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author of "The Origin of
Species" an immense debt of gratitude.... And viewed as a whole, we do not believe that, since the publication of Von Baer's "Researches on Development," thirty years ago, any work has appeared calculated to exert so large an influence, not only on the future of Biology, but in extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated.
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used the term "Darwinism" in a different sense from the above examples. Describing himself as non-religious and as accepting the concept of natural selection as a well-established fact, Stove nonetheless attacked what he described as flawed concepts proposed by some "Ultra-Darwinists". Stove alleged
322:
What if the orbit of
Darwinism should be a little too circular? What if species should offer residual phenomena, here and there, not explicable by natural selection? Twenty years hence naturalists may be in a position to say whether this is, or is not, the case; but in either event they will owe the
507:
says "The term is a curious throwback, because in modern biology almost no one relies solely on Darwin's original ideas ... Yet the choice of terminology isn't random: Ben Stein wants you to stop thinking of evolution as an actual science supported by verifiable facts and logical arguments and to
419:
dubbed this view as "Wallaceism", noting that in contrast to Darwin, this position was advocating a "pure theory of natural selection to the exclusion of any supplementary theory." Taking influence from Darwin, Romanes was a proponent of both natural selection and the
384:
In Darwin's day there was no rigid definition of the term "Darwinism", and it was used by opponents and proponents of Darwin's biological theory alike to mean whatever they wanted it to in a larger context. The ideas had international influence, and
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270:
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373:, was that "Darwinism" implied that because natural selection was apparently no longer working on "civilized" people, it was possible for "inferior" strains of people (who would normally be filtered out of the
397:
went on a lecture tour across the United States, starting in New York and going via Boston, Washington, Kansas, Iowa and
Nebraska to California, lecturing on what he called "Darwinism" without any problems.
349:"Darwinism" soon came to stand for an entire range of evolutionary (and often revolutionary) philosophies about both biology and society. One of the more prominent approaches, summed in the 1864 phrase "
424:. The latter was denied by Wallace who was a strict selectionist. Romanes' definition of Darwinism conformed directly with Darwin's views and was contrasted with Wallace's definition of the term.
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165:. Many of the proponents of Darwinism at that time, including Huxley, had reservations about the significance of natural selection, and Darwin himself gave credence to what was later called
1322:
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and therefore
Darwinian; that things, aspects of people and landscapes considered beautiful are typically found in situations likely to give enhanced survival of the perceiving human's
393:
in
Germany, although, like Spencer's "evolution", Haeckel's "Darwinism" had only a rough resemblance to the theory of Charles Darwin, and was not centred on natural selection. In 1886,
142:, that are distinct to biological evolution, and therefore consider it to be the belief and acceptance of Darwin's and of his predecessors' work, in place of other concepts, including
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who combined
Christian faith with support for Darwin's natural selection theory, before answering the question posed in the book's title by concluding: "It is Atheism."
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1501:"This paper was originally delivered as a lecture at a symposium at Hillsdale College, in November 1992. Papers from the Symposium were published in the collection
353:" by Herbert Spencer, later became emblematic of Darwinism even though Spencer's own understanding of evolution (as expressed in 1857) was more similar to that of
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has remained in use amongst the public when referring to modern evolutionary theory, it has increasingly been argued by science writers such as
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Paper for CH506: American Church
History, Dr. Nathan Feldmeth, Winter Quarter 1997, "written while a student in the School of World Mission at
1336:
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also is used neutrally by historians to differentiate his theory from other evolutionary theories current around the same period. For example,
608:
reasoning, these Ultra-Darwinists used evolutionary concepts to offer explanations that were not valid: for example, Stove suggested that the
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2110:
879:
365:" was, in its day, synonymous with "Darwinism"—the application of Darwinian principles of "struggle" to society, usually in support of anti-
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as an evolutionary feature was presented in such a way that the argument was effectively immune to any criticism. English philosopher
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in April 1860. It was used to describe evolutionary concepts in general, including earlier concepts published by
English philosopher
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1974:
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and doubting if it could be proved that natural selection could form new species, Huxley compared Darwin's achievement to that of
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may refer to Darwin's proposed mechanism of natural selection, in comparison to more recent mechanisms such as genetic drift and
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704:
699:
540:
186:
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2401:
2269:(Summer 2015 ed.). Stanford, CA: The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI),
1966:
177:
gained few supporters in the late 19th century. During the approximate period of the 1880s to about 1920, sometimes called "
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47:
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that it is an inappropriate term for modern evolutionary theory. For example, Darwin was unfamiliar with the work of the
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suggested that
Blackburn's response actually "confirms Stove's central thesis that Darwinism can 'explain' anything."
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to imply that the theory has been held as true only by Darwin and a core group of his followers, whom they cast as
277:
Huxley, upon first reading Darwin's theory in 1858, responded, "How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!"
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377:) to overwhelm the "superior" strains, and voluntary corrective measures would be desirable—the foundation of
1394:"Darwin and After Darwin: An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions"
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3159:
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2211:
Darwin and After Darwin: An
Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions
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1920:
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310:, and praising the usefulness of Darwin's ideas while expressing professional reservations about Darwin's
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234:. He naturally had no inkling of later theoretical developments and, like Mendel himself, knew nothing of
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570:, the term often retains its positive sense as a reference to natural selection, and for example British
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in the late 18th century, the term as understood today was introduced when Charles Darwin's 1859 book
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described the term as being "a rhetorical device to make evolution seem like a kind of faith, like '
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of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and
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and cooperative human society in accordance with the sociobiological explanation of altruism.
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539:. It may also refer specifically to the role of Charles Darwin as opposed to others in the
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2252:
2227:
Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection, with Some of Its Applications
1954:
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Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection, with Some of Its Applications
656:
648:
617:
575:
299:
174:
162:
30:
This article is about concepts called Darwinism. For biological evolution in general, see
1089:
468:
However, unlike Johnson, Hodge confined the term to exclude those like American botanist
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political agenda. Another interpretation, one notably favoured by Darwin's half-cousin
285:
77:
51:
444:, as an epithet to attack evolution as though it were an ideology (an "ism") based on
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Those individuals with heritable traits better suited to the environment will survive.
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2012:
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989:
689:
524:
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235:
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209:
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2145:. Avebury Series in Philosophy. Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, VT: Avebury.
3526:
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3164:
3071:
2000:
1863:
1859:
1564:
1517:"Charles Hodge and His Objection to Darwinism: The Exclusion of Intelligent Design"
1124:
Sclater, Andrew (June 2006). "The extent of Charles Darwin's knowledge of Mendel".
993:
802:
632:
609:
555:
366:
327:
These are the basic tenets of evolution by natural selection as defined by Darwin:
221:
122:
Darwinism subsequently referred to the specific concepts of natural selection, the
89:
2005:
1167:
543:—particularly contrasting Darwin's results with those of earlier theories such as
100:
or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published
1465:, "Creation Science Lite: 'Intelligent Design' as the New Anti-Evolutionism", p.
1209:
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3380:
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2532:
2284:
2136:
1085:
598:
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437:
242:
213:
135:
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106:
in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. English biologist
17:
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3191:
3063:
3004:
2474:
2195:
1887:
1814:
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725:
714:
544:
311:
246:
166:
147:
2128:
2038:
1822:
1761:
1674:
1613:
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334:
Phenotypic variation exists among individuals and the variation is heritable.
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3147:
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2489:
2484:
2168:
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1992:
1701:
536:
494:
374:
266:
73:
31:
1159:
906:
803:"So You Want to be an Anti-Darwinian: Varieties of Opposition to Darwinism"
1482:
739:
519:
is also used neutrally within the scientific community to distinguish the
3255:
3142:
2974:
2537:
1665:
1327:
620:
wrote a rejoinder to Stove, though a subsequent essay by Stove's protégé
613:
571:
469:
378:
307:
231:
3092:
2200:
The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance
1830:
1769:
1143:
671:
theory, there is evidence that perceptions of beauty are determined by
509:
449:
217:
81:
70:
1862:(2021) . "A Darwinian Left: Politics, Evolution, and Cooperation". In
1669:. Vol. 146, no. 22. New York: Newsweek LLC. pp. 50–58.
604:
563:
2897:
The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom
1505:(Bauman ed. 1993), by Hillsdale College Press, Hillsdale MI 49242."
230:, and as a result had only a vague and inaccurate understanding of
130:. Though the term usually refers strictly to biological evolution,
2120:
1984:
480:
260:
224:
46:
2606:
635:, who serves as the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at
2160:
2060:
2030:
676:
189:
in the early 20th century, incorporating natural selection with
38:. For Wallace's defence of the theory of natural selection, see
3096:
2610:
2288:
962:
What if the orbit of Darwinism should be a little too circular?
789:
What if the orbit of Darwinism should be a little too circular?
508:
start thinking of it as a dogmatic, atheistic ideology akin to
331:
More individuals are produced each generation than can survive.
292:
was reviewed by Thomas Henry Huxley in the April 1860 issue of
241:
In the United States and to some extent in the United Kingdon,
2099:
Scientists Confront Creationism: Intelligent Design and Beyond
1560:"From the Beagle to the School Board: God Goes Back to School"
1451:
Spirited dispute: the secret split between Wallace and Romanes
1332:
483:
and inflexible in their belief. In the 2008 documentary film
2921:
The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms
2905:
The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species
584:, published in 2003, that as a scientist he is a Darwinist.
1965:(3rd completely rev. and expanded ed.). Berkeley, CA:
497:
refers to scientists as Darwinists. Reviewing the film for
185:
which eventually proved untenable. The development of the
1868:
Philosophy after Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings
905:
Le Fèvre, Olivier; Marinoni, Christian (6 December 2006).
849:
10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0151:EACIS]2.0.CO;2
547:
or later ones such as the modern evolutionary synthesis.
340:
When reproductive isolation occurs new species will form.
643:" based on the contemporary scientific understanding of
2848:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
273:
with the body of an ape or monkey symbolised evolution.
1503:
Man and Creation: Perspectives on Science and Theology
1374:
The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science
717:—Charles Darwin's hypothetical mechanism for heredity
2865:
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
2097:
Petto, Andrew J.; Godfrey, Laurie R., eds. (2007) .
1323:"Evolution and Wonder: Understanding Charles Darwin"
554:, the term is mostly used by its enemies. Biologist
3540:
3434:
3286:
3199:
3130:
2967:
2766:
2644:
2508:
2440:
2327:
1738:(October 1996). "I Rather Think I Am a Darwinian".
436:is often used in the United States by promoters of
80:(1809–1882) and others. The theory states that all
2004:
1958:
460:made this accusation of atheism with reference to
2873:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
984:
982:
832:"Evolution and Creationism in Science: 1880–2000"
284:had been used previously to refer to the work of
655:in order to achieve the establishment of a more
2809:Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands
639:, has proposed the development of a "Darwinian
320:
96:, it originally included the broad concepts of
2889:On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants
2233:Simon, C. (2019). Taking Darwinism seriously.
2055:. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Company.
1216:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc
1189:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc
811:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc
566:Scientists don't call it 'Darwinism'." In the
3108:
2793:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
2622:
2548:History of the creation-evolution controversy
2300:
1462:
930:
928:
8:
2825:On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties
1090:"Darwinism Must Die So That Darwin May Live"
952:. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy: 541–570
940:"ART. VIII.—Darwin on the Origin of Species"
779:. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy: 541–570
767:"ART. VIII.—Darwin on the Origin of Species"
2986:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
84:of organisms arise and develop through the
3115:
3101:
3093:
2629:
2615:
2607:
2307:
2293:
2285:
1661:"Charles Darwin: Evolution of a Scientist"
1411:Wallace, Darwin, and the Origin of Species
1400:. The Open Court Publishing Company. p. 12
552:political discussions in the United States
2993:The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
2578:Relationship between religion and science
1017:
907:"Do Galaxies Follow Darwinian Evolution?"
847:
830:Bleckmann, Charles A. (1 February 2006).
357:than to that of Darwin, and predated the
298:. Having hailed the book as "a veritable
2817:Geological Observations on South America
1568:(56). Orlando, FL: Loudmouth Productions
527:", from those first proposed by Darwin.
411:which proposed a "greater efficacy" for
302:in the armoury of liberalism" promoting
197:, revived Darwinism in an updated form.
34:. For modern evolutionary theories, see
1304:Comptes Rendus Biologies: 332: 110–118.
754:
475:Creationists use pejoratively the term
422:inheritance of acquired characteristics
2942:The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin
2801:Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle
1931:from the original on February 11, 2014
1848:from the original on 28 February 2011.
1606:Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group
1288:
1246:
1234:
973:
1723:
1546:
1429:Bolles, R. C; Beecher, M. D. (1987).
1328:Speaking of Faith with Krista Tippett
976:, pp. 179, 222–225, 338–339, 347
880:National Center for Science Education
627:In more recent times, the Australian
269:became widely accepted in the 1870s,
249:term in reference to beliefs such as
134:have appropriated it to refer to the
7:
2218:. The Open Court Publishing Company.
1413:. Harvard University Press. p. 274.
909:(Press release). Marseille, France:
440:, notably by leading members of the
245:often use the term "Darwinism" as a
76:developed by the English naturalist
3214:Alternatives to Darwinian evolution
2929:The Autobiography of Charles Darwin
2266:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1259:Blinderman, Charles; Joyce, David.
1181:Moran, Laurence (22 January 1993).
183:alternative evolutionary mechanisms
2455:Central dogma of molecular biology
2007:Charles Darwin: The Power of Place
1910:The Oxford Handbook for Aesthetics
1635:"Constitutional Rights Foundation"
801:Wilkins, John (21 December 1998).
578:wrote in his collection of essays
407:(1889), Wallace had used the term
128:central dogma of molecular biology
25:
1961:Evolution: The History of an Idea
1659:Adler, Jerry (28 November 2005).
1002:Evolution: Education and Outreach
486:Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed
452:, or both. For example, in 1993,
173:of German evolutionary biologist
3190:
2777:Extracts from Letters to Henslow
2591:
2590:
1558:Sullivan, Morris (Spring 2005).
1357:Wallace, Alfred Russel. (1889).
738:
493:(ID), American writer and actor
318:in explaining planetary motion:
3591:History of evolutionary biology
3000:History of evolutionary thought
2913:The Power of Movement in Plants
2192:. Houghton Mifflin and Company.
1010:Springer Science+Business Media
872:"...on what evolution explains"
745:Evolutionary biology portal
700:History of evolutionary thought
541:history of evolutionary thought
181:", scientists proposed various
2950:More Letters of Charles Darwin
2480:One gene–one enzyme hypothesis
2216:Volume 2: Heredity and Utility
1967:University of California Press
1921:"A Darwinian theory of beauty"
1398:Volume 2: Heredity and Utility
1392:Romanes, John George. (1906).
359:publication of Darwin's theory
27:Theory of biological evolution
1:
911:European Southern Observatory
705:Modern evolutionary synthesis
523:, which is sometimes called "
521:modern evolutionary synthesis
361:in 1859. What is now called "
271:caricatures of Charles Darwin
1705:. Norfolk, VA: BN Media, LLC
1302:Haeckel: A German Darwinian?
1046:"Let's Get Rid of Darwinism"
602:that by using weak or false
389:developed what was known as
2202:. Harvard University Press.
2189:Darwinism, and Other Essays
1809:(279). Cambridge: 133–136.
1748:(278). Cambridge: 605–616.
1535:Fuller Theological Seminary
1433:. Psychology Press. p. 45.
1138:/ Springer India: 191–193.
998:"Don't Call it 'Darwinism'"
574:and evolutionary biologist
442:intelligent design movement
3612:
2103:W. W. Norton & Company
1880:Princeton University Press
1372:Heilbron, John L. (2003).
1136:Indian Academy of Sciences
695:Evidence of common descent
29:
3268:Evolutionary epistemology
3188:
2586:
1888:10.1515/9781400831296-039
1815:10.1017/s0031819100056692
1754:10.1017/s0031819100053523
1596:: No Integrity Displayed"
1449:Elsdon-Baker, F. (2008).
1019:10.1007/s12052-008-0111-2
456:law professor and author
2840:Fertilisation of Orchids
2832:On the Origin of Species
2785:The Voyage of the Beagle
2699:On the Origin of Species
2230:. Macmillan and Company.
2092:. Macmillan and Company.
1796:"Stove's Anti-Darwinism"
1537:, Pasadena, California."
1453:. Endeavour 32(2): 75–78
1409:Costa, James T. (2014).
1363:. Macmillan and Company.
446:philosophical naturalism
345:Other 19th-century usage
290:On the Origin of Species
179:the eclipse of Darwinism
148:extraterrestrial origins
103:On the Origin of Species
98:transmutation of species
3288:Philosophers of biology
3020:things named for Darwin
2011:. Vol. 2. London:
1697:"Religion: For Dummies"
1488:Access Research Network
1134:(2). Bangalore, India:
669:evolutionary aesthetics
645:biological anthropology
351:survival of the fittest
2959:List of described taxa
2652:Darwin–Wedgwood family
2500:Spontaneous generation
2450:Germ theory of disease
2427:Zoology (through 1859)
2222:Wallace, Alfred Russel
1876:Woodstock, Oxfordshire
1491:. Colorado Springs, CO
1431:Evolution and Learning
1315:Tippett, Krista (host)
1183:"Random Genetic Drift"
1127:Journal of Biosciences
325:
295:The Westminster Review
274:
251:scientific materialism
55:
3182:Evolutionary taxonomy
3124:Philosophy of biology
2692:Publication of theory
2687:Development of theory
2521:Philosophy of biology
1872:Princeton, New Jersey
395:Alfred Russel Wallace
355:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
304:scientific naturalism
264:
50:
2881:Insectivorous Plants
2728:Insectivorous Plants
2553:Human Genome Project
2465:Great chain of being
2432:Zoology (since 1859)
2367:Evolutionary thought
2337:Agricultural science
2206:Romanes, John George
2142:Darwinian Fairytales
2084:Huxley, Thomas Henry
1882:. pp. 343–349.
1483:"What is Darwinism?"
1210:"What is Darwinism?"
637:Princeton University
590:Darwinian Fairytales
3326:Peter Godfrey-Smith
2753:Portraits of Darwin
2682:Inception of theory
2558:Humboldtian science
2495:Sequence hypothesis
2402:Molecular evolution
2271:Stanford University
1601:Scientific American
1479:Johnson, Phillip E.
1376:. OUP USA. p. 203.
1339:on 18 November 2015
1321:(5 February 2009).
1300:Schmitt S. (2009).
1214:TalkOrigins Archive
1187:TalkOrigins Archive
1088:(9 February 2009).
996:(16 January 2009).
808:TalkOrigins Archive
731:Universal Darwinism
500:Scientific American
316:Nicolaus Copernicus
191:population genetics
155:Thomas Henry Huxley
108:Thomas Henry Huxley
65:used to describe a
3553:History of biology
3548:Philosophy of mind
3522:John Maynard Smith
3442:Francisco J. Ayala
3426:William C. Wimsatt
3421:Gerard Verschuuren
3331:James R. Griesemer
2568:Natural philosophy
2516:History of science
2316:History of biology
2089:Darwiniana: Essays
2052:What is Darwinism?
1523:. Chesterbrook, PA
1481:(31 August 1996).
1291:, pp. 105–106
1261:"Darwin's Bulldog"
1237:, pp. 376–379
1144:10.1007/BF02703910
1095:The New York Times
1066:on 5 November 2017
1051:The New York Times
945:Westminster Review
886:on 25 October 2015
772:Westminster Review
581:A Devil's Chaplain
560:Harvard University
491:intelligent design
466:What Is Darwinism?
458:Phillip E. Johnson
428:Contemporary usage
275:
195:Mendelian genetics
153:English biologist
56:
3561:
3560:
3492:Humberto Maturana
3477:Stephen Jay Gould
3371:Roberta Millstein
3336:Paul E. Griffiths
3090:
3089:
2856:Natural Selection
2604:
2603:
2470:Hierarchy of life
2417:Plant systematics
2397:Molecular biology
2112:978-0-393-33073-1
1267:. Worcester, MA:
990:Scott, Eugenie C.
673:natural selection
629:moral philosopher
587:In his 1995 book
489:, which promotes
413:natural selection
86:natural selection
16:(Redirected from
3603:
3586:Biology theories
3581:1860s neologisms
3512:Joan Roughgarden
3482:Richard Lewontin
3467:Michael Ghiselin
3416:Francisco Varela
3411:Alfred I. Tauber
3366:Jane Maienschein
3194:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3094:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2608:
2594:
2593:
2573:Natural theology
2309:
2302:
2295:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2261:Zalta, Edward N.
2235:Animal Sentience
2172:
2132:
2093:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2042:
2010:
1996:
1964:
1955:Bowler, Peter J.
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1800:
1794:(January 1997).
1788:
1782:
1781:
1736:Blackburn, Simon
1732:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1695:Sheahen, Laura.
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1590:(9 April 2008).
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1427:
1421:
1407:
1401:
1390:
1384:
1370:
1364:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1335:. Archived from
1311:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1269:Clark University
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1062:. Archived from
1044:(15 July 2008).
1038:
1032:
1031:
1021:
986:
977:
971:
965:
964:
959:
957:
932:
923:
922:
920:
918:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
882:. Archived from
876:Expelled Exposed
868:
862:
861:
851:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
798:
792:
791:
786:
784:
759:
743:
742:
721:Social Darwinism
710:Neural Darwinism
363:Social Darwinism
187:modern synthesis
157:coined the term
140:cosmic evolution
124:Weismann barrier
114:in April 1860.
110:coined the term
94:Darwinian theory
40:Darwinism (book)
36:Modern synthesis
21:
18:Darwinian theory
3611:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3536:
3457:Richard Dawkins
3447:Patrick Bateson
3430:
3376:Sandra Mitchell
3282:
3195:
3186:
3126:
3121:
3091:
3086:
3052:Alternatives to
3010:Darwin Industry
2963:
2762:
2738:Religious views
2662:Josiah Wedgwood
2640:
2635:
2605:
2600:
2582:
2563:Natural history
2504:
2442:
2436:
2392:Model organisms
2329:
2323:
2313:
2275:
2273:
2255:(26 May 2015).
2251:
2248:
2180:
2178:Further reading
2175:
2153:
2135:
2113:
2096:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2045:
2023:
1999:
1977:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1798:
1792:Franklin, James
1790:
1789:
1785:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1639:www.crf-usa.org
1633:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1526:
1524:
1515:Ropp, Matthew.
1514:
1513:
1509:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1428:
1424:
1408:
1404:
1391:
1387:
1371:
1367:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1265:The Huxley File
1258:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1008:(1). New York:
988:
987:
980:
972:
968:
955:
953:
948:(Book review).
934:
933:
926:
916:
914:
904:
903:
899:
889:
887:
878:. Oakland, CA:
870:
869:
865:
829:
828:
824:
814:
812:
800:
799:
795:
782:
780:
775:(Book review).
761:
760:
756:
752:
737:
735:
685:
665:
649:human evolution
618:Simon Blackburn
612:explanation of
610:sociobiological
576:Richard Dawkins
430:
347:
280:While the term
259:
238:, for example.
200:While the term
175:August Weismann
163:Herbert Spencer
120:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3609:
3607:
3599:
3598:
3596:Charles Darwin
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3472:François Jacob
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3452:Charles Darwin
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3396:Sahotra Sarkar
3393:
3388:
3386:Alex Rosenberg
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3351:Philip Kitcher
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Marjorie Grene
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:Daniel Dennett
3303:
3301:Lindley Darden
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2936:Correspondence
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2724:
2717:Descent of Man
2713:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:Voyage on HMS
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2657:Erasmus Darwin
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2638:Charles Darwin
2636:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2247:
2246:External links
2244:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2219:
2203:
2193:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2151:
2133:
2111:
2094:
2080:
2047:Hodge, Charles
2043:
2021:
1997:
1975:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1912:
1903:
1896:
1851:
1783:
1727:
1716:
1687:
1651:
1626:
1579:
1550:
1539:
1507:
1470:
1455:
1442:
1439:978-0898595420
1422:
1419:978-0674729698
1402:
1385:
1382:978-0195112290
1365:
1350:
1331:(Transcript).
1306:
1293:
1281:
1251:
1249:vol. 1, p.189.
1239:
1227:
1200:
1173:
1116:
1077:
1042:Judson, Olivia
1033:
978:
966:
938:(April 1860).
924:
897:
863:
842:(2): 151–158.
822:
793:
765:(April 1860).
753:
751:
748:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
686:
684:
681:
664:
663:Esoteric usage
661:
653:applied ethics
631:and professor
622:James Franklin
568:United Kingdom
429:
426:
417:George Romanes
409:pure-Darwinism
371:Francis Galton
346:
343:
342:
341:
338:
335:
332:
286:Erasmus Darwin
258:
255:
220:scientist and
136:origin of life
119:
116:
92:. Also called
78:Charles Darwin
52:Charles Darwin
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3608:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Jacques Monod
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Konrad Lorenz
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Jared Diamond
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Elliott Sober
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Helen Longino
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3239:Structuralism
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Catastrophism
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:Adaptationism
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3153:Kin selection
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3083:
3082:Huxley family
3080:
3078:
3077:Darwin Awards
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3015:Commemoration
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2697:Reactions to
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Biotechnology
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:Lennox, James
2250:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2152:1-85972-306-3
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2022:0-679-42932-8
2018:
2014:
2013:Jonathan Cape
2009:
2008:
2002:
2001:Browne, Janet
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
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1864:Ruse, Michael
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1604:. Stuttgart:
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1592:"Ben Stein's
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210:Eugenie Scott
207:
206:Olivia Judson
203:
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171:neo-Darwinism
169:. The strict
168:
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144:divine design
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3527:E. O. Wilson
3517:Rolf Sattler
3406:Kim Sterelny
3391:Michael Ruse
3278:Tree of life
3262:
3229:Orthogenesis
3165:Reductionism
3072:Darwin Medal
3065:
3026:
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2407:Paleontology
2347:Biochemistry
2274:. Retrieved
2264:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2215:
2210:
2199:
2188:
2140:
2137:Stove, David
2101:. New York:
2098:
2088:
2072:. Retrieved
2051:
2006:
1960:
1933:. Retrieved
1924:
1915:
1906:
1867:
1854:
1806:
1802:
1786:
1745:
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1707:. Retrieved
1700:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1664:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1599:
1593:
1588:Rennie, John
1582:
1572:18 September
1570:. Retrieved
1565:Impact Press
1563:
1553:
1542:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:theRopps.com
1520:
1510:
1502:
1493:. Retrieved
1486:
1473:
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1445:
1430:
1425:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1388:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1337:the original
1326:
1319:Moore, James
1309:
1301:
1296:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1264:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1213:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1186:
1176:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1093:
1086:Safina, Carl
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1064:the original
1049:
1036:
1005:
1001:
969:
961:
954:. Retrieved
949:
943:
936:Huxley, T.H.
915:. Retrieved
900:
888:. Retrieved
884:the original
875:
866:
839:
835:
825:
813:. Retrieved
806:
796:
788:
781:. Retrieved
776:
770:
763:Huxley, T.H.
757:
736:
666:
633:Peter Singer
626:
603:
597:philosopher
588:
586:
579:
556:E. O. Wilson
549:
532:
528:
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401:In his book
400:
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383:
348:
326:
321:
293:
289:
281:
279:
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243:creationists
240:
201:
199:
158:
152:
132:creationists
121:
111:
101:
93:
58:
57:
44:
3507:Denis Noble
3381:Susan Oyama
3296:John Beatty
3234:Mutationism
2804:(1838–1843)
2757:caricatures
2533:Ethnobotany
2422:RNA biology
2330:disciplines
2276:16 November
2257:"Darwinism"
2196:Mayr, Ernst
2184:Fiske, John
2074:16 November
1709:16 November
1680:16 November
1619:16 November
1343:16 November
1289:Browne 2002
1247:Huxley 1893
1235:Browne 2002
1070:16 November
974:Bowler 2003
917:15 November
890:15 November
599:David Stove
505:John Rennie
454:UC Berkeley
438:creationism
391:Darwinismus
222:Augustinian
214:Carl Safina
118:Terminology
3570:Categories
3532:Jonas Salk
3497:Ernst Mayr
3435:Biologists
3356:Tim Lewens
3346:Hans Jonas
3341:David Hull
3316:Carla Fehr
3311:John Dupré
3224:Lamarckism
3160:Naturalism
3057:Eclipse of
3005:Pangenesis
2475:Lamarckism
2382:Immunology
2224:. (1889).
2208:. (1906).
2198:. (1985).
2186:. (1885).
2121:2006039753
1985:2002007569
1803:Philosophy
1741:Philosophy
1724:Stove 1995
1547:Hodge 1874
1463:Scott 2007
836:BioScience
750:References
726:Speciation
715:Pangenesis
595:Australian
572:ethologist
545:Lamarckism
312:gradualism
247:pejorative
167:Lamarckism
71:biological
3576:Darwinism
3273:Teleology
3263:Darwinism
3201:Evolution
3175:Emergence
3148:Dysgenics
3047:Universal
3027:Darwinism
2980:Dysgenics
2710:Variation
2669:Education
2543:Dysgenics
2526:Teleology
2490:RNA world
2485:Protocell
2460:Darwinism
2441:Theories,
2412:Phycology
2241:(23), 47.
2129:173480577
2039:733100564
1839:143421255
1823:0031-8191
1778:170606849
1762:0031-8191
1702:Beliefnet
1675:0028-9604
1614:0036-8733
1527:4 January
1495:4 January
1152:0250-5991
1109:7 October
1104:0362-4331
1060:0362-4331
1028:1936-6426
1012:: 90–94.
913:. eso0645
858:0006-3568
537:gene flow
533:Darwinism
529:Darwinism
517:Darwinism
515:However,
495:Ben Stein
477:Darwinism
434:Darwinism
432:The term
404:Darwinism
375:gene pool
282:Darwinism
267:evolution
202:Darwinism
159:Darwinism
126:, or the
112:Darwinism
90:reproduce
74:evolution
59:Darwinism
32:Evolution
3256:Vitalism
3251:Theistic
3244:Spandrel
3143:Eugenics
2975:Eugenics
2827:" (1858)
2768:Writings
2721:Emotions
2596:Category
2538:Eugenics
2443:concepts
2387:Medicine
2372:Genetics
2320:timeline
2169:35145565
2161:95083037
2139:(1995).
2086:(1893).
2069:11489956
2061:06012878
2049:(1874).
2031:94006598
2003:(2002).
1993:49824702
1957:(2003).
1929:Archived
1843:Archived
1666:Newsweek
1594:Expelled
1160:16809850
683:See also
614:altruism
481:dogmatic
470:Asa Gray
379:eugenics
308:theology
232:heredity
218:Moravian
3541:Related
3037:Quantum
2968:Related
2851:(1868)
2706:Orchids
2509:Related
2377:Geology
2362:Ecology
2342:Anatomy
2328:Fields,
2263:(ed.).
1947:Sources
1925:ted.com
1866:(ed.).
1831:3751309
1770:3751128
1274:29 June
1220:19 June
1193:27 June
956:19 June
815:19 June
783:19 June
510:Marxism
450:atheism
82:species
54:in 1868
3170:Holism
3138:Ethics
3131:Themes
3066:Beagle
3042:Social
3032:Neural
2996:(1930)
2953:, 1903
2945:, 1887
2932:(1887)
2924:(1881)
2916:(1880)
2908:(1877)
2900:(1876)
2892:(1875)
2884:(1875)
2876:(1872)
2868:(1871)
2843:(1862)
2835:(1859)
2820:(1846)
2812:(1844)
2796:(1842)
2788:(1839)
2780:(1835)
2743:Health
2676:Beagle
2357:Botany
2167:
2159:
2149:
2127:
2119:
2109:
2067:
2059:
2037:
2029:
2019:
1991:
1983:
1973:
1935:May 1,
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1644:25 May
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1168:860470
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1158:
1150:
1102:
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651:, and
605:ad hoc
564:Maoism
257:Huxley
212:, and
138:or to
67:theory
2748:Women
2732:Worms
2259:. In
1846:(PDF)
1835:S2CID
1827:JSTOR
1799:(PDF)
1774:S2CID
1766:JSTOR
1164:S2CID
677:genes
657:equal
306:over
225:friar
61:is a
3064:HMS
2645:Life
2278:2015
2165:OCLC
2157:LCCN
2147:ISBN
2125:OCLC
2117:LCCN
2107:ISBN
2076:2015
2065:OCLC
2057:LCCN
2035:OCLC
2027:LCCN
2017:ISBN
1989:OCLC
1981:LCCN
1971:ISBN
1937:2018
1892:ISBN
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1819:ISSN
1758:ISSN
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1682:2015
1671:ISSN
1646:2020
1621:2015
1610:ISSN
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1529:2007
1497:2007
1435:ISBN
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1222:2008
1195:2008
1156:PMID
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1024:ISSN
958:2008
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892:2015
854:ISSN
817:2008
785:2008
641:left
193:and
146:and
63:term
2730:to
2719:to
2708:to
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