614:
continent. There are twenty-six land birds, and twenty-five of these are ranked by Mr. Gould as distinct species, supposed to have been created here; yet the close affinity of most of these birds to
American species in every character, in their habits, gestures, and tones of voice, was manifest. ... The naturalist, looking at the inhabitants of these volcanic islands in the Pacific, distant several hundred miles from the continent, yet feels that he is standing on American land. Why should this be so? Why should the species which are supposed to have been created in the Galapagos Archipelago, and nowhere else, bear so plain a stamp of affinity to those created in America? There is nothing in the conditions of life, in the geological nature of the islands, in their height or climate, or in the proportions in which the several classes are associated together, which resembles closely the conditions of the South American coast: In fact there is a considerable dissimilarity in all these respects. On the other hand, there is a considerable degree of resemblance in the volcanic nature of the soil, in climate, height, and size of the islands, between the Galapagos and Cape de Verde Archipelagos: But what an entire and absolute difference in their inhabitants! The inhabitants of the Cape de Verde Islands are related to those of Africa, like those of the Galapagos to America. I believe this grand fact can receive no sort of explanation on the ordinary view of independent creation; whereas on the view here maintained, it is obvious that the Galapagos Islands would be likely to receive colonists, whether by occasional means of transport or by formerly continuous land, from America; and the Cape de Verde Islands from Africa; and that such colonists would be liable to modification — the principle of inheritance still betraying their original birthplace.
859:) has produced a new "big bird" population that can exploit previously unexploited food due to its larger size. They do not breed with the other species on the island, as the females do not recognize the songs of the new males. Genetic evidence shows that currently, after several generations (a time scale that suggests shorter speciation events could have occurred previously), it lives in a complete reproductive isolation from the native species. According to professor Leif Andersson of Uppsala University, a taxonomist not aware of its history would consider it a distinct species.
42:
558:, the two species may be often seen climbing about the flowers of the great cactus-trees; but all the other species of this group of finches, mingled together in flocks, feed on the dry and sterile ground of the lower districts. The males of all, or certainly of the greater number, are jet black; and the females (with perhaps one or two exceptions) are brown. The most curious fact is the perfect gradation in the size of the beaks in the different species of
74:
395:
4309:
4333:
723:
4345:
4321:
1019:(BMP4), and its differential expression during development, resulted in variation of beak size and shape among finches. BMP4 acts in the developing embryo to lay down skeletal features, including making the beak stronger. The same group showed that the development of the different beak shapes in Darwin's finches are also influenced by slightly
285:. Lack based his analysis on the large collection of museum specimens collected by the 1905–06 Galápagos expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, to whom Lack dedicated his 1947 book. The birds vary in size from 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) and weigh between 8 and 38 grams (0.3 and 1.3 oz). The smallest are the
2691:
583:, is slightly parrot-shaped. Seeing this gradation and diversity of structure in one small, intimately related group of birds, one might really fancy that from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different ends. In a like manner it might be fancied that
549:
The remaining land-birds form a most singular group of finches, related to each other in the structure of their beaks, short tails, form of body and plumage: There are thirteen species, which Mr. Gould has divided into four subgroups. All these species are peculiar to this archipelago; and so is
613:
The most striking and important fact for us in regard to the inhabitants of islands, is their affinity to those of the nearest mainland, without being actually the same species. the
Galapagos Archipelago ... almost every product of the land and water bears the unmistakable stamp of the American
1031:
acts in a similar way to BMP4, affecting some of the features of beak growth like making them long and pointy. The authors suggest that changes in the temporal and spatial expression of these two factors are possible developmental controls of beak morphology. In a recent study genome sequencing
645:
pulp, which surrounds the seeds, whereas those with shorter beaks tear apart the cactus base and eat the pulp and any insect larvae and pupae (both groups eat flowers and buds). This dimorphism clearly maximises their feeding opportunities during the non-breeding season when food is scarce.
473:
that Darwin had labelled by island were separate species rather than just varieties. Gould found more species than Darwin had expected, and concluded that 25 of the 26 land birds were new and distinct forms, found nowhere else in the world but closely allied to those found on the
478:
continent. Darwin now saw that, if the finch species were confined to individual islands, like the mockingbirds, this would help to account for the number of species on the islands, and he sought information from others on the expedition. Specimens had also been collected by
Captain
1778:
Lamichhaney, Sangeet; Berglund, Jonas; Almén, Markus Sällman; Maqbool, Khurram; Grabherr, Manfred; Martinez-Barrio, Alvaro; Promerová, Marta; Rubin, Carl-Johan; Wang, Chao; Zamani, Neda; Grant, B. Rosemary; Grant, Peter R.; Webster, Matthew T.; Andersson, Leif (February 2015).
508:), he described Gould's findings on the number of birds, noting that "Although the species are thus peculiar to the archipelago, yet nearly all in their general structure, habits, colour of feathers, and even tone of voice, are strictly American". In the first edition of
402:) into three other species of finches found on the Galapagos Islands. Due to the absence of other species of birds, the finches adapted to new niches. The finches' beaks and bodies changed allowing them to eat certain types of foods such as nuts, fruits, and insects.
570:
is shown in Fig. 1, and the smallest in Fig. 3; but instead of there being only one intermediate species, with a beak of the size shown in Fig. 2, there are no less than six species with insensibly graduated beaks. The beak of the sub-group
2210:
Narrative of the surveying voyages of His
Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks.
634:
Females are dimorphic in song type: songs A and B are quite distinct. Also, males with song A have shorter bills than B males, another clear difference. With these beaks, males are able to feed differently on their favourite cactus, the prickly pear
543:
Seeing this gradation and diversity of structure in one small, intimately related group of birds, one might really fancy that from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different
518:
It is very remarkable that a nearly perfect gradation of structure in this one group can be traced in the form of the beak, from one exceeding in dimensions that of the largest gros-beak, to another differing but little from that of a
672:
Another interesting dimorphism is for the bills of young finches, which are either 'pink' or 'yellow'. All species of Darwin's finches exhibit this morphism, which lasts for two months. No interpretation of this phenomenon is known.
2180:
2112:
Andersson, Leif; Lamichhaney, Sangeet; Berglund, Jonas; Almén, Markus Sällman; Maqbool, Khurram; Grabherr, Manfred; et al. (11 February 2015), "Evolution of Darwin's finches and their beaks revealed by genome sequencing",
1036:
gene that encodes a transcription factor affecting craniofacial development is strongly associated with beak shape diversity. Moreover, these changes in the beak size have also altered vocalizations in Darwin's finches.
2044:
Abzhanov, Arhat; Kuo, Winston P.; Hartmann, Christine; Grant, B. Rosemary; Grant, Peter R.; Tabin, Clifford J. (3 August 2006). "The calmodulin pathway and evolution of elongated beak morphology in Darwin's finches".
487:, who had labelled them by island. From these, Darwin tried to reconstruct the locations from where he had collected his own specimens. The conclusions supported his idea of the transmutation of species.
2723:
project, a collaborative initiative for porting open source software to the Darwin platform to enable its use and evolution in the Apple Mac OS X environment. "Fink" is the German name for "finch."
2188:
1937:
297:
to different food sources. The birds are all dull-coloured. They are thought to have evolved from a single finch species that came to the islands more than a million years ago.
2220:
Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the
Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N
1977:
Abzhanov, Arhat; Protas, Meredith; Grant, B. Rosemary; Grant, Peter R.; Tabin, Clifford J. (3 September 2004). "Bmp4 and
Morphological Variation of Beaks in Darwin's Finches".
5191:
3221:
1166:
Soons, Joris; Herrel, Anthony; Genbrugge, Annelies; Aerts, Peter; Podos, Jeffrey; Adriaens, Dominique; Witte, Yoni de; Jacobs, Patric; Dirckx, Joris (12 April 2010).
5106:
4985:
4812:
4639:
2324:
1657:
1606:
1956:
1412:
5132:
5011:
4838:
4665:
4518:
359:'s teaching, he was interested in the geographical distribution of species, particularly links between species on oceanic islands and on nearby continents. On
706:
checklist, places the Cocos finch in the
Emberizidae, but with an asterisk indicating that the placement is probably wrong (AOU 1998–2006); in its tentative
665:
by expanding its feeding opportunity. The genetics of this situation cannot be clarified in the absence of a detailed breeding program, but two loci with
375:
he carefully noted where mockingbirds had been caught. In contrast, he paid little attention to the finches. When examining his specimens on the way to
2732:
465:
at that time. In early March, he met Gould again and for the first time to get a full report on the findings, including the point that his Galápagos "
458:
were actually "a series of ground
Finches which are so peculiar an entirely new group, containing 12 species." This story made the newspapers.
5211:
5080:
4959:
4786:
4613:
4479:
434:
on 4 January 1837, along with other mammal and bird specimens that he had collected. The bird specimens, including the finches, were given to
5119:
4998:
4825:
4652:
4505:
3216:
387:
and
Chatham Islands of a third. As they sailed home about nine months later, this, together with other facts, including what he had heard about
691:
2481:
2440:
2341:
2270:
1929:
2705:
1004:
2700:
855:(not yet formally named): In 1981, a hybrid male arrived at Daphne Major island. Its mating with local Galapagos finches (specifically
1641:
1590:
1305:
603:
Darwin discussed the divergence of species of birds in the Galápagos more explicitly in his chapter on geographical distribution in
442:, for identification. Gould set aside his paying work and at the next meeting, on 10 January, reported that the birds from the
2393:
699:
524:
1914:
2506:
5216:
2760:
2242:
333:
1510:
1495:
1145:
562:, from one as large as that of a hawfinch to that of a chaffinch, and (if Mr. Gould is right in including his sub-group,
1848:
Lamichhaney, Sangeet; Han, Fan; Webster, Matthew T.; Andersson, Leif; Grant, B. Rosemary; Grant, Peter R. (12 January 2018).
1568:
1381:
1332:
5124:
5003:
4830:
4657:
4510:
4349:
2454:
1711:
1552:
1526:
384:
2568:
2527:
2228:
1366:
1321:
631:
and their colleagues have made research trips to the Galápagos for about 30 years, particularly studying Darwin's finches.
316:, Darwin was unaware of the significance of the birds of the Galápagos. He had learned how to preserve bird specimens from
1686:
1457:
328:
and by this stage of the voyage concentrated mainly on geology. In Galápagos he mostly left bird shooting to his servant
1016:
431:
1952:
5196:
4440:
3206:
2591:
2230:
On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
1402:
539:), Darwin added more detail about the beaks of the birds, and two closing sentences which reflected his changed ideas:
306:
248:
214:
birds. They are well known for their remarkable diversity in beak form and function. They are often classified as the
2387:
73:
5221:
2988:
5137:
5016:
4843:
4670:
4523:
2729:
that shows how modulation of a certain gene during development can account for the differences seen in beak shape.
2903:
2893:
782:
2291:
1238:
1221:
3229:
3211:
2258:
1000:
628:
605:
510:
504:
380:
352:
772:
5163:
2710:
1697:
5186:
3234:
360:
321:
293:. The most important differences between species are in the size and shape of their beaks, which are highly
240:
2677:
4367:
3201:
3013:
2963:
2636:
666:
4445:
698:(Monroe and Sibley 1993), and at least one recent work follows that example (Burns and Skutch 2003). The
5024:
4864:
4531:
3038:
812:
762:
746:
728:
2726:
388:
4946:
4925:
4773:
4752:
4734:
4600:
4466:
4432:
4414:
3666:
2360:
2122:
2054:
1986:
1861:
1792:
1104:
658:
588:
443:
356:
348:
255:
2641:
5206:
3196:
3088:
3028:
2753:
2422:
935:
842:
802:
61:
53:
4332:
351:
and afterward, Darwin thought in terms of "centres of creation" and rejected ideas concerning the
3979:
3043:
3003:
2968:
2654:
2547:
2376:
2162:
2094:
2026:
1887:
1824:
1729:
1651:
1600:
1051:
945:
832:
822:
68:
49:
5029:
4869:
4536:
2432:
2426:
5071:
4725:
4325:
5145:
5111:
4990:
4933:
4851:
4817:
4760:
4678:
4644:
4587:
4453:
4105:
4052:
4002:
3145:
3135:
3078:
2878:
2873:
2716:
2477:
2436:
2337:
2318:
2276:
2266:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1879:
1816:
1808:
1637:
1586:
1301:
1276:
1197:
1122:
882:
528:
379:, Darwin noted that all of the mockingbirds on Charles Island were of one species, those from
341:
41:
999:
A long-term study carried out for more than 40 years by the Princeton University researchers
5201:
5150:
4856:
4683:
3971:
3113:
2785:
2646:
2539:
2412:
2368:
2355:
2130:
2062:
1994:
1869:
1800:
1719:
1266:
1233:
1187:
1179:
1112:
1056:
981:
902:
892:
872:
852:
662:
657:
exhibits a balanced genetic polymorphism and not, as originally supposed, a case of nascent
290:
232:
57:
4578:
2528:"Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S.
1168:"Mechanical stress, fracture risk and beak evolution in Darwin's ground finches (Geospiza)"
4203:
4031:
3501:
3023:
3008:
2946:
2845:
2773:
2720:
1271:
1254:
1060:
740:
734:
372:
317:
222:
4911:
2364:
2126:
2058:
1990:
1906:
1865:
1796:
1754:
1108:
4405:
4313:
4243:
4195:
4129:
4068:
4023:
4010:
3884:
3847:
3698:
3472:
3309:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3033:
3018:
2913:
2908:
2888:
2883:
2865:
2813:
2746:
2564:
2450:
2417:
2287:
2254:
2238:
2205:
1192:
1167:
915:
641:. Those with long beaks are able to punch holes in the cactus fruit and eat the fleshy
584:
484:
480:
394:
329:
259:
2512:
1583:
Evolutionary dynamics of a natural population: the large cactus finch of the Galápagos
1300:
Reissued in 1961 by Harper, New York. Reissued in 1983 by Cambridge University Press,
5180:
4739:
4251:
4235:
4158:
4150:
3984:
3782:
3632:
3519:
3477:
3277:
3269:
3191:
3155:
3073:
2997:
2181:"200 years after Darwin, this is how the iconic Galapagos finches are still evolving"
1891:
1733:
1408:
1398:
1046:
792:
707:
703:
475:
439:
286:
17:
2658:
2551:
2380:
2030:
4765:
4337:
4081:
3926:
3742:
3580:
3528:
3400:
3361:
3130:
3118:
3108:
3098:
2795:
2494:
2166:
2098:
1828:
1141:
1020:
866:
267:
188:
167:
135:
4938:
4592:
4458:
2493:
Monroe and Sibley consider the tanagers to be a tribe (Thraupini) of a big family
2446:
It is not clear whether this placement was made by Burns and Skutch or by Perrins.
722:
5056:
4563:
4419:
2471:
5093:
5065:
4972:
4905:
4799:
4719:
4626:
4572:
4492:
4399:
4142:
3989:
3795:
3774:
3763:
3728:
3595:
3585:
3543:
3434:
3301:
3103:
2928:
2923:
2855:
2840:
2808:
963:
687:
470:
364:
325:
263:
4710:
2359:, vol. 146, no. 3697 (published 7 September 1940), pp. 324–327,
4259:
4121:
4060:
4039:
3871:
3855:
3790:
3735:
3707:
3639:
3604:
3482:
3330:
3165:
3140:
2898:
2543:
2498:
2350:
1930:"A New Bird Species Has Evolved on Galapagos And Scientists Watched It Happen"
1780:
1724:
1028:
1024:
624:
566:, in the main group) even to that of a warbler. The largest beak in the genus
435:
310:
294:
278:
274:
236:
229:
174:
4896:
4390:
2686:
2280:
2247:
The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter
2142:
2074:
2006:
1812:
1781:"Evolution of Darwin's finches and their beaks revealed by genome sequencing"
4219:
4174:
3963:
3756:
3673:
3657:
3646:
3556:
3492:
3451:
3150:
2951:
2938:
2918:
2818:
1998:
1874:
1849:
929:
462:
337:
239:. The closest known relative of the Galápagos finches is the South American
215:
211:
181:
125:
85:
2158:
2150:
2090:
2082:
2022:
2014:
1883:
1820:
1280:
1201:
1183:
1126:
2397:
5050:
4890:
4704:
4557:
4384:
4187:
3917:
3892:
3838:
3749:
3721:
3611:
3575:
3567:
3549:
3444:
3429:
3413:
3160:
3123:
2956:
756:
650:
451:
430:
Following his return from the voyage Darwin presented the finches to the
160:
105:
2134:
2066:
1804:
5158:
5085:
4964:
4920:
4791:
4747:
4618:
4484:
4427:
4097:
3950:
3829:
3714:
3680:
3618:
3439:
3293:
3285:
2978:
2850:
2835:
2825:
2650:
1253:
Sato A, Tichy H, O'hUigin C, Grant PR, Grant BR, Klein J (March 2001).
695:
690:
along with the New World sparrows and Old World buntings. However, the
637:
587:, had been induced here to undertake the office of the carrion-feeding
447:
207:
145:
2738:
2625:
2456:
Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle
1172:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
579:
is somewhat like that of a starling, and that of the fourth subgroup,
5098:
4977:
4631:
4227:
4166:
3942:
3934:
3863:
3803:
3687:
3625:
3508:
3175:
3170:
3048:
2372:
1404:
Darwin's field notes on the Galapagos: 'A little world within itself'
376:
95:
4804:
4497:
4361:
2696:
Phylogeny of Darwin's finches as revealed by mtDNA sequences in PNAS
1698:
Strange Galapagos "Big Bird" reveals outcome of super-fast evolution
1335:
Leah Burrows, Harvard University: News and Events. November 12, 2021
1117:
1092:
686:
For some decades, taxonomists have placed these birds in the family
661:. The selection maintaining the polymorphism maximises the species'
550:
the whole group, with the exception of one species of the sub-group
2614:
2599:
Intelligent Thought: Science versus the Intelligent Design Movement
4113:
3900:
3463:
721:
455:
393:
368:
332:. Nonetheless, these birds were to play an important part in the
4089:
3456:
3419:
3389:
2803:
2769:
1033:
642:
466:
115:
4365:
3253:
2742:
2334:
How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin's Finches
4951:
4778:
4605:
4471:
4211:
3068:
2830:
2579:, Historical Series, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 49–94
1003:
has documented evolutionary changes in beak size affected by
554:, lately brought from Bow Island, in the Low Archipelago. Of
1222:"Beaks, Adaptation, and Vocal Evolution in Darwin's Finches"
1239:
10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0501:baavei]2.0.co;2
623:
Whereas Darwin spent just five weeks in the Galápagos, and
324:
and had been keen on shooting, but he had no expertise in
2706:
Galapagos Online. List of birds of the Galapagos Islands.
1907:"Galapagos finches caught in act of becoming new species"
1755:"Galapagos finches caught in act of becoming new species"
498:
At the time that he rewrote his diary for publication as
1032:
revealed a 240 kilobase haplotype encompassing the
2243:"Chapter 1, The Foundations of the 'Origin of Species'"
483:, FitzRoy's steward Harry Fuller, and Darwin's servant
1953:"Galapagos Finch Evolution – Dan Lewitt – HHMI (2013)"
1333:
For Darwin's finches, beak shape goes beyond evolution
726:
Four of Darwin's finches, clockwise (from top left):
270:, the others are found only on the Galápagos Islands.
27:
Group of related bird species in the Galápagos Islands
2508:
A classification of the bird species of South America
5040:
4880:
4694:
4547:
4374:
4186:
4141:
4080:
4051:
4022:
4001:
3962:
3925:
3916:
3883:
3846:
3837:
3828:
3773:
3697:
3656:
3594:
3566:
3542:
3518:
3491:
3412:
3399:
3360:
3329:
3268:
3184:
3087:
2987:
2937:
2864:
2794:
2626:"Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend"
469:" was another closely allied species of finch. The
262:on board as a gentleman naturalist. Apart from the
151:
67:
34:
2416:
391:, made him wonder about the stability of species.
523:By the time the first edition was published, the
273:The term "Darwin's finches" was first applied by
2577:Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)
2511:, American Ornithologists' Union, archived from
531:was in progress. For the 1845 second edition of
2711:Darwin's Finches Evolve Before Scientists' Eyes
2538:, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 300–320,
1343:
1341:
1142:"Evolution of Darwin's finches and their beaks"
611:
547:
2573:collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae)"
2353:(1940), "Evolution of the Galapagos Finches",
2754:
2616:Darwin in Galapagos: Footsteps to a New World
1850:"Rapid hybrid speciation in Darwin's finches"
1350:Darwin in Galapagos: Footsteps to a New World
8:
2719:Darwin's finches inspired the naming of the
2332:Grant, Peter R.; Grant, B. Rosemary (2008),
1581:Grant, B. Rosemary; Grant, Peter R. (1989).
1468:
1436:
1352:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1348:Grant, K. Thalia; Estes, Gregory B. (2009).
398:Seen here is adaptive radiation of finch A (
2635:, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–53,
2476:, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press,
1362:
1317:
714:, of uncertain place (Remsen et al. 2007).
4362:
3922:
3843:
3834:
3825:
3563:
3409:
3396:
3357:
3353:
3326:
3265:
3261:
3250:
3246:
2761:
2747:
2739:
2323:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1656:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1605:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1093:"Darwin's iconic finches join genome club"
1078:
1015:Developmental research in 2004 found that
40:
31:
2640:
2311:Ecology and evolution of Darwin's finches
2265:, London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group,
1873:
1723:
1712:"Learning about birds from their genomes"
1270:
1237:
1191:
1116:
2713:: new developments reported 13 July 2006
2683:Genetics and the Origin of Birds Species
2592:"Why Darwin Rejected Intelligent Design"
1700:Peter Hess, Inverse. November 27th, 2017
1682:
1632:John Maynard Smith (1998). "Chapter 5".
1480:
1453:
1425:
1385:
1220:Podos, Jeffrey; Nowiki, Stephen (2004).
2619:, Princeton: Princeton University Press
1215:
1213:
1211:
1071:
575:, is shown in Fig. 4. The beak of
371:, and after finding a different one on
5192:Endemic birds of the Galápagos Islands
2316:
2298:, no. Spring 2006, pp. 32–53
2213:, vol. III, London: Henry Colburn
1649:
1598:
1564:
1548:
1537:
1522:
1506:
1491:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1377:
710:check-list, the Galápagos species are
2601:, New York: Vintage, pp. 107–126
1670:
1619:
1272:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003806
7:
5164:E9CFF3AD-4E18-4236-8887-146E75D96F14
4320:
2222:(2nd. ed.), London: John Murray
1928:Starr, Michelle (24 November 2017).
367:was similar to those he had seen in
277:in 1936, and popularised in 1947 by
4344:
2701:Galápagos Online. Darwin's Finches.
2613:Grant, K. T.; Estes, G. B. (2009),
2497:rather than a family of their own (
2233:(1st ed.), London: John Murray
1905:Galloway, Rory (23 November 2017).
1753:Galloway, Rory (23 November 2017).
1255:"On the Origin of Darwin's Finches"
1140:Koffmar, Linda (12 February 2015).
1027:of a gene called calmodulin (CaM).
235:and are not closely related to the
2624:Sulloway, Frank J. (Spring 1982),
2389:Check-list of North American Birds
2249:, vol. 2, London: John Murray
247:). They were first collected when
25:
3222:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
2678:Different bills and song melodies
2633:Journal of the History of Biology
2428:The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds
1091:Marsh, Geoff (11 February 2015).
1011:Molecular basis of beak evolution
4343:
4331:
4319:
4308:
4307:
4198:(New World vultures and condors)
1940:from the original on 2017-12-09.
1917:from the original on 2017-11-30.
1710:Holmes, Bob (10 February 2022).
619:Polymorphism in Darwin's finches
72:
5212:History of evolutionary biology
2179:Kaplan, Sarah (22 April 2016).
1959:from the original on 2017-11-07
1415:from the original on 2011-08-21
1148:from the original on 2018-04-24
694:puts Darwin's finches with the
2418:"Tanagers and Tanager-Finches"
2394:American Ornithologists' Union
2336:, Princeton University Press,
1585:. Chicago. p. 241 first para.
1144:. Uppsala University, Sweden.
700:American Ornithologists' Union
525:development of Darwin's theory
1:
2296:The Virginia Quarterly Review
1298:. Cambridge University Press.
446:that Darwin had thought were
2459:, Cambridge University Press
2292:"Confessions of a Darwinist"
2245:, in Darwin, Francis (ed.),
1017:bone morphogenetic protein 4
432:Zoological Society of London
334:inception of Darwin's theory
4262:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2597:, in Brockman, John (ed.),
2590:Sulloway, Frank J. (2006),
2526:Steinheimer, F. D. (2004),
2505:Zimmer, J. (5 April 2007),
2470:Sibley, Charles G. (1993),
2396:, 1998–2006, archived from
909:) – sometimes separated in
585:a bird originally a buzzard
383:of another, and those from
5238:
4124:(cormorants and relatives)
3217:Extinct species since 1500
2473:A World Checklist of Birds
2431:, Firefly Books, pp.
591:of the American continent.
206:) are a group of about 18
4303:
4254:(kingfishers and rollers)
4108:(albatrosses and petrels)
3992:(swifts and hummingbirds)
3974:(nightjars and relatives)
3824:
3798:(pheasants and relatives)
3356:
3325:
3264:
3260:
3249:
3245:
2781:
2544:10.1007/s10336-004-0043-8
1725:10.1146/knowable-021022-1
783:Sharp-beaked ground finch
249:the second voyage of the
156:
69:Scientific classification
48:
39:
4153:(seriemas and relatives)
4132:(pelicans and relatives)
2309:Grant, Peter R. (1999),
2227:Darwin, Charles (1859),
2218:Darwin, Charles (1845),
1636:(2nd ed.). Oxford.
1469:Desmond & Moore 1991
1437:Desmond & Moore 1991
1001:Peter and Rosemary Grant
986:Platyspiza crassirostris
797:Geospiza septentrionalis
692:Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy
629:Peter and Rosemary Grant
606:On the Origin of Species
598:On the Origin of Species
511:The Voyage of the Beagle
505:The Voyage of the Beagle
493:The Voyage of the Beagle
353:transmutation of species
4246:(hornbills and hoopoes)
4161:(falcons and relatives)
2735:Kimball's Biology Pages
2727:Aug 2006 Nature Article
1999:10.1126/science.1098095
1875:10.1126/science.aao4593
1007:cycles in the Pacific.
920:Camarhynchus heliobates
877:Camarhynchus psittacula
618:
322:University of Edinburgh
289:and the largest is the
241:dull-coloured grassquit
5217:Polymorphism (biology)
4230:(trogons and quetzals)
4042:(cranes and relatives)
3312:(emus and cassowaries)
3202:Glossary of bird terms
3014:Confuciusornithiformes
2536:Journal of Ornithology
1622:, p. 428 in Afterword.
1184:10.1098/rstb.2009.0280
1079:Grant & Grant 2008
750:
667:linkage disequilibrium
616:
593:
546:
521:
427:
300:
5025:Paleobiology Database
4865:Paleobiology Database
4532:Paleobiology Database
4071:(kagu and sunbittern)
4034:(gulls and relatives)
3039:Songlingornithiformes
3004:Omnivoropterygiformes
2685:, Grant and Grant in
1634:Evolutionary genetics
968:Pinaroloxias inornata
907:Camarhynchus pallidus
897:Camarhynchus parvulus
837:Geospiza magnirostris
813:Genovesa cactus finch
773:Española cactus finch
767:Geospiza acutirostris
763:Genovesa ground finch
747:Camarhynchus parvulus
729:Geospiza magnirostris
725:
649:If the population is
541:
537:Journal of Researches
516:
438:, the famous English
407:Geospiza magnirostris
400:Geospiza magnirostris
397:
363:, he recorded that a
228:. They belong to the
18:Darwin's Finches
3893:Phoenicopteriformes
2413:Skutch, Alexander F.
1397:Chancellor, Gordon;
1294:Lack, David (1947).
777:Geospiza conirostris
659:sympatric speciation
655:Geospiza conirostris
627:spent three months,
3864:Mesitornithiformes
3858:(doves and pigeons)
3192:Families and orders
3054:Ichthyornithiformes
3029:Patagopterygiformes
2423:Christopher Perrins
2365:1940Natur.146..324L
2185:Speaking of Science
2135:10.1038/nature14181
2127:2015Natur.518..371L
2067:10.1038/nature04843
2059:2006Natur.442..563A
1991:2004Sci...305.1462A
1985:(5689): 1462–1465.
1866:2018Sci...359..224L
1805:10.1038/nature14181
1797:2015Natur.518..371L
1178:(1543): 1093–1098.
1109:2015Natur.518..147M
1025:spatial expressions
936:Green warbler-finch
887:Camarhynchus pauper
843:Common cactus finch
827:Geospiza fuliginosa
803:Medium ground finch
787:Geospiza difficilis
500:Journal and Remarks
461:Darwin had been in
389:Galápagos tortoises
202:(also known as the
62:Green warbler-finch
54:Medium ground finch
5197:Evolution of birds
4206:(eagles and hawks)
4106:Procellariiformes
4011:Opisthocomiformes
3980:Steatornithiformes
3207:List by population
3044:Hongshanornithidae
2969:Evolution of birds
2651:10.1007/BF00132004
2565:Sulloway, Frank J.
1439:, pp. 208–209
1052:Adaptive radiation
946:Grey warbler-finch
940:Certhidea olivacea
833:Large ground finch
823:Small ground finch
817:Geospiza propinqua
751:
669:is a possibility.
514:, Darwin said that
428:
417:Certhidea olivacea
245:Asemospiza obscura
50:Large ground finch
5222:Bird common names
5174:
5173:
5146:Open Tree of Life
4852:Open Tree of Life
4679:Open Tree of Life
4368:Taxon identifiers
4359:
4358:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4092:(loons or divers)
4061:Phaethontiformes
4053:Phaethontimorphae
4003:Opisthocomiformes
3972:Caprimulgiformes
3912:
3911:
3901:Podicipediformes
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3538:
3537:
3321:
3320:
3278:Struthioniformes
3146:Waterfowl hunting
3079:Gastornithiformes
3074:Aepyornithiformes
3064:Lithornithiformes
2483:978-0-300-07083-5
2442:978-1-55297-777-4
2411:Burns, Kevin J.;
2343:978-0-691-13360-7
2272:978-0-7181-3430-3
2053:(7102): 563–567.
1860:(6372): 224–228.
1791:(7539): 371–375.
1716:Knowable Magazine
883:Medium tree finch
847:Geospiza scandens
529:natural selection
444:Galápagos Islands
349:Galápagos Islands
342:natural selection
307:the survey voyage
256:Galápagos Islands
204:Galápagos finches
197:
196:
35:Darwin's finches
16:(Redirected from
5229:
5167:
5166:
5154:
5153:
5141:
5140:
5128:
5127:
5115:
5114:
5102:
5101:
5089:
5088:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5033:
5032:
5020:
5019:
5007:
5006:
4994:
4993:
4981:
4980:
4968:
4967:
4955:
4954:
4942:
4941:
4929:
4928:
4926:DDACC3F87B82FF4C
4916:
4915:
4914:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4873:
4872:
4860:
4859:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4833:
4821:
4820:
4808:
4807:
4795:
4794:
4782:
4781:
4769:
4768:
4756:
4755:
4753:5F7D29F76143F763
4743:
4742:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4687:
4686:
4674:
4673:
4661:
4660:
4648:
4647:
4635:
4634:
4622:
4621:
4609:
4608:
4596:
4595:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4540:
4539:
4527:
4526:
4514:
4513:
4501:
4500:
4488:
4487:
4475:
4474:
4462:
4461:
4449:
4448:
4436:
4435:
4433:358FEF970ECCD004
4423:
4422:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4363:
4347:
4346:
4335:
4323:
4322:
4311:
4310:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4236:Leptosomiformes
4231:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4204:Accipitriformes
4199:
4178:
4177:(perching birds)
4170:
4162:
4154:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4098:Sphenisciformes
4093:
4072:
4064:
4043:
4035:
4032:Charadriiformes
4014:
3993:
3975:
3954:
3946:
3943:Musophagiformes
3938:
3923:
3904:
3896:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3799:
3786:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3466:
3459:
3423:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3393:
3358:
3354:
3327:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3266:
3262:
3251:
3247:
3114:Bird collections
3069:Dinornithiformes
2974:Darwin's finches
2964:Origin of flight
2904:Seabird breeding
2894:Sexual selection
2763:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2644:
2630:
2620:
2602:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2445:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2383:
2373:10.1038/146324a0
2346:
2328:
2322:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2283:
2250:
2234:
2223:
2214:
2193:
2192:
2187:. Archived from
2176:
2170:
2169:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2041:
2035:
2034:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1877:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1727:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1647:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1578:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1401:(October 2006),
1394:
1388:
1375:
1369:
1363:Steinheimer 2004
1360:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:Steinheimer 2004
1315:
1309:
1299:
1296:Darwin's Finches
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1217:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1057:Island gigantism
1021:different timing
982:Vegetarian finch
903:Woodpecker finch
893:Small tree finch
873:Large tree finch
412:Geospiza parvula
291:vegetarian finch
283:Darwin's Finches
266:, which is from
200:Darwin's finches
152:Groups included
77:
76:
58:Small tree finch
44:
32:
21:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5162:
5157:
5149:
5144:
5136:
5131:
5123:
5118:
5110:
5105:
5097:
5092:
5084:
5079:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5036:
5028:
5023:
5015:
5010:
5002:
4997:
4989:
4984:
4976:
4971:
4963:
4958:
4950:
4945:
4937:
4932:
4924:
4919:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4876:
4868:
4863:
4855:
4850:
4842:
4837:
4829:
4824:
4816:
4811:
4803:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4777:
4772:
4764:
4759:
4751:
4746:
4738:
4733:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4690:
4682:
4677:
4669:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4630:
4625:
4617:
4612:
4604:
4599:
4591:
4586:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4543:
4535:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4509:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4444:
4439:
4431:
4426:
4418:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4267:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4244:Bucerotiformes
4238:(cuckoo-roller)
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4196:Cathartiformes
4182:
4176:
4168:
4167:Psittaciformes
4160:
4152:
4137:
4131:
4130:Pelecaniformes
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4076:
4070:
4069:Eurypygiformes
4062:
4047:
4041:
4033:
4018:
4012:
3997:
3991:
3973:
3958:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3908:
3902:
3894:
3879:
3873:
3872:Pterocliformes
3865:
3857:
3808:
3797:
3784:
3769:
3693:
3652:
3590:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3546:
3534:
3514:
3487:
3464:
3457:
3417:
3416:
3404:
3403:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3317:
3311:
3310:Casuariiformes
3303:
3302:Apterygiformes
3295:
3287:
3279:
3256:
3241:
3212:Lists by region
3180:
3090:
3083:
3024:Chaoyangiformes
3009:Jeholornithidae
2983:
2947:Origin of birds
2933:
2914:Brood parasites
2860:
2790:
2777:
2767:
2674:
2663:
2661:
2642:10.1.1.458.3975
2628:
2623:
2612:
2609:
2607:Further reading
2594:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2504:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2451:Keynes, Richard
2449:
2443:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2386:
2349:
2344:
2331:
2315:
2313:, Princeton, NJ
2308:
2301:
2299:
2288:Eldredge, Niles
2286:
2273:
2255:Desmond, Adrian
2253:
2239:Darwin, Francis
2237:
2226:
2217:
2206:Darwin, Charles
2204:
2201:
2196:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2121:(7539): 371–5,
2111:
2110:
2106:
2043:
2042:
2038:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1648:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1597:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1452:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1316:
1312:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1259:Mol. Biol. Evol
1252:
1251:
1247:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1118:10.1038/518147a
1090:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:island dwarfism
1043:
1013:
1005:El Niño/La Niña
997:
995:Modern research
950:Certhidea fusca
807:Geospiza fortis
741:Certhidea fusca
735:Geospiza fortis
720:
684:
679:
621:
601:
496:
426:
422:Geospiza fortis
318:John Edmonstone
303:
301:Darwin's theory
287:warbler-finches
71:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5235:
5233:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5187:Charles Darwin
5179:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5155:
5142:
5129:
5116:
5103:
5090:
5077:
5062:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5021:
5008:
4995:
4982:
4969:
4956:
4943:
4930:
4917:
4902:
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4861:
4848:
4835:
4822:
4809:
4796:
4783:
4770:
4757:
4744:
4731:
4716:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4675:
4662:
4649:
4636:
4623:
4610:
4597:
4584:
4569:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4528:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4463:
4450:
4437:
4424:
4411:
4396:
4380:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4341:
4329:
4317:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4257:
4252:Coraciiformes
4249:
4241:
4233:
4228:Trogoniformes
4225:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4192:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:Passeriformes
4172:
4164:
4159:Falconiformes
4156:
4151:Cariamiformes
4147:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4114:Ciconiiformes
4111:
4103:
4095:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4037:
4028:
4026:
4024:Cursorimorphae
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3885:Mirandornithes
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3856:Columbiformes
3852:
3850:
3848:Columbimorphae
3841:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3783:Meleagridinae
3779:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3701:
3699:Odontophoridae
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3561:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3478:Stictonettinae
3475:
3473:Dendrocygninae
3470:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3426:
3424:
3407:
3394:
3351:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3274:
3272:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3226:Notable birds
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3176:Egg collecting
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:Hesperornithes
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Ambiortiformes
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:Enantiornithes
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2714:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2673:
2672:External links
2670:
2669:
2668:
2621:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2587:
2561:
2523:
2502:
2482:
2467:
2447:
2441:
2408:
2384:
2347:
2342:
2329:
2306:
2284:
2271:
2251:
2235:
2224:
2215:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2191:on 2016-05-31.
2171:
2104:
2036:
1969:
1943:
1920:
1897:
1840:
1770:
1745:
1702:
1690:
1675:
1663:
1643:978-0198502319
1642:
1624:
1612:
1592:978-0226305905
1591:
1573:
1557:
1541:
1530:
1515:
1499:
1484:
1473:
1461:
1441:
1429:
1418:
1399:Keynes, Randal
1389:
1370:
1355:
1337:
1325:
1310:
1286:
1265:(3): 299–311.
1245:
1232:(6): 501–510.
1207:
1158:
1132:
1083:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1012:
1009:
996:
993:
992:
991:
990:
989:
973:
972:
971:
955:
954:
953:
943:
925:
924:
923:
916:Mangrove finch
913:
900:
890:
880:
862:
861:
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
810:
800:
790:
780:
770:
719:
716:
712:incertae sedis
708:South American
704:North American
683:
680:
678:
675:
620:
617:
600:
594:
495:
489:
481:Robert FitzRoy
476:South American
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
403:
373:Charles Island
361:Chatham Island
330:Syms Covington
302:
299:
260:Charles Darwin
195:
194:
193:
192:
185:
178:
171:
164:
154:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5234:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4352:
4351:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:Strigiformes
4210:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4063:(tropicbirds)
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3985:Podargiformes
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:Cuculiformes
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3633:Macrocephalon
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3520:Anseranatidae
3517:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3294:Tinamiformes
3292:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3270:Palaeognathae
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Pigeon racing
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:Archaeopteryx
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2524:
2515:on 2009-03-02
2514:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2400:on 2007-04-04
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1951:Lewitt, Dan.
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:Sulloway 1982
1679:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:Sulloway 2006
1477:
1474:
1471:, p. 248
1470:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:Sulloway 1982
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:Eldredge 2006
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1409:Darwin Online
1406:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:Eldredge 2006
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:0-521-25243-1
1303:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:(7538): 147.
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:Species flock
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
994:
987:
983:
980:
979:
978:
974:
969:
965:
962:
961:
960:
956:
951:
947:
944:
941:
937:
934:
933:
932:
931:
926:
921:
917:
914:
912:
908:
904:
901:
898:
894:
891:
888:
884:
881:
878:
874:
871:
870:
869:
868:
863:
858:
854:
851:
848:
844:
841:
838:
834:
831:
828:
824:
821:
818:
814:
811:
808:
804:
801:
798:
794:
793:Vampire finch
791:
788:
784:
781:
778:
774:
771:
768:
764:
761:
760:
759:
758:
753:
752:
749:
748:
743:
742:
737:
736:
731:
730:
724:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
681:
676:
674:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
644:
640:
639:
632:
630:
626:
615:
610:
608:
607:
599:
595:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
520:
515:
513:
512:
507:
506:
501:
494:
490:
488:
486:
482:
477:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:ornithologist
437:
433:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
401:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:while at the
319:
315:
314:
308:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:visited the
253:
252:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
191:
190:
186:
184:
183:
179:
177:
176:
172:
170:
169:
165:
163:
162:
158:
157:
155:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
132:Superfamily:
131:
130:
127:
126:Passeriformes
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5072:Pinaroloxias
5042:Pinaroloxias
5041:
4881:
4740:Camarhynchus
4726:Camarhynchus
4696:Camarhynchus
4695:
4548:
4375:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4222:(mousebirds)
4220:Coliiformes
4090:Gaviiformes
4082:Aequornithes
3990:Apodiformes
3951:Otidiformes
3927:Otidimorphae
3874:(sandgrouse)
3796:Phasianinae
3762:
3755:
3748:
3743:Odontophorus
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3581:Oreophasinae
3527:
3507:
3500:
3405:(waterfowls)
3401:Anseriformes
3151:Cockfighting
3136:Conservation
3131:Bird feeding
3119:Birdwatching
3109:Ornithomancy
3049:Gansuiformes
2996:
2989:Fossil birds
2973:
2879:Intelligence
2693:
2682:
2662:, retrieved
2632:
2615:
2598:
2581:, retrieved
2576:
2570:
2555:, retrieved
2535:
2532:, 1831–1836"
2529:
2517:, retrieved
2513:the original
2507:
2495:Fringillidae
2487:, retrieved
2472:
2461:, retrieved
2455:
2427:
2402:, retrieved
2398:the original
2388:
2354:
2333:
2310:
2300:, retrieved
2295:
2262:
2259:Moore, James
2246:
2229:
2219:
2209:
2189:the original
2184:
2174:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2050:
2046:
2039:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1961:. Retrieved
1946:
1934:ScienceAlert
1933:
1923:
1910:
1900:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1832:. Retrieved
1788:
1784:
1773:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:
1748:
1737:. Retrieved
1715:
1705:
1693:
1678:
1666:
1633:
1627:
1615:
1582:
1576:
1560:
1544:
1533:
1518:
1502:
1487:
1476:
1464:
1432:
1421:
1403:
1392:
1373:
1358:
1349:
1328:
1313:
1295:
1289:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1229:
1225:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1150:. Retrieved
1135:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1074:
1014:
998:
985:
976:
967:
959:Pinaroloxias
958:
949:
939:
928:
919:
910:
906:
896:
886:
876:
867:Camarhynchus
865:
856:
846:
836:
826:
816:
806:
796:
786:
776:
766:
755:
745:
739:
733:
727:
711:
685:
671:
654:
648:
636:
633:
622:
612:
604:
602:
597:
581:Camarhynchus
580:
576:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:
542:
536:
535:(now titled
532:
522:
517:
509:
503:
499:
497:
492:
471:mockingbirds
460:
429:
421:
416:
411:
406:
399:
346:
312:
304:
282:
281:in his book
272:
268:Cocos Island
250:
244:
237:true finches
225:
218:
203:
199:
198:
189:Pinaroloxias
187:
180:
173:
168:Camarhynchus
166:
159:
136:Emberizoidea
29:
5094:iNaturalist
5066:Wikispecies
4973:iNaturalist
4906:Wikispecies
4800:iNaturalist
4720:Wikispecies
4627:iNaturalist
4573:Wikispecies
4493:iNaturalist
4400:Wikispecies
4350:WikiProject
4260:Piciformes
4143:Australaves
4122:Suliformes
4040:Gruiformes
3895:(flamingos)
3804:Tetraoninae
3775:Phasianidae
3764:Rhynchortyx
3729:Dactylortyx
3596:Megapodidae
3586:Penelopinae
3544:Galliformes
3286:Rheiformes
3280:(ostriches)
3230:individuals
3104:Ornithology
3091:interaction
2846:Preen gland
2717:Fink F.A.Q.
2351:Lack, David
1685:, pp.
1567:, pp.
1565:Darwin 1859
1549:Darwin 1845
1538:Darwin 1887
1525:, pp.
1523:Darwin 1845
1507:Darwin 1839
1494:, pp.
1492:Darwin 1839
1456:, pp.
1378:Keynes 2000
1365:, pp.
1081:, p. 3
964:Cocos finch
688:Emberizidae
452:gross-beaks
365:mockingbird
326:ornithology
264:Cocos finch
219:Geospizinae
5207:Geospizini
5181:Categories
4579:Platyspiza
4549:Platyspiza
4100:(penguins)
3953:(bustards)
3791:Perdicinae
3736:Dendrortyx
3708:Callipepla
3640:Megapodius
3605:Aepypodius
3483:Tadorninae
3465:true geese
3296:(tinamous)
3255:Neornithes
3166:Pheasantry
3141:Aviculture
2909:Incubation
2899:Lek mating
2733:Speciation
2664:2008-12-09
2583:2008-12-08
2557:2008-12-08
2519:2007-04-09
2499:Thraupidae
2489:2013-12-06
2463:2008-12-08
2404:2007-04-09
2302:2008-11-04
2199:References
1963:2017-06-06
1834:2022-02-14
1764:2022-02-14
1739:2022-02-11
1673:, plate 7.
1671:Grant 1999
1620:Grant 1999
1551:, p.
1509:, p.
1380:, p.
1320:, p.
1226:BioScience
1152:2018-04-24
1029:Calmodulin
977:Platyspiza
911:Cactospiza
625:David Lack
596:Text from
533:The Voyage
491:Text from
448:blackbirds
436:John Gould
279:David Lack
275:Percy Lowe
226:Geospizini
175:Platyspiza
146:Thraupidae
5057:Q10807310
4912:Certhidea
4882:Certhidea
4564:Q10807482
4169:(parrots)
4013:(hoatzin)
3964:Strisores
3945:(turacos)
3937:(cuckoos)
3866:(mesites)
3785:(turkeys)
3757:Philortyx
3674:Agelastes
3667:Acryllium
3658:Numididae
3647:Talegalla
3557:gamebirds
3550:landfowls
3529:Anseranas
3493:Anhimidae
3452:Anserinae
3235:fictional
2957:dinosaurs
2952:Theropoda
2939:Evolution
2884:Migration
2866:Behaviour
2637:CiteSeerX
2281:185764721
2211:1832–1836
2143:0028-0836
2075:0028-0836
2007:0036-8075
1892:206663426
1813:1476-4687
1734:246769765
1652:cite book
1601:cite book
930:Certhidea
857:G. fortis
702:, in its
651:panmictic
577:Cactornis
573:Certhidea
564:Certhidea
556:Cactornis
552:Cactornis
519:warbler".
485:Covington
463:Cambridge
381:Albemarle
338:evolution
216:subfamily
212:passerine
182:Certhidea
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
5051:Wikidata
4891:Wikidata
4711:Q2173058
4705:Wikidata
4558:Wikidata
4420:Geospiza
4406:Geospiza
4385:Wikidata
4376:Geospiza
4314:Category
4188:Afroaves
4116:(storks)
3918:Passerea
3903:(grebes)
3839:Columbea
3750:Oreortyx
3722:Cyrtonyx
3612:Alectura
3576:Cracinae
3568:Cracidae
3445:Oxyurini
3435:Aythyini
3430:Anatinae
3414:Anatidae
3161:Falconry
3124:big year
2979:Seabirds
2889:Foraging
2836:Feathers
2659:17161535
2567:(1982),
2552:24957761
2453:(2000),
2415:(2003),
2381:43465549
2319:citation
2290:(2006),
2261:(1991),
2241:(1887),
2208:(1839),
2159:25686609
2091:16885984
2031:17226774
2023:15353802
1957:Archived
1938:Archived
1915:Archived
1911:BBC News
1884:29170277
1821:25686609
1759:BBC News
1413:archived
1281:11230531
1202:20194171
1146:Archived
1127:25673391
1041:See also
853:Big Bird
757:Geospiza
696:tanagers
677:Taxonomy
589:Polybori
568:Geospiza
560:Geospiza
161:Geospiza
142:Family:
106:Chordata
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
5202:Finches
5159:ZooBank
5112:1018917
5086:2491136
4991:1292302
4965:2491688
4921:Avibase
4897:Q375385
4818:1212051
4792:2491661
4748:Avibase
4645:1391207
4619:2491747
4485:7237096
4428:Avibase
4391:Q662854
4326:Commons
3830:Neoaves
3715:Colinus
3681:Guttera
3619:Eulipoa
3440:Mergini
3304:(kiwis)
3288:(rheas)
3099:Ringing
2924:Hybrids
2919:Nesting
2874:Singing
2851:Plumage
2826:Dactyly
2796:Anatomy
2786:Outline
2776:: Aves)
2433:629–631
2425:(ed.),
2361:Bibcode
2167:4462253
2151:1586310
2123:Bibcode
2099:2416057
2083:1586310
2055:Bibcode
2015:1644869
1987:Bibcode
1979:Science
1862:Bibcode
1854:Science
1829:4462253
1793:Bibcode
1569:397–398
1527:379–380
1496:461–462
1367:301–303
1193:2830229
1105:Bibcode
718:Species
653:, then
638:Opuntia
502:(later
456:finches
357:Henslow
355:. From
347:On the
305:During
295:adapted
258:, with
230:tanager
208:species
122:Order:
112:Class:
5151:422526
5125:558067
5030:371380
5004:557498
4870:371389
4857:419366
4831:557477
4684:589958
4658:729196
4537:371375
4511:557700
4446:120618
4338:Portal
4214:(owls)
3688:Numida
3626:Leipoa
3509:Chauna
3502:Anhima
3197:Genera
3171:Imping
3089:Human
2929:Colony
2856:Vision
2841:Flight
2694:et al.
2657:
2639:
2571:Beagle
2550:
2530:Beagle
2480:
2439:
2379:
2356:Nature
2340:
2279:
2269:
2263:Darwin
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2115:Nature
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2047:Nature
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1890:
1882:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1785:Nature
1732:
1640:
1589:
1304:
1279:
1200:
1190:
1125:
1097:Nature
975:Genus
957:Genus
927:Genus
864:Genus
754:Genus
682:Family
544:ends."
454:" and
377:Tahiti
313:Beagle
251:Beagle
233:family
5138:93069
5107:IRMNG
5099:10366
5017:48879
4986:IRMNG
4978:10447
4952:33768
4844:87174
4813:IRMNG
4779:34419
4766:62L3W
4671:48887
4640:IRMNG
4632:71751
4606:33766
4524:48881
4472:36192
3458:swans
3420:ducks
3390:fowls
3185:Lists
2809:Brain
2774:class
2770:Birds
2692:Sato
2655:S2CID
2629:(PDF)
2595:(PDF)
2569:"The
2548:S2CID
2421:, in
2377:S2CID
2163:S2CID
2095:S2CID
2027:S2CID
1888:S2CID
1825:S2CID
1730:S2CID
1458:57–58
1067:Notes
663:niche
385:James
369:Chile
223:tribe
5133:NCBI
5120:ITIS
5081:GBIF
5012:NCBI
4999:ITIS
4960:GBIF
4939:3L8Z
4839:NCBI
4826:ITIS
4805:9469
4787:GBIF
4666:NCBI
4653:ITIS
4614:GBIF
4593:6S57
4519:NCBI
4506:ITIS
4498:9476
4480:GBIF
4459:4N2N
4441:BOLD
2831:Eggs
2819:milk
2814:Crop
2804:Beak
2721:Fink
2687:PNAS
2478:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2325:link
2277:OCLC
2267:ISBN
2155:PMID
2147:OCLC
2139:ISSN
2087:PMID
2079:OCLC
2071:ISSN
2019:PMID
2011:OCLC
2003:ISSN
1880:PMID
1817:PMID
1809:ISSN
1658:link
1638:ISBN
1607:link
1587:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1277:PMID
1198:PMID
1123:PMID
1059:and
1034:ALX1
1023:and
643:aril
467:wren
311:HMS
116:Aves
4947:EoL
4934:CoL
4774:EoL
4761:CoL
4735:ADW
4601:EoL
4588:CoL
4467:EoL
4454:CoL
4415:ADW
2647:doi
2540:doi
2369:doi
2131:doi
2119:518
2063:doi
2051:442
1995:doi
1983:305
1870:doi
1858:359
1801:doi
1789:518
1720:doi
1553:380
1511:462
1384:.;
1382:xix
1322:300
1267:doi
1234:doi
1188:PMC
1180:doi
1176:365
1113:doi
1101:518
527:of
450:, "
340:by
336:of
309:of
221:or
210:of
5183::
5161::
5148::
5135::
5122::
5109::
5096::
5083::
5068::
5053::
5027::
5014::
5001::
4988::
4975::
4962::
4949::
4936::
4923::
4908::
4893::
4867::
4854::
4841::
4828::
4815::
4802::
4789::
4776::
4763::
4750::
4737::
4722::
4707::
4681::
4668::
4655::
4642::
4629::
4616::
4603::
4590::
4575::
4560::
4534::
4521::
4508::
4495::
4482::
4469::
4456::
4443::
4430::
4417::
4402::
4387::
2653:,
2645:,
2631:,
2575:,
2546:,
2534:,
2501:).
2435:,
2392:,
2375:,
2367:,
2321:}}
2317:{{
2294:,
2275:,
2257:;
2183:.
2161:,
2153:,
2145:,
2137:,
2129:,
2117:,
2093:.
2085:.
2077:.
2069:.
2061:.
2049:.
2025:.
2017:.
2009:.
2001:.
1993:.
1981:.
1955:.
1936:.
1932:.
1913:.
1909:.
1886:.
1878:.
1868:.
1856:.
1852:.
1823:.
1815:.
1807:.
1799:.
1787:.
1783:.
1757:.
1728:.
1718:.
1714:.
1687:50
1654:}}
1650:{{
1603:}}
1599:{{
1444:^
1411:,
1407:,
1340:^
1275:.
1263:18
1261:.
1257:.
1230:54
1228:.
1224:.
1210:^
1196:.
1186:.
1174:.
1170:.
1121:.
1111:.
1099:.
1095:.
744:,
738:,
732:,
609::
344:.
60:,
52:,
3559:)
3552:-
3548:(
3422:)
3418:(
3392:)
3388:(
3384:e
3382:a
3380:r
3378:e
3376:s
3374:n
3372:a
3370:o
3368:l
3366:l
3364:a
3362:G
3349:e
3347:a
3345:h
3343:t
3341:a
3339:n
3337:g
3335:o
3333:e
3331:N
2772:(
2762:e
2755:t
2748:v
2649::
2542::
2371::
2363::
2327:)
2133::
2125::
2101:.
2065::
2057::
2033:.
1997::
1989::
1966:.
1894:.
1872::
1864::
1837:.
1803::
1795::
1767:.
1742:.
1722::
1660:)
1646:.
1609:)
1595:.
1571:.
1555:.
1513:.
1308:.
1283:.
1269::
1242:.
1236::
1204:.
1182::
1155:.
1129:.
1115::
1107::
988:)
984:(
970:)
966:(
952:)
948:(
942:)
938:(
922:)
918:(
905:(
899:)
895:(
889:)
885:(
879:)
875:(
849:)
845:(
839:)
835:(
829:)
825:(
819:)
815:(
809:)
805:(
799:)
795:(
789:)
785:(
779:)
775:(
769:)
765:(
243:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
