864:
32:
1984:
1660:
105:
1809:
Ellis H. Crime and
Control in the English Speaking Caribbean: A Comparative Study of Jamaica, Trinidad, Tobago and Barbados, 1960-1980 // Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives, edited by Heiland, Shelley, and Katoh. – 1992. – p.
1859:
Ingemann-Hansen, Ole; Sabroe, Svend; Brink, Ole; Knudsen, Maiken; Charles, Annie
Vesterbye (2009). "Characteristics of victims and assaults of sexual violence – Improving inquiries and prevention".
834:
2025:
42:
1243:
1759:
451:
1751:
into question, but all measures of crime have a dark figure to some degree. The gap in official statistics is largest for less serious crimes.
1268:
827:
1843:
174:
1767:
1690:
1287:
2018:
801:
655:
1971:
1956:
1629:
1619:
1323:
1283:
820:
76:
1894:
Maxfield, Michael G.; Weiler, Barbara Luntz; Widom, Cathy Spatz (2000). "Comparing Self-Reports and
Official Records of Arrests".
1078:
2049:
1378:
1163:
914:
698:
395:
2059:
635:
615:
179:
2011:
1644:
1298:
796:
791:
645:
1724:
963:
929:
446:
237:
1607:
933:
883:
703:
20:
1819:
Oloruntimehin O. Crime and control in
Nigeria // Crime and control in comparative perspectives. – 1992. – p. 163-188.
1991:
1785:
1624:
1122:
610:
335:
286:
159:
2044:
1614:
1450:
1183:
1053:
919:
748:
630:
534:
500:
485:
291:
194:
54:
1744:
1173:
1008:
753:
149:
58:
1683:
1423:
1413:
1383:
1263:
1248:
1213:
1133:
1128:
1028:
640:
475:
281:
204:
1408:
1338:
1328:
1308:
1293:
1223:
1193:
1113:
1018:
806:
568:
189:
1776:
are also used in comparison with official statistics and organized datasets to assess the dark of crime.
1755:
1639:
1464:
1393:
1368:
1273:
1198:
1158:
1118:
1103:
1068:
1041:
968:
758:
708:
605:
558:
480:
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362:
184:
129:
124:
2054:
1634:
1488:
1436:
1403:
1373:
1208:
1178:
1168:
1098:
1083:
878:
873:
728:
723:
713:
665:
625:
620:
583:
527:
436:
330:
247:
154:
863:
1773:
1508:
1253:
1153:
991:
978:
773:
650:
573:
563:
367:
134:
1911:
1676:
1318:
1313:
1233:
1188:
1138:
1108:
1088:
948:
925:
768:
743:
400:
350:
306:
199:
1584:
1967:
1952:
1876:
1839:
1536:
1500:
1480:
1460:
1418:
1398:
1228:
1218:
1148:
998:
943:
660:
431:
301:
227:
1903:
1868:
1748:
1728:
1588:
1548:
1492:
1348:
1303:
1258:
1203:
1143:
1058:
1023:
973:
426:
372:
1790:
1732:
1596:
1592:
1576:
1556:
1484:
1472:
1361:
1333:
1278:
1238:
1003:
953:
763:
405:
345:
340:
325:
257:
252:
242:
164:
144:
1995:
1664:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1516:
1476:
1063:
909:
522:
139:
2038:
1915:
1552:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1446:
958:
904:
678:
510:
420:
318:
1983:
1763:
1544:
1496:
673:
232:
1704:
1560:
1532:
1504:
1388:
1343:
1073:
1048:
718:
505:
410:
357:
209:
169:
92:
1872:
104:
1907:
1659:
1093:
1013:
938:
738:
733:
539:
1708:
1512:
1468:
855:
377:
313:
1931:
Understanding Crime
Incidence Statistics: Why the UCR Diverges from the NCS
1880:
1770:(NCVS), attempt to provide an insight into the amount of unreported crime.
517:
464:
96:
899:
578:
548:
495:
119:
490:
271:
1929:
Biderman, Albert D.; Lynch, James P.; Peterson, James L. (1991).
25:
41:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1838:(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
1743:
This gap between reported and unreported crimes calls the
1999:
50:
1754:
Comparisons between official statistics, such as the
1964:
Understanding crime data: haunted by the dark figure
1723:is the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime.
1727:from victim surveys differ from sexual violence
2019:
1684:
828:
39:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
16:Term used by criminologists and sociologists
2026:
2012:
1836:Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader
1691:
1677:
862:
846:
835:
821:
469:
88:
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1962:Coleman, C., & Moynihan, J. (1996).
1760:National Incident-Based Reporting System
1834:Walsh, Anthony; Hemmens, Craig (2014).
1829:
1827:
1825:
1802:
854:
547:
91:
1861:Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
7:
1980:
1978:
1896:Journal of Quantitative Criminology
1768:National Crime Victimization Survey
14:
1982:
1949:Investigating Crime and Deviance
1658:
180:Risk & actuarial criminology
103:
30:
1244:Peace, war, and social conflict
19:For the South Korean film, see
1:
1998:. You can help Knowledge by
1725:Estimates of sexual violence
53:, discuss the issue on the
21:Dark Figure of Crime (film)
2076:
1977:
1873:10.1016/j.jflm.2008.07.004
1786:There are unknown unknowns
915:Human environmental impact
160:Expressive function of law
18:
1966:. Open University Press.
1933:. New York, NY: Springer.
1009:Structural functionalism
150:Differential association
1908:10.1023/a:1007577512038
1029:Symbolic interactionism
924:Industrial revolutions
205:Symbolic interactionism
2050:Law enforcement theory
1994:–related article is a
1717:hidden figure of crime
1019:Social constructionism
2060:Law enforcement stubs
1756:Uniform Crime Reports
1394:Conversation analysis
969:Social stratification
709:Biosocial criminology
416:Uniform Crime Reports
125:Biosocial criminology
1713:dark figure of crime
584:Solitary confinement
248:Alexandre Lacassagne
59:create a new article
51:improve this article
1951:. Harpers Collins.
1774:Self-report studies
979:Social cycle theory
850:Part of a series on
774:Radical criminology
135:Collective efficacy
1947:Moore, S. (1996).
1721:latent criminality
1665:Society portal
1288:History of science
1269:Race and ethnicity
949:Social environment
2007:
2006:
1845:978-1-4522-5820-1
1701:
1700:
1419:Social experiment
1299:Social psychology
944:Social complexity
845:
844:
591:
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528:Prisoners' rights
432:Positivist school
87:
86:
79:
61:, as appropriate.
2067:
2045:Crime statistics
2028:
2021:
2014:
1986:
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1959:, pages 211–220.
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1817:
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1807:
1749:crime statistics
1729:crime statistics
1693:
1686:
1679:
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1414:Network analysis
1304:Sociocybernetics
1294:Social movements
1024:Social darwinism
974:Social structure
866:
847:
837:
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823:
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427:Crime statistics
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1992:law enforcement
1944:
1942:Further reading
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1697:
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1437:Major theorists
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1004:Critical theory
999:Conflict theory
994:
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954:Social equality
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704:Anthropological
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406:Critical theory
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363:State-corporate
351:
274:
263:
262:
258:Archibald Reiss
253:Cesare Lombroso
243:Michel Foucault
223:
222:Major theorists
215:
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190:Social learning
175:Rational choice
165:Labeling theory
145:Criminalization
115:
83:
72:
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63:
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35:
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2016:
2008:
2005:
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1987:
1976:
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1960:
1943:
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1937:
1936:
1921:
1886:
1867:(4): 182–188.
1851:
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1812:
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1800:
1798:
1795:
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1781:
1778:
1766:, such as the
1764:victim studies
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1064:Astrosociology
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910:Human behavior
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804:
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766:
761:
759:Organizational
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695:
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569:Transformative
566:
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552:
545:
544:
543:
542:
537:
535:Rehabilitation
532:
531:
530:
525:
523:Prisoner abuse
515:
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513:
508:
503:
493:
488:
486:Incapacitation
483:
478:
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228:Émile Durkheim
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185:Social control
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140:Crime analysis
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130:Broken windows
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109:
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100:
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85:
84:
45:of the subject
43:worldwide view
38:
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29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
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2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1972:0-335-19519-9
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:0-00-322439-2
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:(1): 87–110.
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
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1630:Organizations
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1579: ·
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1575: ·
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1535: ·
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1474:
1470:
1467: ·
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1384:Computational
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1307:
1305:
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1300:
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1285:
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1277:
1275:
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1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
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1245:
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1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
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1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
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1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:Environmental
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:Consciousness
1077:
1075:
1072:
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1062:
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1055:
1052:
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959:Social equity
957:
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947:
945:
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940:
937:
935:
931:
927:
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905:Globalization
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831:
826:
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802:Organizations
800:
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789:
783:
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775:
772:
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767:
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762:
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757:
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750:
749:Environmental
747:
745:
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732:
730:
727:
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720:
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712:
710:
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705:
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697:
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690:
689:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
669:
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666:Postmodernist
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:Neo-classical
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
631:Environmental
629:
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624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
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603:
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596:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
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567:
565:
562:
560:
559:Participatory
557:
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541:
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1529:
1457:
1456:
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1409:Mathematical
1389:Ethnographic
1369:Quantitative
1054:Architecture
992:Perspectives
964:Social power
754:Experimental
476:Denunciation
442:Quantitative
352:Public-order
307:White-collar
238:Enrico Ferri
233:Hans Eysenck
73:
67:October 2021
64:
40:
2055:Criminology
1745:reliability
1739:Methodology
1705:criminology
1620:Terminology
1589:Baudrillard
1465:Tocqueville
1379:Comparative
1374:Qualitative
1344:Victimology
1174:Immigration
1159:Generations
1074:Criminology
744:Development
719:Criminology
641:Integrative
579:Utilitarian
574:Retributive
564:Restorative
551:in penology
437:Qualitative
411:Ethnography
396:Comparative
302:Blue-collar
210:Victimology
170:Psychopathy
93:Criminology
2039:Categories
1797:References
1645:By country
1399:Historical
1324:Technology
1264:Punishment
1249:Philosophy
1224:Mathematic
1214:Literature
1179:Industrial
1169:Historical
1094:Demography
1014:Positivism
939:Popularity
894:Key themes
739:Demography
661:Positivist
540:Recidivism
481:Deterrence
373:Victimless
200:Subculture
1916:140785017
1709:sociology
1461:Martineau
1404:Interview
1329:Terrorism
1309:Sociology
1254:Political
1194:Knowledge
1114:Education
856:Sociology
764:Political
693:Subfields
616:Classical
606:Anarchist
501:abolition
401:Profiling
346:Political
341:Organized
326:Corporate
314:Cold case
270:Types of
55:talk page
1881:19329073
1780:See also
1758:and the
1640:Timeline
1625:Journals
1593:Bourdieu
1585:Habermas
1581:Luhmann
1577:Foucault
1521:Mannheim
1501:Durkheim
1274:Religion
1234:Military
1199:Language
1184:Internet
1139:Feminist
1123:Jealousy
1109:Economic
1104:Disaster
1099:Deviance
1042:Branches
920:Identity
797:Journals
724:Critical
714:Conflict
699:American
670:Realism
636:Feminist
626:Critical
621:Conflict
518:Prisoner
465:Penology
331:Juvenile
282:Humanity
278:Against
155:Deviance
97:penology
49:You may
1810:131-161
1597:Giddens
1595:·
1591:·
1583:·
1571:·
1569:Goffman
1565:Schoeck
1551:·
1543:·
1519:·
1517:Du Bois
1515:·
1507:·
1503:·
1495:·
1489:Tönnies
1487:·
1473:Spencer
1471:·
1449:·
1362:Methods
1339:Utopian
1284:Science
1229:Medical
1219:Marxist
1209:Leisure
1119:Emotion
1084:Culture
900:Society
879:Outline
874:History
729:Culture
651:Marxist
646:Italian
611:Chicago
600:Schools
549:Justice
390:Methods
319:Perfect
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1762:, and
1711:, the
1635:People
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1553:Nisbet
1549:Merton
1541:Gehlen
1537:Adorno
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1505:Addams
1497:Simmel
1493:Veblen
1485:Pareto
1477:Le Bon
1458:1800s:
1451:Sieyès
1444:1700s:
1424:Survey
1349:Visual
1259:Public
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1154:Gender
1144:Fiscal
1134:Family
807:People
786:Browse
769:Public
511:reform
496:Prison
298:Class
287:Person
195:Strain
120:Anomie
114:Theory
1990:This
1912:S2CID
1719:, or
1608:Lists
1557:Mills
1533:Fromm
1525:Elias
1513:Weber
1447:Comte
1334:Urban
1319:Sport
1314:Space
1279:Rural
1239:Music
1189:Jewry
1089:Death
1049:Aging
884:Index
792:Index
734:Cyber
679:Right
491:Trial
452:NIBRS
358:State
292:State
272:crime
57:, or
1996:stub
1968:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1877:PMID
1840:ISBN
1707:and
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1545:Aron
1509:Mead
1481:Ward
1469:Marx
1149:Food
1069:Body
674:Left
506:open
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1204:Law
1059:Art
447:BJS
378:War
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