162:, Woods and Erik Hollnagel proposed a new approach to thinking about human-computer interaction (HCI) in the domain of supervisory control, Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) that focuses on the interaction between people, technological artifacts, and work. In this approach, a set of interacting human and software agents are viewed as a
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as a measure of how easy it is for a person to navigate to a new screen and integrate the information they see, when in the process of performing a task. This work was motivated by study of event-driven tasks, where events occur that operators must respond to (e.g., pilots, space flight controllers,
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Woods argued that it is easy to get lost in such user interfaces. Effective operator interfaces should help figure out where to look next, and that navigating a virtual space of information could be improved by leveraging the human perceptual system has already been optimized to do, such as pattern
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that had previously been studied. In particular, because of the dynamic nature of the underlying component, the nature and severity of the problem can potentially change over time. In addition, because of the safety-critical nature of the process, the operator must work to limit possible harms in
22:
is an
American safety systems researcher who studies human coordination and automation issues in a wide range safety-critical fields such as nuclear power, aviation, space operations, critical care medicine, and software services. He is one of the founding researchers of the fields of
276:
Woods studied the nature of operations work involved in identifying and mitigating faults in a supervisory context, such as controlling a power plant or operating a software service. He found that this work was qualitatively different from traditional offline
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This theory asserts that all complex adaptive systems can be model as the composition of individual units that have some ability to adapt their behavior and communicate with other units. It is expressed as ten statements that Woods calls 'proto-theorems':
105:
737:"Operational Use of Flight Path Management System. Final Report of the Performance-based operations Aviation Rulemaking Committee/Commercial Aviation Safety Team Flight Deck Automation Working Group"
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Woods, D.D. (1994-02-28). "Cognitive demands and activities in dynamic fault management: abductive reasoning and disturbance management". In
Stanton, Neville A. (ed.).
479:
423:
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when moving between data views: have some common subset of the data on both the current and the next view so that the transition between views is not jarring.
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Woods, D.D.; Branlat, M (2017-05-15). "Basic
Patterns in How Adaptive Systems Fail". In Hollnagel, Erik; Pariès, Jean; Woods, David; Wreathall, John (eds.).
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Because units have limits, they need to identify when they are near the limit, and need a mechanism to increase their limit when this happens.
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Each unit has to continually do work to adjust its model of the adaptive capacity of itself and others to match the actual adaptive capacity.
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is a model proposed by Woods for the constraints that all complex adaptive systems are bound by. The model contains two assumptions:
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47:. In 1979, he received his PhD at Purdue University in cognitive psychology, where he studied human perception and attention.
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is a theory proposed by Woods to explain how some systems are able to continually adapt over time to face new challenges (
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24:
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Woods proposed a number of concepts for improving the design of such interfaces by increasing the visual momentum:
159:
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Research and
Development Center where he worked on improving control room equipment interfaces for power plants.
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291:
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565:"The Career, Accomplishments, and Impact of Richard I. Cook: A Life in Many Acts – Adaptive Capacity Labs"
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Individual units will never have a high enough limit to handle everything, so units have to work together.
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28:
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Woods has previously been president of the
Resilience Engineering Association (2011-2013), and the
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When the pressure that is applied to a unit changes, the trade-off space changes for that unit.
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view that acts a global map to assist an operator in stepping back from the specific details.
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Foundations of safety science : a century of understanding accidents and disasters
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The environment that a system is embedded within is always dynamic: change never stops.
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944:"Visual momentum: a concept to improve the cognitive coupling of person and computer"
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in the
Department of Integrated Systems, where he is currently a professor emeritus.
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1060:"Mental Procedures in Real-Life Tasks: A Case Study of Electronic Trouble Shooting"
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889:"The theory of graceful extensibility: basic rules that govern adaptive systems"
792:"The theory of graceful extensibility: basic rules that govern adaptive systems"
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144:. One of his significant contributions is the theory of graceful extensibility.
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Units will inevitably encounter events that they have difficulty dealing with.
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In 2017, Woods co-founded a consulting company, Adaptive
Capacity Labs, with
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Individual units have a limit in the degree to which they are able to adapt.
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84:(1998-1999). He is a fellow of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
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Woods's research found three recurring patterns in the failure modes of
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where the overall system itself is seen as performing cognitive tasks.
106:
United States Senate
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
529:
521:
346:
Joint
Cognitive Systems: Foundations of Cognitive Systems Engineering
391:
Cognitive systems engineering : the future for a changing world
625:"NASA - Report of Columbia Accident Investigation Board, Volume I"
352:
Joint
Cognitive Systems: Patterns in Cognitive Systems Engineering
253:
to help operators orient themselves within the virtual data space.
267:: encode information spatially to leverage the perceptual system.
111:
National Research Council committees on Dependable Software, 2006
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Autonomy Research for Civil Aviation: Toward a New Era of Flight
653:
U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation
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The amount of resources available to a system are always finite.
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522:"Evaluation of safety parameter display concepts. Final report"
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A nearby unit can affect the saturation limit of another unit.
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The local perspective of any one unit is necessarily limited.
50:
From 1979 to 1988, Woods worked as a senior engineer at the
340:
A Tale of Two Stories: Contrasting Views of Patient Safety
43:. In 1977, he received his MS in cognitive psychology at
847:"Cognitive Systems Engineering: New wine in new bottles"
394:. Philip J. Smith, Robert R. Hoffman. Boca Raton. 2018.
983:"How Not to Have to Navigate Through Too Many Displays"
520:
Woods, D. D.; Wise, J. A.; Hanes, L. F. (1982-02-01).
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Units perform differently as they approach saturation.
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Software for Dependable Systems: Sufficient Evidence?
117:
FAA Human Factors and Cockpit Automation Team, 2013
114:Defense Science Board Task Force on Autonomy, 2012
882:
880:
39:In 1974, Woods received his BA in psychology at
1108:Resilience Engineering in Practice: A Guidebook
851:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
845:Hollnagel, Erik; Woods, David D (August 1999).
282:addition to addressing the underlying problem.
57:From 1988 onwards, he served on the faculty of
585:"HFES Officers, Editors, and Committee Chairs"
358:Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts
140:Woods is one of the founders of the field of
8:
981:Woods, David D.; Watts, Jennifer C. (1997),
948:International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
478:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
422:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
88:National advisory committees and testimony
763:Council, National Research (2014-06-05).
673:Council, National Research (2007-05-09).
286:How complex, adaptive systems break down
605:"HFES Fellows Program: List of Fellows"
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1058:Rasmussen, J.; Jensen, A. (May 1974).
987:Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction
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211:Units only have a local perspective.
82:Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
304:Getting stuck in outdated behaviors
942:Woods, David D. (September 1984).
498:"Curriculum Vitae: David D. Woods"
16:American safety systems researcher
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893:Environment Systems and Decisions
796:Environment Systems and Decisions
790:Woods, David D. (December 2018).
995:10.1016/b978-044481862-1.50092-3
176:theory of graceful extensibility
170:Theory of graceful extensibility
120:Autonomy in Civil Aviation, 2014
989:, Elsevier, pp. 617–650,
887:Woods, David D. (2018-12-01).
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1026:Human Factors in Alarm Design
960:10.1016/s0020-7373(84)80043-7
735:Nakamura, Dave (2013-09-05).
154:Cognitive systems engineering
148:Cognitive systems engineering
25:cognitive systems engineering
769:. National Academies Press.
744:Federal Aviation Association
679:. National Academies Press.
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1157:Canisius University alumni
160:Three Mile Island accident
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1111:(1 ed.). CRC Press.
1076:10.1080/00140137408931355
1029:(0 ed.). CRC Press.
913:10.1007/s10669-018-9708-3
816:10.1007/s10669-018-9708-3
301:Working at cross-purposes
59:The Ohio State University
1162:Purdue University alumni
292:complex adaptive systems
272:Dynamic fault management
444:Dekker, Sidney (2019).
164:joint cognitive system,
100:Testimony on Future of
863:10.1006/ijhc.1982.0313
716:Cite journal requires
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265:spatial representation
180:sustained adaptability
142:resilience engineering
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130:Resilience engineering
29:resilience engineering
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426:) CS1 maint: others (
329:Selected publications
251:perceptual landmarks
905:2018EnvSD..38..433W
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158:In the wake of the
364:Behind Human Error
1152:Systems engineers
1126:978-1-315-60569-2
1044:978-0-203-48171-4
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686:978-0-309-10394-7
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