 604: 602:Today part of 600: 584: 582: 579: 578: 570: 568: 565: 564: 556: 554: 551: 550: 547: 541: 538: 531: 530: 527: 526: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 510: 507: 504: 500: 496: 492: 482: 472: 462: 443: 439: 436: 426: 423: 420: 410: 407: 403: 399: 389: 385: 375: 372: 368: 358: 355: 345: 335: 332: 319: 316: 312: 308: 305: 302: 293: 290: 281: 278: 269: 266: 257: 254: 245: 242: 233: 230: 216: 214: 207: 204: 200: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 183: 181: 177: 174: 171: 167: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 148: 144: 135: 132: 129: 126: 121: 118: 113: 110: 109: 107: 103: 96: 91: 87: 80: 73: 68: 63: 56: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6646:Architecture 6613:Social class 6593:Prostitution 6546:Demographics 6462:Child labour 6374:Human rights 6173:Puppet state 6157: 6153:Khmer Empire 6025:. 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