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in the 1960s and 1970s; and secondly, their work establishing a foundation for visual neurophysiology, describing how signals from the eye are processed by visual parcels in the neo-cortex to generate edge detectors, motion detectors, stereoscopic depth detectors, and color detectors, building blocks
381:
out of Stoner-Mudge lacquer and tungsten, and the modern hydraulic microdrive, which he had to learn basic machinist skills to produce. In 1958, Hubel moved to Johns
Hopkins and began his collaborations with Wiesel, and discovered orientation selectivity and columnar organization in the visual
337:, where he spent his formative years. His father was a chemical engineer and Hubel developed a keen interest in science right from childhood, making many experiments in chemistry and electronics. From age six to eighteen, he attended Strathcona Academy in
341:, about which he said, " much to the excellent teachers there, especially to Julia Bradshaw, a dedicated, vivacious history teacher with a memorable Irish temper, who awakened me to the possibility of learning how to write readable English." He studied
426:
experiments greatly expanded the scientific knowledge of sensory processing. The partnership lasted over twenty years and became known as one of the most prominent research pairings in science. In one experiment, done in 1959, they inserted a
465:, they showed that columns in the primary visual cortex receiving inputs from the other eye took over the areas that would normally receive input from the deprived eye. This has important implications for the understanding of deprivation
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fired rapidly when presented with lines at one angle, while others responded best to another angle. Some of these neurons responded to light patterns and dark patterns differently. Hubel and Wiesel called these neurons
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of the neuron and could preferentially detect motion in certain directions. These studies showed how the visual system constructs complex representations of visual information from simple stimulus features.
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477:. Hubel and Wiesel's experiments showed that the ocular dominance develops irreversibly early in childhood development. These studies opened the door for the understanding and treatment of childhood
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Hubel and Wiesel received the Nobel Prize for two major contributions: firstly, their work on the development of the visual system, which involved a description of
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David H. Hubel papers, 1953-2005 (inclusive), 1966-1991 (bulk) H MS c 253. Harvard
Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
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377:(WRAIR). There, he began recording from the primary visual cortex of sleeping and awake cats. At WRAIR, he invented the modern metal
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of an anesthetized cat. They then projected patterns of light and dark on a screen in front of the cat. They found that some
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Hubel married Ruth Izzard in 1953; she died
February 17, 2013. The couple had three sons and four grandchildren. He died in
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Livingstone, M.; Hubel, D. (1988). "Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: Anatomy, physiology, and perception".
329:, Canada, to American parents in 1926. His grandfather emigrated as a child to the United States from the Bavarian town of
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1160:"David Hunter Hubel (1926–2013) Neuroscientist who helped to reveal how the brain processes visual information"
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Robert H. Wurtz, "David H. Hubel", Biographical
Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2014)
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699:"Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex"
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descriptor is arguably the most widely used feature type for these tasks. Hubel was elected a
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Furthermore, the understanding of sensory processing in animals served as inspiration for the
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861:"Hubel, David H., 1926- .Papers, 1953-2005 (inclusive), 1966-1991 (bulk): Finding Aid"
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297:. For much of his career, Hubel worked as the Professor of Neurobiology at
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Brain and visual perception: the story of a 25-year collaboration
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Brain and Visual
Perception: The Story of a 25-Year Collaboration
650:"Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex"
1201:"David H. Hubel, Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist, dies at 87"
3054:
2794:
1251:
528:, from kidney failure on September 22, 2013, at the age of 87.
903:
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790:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
448:, detected edges regardless of where they were placed in the
273:
noted for his studies of the structure and function of the
586:"David Hunter Hubel. 27 February 1926 — 22 September 2013"
496:
descriptor (Lowe, 1999), which is a local feature used in
3735:
Members of the United States
National Academy of Sciences
313:. In 1983, Hubel received the Golden Plate Award of the
510:
Foreign Member of the Royal
Society (ForMemRS) in 1982
365:
In 1954, Hubel moved to the United States to work at
266:(February 27, 1926 – September 22, 2013) was an
591:
Biographical
Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
485:. They were also important in the study of cortical
369:
as an assistant resident in
Neurology. He was later
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3680:Canadian expatriate academics in the United States
386:. In 1981, Hubel became a founding member of the
390:. From 1988 to 1989 he was the president of the
382:cortex. One year later, he joined the faculty of
1125:
1123:
1033:David Hubel, Nobel-Winning Scientist, Dies at 87
625:
623:
621:
619:
3705:Founding members of the World Cultural Council
3770:Members of the American Philosophical Society
3066:
2889:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
2806:
1263:
1050:David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel (2005).
305:. In 1978, Hubel and Wiesel were awarded the
8:
3755:McGill University Faculty of Medicine alumni
3730:McGill University Faculty of Science alumni
1056:. Oxford University Press US. p. 106.
560:"Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660-2015"
3775:Presidents of the Society for Neuroscience
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444:." Still other neurons, which they termed
40:
29:
3725:United States Army Medical Corps officers
1175:
1102:
722:
673:
607:
1148:Legacy.com. Retrieved 25 September 2013
962:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
838:. Hubel.med.harvard.edu. Archived from
548:
375:Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
27:Canadian neurophysiologist (1926–2013)
3765:Canadian fellows of the Royal Society
1283:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
504:and wide-baseline matching, etc. The
396:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
283:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
203:Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience
187:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
3700:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1031:Denise Gellene (24 September 2013):
697:Hubel, D. H.; Wiesel, T. N. (1962).
648:Hubel, D. H.; Wiesel, T. N. (1959).
289:), for their discoveries concerning
1134:(6th ed.). London: Wadsworth.
463:depriving kittens of using one eye
25:
3695:Canadian people of German descent
1199:Botelho, Alyssa A. (2013-09-24).
818:. Oxford University Press, 2004.
3720:Johns Hopkins University faculty
367:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
239:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
798:American Academy of Achievement
333:. In 1929, his family moved to
315:American Academy of Achievement
137:
715:10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006837
666:10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006308
404:American Philosophical Society
1:
1040:. Retrieved 25 September 2013
909:"David H. Hubel Biographical"
886:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame
3740:People from Windsor, Ontario
400:National Academy of Sciences
2375:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
1146:Shirley Ruth (Izzard) Hubel
277:. He was co-recipient with
3791:
3710:Harvard University faculty
638:, accessed 11 October 2020
373:by the army and served at
307:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
171:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
163:Karl Spencer Lashley Award
3089:
2978:
2872:(United Kingdom/Bulgaria)
1572:Charles Scott Sherrington
1548:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
703:The Journal of Physiology
654:The Journal of Physiology
394:. He was a member of the
355:Montreal General Hospital
252:
214:
39:
3690:Canadian Nobel laureates
3685:Canadian neuroscientists
3081:Founding members of the
2562:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1132:Sensation and Perception
836:"Eye, Brain, and Vision"
461:of the visual scene. By
458:ocular dominance columns
392:Society for Neuroscience
321:Early life and education
299:Johns Hopkins University
3715:History of neuroscience
3142:André Frédéric Cournand
2913:Arthur Leonard Schawlow
1079:"Eye, Brain and Vision"
768:10.1126/science.3283936
3083:World Cultural Council
2984:Nobel Prize recipients
2930:Physiology or Medicine
2848:(Poland/United States)
1343:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
937:World Cultural Council
609:10.1098/rsbm.2016.0022
419:
418:Hubel in his lab, 1980
388:World Cultural Council
303:Harvard Medical School
291:information processing
89:Lincoln, Massachusetts
3760:Canadian neurologists
3398:Marshall W. Nirenberg
3393:William A. Nierenberg
3353:Vernon B. Mountcastle
3162:Jean-François Denisse
3094:Christian B. Anfinsen
1844:Dickinson W. Richards
1528:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1158:Shatz, C. J. (2013).
1077:Hubel, David (1993).
433:primary visual cortex
417:
3493:William G. Schneider
3488:Menahem Max Schiffer
3472:Hakim Muhammad Saeed
3446:Chintamani N. R. Rao
3184:Jacques-Émile Dubois
2938:Roger Wolcott Sperry
2907:Nicolaas Bloembergen
2267:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1628:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1010:search.amphilsoc.org
1006:"APS Member History"
958:"David Hunter Hubel"
882:"David H. Hubel, MD"
398:, the United States
3426:Comlan A. A. Quenum
3388:Bernhard H. Neumann
3285:Vassos Karageorghis
3222:José Rafael Estrada
3150:Eduardo de Robertis
2659:William C. Campbell
2570:Elizabeth Blackburn
2407:Robert F. Furchgott
2399:Stanley B. Prusiner
2391:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2291:George H. Hitchings
2255:Joseph L. Goldstein
2215:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2044:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1205:The Washington Post
1095:1993Natur.362..419S
794:www.achievement.org
760:1988Sci...240..740L
311:Columbia University
3745:Neurophysiologists
3619:Eugene van Tamelen
3608:Jean L. F. Tricart
3598:Jan Peter Toennies
3584:Peter C. Thonemann
3546:Heikki Suomalainen
3484:Stuart J. Saunders
3462:Stanley K. Runcorn
3458:Abraham J. A. Roux
3436:G. N. Ramachandran
3373:Jayant V. Narlikar
3368:Ilie G. Murgulescu
3358:Robert S. Mulliken
3317:William D. McElroy
3159:Guy Blaudin de Thé
3117:Christiaan Barnard
2719:William Kaelin Jr.
2715:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2458:Leland H. Hartwell
2347:Richard J. Roberts
2227:Barbara McClintock
2171:Godfrey Hounsfield
2072:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2004:Marshall Nirenberg
1972:Charles B. Huggins
1761:Tadeusz Reichstein
1749:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
1544:Christiaan Eijkman
1229:on Nobelprize.org
1130:Goldstein (2001).
1117:, Chapter 4, pg 16
1037:The New York Times
632:on Nobelprize.org
502:object recognition
500:for tasks such as
420:
384:Harvard University
325:Hubel was born in
259:David Hunter Hubel
244:Harvard University
81:September 22, 2013
56:David Hunter Hubel
3750:Vision scientists
3657:
3656:
3634:William J. Whelan
3593:Alexander R. Todd
3588:Phillip V. Tobias
3542:Frederick Stewart
3512:Leonard T. Skeggs
3338:Desmond J. Morris
3305:Georges B. Koelle
3272:Adrian Kantrowitz
3267:Reginald V. Jones
3249:Alfred D. Hershey
3219:Kenneth O. Emergy
3165:Venancio Deulofeu
3155:Cornelis de Jager
3048:
3047:
2961:Economic Sciences
2788:
2787:
2753:Ardem Patapoutian
2602:Ralph M. Steinman
2598:Jules A. Hoffmann
2586:Robert G. Edwards
2554:Harald zur Hausen
2478:H. Robert Horvitz
2379:Eric F. Wieschaus
2315:E. Donnall Thomas
2299:J. Michael Bishop
2287:Gertrude B. Elion
2159:Hamilton O. Smith
2084:Christian de Duve
1820:Frederick Robbins
1697:Alexander Fleming
1636:Corneille Heymans
1482:Frederick Banting
1387:Allvar Gullstrand
1063:978-0-19-517618-6
986:www.nasonline.org
863:. Nrs.harvard.edu
812:Torsten N. Wiesel
754:(4853): 740–749.
351:McGill University
339:Outremont, Quebec
271:neurophysiologist
268:American Canadian
256:
255:
226:Neurophysiologist
216:Scientific career
207:
175:
109:McGill University
100:American-Canadian
66:February 27, 1926
16:(Redirected from
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3644:Rosalyn S. Yalow
3639:Karel F. Wiesner
3624:Ulf S. von Euler
3603:Andrzej Trautman
3528:Leonard Sosnowky
3498:Glenn T. Seaborg
3467:Donald H. Sadler
3422:Jens J. Pindborg
3408:Arthur B. Pardee
3403:George E. Palade
3378:Louis E. F. NĂ©el
3343:Giuseppe Moruzzi
3328:Jerrold Meinwald
3308:Walther Manshard
3277:Nathan O. Kaplan
3254:Gerhard Herzberg
3245:Carl G. Gahmberg
3211:Mohammed El Fasi
3146:William J. Darby
3137:Harold G. Callan
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923:
922:
920:
919:
905:
896:
895:
893:
892:
878:
872:
871:
869:
868:
857:
851:
850:
848:
847:
832:
826:
810:David H. Hubel,
808:
802:
801:
786:
780:
779:
743:
737:
736:
726:
694:
688:
687:
677:
645:
639:
637:
627:
614:
613:
611:
582:Wurtz, Robert H.
578:
572:
571:
566:. Archived from
556:
475:binocular vision
327:Windsor, Ontario
265:
205:
199:
191:
183:
173:
167:
159:
155:Rosenstiel Award
141:
139:
84:
70:Windsor, Ontario
65:
63:
44:
30:
21:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3615:Constantin Vago
3580:Harold Thompson
3555:Charles Tanford
3532:Roger W. Sperry
3524:George D. Snell
3520:George J. Smets
3508:Frederick Seitz
3503:Ernest R. Sears
3418:Jacques Piccard
3298:Seymour S. Kety
3293:Donald W. Kerst
3236:David J. Finney
3226:Hans J. Eysenck
3215:Ernest L. Eliel
3193:Francisco J. Dy
3179:Audouin Dollfus
3174:Richard S. Doll
3122:Colin Blakemore
3085:
3079:
3049:
3044:
2982:
2974:
2971:(United States)
2955:
2946:(United States)
2940:(United States)
2924:
2915:(United States)
2909:(United States)
2893:
2875:
2851:
2826:
2819:
2789:
2784:
2769:
2758:
2743:
2738:Charles M. Rice
2730:Harvey J. Alter
2724:
2708:
2696:
2687:Michael Rosbash
2683:Jeffrey C. Hall
2680:
2672:
2656:
2647:May-Britt Moser
2640:
2624:
2619:Shinya Yamanaka
2612:
2591:
2583:
2578:Jack W. Szostak
2567:
2551:
2546:Oliver Smithies
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2494:Peter Mansfield
2487:
2482:John E. Sulston
2471:
2455:
2444:
2428:
2420:
2404:
2396:
2384:
2371:Edward B. Lewis
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2280:
2275:Susumu Tonegawa
2272:
2260:
2248:
2232:
2224:
2208:
2192:
2176:
2164:
2148:
2135:Roger Guillemin
2132:
2127:Daniel Gajdusek
2123:Baruch Blumberg
2120:
2109:
2100:Renato Dulbecco
2096:David Baltimore
2093:
2077:
2064:Karl von Frisch
2061:
2049:
2041:
2025:
2009:
1993:
1984:Haldan Hartline
1977:
1965:
1949:
1937:
1921:
1916:Maurice Wilkins
1905:
1897:
1885:
1880:Arthur Kornberg
1873:
1857:
1849:
1833:
1825:
1809:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1770:
1754:
1742:
1734:
1718:
1710:
1694:
1685:Joseph Erlanger
1682:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1613:
1605:
1589:
1581:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1541:
1536:Charles Nicolle
1533:
1525:
1517:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1379:Albrecht Kossel
1376:
1368:
1356:
1348:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1285:
1276:
1223:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1177:10.1038/502625a
1157:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1030:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1004:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
980:
979:
975:
966:
964:
956:
955:
951:
941:
939:
931:
930:
926:
917:
915:
913:The Nobel Prize
907:
906:
899:
890:
888:
880:
879:
875:
866:
864:
859:
858:
854:
845:
843:
834:
833:
829:
809:
805:
788:
787:
783:
745:
744:
740:
709:(45): 106–154.
696:
695:
691:
647:
646:
642:
628:
617:
580:
579:
575:
558:
557:
550:
546:
534:
518:
498:computer vision
471:critical period
450:receptive field
412:
363:
323:
287:Roger W. Sperry
261:
248:
210:
197:
189:
181:
165:
157:
143:
140: 1953)
135:
131:
105:Alma mater
92:
86:
82:
73:
67:
61:
59:
58:
57:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3788:
3786:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:John M. Tedder
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3476:Nobufusa Saito
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:Gunnar Randers
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3413:David Phillips
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:Walter H. Munk
3360:
3355:
3350:
3348:Nevill F. Mott
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:Harry Melville
3330:
3325:
3324:John McMichael
3322:
3321:Henry McIlwain
3319:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3302:Prem N. Kirpal
3300:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3259:David H. Hubel
3256:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Don W. Fawcett
3228:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:John C. Eccles
3194:
3191:
3189:Gerald Durrell
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Frank J. Dixon
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3132:Norman Borlaug
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3108:M. Balasegaram
3106:
3104:James Baddiley
3101:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2950:Torsten Wiesel
2947:
2944:David H. Hubel
2941:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2846:Roald Hoffmann
2843:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2775:Katalin KarikĂł
2767:
2756:
2741:
2722:
2706:
2694:
2678:
2670:
2654:
2638:
2631:Randy Schekman
2622:
2610:
2589:
2581:
2565:
2558:Luc Montagnier
2549:
2538:Mario Capecchi
2533:
2521:
2514:Barry Marshall
2509:
2497:
2490:Paul Lauterbur
2485:
2474:Sydney Brenner
2469:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2435:Paul Greengard
2431:Arvid Carlsson
2426:
2418:
2402:
2394:
2382:
2366:
2363:Martin Rodbell
2354:
2342:
2339:Edwin G. Krebs
2335:Edmond Fischer
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2283:James W. Black
2278:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2243:CĂ©sar Milstein
2239:Georges Köhler
2230:
2222:
2211:Sune Bergström
2206:
2203:Torsten Wiesel
2199:David H. Hubel
2190:
2174:
2162:
2155:Daniel Nathans
2146:
2139:Andrew Schally
2130:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2091:
2075:
2059:
2052:Gerald Edelman
2047:
2039:
2036:Julius Axelrod
2023:
2020:Salvador Luria
2016:Alfred Hershey
2007:
1991:
1975:
1963:
1952:François Jacob
1947:
1935:
1919:
1903:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1855:
1847:
1836:André Cournand
1831:
1823:
1807:
1795:
1792:Selman Waksman
1787:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1757:Edward Kendall
1752:
1740:
1732:
1716:
1713:Hermann Muller
1708:
1692:
1689:Herbert Gasser
1680:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1644:Gerhard Domagk
1639:
1631:
1623:
1611:
1603:
1600:William Murphy
1592:George Whipple
1587:
1579:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1477:
1470:Archibald Hill
1465:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1403:Charles Richet
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1354:
1346:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1227:David H. Hubel
1222:
1221:External links
1219:
1217:
1216:
1191:
1150:
1144:Boston Globe:
1137:
1119:
1069:
1062:
1042:
1021:
997:
973:
949:
924:
897:
873:
852:
827:
803:
781:
738:
689:
660:(3): 574–591.
640:
630:David H. Hubel
615:
573:
570:on 2015-10-15.
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
533:
530:
517:
514:
429:microelectrode
422:The Hubel and
411:
408:
379:microelectrode
362:
359:
322:
319:
279:Torsten Wiesel
254:
253:
250:
249:
247:
246:
241:
235:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
212:
211:
209:
208:
200:
192:
184:
176:
168:
160:
151:
149:
145:
144:
133:
129:
128:
126:
122:
121:
116:
115:Known for
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
87:
85:(aged 87)
79:
75:
74:
68:
55:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
34:David H. Hubel
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3787:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3650:
3649:John Z. Young
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Edward Teller
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Lyman Spitzer
3535:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Stefan Ĺšlopek
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3383:Yuval Ne'eman
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Georges Mathé
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:Peter E. Kent
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:Leo A. Kaprio
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:Osmo H. Järvi
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Manfred Eigen
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Frank Barnaby
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2870:Elias Canetti
2868:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2840:Kenichi Fukui
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2780:
2779:Drew Weissman
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2663:Satoshi ĹŚmura
2660:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2627:James Rothman
2623:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:Bruce Beutler
2590:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2506:Linda B. Buck
2503:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2423:GĂĽnter Blobel
2419:
2416:
2412:
2411:Louis Ignarro
2408:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2351:Phillip Sharp
2348:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2311:Joseph Murray
2307:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2263:Stanley Cohen
2259:
2256:
2252:
2251:Michael Brown
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2167:Allan Cormack
2163:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2143:Rosalyn Yalow
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2088:George Palade
2085:
2081:
2080:Albert Claude
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:Konrad Lorenz
2065:
2060:
2057:
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2053:
2048:
2045:
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2033:
2032:Ulf von Euler
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2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
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1992:
1989:
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1981:
1980:Ragnar Granit
1976:
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1948:
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1705:Howard Florey
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1436:
1429:
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1411:Róbert Bárány
1407:
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46:Hubel in 1992
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3575:Howard Temin
3451:Rex Richards
3431:Hermann Rahn
3258:
3241:Val L. Fitch
3202:Paul Ehrlich
3127:Aage N. Bohr
3099:Werner Arber
3014:
2943:
2919:Kai Siegbahn
2764:Svante Pääbo
2749:David Julius
2703:Tasuku Honjo
2651:Edvard Moser
2643:John O'Keefe
2606:posthumously
2605:
2542:Martin Evans
2518:Robin Warren
2502:Richard Axel
2449:2001–present
2327:Bert Sakmann
2198:
2195:Roger Sperry
2187:George Snell
2183:Jean Dausset
2151:Werner Arber
2104:Howard Temin
2028:Bernard Katz
2012:Max DelbrĂĽck
1968:Francis Rous
1944:Feodor Lynen
1940:Konrad Bloch
1928:Alan Hodgkin
1912:James Watson
1888:Frank Burnet
1876:Severo Ochoa
1864:Edward Tatum
1852:Daniel Bovet
1765:Philip Hench
1677:Edward Doisy
1608:Hans Spemann
1596:George Minot
1576:Edgar Adrian
1564:Otto Warburg
1486:John Macleod
1455:August Krogh
1447:Jules Bordet
1363:Paul Ehrlich
1315:Niels Finsen
1299:Emil Behring
1208:. Retrieved
1204:
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989:. Retrieved
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965:. Retrieved
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952:
940:. Retrieved
927:
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889:. Retrieved
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855:
844:. Retrieved
840:the original
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568:the original
538:Neocognitron
519:
491:
455:
442:simple cells
421:
364:
324:
281:of the 1981
258:
257:
232:Institutions
215:
83:(2013-09-22)
3675:2013 deaths
3670:1926 births
3560:Henry Taube
3480:Abdus Salam
2969:James Tobin
2823:Nobel Prize
2615:John Gurdon
2530:Craig Mello
2526:Andrew Fire
2439:Eric Kandel
2415:Ferid Murad
2323:Erwin Neher
2235:Niels Jerne
2000:Har Khorana
1988:George Wald
1956:André Lwoff
1924:John Eccles
1812:John Enders
1784:Max Theiler
1745:Walter Hess
1737:Paul MĂĽller
1701:Ernst Chain
1371:Emil Kocher
1331:Robert Koch
1323:Ivan Pavlov
1307:Ronald Ross
942:November 8,
602:: 233–246.
343:mathematics
130:Ruth Izzard
97:Nationality
18:David Hubel
3664:Categories
3629:Alan Walsh
3550:Pol Swings
3455:Jean Rösch
2857:Literature
2466:Paul Nurse
1800:Hans Krebs
1725:Gerty Cori
1673:Henrik Dam
1620:Otto Loewi
1616:Henry Dale
1210:2013-09-24
1015:2022-06-06
991:2022-06-06
967:2022-06-06
933:"About Us"
918:2021-10-17
891:2021-10-17
867:2015-11-09
846:2015-11-09
824:0195176189
598:. London:
562:. London:
544:References
487:plasticity
483:strabismus
402:, and the
331:Nördlingen
62:1926-02-27
3612:Ioan Ursu
2832:Chemistry
2825:laureates
2667:Tu Youyou
2219:John Vane
2114:1976–2000
1775:1951–1975
1721:Carl Cori
1511:1926–1950
1290:1901–1925
1279:Laureates
479:cataracts
467:amblyopia
431:into the
2952:(Sweden)
2921:(Sweden)
2462:Tim Hunt
1186:24172972
1113:35236366
733:14449617
684:14403679
584:(2016).
532:See also
410:Research
335:Montreal
195:ForMemRS
72:, Canada
2899:Physics
2842:(Japan)
1281:of the
1091:Bibcode
776:3283936
756:Bibcode
748:Science
724:1359523
675:1363130
522:Lincoln
437:neurons
371:drafted
347:physics
293:in the
142:
134:
2709:2019:
2697:2018:
2681:2017:
2673:2016:
2657:2015:
2641:2014:
2625:2013:
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2010:1969:
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1184:
1164:Nature
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682:
672:
424:Wiesel
361:Career
222:Fields
206:(1993)
198:(1982)
190:(1981)
182:(1980)
174:(1978)
166:(1977)
158:(1971)
148:Awards
125:Spouse
91:, U.S.
3015:1981
2881:Peace
2821:1981
1109:S2CID
309:from
136:(
132:
3040:1986
3035:1985
3030:1984
3025:1983
3020:1982
3010:1980
3005:1979
3000:1978
2995:1977
2990:1976
2861:1981
2771:2023
2760:2022
2745:2021
2726:2020
1665:1942
1658:1941
1651:1940
1501:1925
1462:1921
1439:1918
1432:1917
1425:1916
1418:1915
1182:PMID
1058:ISBN
944:2016
820:ISBN
772:PMID
729:PMID
680:PMID
506:SIFT
494:SIFT
481:and
345:and
301:and
78:Died
52:Born
1172:doi
1168:502
1099:doi
1087:362
764:doi
752:240
719:PMC
711:doi
707:160
670:PMC
662:doi
658:124
604:doi
349:at
263:FRS
3666::
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